West Nile fever - Knowledge

1197: 1229: 1169: 592: 1196: 50: 995: 1025:. DEET concentrations of 30% to 50% are effective for several hours. Picaridin, available at 7% and 15% concentrations, needs more frequent application. DEET formulations as high as 30% are recommended for children over two months of age. The CDC also recommends the use of: IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone. Protect infants less than two months of age by using a carrier draped with 512: 1228: 5668: 5654: 1307: 2715: 821: 213:. Rarely the virus is spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding, but it otherwise does not spread directly between people. Risks for severe disease include being over 60 years old and having other health problems. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests. 763:, the transmission of a viral or bacterial disease from the female of the species to her offspring, has been observed in various West Nile virus studies, amongst different species of mosquitoes in both the laboratory and in nature. Mosquito progeny infected vertically in autumn may potentially serve as a mechanism for WNV to overwinter and initiate 1168: 1051:, Permanone) or other insect repellents may be applied to clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and other gear. (Permethrin is not suitable for use directly on skin.) Most repellent is generally removed from clothing and gear by a single washing, but permethrin-treated clothing is effective for up to five washings. 256:(WNV) show no symptoms and go unreported. About 20% of infected people develop symptoms. These vary in severity, and begin 3 to 14 days after being bitten. Most people with mild symptoms of WNV recover completely, though fatigue and weakness may last for weeks or months. Symptoms may range from mild, such as 486:

Skin manifestations, specifically rashes, are common; however, there are few detailed descriptions in case reports, and few images are available. Punctate erythematous, macular, and papular eruptions, most pronounced on the extremities have been observed in WNV cases and in some cases histopathologic

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West-Nile reversible paralysis, Like WNP, the weakness or paralysis is asymmetric. Reported cases have been noted to have an initial preservation of deep tendon reflexes, which is not expected for a pure anterior horn involvement. Disconnect of upper motor neuron influences on the anterior horn cells

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Wear long-sleeve shirts, which should be tucked in, long trousers, socks, and hats to cover exposed skin (although most fabrics do not totally protect against bites). Insect repellents should be applied over top of protective clothing for greater protection. Do not apply insect repellents underneath

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While the general prognosis is favorable, current studies indicate that West Nile Fever can often be more severe than previously recognized, with studies of various recent outbreaks indicating that it may take as long as 60 to 90 days to recover. Patients with milder WNF are just as likely as those

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Some species of birds develop sufficient viral levels (>~10 log PFU/ml;) after being infected to transmit the infection to biting mosquitoes that in turn go on to infect other birds. In birds that die from WNV, death usually occurs after 4 to 6 days. In mammals and several species of birds, the

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have given this vaccine to their birds, although its effectiveness is unknown. Dogs and cats show few if any signs of infection. There have been no known cases of direct canine-human or feline-human transmission; although these pets can become infected, it is unlikely they are, in turn, capable of

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kits are commercially available from different manufacturers in the U.S., each of these kits is indicated for use on serum to aid in the presumptive laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection in patients with clinical symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis. Positive WNV test results obtained via use of

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exposure to infected blood. The US outbreak identified additional transmission methods through blood transfusion, organ transplant, intrauterine exposure, and breast feeding. Since 2003, blood banks in the United States routinely screen for the virus among their donors. As a precautionary measure,

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West Nile virus life cycle. After binding and uptake, the virion envelope fuses with cellular membranes, followed by uncoating of the nucleocapsid and release of the RNA genome into the cytoplasm. The viral genome serves as messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation of all viral proteins and as template

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Drought has been associated with a higher number of West Nile virus cases in the following year. As drought can decrease fish and other populations that eat mosquito eggs, higher numbers of mosquitoes can result. Higher temperatures are linked to decreased time for replication and increased viral

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in 1937, and was first detected in North America in 1999. WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. In the United States thousands of cases are reported a year, with most occurring in August and September. It can occur in outbreaks of disease. Severe disease may also

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The most at risk occupations in the U.S. are outdoor workers, for example farmers, loggers, landscapers/groundskeepers, construction workers, painters, summer camp workers and pavers. Two reports of accidental exposure by laboratory personnel working with infected fluids or tissues have been

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syndrome associated with WNV infection, is less common than WNM or WNE. This syndrome is generally characterized by the acute onset of asymmetric limb weakness or paralysis in the absence of sensory loss. Pain sometimes precedes the paralysis. The paralysis can occur in the absence of fever,

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have condemned attempts to control the transmitting mosquitoes by spraying pesticide, saying the detrimental health effects of spraying outweigh the relatively few lives that may be saved, and more environmentally friendly ways of controlling mosquitoes are available. They also question the

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The first appearance of WNV in the Western Hemisphere was in 1999 with encephalitis reported in humans, dogs, cats, and horses, and the subsequent spread in the United States may be an important milestone in the evolving history of this virus. The American outbreak began in

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is a crucial step in the definitive diagnosis of WNV infection. Consideration of a differential diagnosis is required when a patient presents with unexplained febrile illness, extreme headache, encephalitis or meningitis. Diagnostic and serologic laboratory testing using

607:), the virus amplifies within the bird, an uninfected mosquito bites the bird and is in turn infected. Other species such as humans and horses are incidental infections, because the virus does not amplify well within these species and they are considered dead-end hosts. 1264:

No specific treatment is available for WNV infection. Most people recover without treatment. In mild cases, over-the-counter pain relievers can help ease mild headaches and muscle aches in adults. In severe cases supportive care is provided, often in hospital, with

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Risk factors independently associated with developing a clinical infection with WNV include a suppressed immune system and a patient history of organ transplantation. For neuroinvasive disease the additional risk factors include older age (>50+), male sex,

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to affect the course of WNV disease was demonstrated. Mosquitoes inoculate their saliva into the skin while obtaining blood. Mosquito saliva is a pharmacological cocktail of secreted molecules, principally proteins, that can affect vascular constriction,

4078: 220:. The best way to reduce the risk of infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquito populations may be reduced by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools. When mosquitoes cannot be avoided, 4342:

Hall, RA; Broom AK; Hartnett AC; Howard MJ; Mackenzie JS (February 1995). "Immunodominant epitopes on the NS1 protein of MVE and KUN viruses serve as targets for a blocking ELISA to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum".

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West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE) is the most common neuroinvasive manifestation of WNND. WNE presents with similar symptoms to other viral encephalitis with fever, headaches, and altered mental status. A prominent finding in WNE is

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Headache can be a prominent symptom of WNV fever, meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and it may or may not be present in poliomyelitis-like syndrome. Thus, headache is not a useful indicator of neuroinvasive disease.

