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372:. Challenges inherent to waterjet technology revealed the inadequacies of traditional G-Code. The accuracy depends on varying the speed of the nozzle as it approaches corners and details. Creating motion control systems to incorporate those variables became a major innovation for leading waterjet manufacturers in the early 1990s, with John Olsen of OMAX Corporation developing systems to precisely position the waterjet nozzle while accurately specifying the speed at every point along the path, and also utilizing common PCs as a controller. The largest waterjet manufacturer, Flow International (a spinoff of Flow Industries), recognized the benefits of that system and licensed the OMAX software, with the result that the vast majority of waterjet cutting machines worldwide are simple to use, fast, and accurate.
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434:, or width, of the cut can be adjusted by swapping parts in the nozzle, as well as changing the type and size of the abrasive. Typical abrasive cuts have a kerf in the range of 0.04 to 0.05 in (1.0â1.3 mm), but can be as narrow as 0.02 inches (0.51 mm). Non-abrasive cuts are normally 0.007 to 0.013 in (0.18â0.33 mm), but can be as small as 0.003 inches (0.076 mm), which is approximately that of a human hair. These small jets can permit small details in a wide range of applications.
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cutting head's orifice size), and the water can be recycled using a closed-loop system. Waste water usually is clean enough to filter and dispose of down a drain. The garnet abrasive is a non-toxic material that can be mostly recycled for repeated use; otherwise, it can usually be disposed of in a landfill. Water jets also produce fewer airborne dust particles, smoke, fumes, and contaminants, reducing operator exposure to hazardous materials.
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396:. An intensifier pump creates pressure by using hydraulic oil to move a piston forcing the water through a tiny hole. The water then travels along the high-pressure tubing to the nozzle of the waterjet. In the nozzle, the water is focused into a thin beam by a jewel orifice. This beam of water is ejected from the nozzle, cutting through the material by spraying it with the jet of speed on the order of
151:, it was not until the 1930s that narrow jets of water started to appear as an industrial cutting device. In 1933, the Paper Patents Company in Wisconsin developed a paper metering, cutting, and reeling machine that used a diagonally moving waterjet nozzle to cut a horizontally moving sheet of continuous paper. These early applications were at low pressure and restricted to soft materials like paper.
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a part that will later be welded, or for taper compensation purposes where the kerf angle is transferred to the waste material â thus eliminating the taper commonly found on water jet-cut parts. A 5-axis head can cut parts where the Z-axis is also moving along with all the other axes. This full 5-axis cutting could be used for cutting contours on various surfaces of formed parts.
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the Mohs scale)". Examples of materials that cannot be cut with a water jet are tempered glass and diamonds. Water jets are capable of cutting up to 6 in (150 mm) of metals and 18 in (460 mm) of most materials, though in specialized coal mining applications, water jets are capable of cutting up to 100 ft (30 m) using a 1 in (25 mm) nozzle.
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and Norman Franz in the late 1960s focused on waterjet cutting of soft materials by dissolving long-chain polymers in the water to improve the cohesiveness of the jet stream. In the early 1970s, the desire to improve the durability of the waterjet nozzle led Ray
Chadwick, Michael Kurko, and Joseph Corriveau of the Bendix Corporation to come up with the idea of using
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which now consists of three components (water - abrasive - air). In the focusing tube, which is (should be) optimised in its length for this purpose, the abrasive is further accelerated (energy transfer from the water to the abrasive grain) and the AWIJ ideally leaves the focusing tube at the maximum possible abrasive grain speed.
