770:, which was originally established in 1917, states that all water in Mexico is considered “national waters”. This sets the premises that Mexico has the rights all water Mexico and can do whatever it is they please with since they hold the territorial rights. The only water that is exempt from such territorial rights is rain water, specifically before it hits the ground considering it has not touched Mexican Land. Mexico also has the rights to various natural resources similar to water such as soil, sea water created by salt mines and liquid petroleum. They also have the rights to all lagoons, natural lakes, rivers, streams, springs and other bodies of water that flow into the ocean, directly connected streams, flow in between different states, flow along borders of different countries, and extractable underground waters. The constitution also states that the nation has the right to regulate private property as social demands shift, including private bodies of water. Such private land will be regulated through building new infrastructure and simulating farming and agricultural process in order to see how much water is needed all with the intent of avoid such water to be exploited or damaged.
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low investment in treatment systems; 2) Population growth and economic development increase the pressure on soil and water. The problem of water quality does not only refer to a lack of investment and political will, but it is also a problem of aligning investments in water quality in order to achieve greater economic growth. 3) Despite progress in addressing the flagrant causes of water pollution, all the nations of the planet face the challenge of changing established practices, as heavy inertia and a stagnant discourse persist in the way of facing the problem (eg no resources, no capacity). Mexico's climate is another big contributor as to why some parts of the country have relatively low accessibility to clean and safe water. First off, the country is self is split between two tropical areas of the globe that make for differing condition in different regions. Mexico's southern half sits in the inter tropical area of the globe and the northern half of it rests in the temperate area. Both these wind zones,
1150:, and the Sexto Col Center for Community Action. Overall, the program is aimed at improving three things: access to safe water, sanitation, and health services to approximately 300 villages. They also hope to provide safe with the intentions of if being using for hygiene and agriculture in various households. Some of the projects here are working to implement safe water are improving and adding water technologies such building holding tanks connected to villages through a water line. Implementing more common things such as pumps, wells, rainwater catchment systems, water purification solutions, irrigation systems, aqueducts, etc. Depending on the village, this program will also be running sub projects that focus on health, hygiene, and sanitation rather than access. Projects such as clinics, bathrooms, and hand washing stations are a priority among health and hygiene. As of 2014, this program has already completed various village wide projects in 8 Mexican villages and still continues to do today.
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Mexican government specifically instilled this project in order to reduce sector subsidies. One of the main focus areas that PROME targets are water utilities. Before PROME was even an idea in 2005, 98% of urban population in Mexico did have access to improved water resources. However, the resources from all 98% were very inefficient due to the lack of financial stability from their providers and high rates of efficiency. PROME sought to tackle both these issue head on in order to provide the most quality water services in Mexico. This project also worked hand-in-hand with Mexico's
National Water Commission (CONAGUA). Together, some of the results seen from CONAGUA and PROME included: working with 91 water utility companies in 25 Mexican States, 12 water utility companies recorded an increase in commercial usage by around 5%, and SEPAL, a utility company out of Jalisco, had a reduction their water usage while their company was still growing thus leaving more usage for those in need.
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allocate water usage among regions in Mexico City, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Jalisco, and
Michoacan. These five states chose to establish this council because a river basin that flows from River Lerma to Lake Chapala and runs through all five of these states. There are approximately 11,300,00 total combined resident all five states that share this river, that also happens to be very shallow averaging 7.2 meters deep. There are four major water concerns that the council wishes to address: water scarcity, pollution, alteration to Lake Chapala, and alterations to the overall basin ecosystem. In order to address such issues the council focused their own efforts on having equal distribution of water by having policies set in place, treatment of river water quality, increasing usage efficiency, and figuring out how to conserve the basin.
699:(1982–1988), took office during the aftermath of the crash of the Mexican economy. During his administration, municipalities were entrusted with providing water supply and sanitation services within the framework of a general decentralization process. At the same time, state governments were made responsible for technical and financial assistance. They were also authorized to decide about the municipalities' capacity for providing the services. Most municipalities neither received the necessary financial resources nor the technical assistance to fulfill their new responsibilities. That is why in 1988 only 10 of 31 Mexican states had devolved responsibility to the municipalities and where they did, service quality and efficiency usually deteriorated.
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730:(CONAGUA) in 1989, which today remains a key player in Mexican water supply and sanitation (see below). At the beginning, it was given the task of defining federal policies to strengthen service providers through technical assistance and financial resources. CONAGUA, among other suggestions soon recommended to strengthen the decentralization process, improve the transparency of tariffs and introduce tariff autonomy, based on real costs for the service provision and free of political influence. Consequently, many water laws were introduced or amended, partly following CONAGUA's guidelines. In 1996, 21 states had transferred service provision to municipal service providers.
687:(1970–1976), a new committee for water supply and sanitation systems was introduced by SRH facing a high increase in urban population which exceeded the centralized system's capacity to provide services. Despite the creation of more specialized organizations at the national level, the federal government finally had no choice but to decentralize the services to the states and municipalities. The belief that water provision should be a gift from the federal government may be rooted in the policies of that centralization period. In 1982, the Mexican economy collapsed, precipitated by the drop in oil prices, and federal government spending was severely restricted.
424:, is pumped up to it to provide pressure through gravity to the rest of the house regardless of pressure in the local system. In some newer homes, however, key appliances have their own pressure systems, Every year millions of cubic meters of wastewater, municipal, industrial and agricultural discharges are discharged into water bodies that are improperly treated or without any treatment. In Mexico, wastewater discharges are classified as municipal (urban and rural public supply) and non-municipal (other uses such as self-supplied industry). According to official figures, 52.7% of the municipal water generated is treated, and 32% of the non-municipal water.
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708:
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North
America and they have 5 levels of intensity. Regions of Mexico which most commonly experience drought-like conditions range from Veracruz, Tabasco, and the Yucatán. In May 2016, 14.3% of land surface area in Mexico experienced dramatic shift in drought levels from moderate to extreme. The month of November is primarily known as the time of year when the wet season ends and the dry season begins. However, in November 2016, regions in the Yucatán peninsula and Tabasco actually had non-stop drought with the previous dry season, regarding it as the 40th driest month ever.