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asks prospective donors to wait 28 days after returning from North America or the northeastern provinces of Italy before donating. There also have been reports of possible transmission of the virus from mother to child during

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Outdoor workers (including biological fieldworkers, construction workers, farmers, landscapers, and painters), healthcare personnel, and laboratory personnel who perform necropsies on animals are at risk of contracting WNV.

1058:, which is a daytime feeder and is more apt to be found in, or on the periphery of, shaded areas with heavy vegetation. They are now widespread in the United States, and in Florida they have been found in all 67 counties. 1217:

species lay their eggs on wet soil or other moist surfaces. Hatch time is variable for both types; under favorable circumstances (such as warm weather), the eggs of some species may hatch in as few as 1–3 days after

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in a manner that may be advantageous to a virus. Studies have shown it can specifically modulate the immune response during early virus infection, and mosquito feeding can exacerbate WNV infection, leading to higher

1116:, or their oral swab samples collected on specific RNA-preserving filter paper card, can have their virus presence tested by either RT-PCR or IHC, where virus shows up as brown-stained tissue because of a substrate- 1356:

in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. The disease was first noted in horses in Egypt and France in the early 1960s and found to be widespread in southern Europe, southwest Asia and Australia.

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If cases of suspected West Nile virus infection, sera should be collected on both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness. Convalescent specimens should be collected 2–3 weeks after acute specimens.

694:. As a result of the differential infectiousness of hosts, the feeding patterns of mosquitoes play an important role in WNV transmission, and they are partly genetically controlled, even within a species. 850:

history of the location where infection occurred. A recent history of mosquito bites and an acute febrile illness associated with neurologic signs and symptoms should cause clinical suspicion of WNV.

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effectiveness of insecticide spraying, as they believe mosquitoes that are resting or flying above the level of spraying will not be killed; the most common vector in the northeastern United States,

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As of 2019, six vaccines had progressed to human trials but none had been licensed in the United States. Only the two live attenuated vaccines produced strong immunity after a single dose.

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Public health measures include taking steps to reduce mosquito populations. Personal recommendations are to reduce the likelihood of being bitten. General measures to avoid bites include:

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West Nile virus has been seen to replicate faster and spread more easily to birds at higher temperatures; one of several ways climate change could affect the epidemiology of this disease.

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Tyler KL, Pape J, Goody RJ, Corkill M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (February 2006). "CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis".

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lymphocytic infiltrate, a manifestation commonly seen in viral exanthems. A literature review provides support that this punctate rash is a common cutaneous presentation of WNV infection.

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A number of various diseases may present with symptoms similar to those caused by a clinical West Nile virus infection. Those causing neuroinvasive disease symptoms include the

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Brugman, V. A.; Hernández-Triana, L. M.; England, M. E.; Medlock, J. M.; Mertens, P. P. C.; Logan, J. G.; Wilson, A. J.; Fooks, A. R.; Johnson, N.; Carpenter, S. (2017-03-27).

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Papa A, Karabaxoglou D, Kansouzidou A (October 2011). "Acute West Nile virus neuroinvasive infections: cross-reactivity with dengue virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus".

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traps, testing blood samples drawn from wild birds, dogs, and sentinel monkeys, and testing brains of dead birds found by various animal control agencies and the public.

907:. Specimens collected within eight days following onset of illness may not test positive for West Nile IgM, and testing should be repeated. A positive test for West Nile 3415:

Wanasen N, Nussenzveig RH, Champagne DE, Soong L, Higgs S (2004). "Differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes

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states that there are no known cases of health care workers acquiring the virus from infected patients when the appropriate infection control precautions are observed.

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of CSF to identify the specific pathogen causing the symptoms, is the only currently available means of differentiating between causes of encephalitis and meningitis.

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tissues can also be useful. Only a few state laboratories or other specialized laboratories, including those at CDC, are capable of doing this specialized testing.

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initially ran a test for this disease in donors who donate within 28 days of a visit to the United States, Canada, or the northeastern provinces of Italy, and the

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for over a year. People with milder symptoms are just as likely as people with more severe symptoms to experience adverse outcomes. Recovery is marked by a long

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in the absence of a positive West Nile IgM is indicative of a previous flavivirus infection and is not by itself evidence of an acute West Nile virus infection.

4379:"California Department of Public Health Tutorial for Local Agencies to Safely Collect Dead Birds Oral Swab Samples on RNAse Cards for West Nile Virus Testing" 432:

headache, or other common symptoms associated with WNV infection. Involvement of respiratory muscles, leading to acute respiratory failure, sometimes occurs.

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Sambri V, Capobianchi M, Charrel R, Fyodorova M, Gaibani P, Gould E, Niedrig M, Papa A, Pierro A, Rossini G, Varani S, Vocale C, Landini MP (August 2013).

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Dusfour, Isabelle; Chaney, Sarah C (2022). "14 - MOSQUITO CONTROL: Success, failure and expectations in the context of arbovirus expansion and emergence".

2835:"Blood-feeding patterns of native mosquitoes and insights into their potential role as pathogen vectors in the Thames estuary region of the United Kingdom" 1340:

in 1939 in central Africa found anti-WNV positive results ranging from 1.4% (Congo) to 46.4% (White Nile region, Sudan). It was subsequently identified in

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "West Nile virus infection in organ donor and transplant recipients—Georgia and Florida, 2002".

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syndrome lasting 3 to 6 days after symptom onset. Systematic follow-up studies of patients with WNF have not been done, so this information is largely

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Montgomery SP, Chow CC, Smith SW, Marfin AA, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL (2005). "Rhabdomyolysis in patients with west nile encephalitis and meningitis".

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding—Michigan, 2002".

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occur in horses, for which a vaccine is available. A surveillance system in birds is useful for early detection of a potential human outbreak.

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Kumar D, Drebot MA, Wong SJ, et al. (2004). "A seroprevalence study of west nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients".

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Kumar D, Drebot MA, Wong SJ, et al. (2004). "A seroprevalence study of West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients".

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occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the

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Anderson RC, Horn KB, Hoang MP, Gottlieb E, Bennin B (November 2004). "Punctate exanthem of West Nile Virus infection: report of 3 cases".

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is recommended. Bed nets should be tucked under mattresses, and can be sprayed with a repellent if not already treated with an insecticide.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Investigation of blood transfusion recipients with West Nile virus infections".

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Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Bhatnagar J, et al. (June 2006). "Fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by West Nile virus in the United States".

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made up 4.0 to 4.5% of a sample of people with West Nile disease, while the incidence of the gene in the general population is only 1.0%.

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Direct human-to-human transmission initially was believed to be caused only by occupational exposure, such as in a laboratory setting, or

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during RNA replication. Copies are subsequently packaged within new virus particles that are transported in vesicles to the cell membrane.