252:, and his team continued to develop and improve the AWJ technology and its hardware for many applications. A critical development was creating a durable mixing tube that could withstand the power of the high-pressure AWJ, and it was Boride Products (now Kennametal) development of their ROCTEC line of ceramic
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Due to its relatively narrow kerf, water jet cutting can reduce the amount of scrap material produced, by allowing uncut parts to be nested more closely together than traditional cutting methods. Water jets use approximately 0.5 to 1 US gal (1.9â3.8 L) per minute (depending on the
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Working with
Ingersoll-Rand Waterjet Systems, Michael Dixon implemented the first production practical means of cutting titanium sheetsâan abrasive waterjet system very similar to those in widespread use today. By January 1989, that system was being run 24 hours a day producing titanium parts for the
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A 5-axis cutting head can be used to cut 4-axis parts, where the bottom surface geometries are shifted a certain amount to produce the appropriate angle and the Z-axis remains at one height. This can be useful for applications like weld preparation where a bevel angle needs to be cut on all sides of
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Edge quality for water jet cut parts is defined with the quality numbers Q1 through Q5. Lower numbers indicate rougher edge finish; higher numbers are smoother. For thin materials, the difference in cutting speed for Q1 could be as much as 3 times faster than the speed for Q5. For thicker materials,
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Materials commonly cut with a water jet include textiles, rubber, foam, plastics, leather, composites, stone, tile, glass, metals, food, paper and much more. "Most ceramics can also be cut on an abrasive water jet as long as the material is softer than the abrasive being used (between 7.5 and 8.5 on
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After contact with the abrasive material in the mixing chamber with the water jet, the individual abrasive grains are accelerated and entrained in the direction of the focusing tube. The air used as a carrier medium for transporting the abrasive into the mixing chamber also becomes part of the AWIJ,
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With recent advances in control and motion technology, 5-axis water jet cutting (abrasive and pure) has become a reality. Where the normal axes on a water jet are named Y (back/forth), X (left/right) and Z (up/down), a 5-axis system will typically add an A axis (angle from perpendicular) and C axis
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Since there are only 2 components (water and abrasive) in the AWSJ, the acceleration of the abrasive grains by the water takes place with a significantly increased efficiency compared to the AWIJ. The abrasive grains become faster with the WASS than with the WAIS for the same hydraulic power of the
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required a catalyst to be injected into the polyethylene. McCartney
Manufacturing Company in Baxter Springs, Kansas, began manufacturing these high-pressure pumps in 1960 for the polyethylene industry. Flow Industries in Kent, Washington set the groundwork for commercial viability of waterjets with
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crystal to form a waterjet orifice, while Norman Franz expanded on this and created a waterjet nozzle with an orifice as small as 0.002 inches (0.051 mm) that operated at pressures up to 70,000 psi (480 MPa). John Olsen, along with George
Hurlburt and Louis Kapcsandy at Flow Research
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explored using a pulsing waterjet at up to 50,000 psi (340 MPa) to cut metals, stone, and other materials. Research by S.J. Leach and G.L. Walker in the mid-1960s expanded on traditional coal waterjet cutting to determine the ideal nozzle shape for high-pressure waterjet cutting of stone,
633:(rotation around the Z-axis). Depending on the cutting head, the maximum cutting angle for the A axis can be anywhere from 55, 60, or in some cases even 90 degrees from vertical. As such, 5-axis cutting opens up a wide range of applications that can be machined on a water jet cutting machine.
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Specially designed water jet cutters are commonly used to remove excess bitumen from road surfaces that have become the subject of binder flushing. Flushing is a natural occurrence caused during hot weather where the aggregate becomes level with the bituminous binder layer creating a hazardously
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AWSJ cutting, in contrast to the AWIJ cutting process described below, can also be used for mobile cutting applications and cutting underwater, in addition to machining demanding materials. Examples include bomb disposal, as well as the dismantling of offshore installations or the dismantling of
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While cutting with water is possible for soft materials, adding an abrasive turned the water jet into a modern machining tool for all materials. This began in 1935 when the idea of adding an abrasive to the water stream was developed by Elmo Smith for liquid abrasive blasting. Smithâs design was
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in the 1982 BHR proceedings showing, for the first time, that waterjets with relatively small amounts of abrasives are capable of cutting hard materials such as steel and concrete. The March 1984 issue of the
Mechanical Engineering magazine showed more details and materials cut with AWJ such as
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High-pressure systems were further shaped by the aviation, automotive, and oil industries. Aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing developed seals for hydraulically boosted control systems in the 1940s, while automotive designers followed similar research for hydraulic suspension systems. Higher
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Waterjet technology evolved in the post-war era as researchers around the world searched for new methods of efficient cutting systems. In 1956, Carl
Johnson of Durox International in Luxembourg developed a method for cutting plastic shapes using a thin stream high-pressure water jet, but those
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The AWIJ is generated by a water jet that passes through a mixing chamber (a cavity) after exiting the water nozzle and enters a focusing tube at the exit of the mixing chamber. The interaction of the water jet in the mixing chamber with the air inside creates negative pressure, the water jet
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Commercial water jet cutting systems are available from manufacturers all over the world, in a range of sizes, and with water pumps capable of a range of pressures. Typical water jet cutting machines have a working envelope as small as a few square feet, or up to hundreds of square feet.