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municipal governments, providing a stronger role for state governments. The law is opposed by civil society groups of the platform "Agua para Todos", saying it benefits the mining and energy industry at the expense of farmers and city dwellers. The water operators' association ANEAS criticizes that the law neglects wastewater treatment and does not sufficiently address the issue of centralized decision-making and red tape. There was little consultation on the draft law and chances of it being passed before legislative elections in June 2015 are said to be low.
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546:, have different wind patterns that cause dry climates in various parts of the country. Due to the different wind zones, two-thirds of Mexico is considered to be arid to semi-arid as the only receive about 500 mm of rain year round. The other third of the country is categorized as humid and various greatly from the previous two-thirds, as the remaining third receives more than 2000 mm of rain all year. Most of the areas with limited access to clean water obviously fall under the arid and semi-arid regions.
484:. The UN ensures that more than 80% of the world's wastewater that reaches the sea and rivers is untreated. The WHO estimates that some 2 billion people drink drinking water contaminated by excreta, exposing themselves to diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A and dysentery. According to the National Water Commission, groundwater over-extraction is at almost 40 percent of total groundwater use. In addition, CONAGUA estimates that 52% of the superficial water is very polluted, whereas only 9% are in an acceptable condition.
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cultivation systems that both provided water to their large populations and sustainably preserved natural resources. The
Spanish approach to water stood in stark contrast to indigenous valuation of water and commitment of environmental protection. Primary sources reveal the Spaniards’ initial awe of the ingenuity and complexity of indigenous water systems, especially the construction of Tenochtitlan (now known as Mexico City), the capital city-state of the Mexica empire that was built in the center of an enormous lake.
878:
448:
990:
757:
1128:
659:
784:
32:
528:
249:
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modest cash surplus, which seems to reflect shortfalls in essential spending on maintenance and modernization rather than financial efficiency. According to CONAGUA, total tariff collections were US$ 2 billion (MxP21.2 billion) in 2006. According to a 2011 estimate by IMTA based on a sample of 96 utilities, only 73% of the total amount of water bills was actually collected on average.
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other public health benefits. Accompanying these activities, FCA conducts research to assess quality at project locations. Also, they champion education programs that promote good hygiene practices. They work closely with communities, as well as local health services, governments, and organizations, to ensure that each project is tailored to fit that community's needs.
220:(64% to 85%) was observed in the same period. Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water Commission as its apex institution; and the existence of a few well-performing utilities such as Aguas y Drenaje de Monterrey.
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that makes available practically anytime. To be exact, Mexico has 653 aquifers placed all around the country. This in turn also relates to constitution since, 39% of consumable water in Mexico comes from sources such as aquifers. However, even considering the amount of groundwater resources available
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found all over Mexico is used in various different ways. Three ways that groundwater in Mexico is efficiently utilized are in usage, distribution, and consumption. Regarding its usage, groundwater is extremely versatile in Mexico due to its physical characteristics. Since groundwater is mainly stored
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There are three general facts about the evolution in the governance of water pollution: 1) Water quality suffers when there is low investment in environmental controls, little proactive effort in preventing sources of pollution and abandonment of observation systems and monitoring, in addition to the
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for public and agricultural use, the negative effects of relying on groundwater has influenced the
Mexican government to call attention towards a campaign titled "February 2010: The City May Run Out of Water." Mexico continues to pump out groundwater from deeper ground layers, causing the drainage of
412:
indicated that 55% of
Mexican households with access to piped water received services on an intermittent basis, in particular in smaller municipalities and poor areas. About 36% of wastewater was being treated in 2006, a share that is more than twice as high as the average for Latin America. However,
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The Lerma-Chapala River Basin
Council was first introduced in 1993 and was improvement council from the previous River Basin Council. The Lerma-Chapala Council was established by the Mexican federal government as well as five state governments. The goal of both councils were to created programs that
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has financed a series of rural water supply and sanitation projects in Mexico with a focus on decentralization, community development and participation. It began with a first US$ 560 million project approved in 1998 community development and participation in 20 states, followed by a second US$ 292.5
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system. This system specifically allowed for indigenous communities to legally own traditionally communal lands to live on and work. These land rights also included the ownership of any water resources within the territory. Moreover, the responsibility of water supply and sanitation was specifically
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Fundación Cántaro Azul (FCA) undergoes a wide range of activities in order to achieve its goal. The organization primarily creates and provides communities with water sanitation and hygienic technologies, like home water sanitation, that ensure households and communities with good water quality and
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A 2003 modification of the
National Water Law envisaged the transfer of certain functions from both the federal and state levels to newly created institutions at the level of river basins, including financial decisions through the creation of a National Water Financial System. The provisions of the
680:– SRH) under the federal government. For almost 30 years, the whole urban water organization was planned and carried out by the General Water and Sanitation Committee within the SRH. At the local level, federal Water Boards facilitated some local participation but actually also depended on the SRH.
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Investments are financed by federal (61% in 2011, up from 33% in 2005), state (23%, both in 2011 and 2005) and local subsidies (11% in 2011, down from 14% in 2005) and other sources (5% in 2011, down from 31% in 2005), the latter including self-financing, credits and private funding. Two thirds of
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Due to different policies and programs at the local level, service is provided directly by municipalities or by cooperatives, public or private utilities, which differ substantially concerning size, autonomy, performance and financial efficiency. Although most providers lack political independence
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Preventing periodic and destructive flooding in Mexico City during the colonial era nearly forced the move of the capital to the mainland of the interior lake system. Instead, the
Spanish crown invested millions pesos and mobilized tens of thousands of indigenous men in compulsory labor to build a
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Since tariff levels and structures vary widely in Mexico, some providers fully recover all costs while others do not even cover operating costs. There are no reliable figures concerning water supply and sanitation revenues in Mexico. However, it seems that the sector as a whole generates a little
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Mexico-U.S. water treaties are jointly administered by the
International Boundary and Water Commission, which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international
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In pre-conquest Mesoamerica, water was a deified resource that united indigenous communities. Water was thought to have been a gift from the gods and was thus held to a high degree of respect and protection. The indigenous people performed spectacular feats of engineering, creating complex water
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happen when there are low levels of rainfall in a certain area. As a result, droughts significantly impact agricultural production systems that many people all over the world depend on. Droughts are also impacted by high temperatures that dry up pieces of land. Droughts are very common in all of
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According to Conagua, US$ 2.2 billion (MxP 28.6 billion) were invested in the sector in 2011, which is US$ 19 per capita. Compared to the investment from 1996 to 2002, which was between US$ 3.7 and US$ 5.5 per capita, this is a significant increase. According to the water operators' association
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in Mexico in 2011 was 38% according to IMTA and 47% according to Conagua, almost twice as high as for well-run utilities. In 2011 as well, the average staff per 1,000 connections in a sample of 120 utilities was 5.3 according to IMTA, and 4.9 according to a different sample analyzed by Conagua.