6334: 5762: 4956:"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and progression of disease over time among patients enrolled in the Houston West Nile virus cohort" 3858:"Safety and Health Information Bulletins | Workplace Precautions Against West Nile Virus | Occupational Safety and Health Administration" 707: 5731: 4640: 4422: 1373:. The virus is believed to have entered in an infected bird or mosquito, although there is no clear evidence. West Nile virus is now 690:

during infection. Mosquitoes biting such hosts are not believed to ingest sufficient virus to become infected, making them so-called

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Watson JT, Pertel PE, Jones RC, et al. (September 2004). "Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile Fever".

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Schneider BS, Soong L, Girard YA, Campbell G, Mason P, Higgs S (2006). "Potentiation of West Nile encephalitis by mosquito feeding".

1674: 3097: 421:, an increase of white blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid. Changes in consciousness are not usually seen and are mild when present. 1749: 1250:

prefer manmade containers, such as tires, in which to lay their eggs. The rapid spread of this aggressive daytime feeding species

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Brown, L.; Medlock, J.; Murray, V. (January 2014). "Impact of drought on vector-borne diseases – how does one manage the risk?".

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections—United States, 2002".

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The mosquito species that are most frequently infected with WNV feed primarily on birds. Different species of mosquitos take a

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encode seven nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The RNA strand is held within a nucleocapsid formed from 12-

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Deas, Tia S; Bennett CJ; Jones SA; Tilgner M; Ren P; Behr MJ; Stein DA; Iversen PL; Kramer LD; Bernard KA; Shi PY (May 2007).

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Anninger WV, Lomeo MD, Dingle J, Epstein AD, Lubow M (2003). "West Nile virus-associated optic neuritis and chorioretinitis".

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Smith RD, Konoplev S, DeCourten-Myers G, Brown T (February 2004). "West Nile virus encephalitis with myositis and orchitis".

869:. Initial screening could be done using the ELISA technique detecting immunoglobulins in the sera of the tested individuals. 842:

Preliminary diagnosis is often based on the patient's clinical symptoms, places and dates of travel (if patient is from a non

5212:(2000). "West Nile virus in the New World: appearance, persistence, and adaptation to a new econiche—an opportunity taken". 4385: 808:

received. While this appears to be a rare occurrence, it highlights the need for proper handling of infected materials. The

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possibly by myelitis or glutamate excitotoxicity have been suggested as mechanisms. The prognosis for recovery is excellent.

6208: 2769: 2432:"Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals: an Overview for 15 Selected Pathogens Taking a European Perspective" 1319: 5090:

Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM (1953). "Isolation of West Nile virus from hooded crow and rock pigeon in the Nile delta".

4404: 6323: 1298:. One study found that neuroinvasive WNV infection was associated with an increased risk for subsequent kidney disease. 5318: 5578:

Moskowitz DW, Johnson FE (2004). "The central role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in vertebrate pathophysiology".

6198: 3110: 1315: 1106: 1036:, apply sunscreen first and then repellent. Repellent should be washed off at the end of the day before going to bed. 17: 1480:

have been shown to partially protect mice from WNV disease. There have also been attempts to treat infections using

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The prime method of spread of the West Nile virus (WNV) is the female mosquito. In Europe, cats were identified as

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West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, 2002".

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Most mosquitoes that transmit disease are most active at dawn and in the evening dusk. A notable exception is the

4297:"Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry" 767: 3808:

Glass, WG; McDermott DH; Lim JK; Lekhong S; Yu SF; Frank WA; Pape J; Cheshier RC; Murphy PM (January 23, 2006).

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transmission the following spring, although it likely plays little role in transmission in the summer and fall.

7197: 7182: 6485: 3761:"Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection" 3158:"Prior exposure to uninfected mosquitoes enhances mortality in naturally-transmitted West Nile virus infection" 1472:, which had been proposed as an antiretroviral drug for HIV, has shown promise against West Nile encephalitis. 1213:

survive, in only a few ounces of water. Less than half the amount that may collect in a discarded coffee cup.

6742: 6382: 5981: 1187: 927: 4281: 3234:"Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose" 7033: 7028: 6636: 2294:"Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex" 1909: 934: 324: 3943:

Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5: Treatment Options of Chemical Sensitivity

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West Nile meningoencephalitis is inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis).

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salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1/TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection".

1901: 7177: 6752: 6670: 6651: 6017: 1966:"Is initial preservation of deep tendon reflexes in West Nile Virus paralysis a good prognostic sign?" 790:

A genetic factor also appears to increase susceptibility to West Nile disease. A mutation of the gene

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these kits should be confirmed by additional testing at a state health department laboratory or CDC.

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Malik, Yashpal Singh; Milton, Arockiasamy Arun Prince; Ghatak, Sandeep; Ghosh, Souvik (2022-01-01).

5482:"In vitro resistance selection and in vivo efficacy of morpholino oligomers against West Nile virus" 2770:

Komar, N, S Langevin, S Hinten, N Nemeth, E Edwards, D Hettler, B Davis, R Bowen, M Bunning (2003).

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Vogels, Chantal Bf; Göertz, Giel P.; Pijlman, Gorben P.; Koenraadt, Constantianus Jm (2017-11-08).

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Using insect repellent on exposed skin to repel mosquitoes. Repellents include products containing

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Schneider BS, McGee CE, Jordan JM, Stevenson HL, Soong L, Higgs S (2007). Baylis, Matthew (ed.).

3155: 2772:"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus" 1697: 873: 529: 428: 88: 1801:

Davis LE, DeBiasi R, Goade DE, et al. (Sep 2006). "West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease".

625:(Eastern United States, and urban and residential areas of the United States north of 36–39°N), 7157: 6405: 6373: 6349: 6184: 6062: 5986: 5961: 5947: 5926: 4010: 1279: 1007: 974: 703: 633: 355: 269: 5856: 5754: 1006:

Many of the guidelines for preventing occupational West Nile virus exposure are common to all

7192: 7162: 6838: 6747: 6725: 6389: 6298: 6066: 5868: 5007: 4953: 4579:"Mosquito-Borne Diseases Emergence/Resurgence and How to Effectively Control It Biologically" 3209: 2813: 2750: 2691: 1999: 1406:(1996), Italy (1998), the United States (1999 to 2001), and France (2000), Mexico (2003) and 1362: 1306: 1179: 1078:

West Nile virus can be sampled from the environment by the pooling of trapped mosquitoes via

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but leads to more serious complications of WNV infection. Carriers of two mutated copies of

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or exposure to the virus in a lab, but these are rare cases and not conclusively confirmed.