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In 2015 the government presented a new General Water Law, requiring municipalities to ensure the financial sustainability of service operators. It also promotes associations of municipalities and private sector participation. Furthermore, it clarifies the relationship between federal, state and
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The challenges include water scarcity in the northern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Mexicans receiving water only intermittently as of 2014); poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of
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PROME stands for Programa de Mejoramiento de Eficiencia de Organismos Operadores, in English translates to The Mexico Water Utilities Efficiency Improvement Project. PROME was established in 2010 and was dedicated to improve current utilities across the country to be more energy efficient. The
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Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped water supply in urban areas (96.4%) as well as in rural areas (69.4%) as of 2018. Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water
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2014:
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of 43.2% in 2010); increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%, is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago; and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas.
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On average only 72% of all bills are being paid. 31% of water customers are not metered and are charged a flat rate independent of consumption. Usually, commercial and industrial users are charged tariffs close to full cost recovery, whereas residential users are cross-subsidized.
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The Mexican average tariff per m3 (US$ 0.32) is about half of the average in Latin America and the Caribbean (US$ 0.65). However, since tariffs are fixed at the municipal level depending on different legal frameworks, they differ substantially. Consequently, domestic users in
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Despite scarce resources in many Mexican regions water consumption is at a high level, partly favored by poor payment rates and low tariffs. In 2006, more than three quarters (76.8%) was used for agriculture, while public supply only used up 13.9%, the remainder being used by
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tunnel and then an open cut trench to drain waters out of the Basin of Mexico. The Spanish facilitated a series of practices, which would eventually lead to ecological destruction, including constructing dams, burning woodlands, and diverting water from lakes and canals. The
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of 1983. However, a few states deliver services through state water companies on behalf of municipalities. In some cases, the state agencies directly provide water and sanitation services. In rural areas, water boards (Juntas) are responsible for water supply.
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The Mexican revolution of the 1910s brought sweeping changes, specifically in the area of land and social rights. In particular, the Mexican constitution, passed in 1917, instituted major land reforms, including the right to communal lands, known as the
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H. Hugo Lopez and Russell R. Chianelli at the University of Texas at El Paso proposed a system in 2004 that would produce potable water using a combination of solar power, hydrogen steam reforming, hydrogen fuel cells and electrolysis.
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the investment is channeled through several CONAGUA programs. Due to overlapping planning and budget cycles at the national, regional and local level as well as poor coordinated investment plans, project planning is very difficult.
439:(5.4%) and industry (3.8%). In 2006, all in all 77.3 billion m3 were consumed in Mexico, of which 10.7 billion m3 were used for domestic consumption. This means that the average domestic use per capita and day was 270 litres.
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receiving treatment (36% in 2006); and still inadequate access in rural areas. In addition to on-going investments to expand access, the government has embarked on a large investment program to improve wastewater treatment.
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Robert J. McCarthy, Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.-Mexico, 14-2 U. Denv. Water L. Rev. 197(Spring 2011) (also available for free download at
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from 2004 to 2009, of which 40% were allocated for water supply and sanitation. It also supported a US$ 55.2 million technical assistance project for the modernization of the water and sanitation sector approved in 2005.
865:- CEA), which are autonomous entities that are usually under the authority of the State Ministry of Public Works. Most of them provide technical assistance to municipalities and some operate water distribution systems.
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Fundación Cántaro Azul is a non-profit organization operating of Chiapas, Mexico that takes a multi-disciplinary approach to providing people throughout Mexico with access to clean water, sanitation, and hygienic
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921:. The concession in Cancun, the largest of the three cities, is the oldest concession, awarded in 1993. As of 2011, it is held by Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo (GMD), which is part-owned by
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in aquifers, it is fairly easy to access year round thus, also benefiting the country socio-economically. As far as distribution, as mentioned before, groundwater is stored in various
231:; 55% of Mexicans receiving water only intermittently according to results of the 2000 census); poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of
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The efficiency and quality of water and sanitation services vary widely, to a large extent reflecting different levels of development across the country. On average, the level of
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in 2015, approximately 100% of urban populations used at least basic drinking water sources, whereas approximately 94% of rural populations used at least basic drinking-water.
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La Politica urbana de agua potable en Mexico: del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización, la autosuficiencia y la privatización. Revista Región y Sociedad
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La Politica urbana de agua potable en Mexico: del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización, la autosuficiencia y la privatización. Revista Región y Sociedad
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cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.
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The Sierra Madre Water Program was designed to help low-income villages and communities in both Mexico and Guatemala and is partnership between Water Charity, the
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In the second half of the 20th century, the Mexican water supply and sanitation sector has undergone several changes of organization to improve its performance.
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At the regional level, responsibility for water supply and sanitation vary among the 31 Mexican states. Most of them have created State Water Commissions (
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Most water and sanitation investments in Mexico are financed domestically. Among the major external lenders for water supply and sanitation are the
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in urban areas (88% to 93%) as well as in rural areas (50% to 74%) between 1990 and 2010. Additionally, a strong nationwide increase in access to
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According to the Mexican constitution responsibility for water supply and sanitation services delivery rests with 2,517 municipalities since the
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in Mexico, in 2016, aquifers mainly in Baja California indicating high level of saline soil and brackish water. 32 aquifers were identified with
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Considering most of the Country experiences arid and/or semi-arid conditions, droughts are one of the most common natural disasters in Mexico.
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La Politica urbana de agua potable en Mexico: del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización, la autosuficiencia y la privatización.
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Lopez, H. Hugo; Chianelli, Russell R. (March 2006). "Modeling complex dispersed energy and clean water systems for the US/Mexico border".
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Federal policies for water and sanitation are set by the CONAGUA, which became a well-established autonomous entity under the
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Strengthening the Financial System for Water in Mexico - From a Conceptual Framework to the Formulation of Pilot Initiatives
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In many areas, local water pressure is insufficient and/or unreliable. Thus, many houses have a small water tank known as a
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awarded a 30-year water and sanitation concession to the Mexican company Aguas de Mexico in 2013, and in 2015 the state of
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Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores (PIGOO) del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA):
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National Research Council, Academia Nacional de la Investigación Científica, A.C., Academia Nacional de Ingeniería, A.C.:
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In 2006, 63% of the Mexican water was extracted from surface water, such as rivers or lakes. The remaining 37% came from
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Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores (PIGOO) del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA)
1640:"CONSUMING INTERESTS: Water, Rum, and Coca-Cola from Ritual Propitiation to Corporate Expropriation in Highland Chiapas"
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952:. A concession law that would improve the legal framework was under review by the Mexican parliament as of March 2011.
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million project approved in 2005. A third phase with a cost of US$ 200 million was under preparation in early 2010.
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is characterized by achievements and challenges. Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped
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for the Latin American market. As of 2011, the government planned to award further water concessions beginning with
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Campanaro, Alessandra; Rodriguez, Diego J.; Amilpa, Enrique Aguilar; Loaeza, Eduardo Garcia-Lopez; Arronte, Pilar:
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676:(1946-1952), responsibility for Mexican urban water supply systems was vested in the Ministry of Water Resources (
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1394:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Fondo para la Comunicación y la Educación Ambiental. El Informador. 4 October 2010
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Mexican investment per capita in water supply and sanitation from 1991 to 2006 in constant US Dollars of 2006
1361:
3168:
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2970:
2950:
2770:
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In three Mexican cities, water and sanitation services are provided by private companies as of early 2011:
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Estadísticas por promedios nacionales, Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores (PIGOO)
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in Saltillo, set up in 2001, are held by Aguas de Barcelona, a Spanish subsidiary of Suez Environnement.
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designated to the federal government, a duty that was maintained for many decades post-revolution.
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ANEAS, Mexico needs US$ 6.6 billion investments per year to make up for historic underinvestment.
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Integrated River Basin Management - Case 5: The Lerma-Chapala River Basin, Mexico (February 2006)
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Priorities at the national level are set through six year state development plans. The 2007-2012
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726:, elected in 1988, began a significant sector reform, creating the National Water Commission or
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IDB approves $ 150 million loan to Mexico for potable water and sanitation in rural communities
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an unknown share of Mexican treatment plants do not comply with norms for effluent discharge.
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Services in Aguascalientes are provided by Proactivo Medio Ambiente, a joint venture between
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in the northern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking
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and financial efficiency, there are some notable exceptions that are efficiently operated.
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Waterfall over the Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla, Huasca de Ocampo, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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1518:"Mexico City: A City That Is Flooding, But Is Still Running Out Of Water | Water Center"
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Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en Las Américas - Mexico
993:
922:
1926:
Global Water Intelligence:A model approach to Mexico's water future, March 2011, p. 12
1212:
941:
684:
491:
has been sinking downwards approximately 1 meter every year. Due to years of draining
369:
365:
3229:
3113:
3093:
3078:
2975:
2907:
2848:
2822:
2635:
2610:
2600:
2418:
1659:
972:
828:
381:
232:
2314:
1075:, which channel their loans to utilities through the National Water Commission. The
809:
Support integrated and sustainable water resources management in basins and aquifers
3131:
2885:
2578:
2573:
2473:
2087:
1651:
1585:
893:
855:
605:
3330:
1079:(JICA) support a Potable Water Quality Control Project in Mexico City since 2005.
631:
3245:
3200:
3183:
3173:
3136:
3071:
3021:
2558:
1589:
1131:
881:
635:
597:
2870:
2692:
1639:
1543:
918:
877:
815:
Consolidate user and society participation and in this way support economic use
723:
702:
638:
to complete the project using modern machinery to dredge a 47 km. trench.
543:
447:
2274:
1655:
1024:
Sanitation is normally charged as a small percentage share of the water bill.
4110:
3250:
3103:
2797:
2117:
Modernization of the Water and Sanitation Sector Technical Assistance Project
1663:
812:
Improve the technical, administrative and financial development in the sector
663:
481:
228:
3141:
2942:
2538:
1452:"Water pressure systems versus the rooftop tinaco tank in the Mexican home"
1414:"En México, solo el 57% de las aguas residuales son tratadas correctamente"
1014:
839:
712:
531:
451:
213:
191:
169:
2,517 (2011), including 637 in localities with more than 20,000 inhabitants
78:
1890:
420:
on their roofs. Water that accumulates in a basement cistern, known as an
3126:
1213:
Data on water coverage from the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)
838:. CONAGUA plays a key role in the sector's financial allocation. Besides
822:
601:
576:
492:
488:
2342:
2224:"The Sexto Sol Center for Community Action: Motozintla, Chiapas, Mexico"
1127:
989:
756:
472:. Due to the strong growth of population and internal migration towards
2523:
2518:
2493:
2478:
2112:
1088:
1068:
851:
843:
658:
236:
2337:
The role of water policy in Mexico. En breve. -- no. 95 (October 2006)
1238:
World Bank Mexico Infrastructure Public Expenditure Review (IPER) 2005
783:
626:
2431:
1328:
963:
created a mixed company following the model established in Saltillo.
716:
662:
Montículo Cinerítico (front) and Bárcena (behind), volcanic cones on
477:
2315:
Mexico City's Water Supply. Improving the Outlook for Sustainability
1878:
527:
248:
3061:
2543:
1087:
The World Bank supported a US$ 300 million project in the state of
960:
914:
372:
based on the WHO World Health Survey (2003) and the Census (2000).
2375:
2308:
Situación del Subsector Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento
2203:"Integrated River Basin Management From Concepts to Good Practice"
2046:
Situación del Subsector Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento
1692:"Article 27 and Mexican Land Reform: The Legacy of Zapata's Dream"
1416:[In Mexico, only 57% of wastewater is treated correctly].