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of birds. In the United States, WNV mosquito vectors feed preferentially on members of the

4823:"West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention" 3552:

Bugbee, LM; Forte LR (September 2004). "The discovery of West Nile virus in overwintering

1666: 1459: 8: 6811: 6680: 6475: 5805: 3077: 1803: 1492:. GenoMed, a U.S. biotech company, has found that blocking angiotensin II can treat the " 1353: 1287: 862: 577: 468: 6826: 4971: 4954:

Nolan MS, Podoll AS, Hause AM, Akers KM, Finkel KW, Murray KO (2012). Wang, Tian (ed.).

3173: 2605: 930:; this necessitates caution when evaluating serologic results of flaviviral infections. 7023: 6150: 5710: 5683: 5603: 5555: 5530: 5506: 5481: 5358: 5333: 5115: 4990: 4955: 4931: 4906: 4887: 4745: 4720: 4696: 4667: 4613: 4578: 4545: 4521: 4486: 4324: 4059: 3992: 3980: 3834: 3809: 3785: 3760: 3741: 3693: 3668: 3649: 3495: 3448: 3397: 3348: 3301: 3192: 3157: 2945: 2920: 2869: 2834: 2796: 2771: 2738: 2674: 2649: 2647: 2622: 2589: 2562: 2529: 2505: 2480: 2407: 2374: 2318: 2293: 2234: 2209: 2085: 1982: 1965: 1934: 1874: 1848:"Two case reports of neuroinvasive west nile virus infection in the critical care unit" 1847: 1828: 1636: 1333: 1266: 740: 399: 374:

studies, although abnormalities may be present in various cerebral areas including the

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reduce the likelihood of being bitten. There is no specific treatment for the disease;

221: 74: 5810: 2151: 834:: Definitive diagnosis of WNV is obtained through detection of virus-specific IgM and 595:

West Nile virus maintains itself in nature by cycling between mosquitoes in the genus

7172: 7103: 6880: 6223: 6037: 5827: 5749: 5715: 5628: 5595: 5560: 5511: 5440: 5432: 5363: 5280: 5253: 5229: 5191: 5150: 5107: 5028:"New Study Reveals: West Nile virus is far more menacing & harms far more people" 4995: 4936: 4879: 4844: 4750: 4701: 4618: 4600: 4526: 4508: 4467: 4435: 4360: 4356: 4316: 4249: 4222: 4190: 4134: 4111: 4084: 4051: 3984: 3947: 3914: 3839: 3790: 3733: 3729: 3698: 3641: 3637: 3606: 3565: 3534: 3487: 3483: 3440: 3436: 3389: 3340: 3336: 3293: 3255: 3197: 3089: 3058: 3031: 3004: 2977: 2950: 2901: 2874: 2856: 2801: 2679: 2627: 2567: 2549: 2510: 2461: 2453: 2412: 2394: 2323: 2274: 2239: 2190: 2155: 2120: 2077: 2042: 1987: 1926: 1879: 1820: 1565: 1381:), and most recently, North America and is spreading into Central and South America. 1295: 784: 728: 591: 472: 439:

Nonneurologic complications of WNV infection that may rarely occur include fulminant

403: 395: 351: 320: 300: 131: 62: 5607: 5119: 4768: 4328: 4296: 3996: 3745: 3653: 3499: 3452: 3401: 3352: 3305: 2742: 2089: 2021:"The West Nile Virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: the Flushing Hospital experience" 1832: 1182:

site: The highest individual light trap total for 2010 was from a trap located in a

354:(WNND), which occurs in less than 1 percent of cases, is when the virus infects the 6831: 6816: 6446: 6257: 6252: 5705: 5695: 5587: 5550: 5542: 5501: 5493: 5424: 5353: 5345: 5221: 5209: 5181: 5142: 5099: 5070: 4985: 4975: 4926: 4918: 4891: 4871: 4834: 4796: 4740: 4732: 4691: 4683: 4608: 4590: 4557: 4516: 4498: 4401: 4352: 4308: 4245:

Medicine for the Outdoors: The Essential Guide to First Aid and Medical Emergencies

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Wasserman HA, Singh S, Champagne DE (2004). "Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito,

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Bernkopf H, Levine S, Nerson R (1953). "Isolation of West Nile virus in Israel".

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1432:

in which 286 people died, with the state of Texas being hard hit by this virus.

1278:

with more severe manifestations of neuroinvasive disease to experience multiple

1269:, pain medication, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections. 276:

may ensue if the central nervous system is affected. Medical conditions such as

6735: 6423: 6394: 5832: 5673: 5428: 4562: 4312: 3906: 3601: 3584: 3384: 3367: 2448: 2431: 2270: 1493: 1485: 1239: 1190:: around 25,142 mosquitoes were collected during a 16-hour period on August 31. 1175: 1132: 1093:

Testing of the mosquito samples requires the use of reverse-transcriptase PCR (

1083: 950: 691: 675: 652: 627: 619:. The important mosquito vectors vary according to area; in the United States, 604: 464: 452: 411: 203: 6790: 5795: 5146: 5103: 4503: 4295:

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3250: 3233: 2851: 1127:, by elimination of mosquito breeding sites such as abandoned pools, applying 7146: 7082: 6992: 6940: 6861: 6843: 6765: 6685: 6561: 6543: 6455: 6245: 5902: 5727: 5591: 5531:"Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease" 5436: 5314: 5170:"The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999" 5169: 4604: 4595: 4512: 4485:

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in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype

1143:. With aerial pesticides, there is a rising need to develop new versions as 895:

Definitive diagnosis of WNV is obtained through detection of virus-specific

417:

West Nile meningitis (WNM) usually involves fever, headache, stiff neck and

7096: 6922: 6696: 6511: 6430: 6364: 6353: 6310: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6088: 6053: 5996: 5938: 5719: 5599: 5564: 5515: 5444: 5367: 5349: 5233: 5195: 5154: 5111: 4999: 4940: 4922: 4883: 4848: 4754: 4736: 4705: 4622: 4530: 4320: 4055: 3988: 3918: 3843: 3794: 3737: 3702: 3684: 3645: 3610: 3569: 3538: 3491: 3444: 3393: 3344: 3297: 3289: 3259: 3201: 3093: 3062: 3035: 3008: 2981: 2954: 2936: 2905: 2878: 2805: 2787: 2683: 2665: 2631: 2571: 2514: 2465: 2416: 2390: 2327: 2278: 2243: 2194: 2159: 2124: 2081: 2073: 2046: 1991: 1930: 1883: 1824: 1454: 1378: 1066: 946: 923: 904: 889: 847: 780: 736: 655:, Mosquitoes show further selectivity, exhibiting preference for different 552: 541: 476: 444: 407: 371: 363: 210: 195: 187: 93: 5778: 4687: 4364: 3669:"Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005" 1864: 723: 284:, and age over 60 years, increase the risk of developing severe symptoms. 6927: 6917: 6821: 6802: 6629: 6624: 6520: 6499: 6284: 6218: 6175: 6105: 6027: 5951: 5906: 5851: 5529:

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WNV was first isolated from a feverish 37-year-old woman at Omogo in the

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Outbreaks of West Nile virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in

1140: 1128: 1033: 1022: 853:

Diagnosis of West Nile virus infections is generally accomplished by

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infecting native mosquitoes and thus continuing the disease cycle.