2306:
Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA): Comisión Nacional del Agua,
2044:
Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA): Comisión Nacional del Agua,
1563:
Aspects of the Sinking of Mexico City and Proposed Countermeasure
1544:"Water shortage in Mexico City could echo the global water issue"
1435:[Per capita water availability dropped 60% in 60 years].
1010:
1001:
945:
885:
773:
581:
563:
480:
regions, many water resources in North and Central Mexico became
469:
1364:[Without access to drinking water 22 million Mexicans].
2406:
2072:
World Bank Mexico Infrastructure Public Expenditure Review 2005
2015:
World Bank Mexico Infrastructure Public Expenditure Review 2005
1786:
World Bank Mexico Infrastructure Public Expenditure Review 2005
1733:
World Bank Mexico Infrastructure Public Expenditure Review 2005
997:
956:
910:
409:
357:
31:
22:
835:
2355:
2165:
ME-L1050 : Rural Water and Sanitation Program - Phase 3
1844:"Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015"
1317:
Indicadores de Gestion Prioritarios en Organismos Operadores
703:
1989–1990s: Creation of CONAGUA and further decentralization
161:
Yes (1992, amended in 2009), with a focus on water resources
2365:
2223:
630:
was finally completed in the late nineteenth century under
503:
473:
3291:
2370:
2360:
2060:
Investment in water supply and sanitation in Latin America
792:
733:
554:
806:
Improve access and quality to water supply and sanitation
353:
2101:
Decentralized Infrastructure Reform and Development Loan
1680:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2007, pp. 139-145
558:
Shot of a drought in located in a Sonora, Mexico desert.
1506:
World Bank, 2006a: The Lerma-Chapala River Basin, p. 4
1433:"Bajó 60% disponiblidad de agua per cápita en 60 años"
2249:"Sierra Madre Water Program - Mexico & Guatemala"
1362:"Sin acceso a agua potable 22 millones de mexicanos"
1122:
925:
from France. The privately held shares in the mixed
589:
thus, still creating limited access to clean water.
3320:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
2026:Source: CONAGUA; Data on population and deflators:
1274:
1272:
1013:monthly pay US$ 1.1 for 30m3, whereas customers in
1095:
592:
2133:ME0150 : Water and Sanitation in Rural Zones
1982:
1980:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1443:
4108:
2361:Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA)
2028:World Bank World Development Indicators database
1473:
1471:
1469:
1329:"Servicios de Agua y Drenaje de Monterrey I.P.D"
1269:
751:
604:off the southwestern end of Cayo Centro on
105:Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
2317:, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington, D.C. 1995
1806:. Global Water Intelligence, April 2015, p. 20.
1728:
1726:
1724:
1707:
1705:
904:
2178:"Delivering Better Water Services to Mexicans"
1977:
1937:"Para Agua de México, la concesión del SOAPAP"
1791:
1575:
1390:[43.2% of water is wasted in Mexico].
936:from France and the Spanish construction firm
821:Evaluate the effects of climate change to the
774:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
690:
129:Widespread, except for some states, since 1983
3277:
2391:
1804:"Solving the crisis in Mexico's water sector"
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1466:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1141:
1117:
487:Amidst the water crisis occurring in Mexico,
334:Sewerage (2006 JMP survey & census data)
2037:
2035:
2001:
1999:
1754:
1738:
1721:
1702:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
746:
653:
116:69% financed through the state budget (2006)
2928:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1388:"En México se desperdicia el 43.2% de agua"
634:, who contracted with British entrepreneur
3284:
3270:
2398:
2384:
2005:1 Mexican Peso = US$ 0.09276, (12/31/2006)
1959:"Busca Veracruz inversión privada en agua"
1770:
1610:"Publicaciones Estadísticas y Geográficas"
1288:
787:Waterfall Blue Cascade in Chiapas, Mexico,
508:
235:of 51% in 2003); an insufficient share of
69:Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
2032:
1996:
1816:
1678:An Environmental History of Latin America
1430:
1218:
1153:
818:Prevent risks of meteorological phenomena
803:Improve water productivity in agriculture
408:also leaves much to be desired. The 2000
1126:
1040:
988:
876:
827:Create a culture in compliance with the
782:
778:
755:
706:
657:
610:
596:
553:
526:
504:Decentralized water treatment technology
446:
392:
247:
1359:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1179:Water management in Greater Mexico City
1017:only pay US$ 0.05 for the same amount.
734:The 2000s: Proposals for new water laws
496:soil and weak ground. According to the
4109:
3292:Water supply and sanitation by country
2084:Japan International Cooperation Agency
1449:
1431:Enciso L., Angelica (3 October 2019).
1077:Japan International Cooperation Agency
185:
4117:Water supply and sanitation in Mexico
3265:
2379:
2323:Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS):
1991:Estadísticas del agua en México, 2007
1989:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA):
1865:Estadísticas del agua en México, 2007
1863:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA):
1838:
1836:
1819:"Water Law in the Republic of Mexico"
1689:
1633:
1631:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1560:
1541:
1482:Estadísticas del agua en México, 2007
1480:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA):
1304:Estadísticas del agua en México, 2007
1302:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA):
1283:Estadísticas del agua en México, 2007
1281:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA):
1208:
1206:
1204:
672:Since 1948, during the presidency of
517:
210:Water supply and sanitation in Mexico
134:National water and sanitation company
108:US$ 2 billion (2005) or US$ 20/capita
97:Share of collected wastewater treated
92:58% (IMTA, 2011), 48% (CONAGUA, 2011)
1637:
1542:Krebs, Michael (27 September 2009).
1243:
1174:Water resources management in Mexico
979:
872:
668:Bárcena has existed only since 1952.
464:Water resources management in Mexico
454:is Mexico's largest freshwater lake.
376:Commission as its apex institution.
2405:
2356:Comisión Nacional de Agua (CONAGUA)
1450:Grieve, J. Brad (1 December 2008).
1360:Valadez, Blanca (29 January 2014).
1062:
666:, one of the Revillagigedo Islands.
13:
1903:Aguas de Saltillo: Nuestra empresa
1833:
1628:
1596:
1201:
739:new law remain to be implemented.
683:In 1971, during the presidency of
442:
388:
126:Decentralization to municipalities
45:Access to an improved water source
14:
4133:
2549:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2349:
1879:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1839903
1817:Hernandez, Abdon (1 March 2003).
1123:Lerma-Chapala River Basin Council
174:Number of rural service providers
166:Number of urban service providers
150:Responsibility for policy setting
3382:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3329:
2297:
1823:United States-Mexico Law Journal
1696:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
1607:
1148:National Peace Corps Association
1027:
30:
2267:
2241:
2216:
2195:
2170:
2161:Inter-American Development Bank
2154:
2145:Inter-American Development Bank
2138:
2129:Inter-American Development Bank
2122:
2106:
2093:
2077:
2065:
2051:
2020:
2008:
1951:
1929:
1920:
1915:Proactivo Medio Ambiente México
1908:
1896:
1884:
1870:
1854:
1810:
1690:Kelly, James (1 January 1994).
1683:
1670:
1569:
1554:
1535:
1510:
1499:
1487:
1424:
1406:
1380:
1353:
1102:Inter-American Development Bank
1096:Inter-American Development Bank
1073:Inter-American Development Bank
678:Secretaría de Recursos Hídricos
593:History and recent developments
570:
540:Intertropical Convergence Zones
1939:. Intolerancia. 6 January 2014
1335:
1321:
1309:
1266:, retrieved on August 19, 2013
142:Water and sanitation regulator
1:
2469:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1891:AGUAKAN, tu Operadora de Agua
1608:Agua, Comisión Nacional del.
1420:(in Spanish). 13 August 2018.
1194:
1082:
1036:
966:
846:, it is also responsible for
752:The 1917 Mexican Constitution
522:
53:Access to improved sanitation
2898:Institutional stock exchange
2534:Second American intervention
2371:Aguas y Drenaje de Monterrey
1638:Nash, June (November 2007).
1590:10.1016/j.renene.2005.04.001
1053:
905:Private sector participation
761:Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve
429:
7:
3099:Water supply and sanitation
2464:Spanish reconquest attempts
1347:Consejo Consultivo del Agua
1167:
799:aimed to do the following:
691:1983–1989: Decentralization
549:
10:
4138:
2499:Second French intervention
2447:Control of Central America
2167:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
2151:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
2135:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
2119:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
2103:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
2090:. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
1917:, Retrieved on May 5, 2011
1905:, Retrieved on May 5, 2011
1893:, Retrieved on May 5, 2011
1565:. Wiley. pp. 432–440.
1142:Sierra Madre Water Program
1118:Organizations and programs
984:
848:water resources management
728:Comisión Nacional del Agua
457:
360:Joint Monitoring Program (
89:Share of customer metering
4033:
3952:
3744:
3713:
3520:
3339:
3326:
3297:
3223:
3112:
3007:
2998:
2856:
2847:
2734:
2725:
2698:Tropical cyclone rainfall
2596:
2587:
2417:
1850:: 29–35. 29 January 2019.
1656:10.1525/can.2007.22.4.621
1522:watercenter.sas.upenn.edu
1368:(in Spanish). Mexico City
795:Programa Nacional Hídrico
747:Water laws and regulation
654:1948–1983: Centralization
498:World Health Organization
460:Water resources in Mexico
314:
281:
243:
181:
173:
165:
157:
153:National Water Commission
149:
141:
133:
125:
120:
112:
104:
96:
88:
76:
68:
60:
52:
44:
39:
28:
20:
4122:Infrastructure in Mexico
2739:Administrative divisions
1763:Pablos, Nicolas Pineda:
1747:Pablos, Nicolas Pineda:
1714:Pablos, Nicolas Pineda:
1108:
863:Comisión Estatal de Agua
858:and personnel services.
793:National Water Program (
766:First and foremost, The
72:173 (2011, after losses)
61:Continuity of supply (%)
21:Water and Sanitation in
3154:Handcrafts and folk art
2923:National stock exchange
2661:Protected natural areas
2489:Second Mexican Republic
2454:Supreme Executive Power
2345:, The World Bank, 2014.
1676:Miller, Shawn William.
1343:"Diagnósticos del agua"
836:Ministry of Environment
509:Hybrid simulation model
401:atop a Mexico City home
223:The challenges include
3772:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2966:States by unemployment
2956:Science and technology
2459:First Mexican Republic
1154:Fundación Cántaro Azul
1134:
1046:
1005:
1000:) view of the Centla,
927:public-private company
889:
788:
768:Constitution of Mexico
763:
719:
669:
616:
608:
559:
534:
455:
402:
253:
3194:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2688:Territorial evolution
2504:Second Mexican Empire
1848:Constituteproject.org
1644:Cultural Anthropology
1130:
1044:
992:
880:
786:
779:Policy and regulation
759:
710:
661:
614:
600:
557:
530:
450:
437:thermal power station
396:
286:Improved water source
251:
64:45% (2003) 71% (2011)
3695:United Arab Emirates
3211:World Heritage Sites
2626:Environmental issues
2484:Mexican–American War
2442:First Mexican Empire
2088:Activities in Mexico
1767:, May 2002, p. 53-60
1751:, May 2002, p. 49-53
1184:Irrigation in Mexico
934:Veolia Environnement
113:Investment financing
4086:Trinidad and Tobago
3877:Republic of Ireland
2866:Automotive industry
2754:Chamber of Deputies
2437:War of Independence
1561:Loehnberg, Alfred.
1189:Pollution in Mexico
697:Miguel de la Madrid
587:saltwater intrusion
319:Improved sanitation
218:improved sanitation
3980:Dominican Republic
3315:Sub-Saharan Africa
3067:Indigenous peoples
2971:Telecommunications
2830:State legislatures
2771:Federal government
2651:Metropolitan areas
2529:Mexican Revolution
1135:
1047:
1006:
994:Pantanos de Centla
923:Suez Environnement
890:
789:
764:
720:
711:Ecotourism in the
670:
617:
609:
560:
535:
518:Geological factors
456:
406:Quality of service
403:
301:Piped on premises
254:
4104:
4103:
3932:England and Wales
3259:
3258:
3219:
3218:
2994:
2993:
2843:
2842:
2813:Political parties
2776:Foreign relations
2721:
2720:
2509:Restored Republic
2427:Pre-Columbian era
2275:"Misión y Visión"
2255:. 3 February 2015
1494:World Bank, 2006b
980:Financial aspects
973:non-revenue water
873:Service provision
382:non-revenue water
364:/2010). Data for
347:
346:
233:non-revenue water
207:
206:
4129:
3937:Northern Ireland
3736:Papua New Guinea
3334:
3333:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3239:
3232:
3179:National symbols
3005:
3004:
2946:
2891:Renewable energy
2881:Economic history
2854:
2853:
2732:
2731:
2594:
2593:
2574:Chiapas conflict
2474:Texas Revolution
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2322:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:www.sextosol.org
2220:
2214:
2213:
2212:. February 2006.