1429: 1418: 1407: 1365:

in New York City and was later spread to the neighboring states of

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to active breeding areas, and targeting the adult population via

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West Nile fever (WNF), which occurs in 20 percent of cases, is a

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virus does not multiply as readily and so does not develop high

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protein blocks; the capsid is contained within a host-derived

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the West Nile virus was identified in bodies of dead birds (

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A mosquito (the 144:Reducing mosquitoes, preventing mosquito bites 5884: 4420: 4161:"Choosing an Insect Repellent for Your Child" 4129: 4127: 2423: 2291: 1428:In 2012, the US experienced one of its worst 1310:Global distribution of West Nile virus (2006) 343:. Fewer than one-third of patients develop a 5325: 5012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4271: 4262: 3904: 3506: 3459: 3408: 3359: 3312: 3266: 3222: 3214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3146: 2818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2755:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2714:Kilpatrick, AM, SL LaDeau, PP Marra (2007). 2696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2004:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1952: 6335:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome 5763:United States National Agricultural Library 5410: 5408: 5208: 4721:"West Nile virus: review of the literature" 3116: 2207: 1895: 1893: 1796: 1794: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1458: 1392:(1996 to 1997), the Czech Republic (1997), 1254:has been attributed to the used tire trade. 708:Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service 5891: 5877: 5732:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5730:. 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In about 80% of infections people have 5405: 4712: 4241: 3939: 3232:Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD (2006). 1890: 1791: 1463:)) based on killed viruses exists; some 1305: 1246:of mosquitoes. Some species such as the 993: 819: 755: 590: 580:altered by two viral membrane proteins. 510: 5380: 4876:10.7326/0003-4819-141-5-200409070-00010 4076: 2363: 2341: 2339: 2337: 1509: 14: 7145: 5746:—National Pesticide Information Center 5161: 4814: 4402:RNA virus preserving filter paper card 4278:(Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)" 4023:from the original on December 3, 2013. 1724:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment" 1618: 1596:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment" 1123:West Nile control is achieved through 918:It is common in serologic testing for 528:of viruses. Image reconstructions and 6706:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 5872: 5252:. 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It clearly alters the 648:from different types of 631:(Midwest and West), and 495: 7059:Yaba monkey tumor virus 6416:Kyasanur Forest disease 6378:Tick-borne encephalitis 6079:Australian encephalitis 5972:California encephalitis 5701:10.1186/1297-9716-43-16 5547:10.3201/eid1108.050289b 5226:10.1089/vim.2000.13.411 5147:10.1093/infdis/93.3.207 4840:10.1111/1469-0691.12211 4491:Parasites & Vectors 4274:"Asian Tiger Mosquito, 3531:10.1089/vim.2004.17.565 2839:Parasites & Vectors 2614:10.1126/science.1201010 2497:10.3201/eid1108.050289a 2226:10.1136/bjo.2004.049460 1008:mosquito-borne diseases 998:Low-cost, ceiling-hung 957:, and virus culture of 901:neutralizing antibodies 874:lymphocytic pleocytosis 836:neutralizing antibodies 532:reveal a 45–50 nm 530:cryoelectron microscopy 429:acute flaccid paralysis 211:often carry the disease 174:is an infection by the 6406:Omsk hemorrhagic fever 5987:La Crosse encephalitis 5350:10.3201/eid1911.130768 4923:10.3201/eid1008.030879 4737:10.1001/jama.2013.8042 3685:10.3201/eid1312.061265 3421:Culex quinquefasciatus 3290:10.1089/vim.2006.19.74 2937:10.3201/eid1110.040212 2788:10.3201/eid0903.020628 2666:10.1098/rspb.2006.3575 2391:10.1098/rstb.2013.0561 2074:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.252 1449:A vaccine for horses ( 1311: 1074:Monitoring and control 1043:Repellents containing 1003: 975:differential diagnoses 965:Differential diagnosis 839: 704:National Blood Service 634:Culex quinquefasciatus 608: 517: 356:central nervous system 270:permanent brain damage 7198:Animal viral diseases 7183:Insect-borne diseases 6839:Marburg virus disease 6390:Powassan encephalitis 6067:Japanese encephalitis 4827:Clin Microbiol Infect 4688:10.1089/vbz.2006.0562 3238:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2259:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 1730:. USA.gov. 2018-12-10 1363:College Point, Queens 1309: 997: 971:enterovirus infection 823: 761:Vertical transmission 756:Vertical transmission 594: 522:Japanese encephalitis 514: 352:neuroinvasive disease 315:, weakness, fatigue, 260:, to severe, such as 236:may reduce symptoms. 6265:Semliki Forest virus 5535:Emerging Infect. Dis 5498:10.1128/AAC.00069-07 5459:"Vertebrate Ecology" 5032:The Guardian Express 4434:. pp. 213–233. 3826:10.1084/jem.20051970 3777:10.1084/jem.20042530 3673:Emerging Infect. Dis 2925:Emerging Infect. Dis 2485:Emerging Infect. Dis 2351:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1248:Asian tiger mosquito 1145:pesticide resistance 1103:immunohistochemistry 1056:Asian tiger mosquito 955:immunohistochemistry 733:platelet aggregation 674:, a corvid, and the 469:cardiac dysrhythmias 6812:Ebola virus disease 6476:Colorado tick fever 6231:O'nyong'nyong fever 4972:2012PLoSO...740374N 4165:healthychildren.org 3174:2007PLoSO...2.1171S 2660:(1599): 2327–2333. 2606:2011Sci...334..323K 2546:10.1038/emi.2017.82 2347:"Home - PMC - NCBI" 2298:Expert Rev Vaccines 1865:10.1155/2012/839458 1804:Annals of Neurology 1673:. 24 October 2017. 1602:. 15 January 2019. 1572:. 19 October 2017. 1354:meningoencephalitis 1288:executive functions 1209:can hatch, and the 1205:of permanent water 863:cerebrospinal fluid 560:, single strand of 327:symptoms including 317:swollen lymph nodes 7024:Simian foamy virus 5843:External resources 5734:(CDC). 2018-10-30. 5303:. August 13, 2024. 5034:. 26 August 2012. 4407:2016-01-10 at the 2385:(1665): 20130561. 