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1578:Renewable Energy
1573:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1235:
1216:
1210:
1063:External support
950:Tuxtla Gutiérrez
894:decentralization
856:flood protection
606:Banco Chinchorro
256:
255:
252:Rivers in Mexico
199:
189:
35:
34:
18:
17:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4029:
3948:
3852:North Macedonia
3740:
3709:
3516:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3293:
3290:
3260:
3255:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3108:
3084:Public holidays
3057:Nationality law
3052:Life expectancy
2990:
2944:
2839:
2803:Law enforcement
2717:
2708:Water resources
2583:
2559:Mexican miracle
2413:
2404:
2352:
2320:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2127:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1963:www.reforma.com
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1597:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1548:Digital Journal
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1244:
1236:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1170:
1156:
1144:
1132:Laguna Catemaco
1125:
1120:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1065:
1056:
1039:
1030:
987:
982:
969:
942:San Luis Potosí
907:
882:Sumidero Canyon
875:
781:
776:
754:
749:
736:
705:
693:
685:Luis Echeverría
667:
656:
636:Weetman Pearson
595:
573:
552:
544:Temperate zones
525:
520:
511:
506:
466:
458:Main articles:
445:
443:Water resources
432:
391:
389:Service quality
273:
271:
266:
264:
246:
203:
202:
198:0.09176 in 2005
190:
186:
29:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3927:United Kingdom
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Czech Republic
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:European Union
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2986:Water scarcity
2983:
2981:Transportation
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2938:Pension system
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:Municipalities
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Extreme points
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:Climate change
2608:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2350:External links
2348:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2266:
2240:
2215:
2210:The World Bank
2194:
2169:
2153:
2137:
2121:
2105:
2092:
2076:
2064:
2050:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1976:
1965:. 4 April 2015
1950:
1928:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1869:
1853:
1832:
1809:
1790:
1769:
1753:
1737:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1669:
1650:(4): 621–639.
1627:
1595:
1584:(3): 307–315.
1568:
1553:
1534:
1509:
1498:
1486:
1465:
1442:
1423:
1405:
1379:
1352:
1334:
1320:
1308:
1287:
1268:
1242:
1217:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1081:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
986:
983:
981:
978:
968:
965:
919:Aguascalientes
906:
903:
874:
871:
832:
831:
825:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
780:
777:
775:
772:
753:
750:
748:
745:
735:
732:
724:Carlos Salinas
715:, the Chuveje
704:
701:
692:
689:
655:
652:
594:
591:
572:
569:
551:
548:
524:
521:
519:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
444:
441:
431:
428:
390:
387:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
283:
279:
278:
275:
268:
261:
259:
245:
242:
225:water scarcity
205:
204:
201:
200:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
77:Average urban
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:South America
4032:
4026:
4025:United States
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:North America
3951:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Latin America
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:States by HDI
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:States by GDP
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Manufacturing
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2835:Supreme Court
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:Other sources
2280:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2253:Water Charity
2250:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1439:(in Spanish).
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1028:Cost recovery
1025:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1003:
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955:The state of
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731:
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675:
674:Miguel Alemán
665:
664:San Benedicto
660:
651:
648:
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639:
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632:Porfirio Díaz
629:
628:
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482:overexploited
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229:water quality
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27:
24:
19:
16:
4009:
3660:Saudi Arabia
3477:South Africa
3472:Sierra Leone
3367:Burkina Faso
3122:Architecture
3098:
3027:Demographics
2871:Central bank
2781:Human rights
2761:Constitution
2579:War on drugs
2554:World War II
2539:Cristero War
2432:Colonial era
2335:World Bank:
2329:World Bank:
2321:(in Spanish)
2304:(in Spanish)
2283:. Retrieved
2281:(in Spanish)
2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2209:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2095:
2079:
2067:
2057:
2053:
2048:, 2012, p. 3
2042:(in Spanish)
2022:
2010:
1987:(in Spanish)
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1872:
1861:(in Spanish)
1856:
1847:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1761:(in Spanish)
1756:
1745:(in Spanish)
1740:
1712:(in Spanish)
1695:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1618:. Retrieved
1616:(in Spanish)
1613:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1512:
1501:
1489:
1478:(in Spanish)
1456:. Retrieved
1454:. MexConnect
1445:
1436:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1323:
1311:
1300:(in Spanish)
1279:(in Spanish)
1261:(in Spanish)
1160:
1157:
1145:
1136:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:Villahermosa
1007:
970:
954:
931:
908:
899:
891:
867:
862:
860:
840:water supply
833:
794:
790:
765:
741:
737:
727:
721:
713:Sierra Gorda
694:
682:
677:
671:
649:
643:
640:
625:
622:
618:
602:Stilt houses
574:
571:Ground water
561:
536:
532:Lake Bacalar
512:
486:
467:
452:Lake chapala
433:
426:
421:
417:
415:
404:
398:
378:
374:
349:
348:
274:population)
267:population)
222:
214:water supply
209:
208:
187:
121:Institutions
79:water tariff
15:
3985:El Salvador
3912:Switzerland
3847:Netherlands
3731:New Zealand
3714:Australasia
3670:South Korea
3650:Philippines
3528:Afghanistan
3482:South Sudan
3407:Ivory Coast
3047:Immigration
2913:Land reform
2861:Agriculture
2683:Territories
2621:Earthquakes
2569:Peso crisis
2564:Lost Decade
2099:World Bank:
1527:28 November
1458:23 February
1392:Agua.org.mx
823:water cycle
577:groundwater
493:groundwater
489:Mexico City
315:Sanitation
272:(22% of the
265:(78% of the
100:36w% (2006)
4111:Categories
3970:Costa Rica
3726:East Timor
3615:Kyrgyzstan
3605:Kazakhstan
3538:Bangladesh
3533:Azerbaijan
3447:Mozambique
3206:Television
3164:Literature
3042:Healthcare
3017:Censorship
3012:Corruption
2945:(currency)
2903:Irrigation
2524:Porfiriato
2519:Yaqui Wars
2494:La Reforma
2479:Pastry War
2182:World Bank
2113:World Bank
2058:See also:
2017:, p. 29-31
1788:, p. 10-14
1437:La Jornada
1240:, p. 27-31
1195:References
1089:Guanajuato
1083:World Bank
1069:World Bank
1037:Investment
967:Efficiency
852:irrigation
844:sanitation
829:sector law
722:President
695:President
523:Background
370:Sanitation
237:wastewater
158:Sector law
56:85% (2010)
48:96% (2010)
4096:Venezuela
4041:Argentina
4015:Nicaragua
3990:Guatemala
3842:Lithuania
3721:Australia
3675:Sri Lanka
3665:Singapore
3645:Palestine
3575:Indonesia
3553:Hong Kong
3298:By region
3169:Monuments
3159:Languages
3032:Education
2951:Petroleum
2908:Labor law
2876:Companies
2818:President
2766:Elections
2656:Mountains
2589:Geography
2514:Caste War
1664:0886-7356
1159:practices
1054:Financing
717:Waterfall
478:semi-arid
430:Water use
81:(US$ /m3)
4076:Paraguay
4061:Colombia
4000:Honduras
3942:Scotland
3897:Slovenia
3892:Slovakia
3872:Portugal
3777:Bulgaria
3690:Thailand
3640:Pakistan
3630:Malaysia
3543:Cambodia
3512:Zimbabwe
3492:Tanzania
3397:Ethiopia
3392:Eswatini
3377:Cameroon
3357:Botswana
3246:Category
3189:Religion
3149:Folklore
2808:Military
2786:Intersex
2744:Congress
2727:Politics
2713:Wildlife
2703:Volcanos
2544:Maximato
2411:articles
2285:18 March
2279:Cantaroa
2259:17 April
2233:17 April
2187:17 April
1993:, p. 121
1867:, p. 161
1718:May 2002
1620:17 April
1306:, p. 120
1168:See also
1071:and the
996:(Centla
961:Veracruz
915:Saltillo
582:aquifers
564:Droughts
550:Droughts
470:aquifers
4091:Uruguay
4066:Ecuador
4046:Bolivia
4005:Jamaica
3922:Ukraine
3882:Romania
3827:Iceland
3822:Hungary
3812:Germany
3802:Finland
3797:Estonia
3792:Denmark
3782:Croatia
3767:Belgium
3762:Austria
3757:Armenia
3752:Albania
3700:Vietnam
3625:Lebanon
3565:Georgia
3497:Tunisia
3467:Senegal
3457:Nigeria
3452:Namibia
3442:Morocco
3422:Liberia
3417:Lesotho
3372:Burundi
3347:Algeria
3230:Outline
3137:Cuisine
3114:Culture
3104:Welfare
3094:Smoking
3079:Poverty
3000:Society
2976:Tourism
2849:Economy
2823:Cabinet
2641:Islands
2636:Forests
2611:Climate
2601:Borders
2419:History
2086:(JICA):
2074:, p. 61
1829:: 1–15.
1735:, p. 71
1484:, p. 60
1366:Milenio
1285:, p. 99
1011:Tijuana
1002:Tabasco
985:Tariffs
946:Tijuana
886:Chiapas
627:Desagüe
4071:Guyana
4051:Brazil
4020:Panama
4010:Mexico
3965:Canada
3960:Belize
3917:Turkey
3907:Sweden
3887:Russia
3867:Poland
3862:Serbia
3857:Norway
3837:Latvia
3817:Greece
3807:France
3745:Europe
3685:Taiwan
3655:Russia
3610:Kuwait
3600:Jordan
3580:Israel
3507:Zambia
3502:Uganda
3462:Rwanda
3432:Malawi
3352:Angola
3340:Africa
3251:Portal
3201:Sports
3132:Cinema
3062:People
2886:Energy
2749:Senate
2671:States
2666:Rivers
2606:Cities
2409:
2407:Mexico
2310:, 2012
1969:8 June
1943:8 June
1662:
1614:gob.mx
1496:, p. 1
1398:4 June
1372:4 June
998:swamps
957:Puebla
911:Cancun
418:tinaco
410:census
399:tinaco
358:UNICEF
350:Source
282:Water
277:Total
244:Access
23:Mexico
4056:Chile
3995:Haiti
3902:Spain
3832:Italy
3705:Yemen
3680:Syria
3595:Japan
3570:India
3558:Macau
3548:China
3487:Sudan
3427:Libya
3412:Kenya
3402:Ghana
3387:Egypt
3362:Benin
3237:Index
3184:Radio
3174:Music
3072:Women
3037:Flags
3022:Crime
2943:Peso
2646:Lakes
2206:(PDF)
1418:iAgua
1109:PROME
644:ejido
422:ajibe
366:water
270:Rural
263:Urban
192:Mex$
4081:Peru
3975:Cuba
3635:Oman
3620:Laos
3590:Iraq
3585:Iran
3521:Asia
3437:Mali
3142:Wine
2791:LGBT
2693:Time
2287:2020
2261:2019
2235:2019
2189:2019
1971:2015
1945:2015
1660:ISSN
1622:2019
1529:2020
1460:2008
1400:2020
1374:2020
1215:2010
1100:The
948:and
917:and
842:and
575:The
542:and
476:and
474:arid
462:and
368:and
343:64%
340:16%
337:80%
329:85%
326:79%
323:87%
310:89%
307:74%
304:93%
296:96%
293:91%
290:97%
196:US$
194:1 =
84:0.32
40:Data
3127:Art
2933:Oil
2798:Law
1652:doi
1586:doi
938:FCC
362:JMP
354:WHO
177:n/a
4113::
2277:.
2251:.
2226:.
2208:.
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2131::
2115::
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1654::
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1592:.
1588::
1550:.
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1462:.
1402:.
1376:.
1349:.
1331:.
1161:.
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356:/
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