2310:10.1586/erv.11.180 1781:Bull Res Counc Isr 1413:In August 2024 in 1334:yellow fever virus 1326:West Nile District 1312: 1267:intravenous fluids 1112:Dead birds, after 1004: 982:(PCR) testing and 840: 680:Turdus migratorius 609: 550:within the family 520:WNV is one of the 518: 400:lower motor neuron 313:excessive sweating 248:Signs and symptoms 222:mosquito repellent 216:There is no human 68:Infectious disease 7178:Tropical diseases 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7067: 7066: 6975: 6974: 6785: 6784: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6494: 6493: 6293: 6292: 6038:Rift Valley fever 5866: 5865: 5728:"West Nile Virus" 5634:978-981-16-4554-9 5580:Curr Top Med Chem 5315:"West Nile virus" 5286:978-1-118-39325-3 5259:978-0-444-63952-3 4769:"West Nile Virus" 4441:978-1-00-305603-4 4255:978-0-323-06813-0 4228:978-1-68367-316-3 4218:Clinical Virology 4117:978-0-323-46132-0 4090:978-0-323-40283-5 4048:10.1002/jmv.22180 3953:978-1-4987-8137-4 3882:"West Nile virus" 3718:Am. J. Transplant 3626:Am. J. Transplant 3425:Med. Vet. Entomol 3124:"West Nile virus" 2600:(6054): 323–327. 2140:Am. J. Ophthalmol 1817:10.1002/ana.20959 1750:"West Nile virus" 1704:. MedicineNet Inc 1698:"West Nile Virus" 1637:"West Nile virus" 1151:Environmentalists 937:-cleared WNV IgM 880:level, reference 785:diabetes mellitus 729:blood coagulation 473:hemorrhagic fever 404:flaccid paralysis 396:muscular weakness 321:flu-like symptoms 301:flu-like symptoms 169: 168: 155:(pain medication) 132:Diagnostic method 37:Medical condition 18:West Nile disease 16:(Redirected from 7205: 7078: 7077: 6988: 6987: 6798: 6797: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6595: 6571:Chandipura virus 6507: 6506: 6447:Orthomyxoviridae 6306: 6305: 6253:Ross River fever 6018:Bunyamwera fever 5934: 5933: 5923: 5922: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5870: 5869: 5770: 5769: 5735: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5639: 5638: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5189: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5063:Am. J. Trop. Med 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5003: 4993: 4983: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4911:Emerg Infect Dis 4902: 4896: 4895: 4864:Ann. Intern. Med 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4670:Aedes albopictus 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4598: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4429: 4418: 4412: 4411:. fortiusbio.com 4399: 4393: 4392: 4391:on July 9, 2014. 4390: 4384:. Archived from 4383: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4276:Aedes albopictus 4269: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3837: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3696: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3472:Parasite Immunol 3463: 3457: 3456: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3331:(6–7): 295–306. 3325:Parasite Immunol 3316: 3310: 3309: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3195: 3185: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2854: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2799: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2746: 2729:(4): 1121–1136. 2720: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2687: 2677: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2451: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2410: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2343: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1985: 1961: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1877: 1867: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1633: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1562: 1490:alpha interferon 1462: 1231: 1199: 1171: 1125:mosquito control 1027:mosquito netting 1000:mosquito netting 945:In fatal cases, 826:immunoglobulin M 337:loss of appetite 325:gastrointestinal 234:pain medications 52: 40: 39: 21: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7188:Animal vaccines 7143: 7142: 7141: 7128: 7108: 7073: 7063: 7038: 7008: 6982: 6971: 6934: 6909:Paramyxoviridae 6902: 6855: 6792: 6781: 6759: 6690: 6601: 6590: 6575: 6555: 6539:Pappataci fever 6532:Oropouche virus 6527:Oropouche fever 6501: 6490: 6460: 6440: 6358: 6330:Heartland virus 6300: 6289: 6269: 6241:Pogosta disease 6169: 6116:West Nile fever 6047: 5928: 5917: 5910: 5897: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5838: 5837: 5781: 5726: 5672: 5665: 5660:Medicine portal 5658: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5586:(13): 1433–54. 5576: 5572: 5527: 5523: 5478: 5474: 5463:West Nile Virus 5457: 5456: 5452: 5413: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5375: 5330: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5207: 5203: 5180:(24): 1807–14. 5174:N. Engl. J. Med 5166: 5162: 5131: 5127: 5088: 5084: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5005: 5004: 4952: 4948: 4903: 4899: 4860: 4856: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4777:. 18 March 2021 4767: 4766: 4762: 4717: 4713: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4575: 4571: 4542: 4538: 4483: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4409:Wayback Machine 4400: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4351:(2–3): 201–10. 4340: 4336: 4293: 4289: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3921: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3806: 3802: 3757: 3753: 3714: 3710: 3679:(12): 1918–20. 3665: 3661: 3622: 3618: 3589:J. Med. Entomol 3581: 3577: 3550: 3546: 3511: 3507: 3464: 3460: 3413: 3409: 3372:J. Med. Entomol 3364: 3360: 3317: 3313: 3274: 3267: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3154: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3111:West Nile Virus 3109: 3105: 3074: 3070: 3047: 3043: 3020: 3016: 2993: 2989: 2966: 2962: 2917: 2913: 2890: 2886: 2831: 2827: 2811: 2810: 2768: 2764: 2748: 2747: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2689: 2688: 2646: 2639: 2586: 2579: 2526: 2522: 2477: 2473: 2428: 2424: 2371: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2335: 2290: 2286: 2255: 2251: 2220:(12): 1599–60. 2214:Br J Ophthalmol 2206: 2202: 2181:(11): 1527–35. 2171: 2167: 2136: 2132: 2101: 2097: 2058: 2054: 2017: 2013: 1997: 1996: 1962: 1953: 1945: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1844: 1840: 1799: 1792: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1696:Gompf, Sandra. 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1564: 1563: 1510: 1505: 1447: 1438: 1336:. A series of 1322: 1304: 1275: 1262: 1255: 1232: 1223: 1200: 1191: 1172: 1137:aerial spraying 1133:lethal ovitraps 1076: 992: 967: 949:amplification, 920:cross-reactions 888:levels, and no 867:lumbar puncture 818: 776: 758: 745:immune response 724:mosquito saliva 617:West Nile virus 589: 509: 507:West Nile virus 503: 498: 481:Chorioretinitis 323:. There may be 254:West Nile virus 250: 176:West Nile virus 172:West Nile fever 153:Supportive care 115:Weeks to months 57:West Nile virus 43:West Nile fever 38: 35: 32:West Nile virus 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7211: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7153:Horse diseases 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7088: 7086: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6996: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6914: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6808: 6806: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6702: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6617: 6615: 6604: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6347: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6316: 6314: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5944: 5942: 5931: 5920: 5912: 5911: 5903:viral diseases 5896: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5813: 5798: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773:Classification 5767: 5766: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5724: 5678: 5677: 5674:Viruses portal 5663: 5647: 5646:External links 5644: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5613: 5570: 5521: 5492:(7): 2470–82. 5472: 5450: 5404: 5373: 5344:(11): 1836–8. 5324: 5306: 5292: 5285: 5265: 5258: 5239: 5201: 5160: 5135:J. Infect. Dis 5125: 5082: 5049: 5019: 4946: 4917:(8): 1405–11. 4897: 4854: 4833:(8): 699–704. 4813: 4788: 4760: 4711: 4658: 4646: 4628: 4569: 4536: 4477: 4447: 4440: 4413: 4394: 4370: 4334: 4287: 4261: 4254: 4234: 4227: 4207: 4182: 4151: 4123: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4042:(10): 1861–5. 4026: 4002: 3959: 3952: 3929: 3897: 3873: 3849: 3800: 3771:(8): 1087–98. 3751: 3724:(11): 1883–8. 3708: 3659: 3632:(11): 1883–8. 3616: 3575: 3544: 3505: 3458: 3407: 3378:(2): 199–205. 3358: 3311: 3265: 3221: 3145: 3115: 3103: 3088:(32): 769–72. 3068: 3041: 3030:(50): 1135–6. 3014: 2987: 2960: 2931:(10): 1648–9. 2911: 2900:(50): 1133–5. 2884: 2825: 2782:(3): 311–322. 2762: 2703: 2637: 2577: 2520: 2491:(8): 1167–73. 2471: 2442:(1): S75–S97. 2422: 2362: 2333: 2284: 2249: 2200: 2187:10.1086/503841 2165: 2130: 2095: 2052: 2038:10.1086/313737 2011: 1970:Neurology Asia 1951: 1923:10.1086/506939 1889: 1838: 1811:(3): 286–300. 1790: 1777:Culex molestus 1767: 1741: 1715: 1688: 1658: 1617: 1587: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1494:cytokine storm 1486:immunoglobulin 1484:, intravenous 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1303: 1300: 1274: 1271: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1240:stagnant water 1233: 1226: 1224: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1176:carbon dioxide 1173: 1166: 1084:carbon dioxide 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1059: 1052: 1041: 1037: 1030: 991: 988: 966: 963: 951:histopathology 817: 814: 775: 772: 757: 754: 692:dead-end hosts 676:American robin 628:Culex tarsalis 588: 585: 558:positive-sense 505:Main article: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 484: 465:optic neuritis 453:rhabdomyolysis 437: 433: 425: 422: 415: 414:abnormalities. 391: 348: 249: 246: 226:window screens 204:nervous system 167: 166: 163: 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 91: 85: 84: 77: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7210: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7158:Bird diseases 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7083:Rhabdoviridae 7079: 7076: 7070: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6993:Herpesviridae 6989: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6941:Coronaviridae 6937: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6862:Rhabdoviridae 6858: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6766:Herpesviridae 6762: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6562:Rhabdoviridae 6558: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6544:Toscana virus 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6497: 6487: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6456:Bourbon virus 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6246:Sindbis virus 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5664: 5661: 5650: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541:(8): 1174–9. 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417:Public Health 5411: 5409: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5214:Viral Immunol 5211: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5141:(3): 207–18. 5140: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5098:(3): 719–22. 5097: 5093: 5086: 5077: 5072: 5069:(1): 471–92. 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966:(7): e40374. 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731:(3): 308–15. 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307:(3): 99–110. 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036:J. Med. Virol 4030: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3934: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554:Culex pipiens 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525:(4): 565–73. 3524: 3520: 3519:Viral Immunol 3516: 3515:Aedes aegypti 3509: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417:Aedes aegypti 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:Aedes aegypti 3315: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:Viral Immunol 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3244:(2): 337–45. 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168:(11): e1171. 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3150: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3057:(39): 877–8. 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:(2): 177–87. 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146:(6): 1183–5. 2145: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917:(6): 723–30. 1916: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1646: 1643:. July 2011. 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1292:convalescence 1289: 1285: 1281: 1270: 1268: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:NPSmonitoring 1177: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1156:Culex pipiens 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1001: 996: 987: 985: 984:viral culture 981: 976: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 849: 848:epidemiologic 845: 837: 833: 830: 827: 822: 813: 811: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794: 788: 786: 782: 771: 769: 766: 762: 753: 751: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 720: 718: 717:breastfeeding 714: 709: 705: 700: 695: 693: 689: 683: 681: 677: 673: 672:American crow 669: 666: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 642: 640: 639:Culex pipiens 636: 635: 630: 629: 624: 623: 622:Culex pipiens 618: 614: 606: 602: 598: 593: 584: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 513: 508: 490: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 423: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:basal ganglia 373: 369: 368:poliomyelitis 365: 361: 358:resulting in 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 291: 290: 289: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 245: 242: 237: 235: 231: 230:mosquito nets 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 164: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 133: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 90: 89:Complications 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 41: 33: 19: 7193:Encephalitis 7163:Flaviviruses 7113: 7104:Mokola virus 7081: 7043: 7015:Retroviridae 7013: 7001: 6991: 6939: 6907: 6860: 6801: 6774: 6764: 6697:Bunyavirales 6695: 6612:Arenaviridae 6610: 6560: 6512:Bunyavirales 6510: 6465: 6445: 6431:Langat virus 6365:Flaviviridae 6363: 6354:Bhanja virus 6311:Bunyavirales 6309: 6274: 6174: 6146:Yellow fever 6134:Dengue fever 6115: 6054:Flaviviridae 6052: 5997:Tahyna virus 5962:Bwamba Fever 5939:Bunyavirales 5937: 5850: 5826: 5815: 5800: 5785: 5756: 5691: 5687: 5623: 5616: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5462: 5453: 5423:(1): 29–37. 5420: 5416: 5395:. Retrieved 5386: 5376: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5309: 5295: 5275: 5268: 5248: 5242: 5220:(4): 411–4. 5217: 5213: 5204: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5031: 5022: 5008:cite journal 4963: 4959: 4949: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4870:(5): 360–5. 4867: 4863: 4857: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4805:. Retrieved 4803:. 2021-07-22 4800: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4772: 4763: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4682:(1): 76–85. 4679: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4649: 4631: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4463: 4450: 4430:. New York: 4423: 4416: 4397: 4386:the original 4373: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4275: 4244: 4237: 4217: 4210: 4199:. Retrieved 4197:. 2018-09-24 4194: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4164: 4154: 4143:. Retrieved 4141:. 2018-09-24 4138: 4106: 4099: 4079: 4072: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4005: 3975:(3): 361–5. 3972: 3968: 3962: 3942: 3922:, retrieved 3910: 3900: 3889:. Retrieved 3885: 3876: 3865:. Retrieved 3862:www.osha.gov 3861: 3852: 3820:(1): 35–40. 3817: 3813: 3803: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3595:(6): 743–6. 3592: 3588: 3578: 3564:(3): 326–7. 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3478:(1): 35–44. 3475: 3471: 3461: 3431:(2): 191–9. 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3284:(1): 74–82. 3281: 3277: 3241: 3237: 3210:cite journal 3165: 3161: 3136:. Retrieved 3127: 3118: 3106: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2814:cite journal 2779: 2775: 2765: 2751:cite journal 2726: 2722: 2692:cite journal 2657: 2653: 2597: 2593: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2382: 2378: 2354:. Retrieved 2350: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2265:(5): 820–3. 2262: 2258: 2252: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2111:(2): 254–8. 2108: 2104: 2098: 2068:(3): 252–7. 2065: 2061: 2055: 2031:(3): 413–8. 2028: 2024: 2014: 2000:cite journal 1976:(1): 93–97. 1973: 1969: 1914: 1908: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1808: 1802: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1758:. Retrieved 1753: 1744: 1732:. Retrieved 1727: 1718: 1706:. Retrieved 1702:Medicine Net 1701: 1691: 1679:. Retrieved 1670: 1661: 1649:. Retrieved 1640: 1608:. Retrieved 1599: 1590: 1578:. Retrieved 1569: 1498: 1448: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1412: 1398: 1383: 1359: 1323: 1302:Epidemiology 1284:motor skills 1276: 1263: 1155: 1149: 1122: 1111: 1092: 1077: 1048: 1012: 1005: 968: 947:nucleic acid 944: 932: 924:dengue virus 917: 913: 905:neutrophilia 894: 890:erythrocytes 871: 852: 841: 806: 801: 791: 789: 781:hypertension 777: 774:Risk factors 759: 737:inflammation 721: 699:conjunctival 696: 684: 679: 643: 638: 632: 626: 620: 610: 596: 587:Transmission 582: 568:long; these 553:Flaviviridae 551: 545: 542:dengue fever 519: 489:perivascular 477:coagulopathy 445:pancreatitis 408:hyporeflexia 372:neuroimaging 364:encephalitis 299:that causes 286: 251: 238: 215: 208: 196:encephalitis 171: 170: 94:Encephalitis 6803:Filoviridae 6625:Lassa fever 6521:Adria virus 6219:Chikungunya 6176:Togaviridae 6106:Usutu virus 6028:Ngari virus 5952:Batai virus 5852:MedlinePlus 5210:Calisher CH 4801:www.cdc.gov 4774:MedlinePlus 4195:www.cdc.gov 4139:www.cdc.gov 3128:Mayo Clinic 3003:(35): 790. 2976:(36): 823. 2540:(11): e96. 2105:Hum. Pathol 1671:www.cdc.gov 1600:www.cdc.gov 1570:www.cdc.gov 1371:Connecticut 1338:serosurveys 1238:often hold 1032:When using 926:(DENV) and 886:lactic acid 876:, elevated 859:blood serum 857:testing of 613:being hosts 566:nucleotides 526:serocomplex 449:myocarditis 419:pleocytosis 188:no symptoms 104:Usual onset 7147:Categories 7115:Poxviridae 7045:Poxviridae 6965:SARS-CoV-2 6467:Reoviridae 6345:Tete virus 6276:Reoviridae 6158:Zika fever 6007:Tete virus 5905:(A80–B34, 5828:DiseasesDB 5757:Flavivirus 4807:2022-06-24 4781:21 October 4589:(4): 310. 4201:2018-10-29 4145:2018-11-28 3924:2022-06-24 3911:StatPearls 3891:2018-11-28 3867:2018-11-28 3138:25 October 2845:(1): 163. 2356:2022-06-24 1760:15 January 1754:Mayoclinic 1734:15 January 1708:15 January 1681:28 October 1651:28 October 1610:15 January 1580:26 October 1503:References 1474:Morpholino 1400:Epizootics 1367:New Jersey 1314:See also: 1220:being laid 1215:Floodwater 1207:mosquitoes 1184:salt marsh 1141:pesticides 1120:reaction. 1101:by use of 1099:antibodies 1045:permethrin 990:Prevention 768:horizontal 650:vertebrate 646:blood meal 547:Flavivirus 524:antigenic 402:symptoms, 384:cerebellum 360:meningitis 350:West Nile 266:meningitis 200:meningitis 180:mosquitoes 141:Prevention 98:meningitis 7124:Monkeypox 5916:Arthropod 5694:(1): 16. 5437:0033-3506 5042:26 August 4605:2076-0817 4583:Pathogens 4513:1756-3305 4497:(1): 80. 4472:2476-7905 4432:Routledge 4175:24 August 3969:Neurology 2861:1756-3305 2554:2222-1751 2458:0021-9975 2399:0962-8436 1482:ribavirin 1430:epidemics 1273:Prognosis 1260:Treatment 1129:larvacide 1109:(ELISA). 1105:(IHC) or 1040:clothing. 1034:sunscreen 1023:picaridin 1002:for a bed 855:serologic 816:Diagnosis 713:pregnancy 702:the UK's 461:nephritis 441:hepatitis 388:brainstem 309:anecdotal 262:paralysis 161:Prognosis 149:Treatment 63:Specialty 7173:Zoonoses 7072:Multiple 6960:SARS-CoV 6950:MERS-CoV 6139:DENV-1-4 5927:Mosquito 5900:Zoonotic 5720:22380523 5688:Vet. Res 5608:22897898 5600:15379656 5565:16102303 5516:17485503 5467:Archived 5445:24342133 5391:Archived 5387:NBC News 5368:24210089 5319:Archived 5234:11192287 5196:11407341 5155:13109233 5120:45962741 5112:13134268 5036:Archived 5000:22792293 4960:PLOS ONE 4941:15496241 4884:15353427 4849:23594175 4755:23860989 4706:17417960 4641:Archived 4623:32340230 4531:32066499 4405:Archived 4329:17720540 4321:14511579 4282:Archived 4169:Archived 4056:21837806 4018:Archived 3997:37751889 3989:16382032 3919:32310422 3844:16418398 3795:16230476 3746:31695008 3738:15476490 3703:18258047 3654:31695008 3646:15476490 3611:14765647 3570:15532939 3539:15671753 3500:26774722 3492:10081770 3453:42458052 3445:15189245 3402:85624297 3394:12693849 3353:32742815 3345:15541033 3306:37464180 3298:16553552 3260:16896145 3202:18000543 3162:PLOS ONE 3132:Archived 3098:Archived 3094:12917583 3063:12375687 3036:12537289 3009:12227442 2982:12269472 2955:16355512 2906:12537288 2879:28347323 2806:12643825 2743:13796761 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