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The
Abrasive Water Suspension Jet (AWSJ) - often called âSlurry Jetâ or âWater Abrasive Suspension (WAS) jetâ - is a specific type of abrasive water jet, which is used for waterjet cutting. In contrast to the abrasive water injector jet (AWIJ), the abrasive water suspension jet (AWSJ) is
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High-pressure vessels and pumps became affordable and reliable with the advent of steam power. By the mid-1800s, steam locomotives were common and the first efficient steam-driven fire engine was operational. By the turn of the century, high-pressure reliability improved, with
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John Olsenâs development of the high-pressure fluid intensifier in 1973, a design that was further refined in 1976. Flow
Industries then combined the high-pressure pump research with their waterjet nozzle research and brought waterjet cutting into the manufacturing world.
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Because the nature of the cutting stream can be easily modified the water jet can be used in nearly every industry; there are many different materials that the water jet can cut. Some of them have unique characteristics that require special attention when cutting.
392:. There are two types of pumps used to create this high pressure; an intensifier pump and a direct drive or crankshaft pump. A direct drive pump works much like a car engine, forcing water through high-pressure tubing using plungers attached to a
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composite tubes that significantly increased the operational life of the AWJ nozzle. Current work on AWJ nozzles is on micro abrasive waterjets so that cutting with jets smaller than 0.015 inches (0.38 mm) in diameter can be commercialized.
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Waterjet cutting is often used during the fabrication of machine parts. It is the preferred method when the materials being cut are sensitive to the high temperatures generated by other methods; examples of such materials include plastic and
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materials, like paper, were soft materials. In 1958, Billie
Schwacha of North American Aviation developed a system using ultra-high-pressure liquid to cut hard materials. This system used a 100,000 psi (690 MPa) pump to deliver a
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Because of the angles that can be cut, part programs may need to have additional cuts to free the part from the sheet. Attempting to slide a complex part at a severe angle from a plate can be difficult without appropriate relief cuts.
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In 1987, Ingersoll-Rand
Waterjet Systems offered a 5-axis pure-water waterjet cutting system called the Robotic Waterjet System. The system was an overhead gantry design, similar in overall size to the HS-1000.
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characterised by the fact that the mixing of abrasive and water takes place before the nozzle. This has the effect that, in contrast to AWIJ, the jet consists of only two components: the water and the abrasive.
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Q1 could be 6 times faster than Q5. For example, 4 inches (100 mm) thick aluminium Q5 would be 0.72 in/min (18 mm/min) and Q1 would be 4.2 in/min (110 mm/min), 5.8 times faster.
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entrains air particles. This negative pressure is used for the pneumatic transport of the abrasive into the chamber (the abrasive is led to a lateral opening (bore) of the mixing chamber by means of a hose).
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Uses a high-velocity stream of ultra high-pressure water 30,000â90,000 psi (210â620 MPa) which is produced by a high-pressure pump with possible abrasive particles suspended in the stream.
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leading to a sixfold increase in boiler pressure, some reaching 1,600 psi (11 MPa). Most high-pressure pumps at this time, though, operated around 500â800 psi (3.4â5.5 MPa).
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As waterjet cutting moved into traditional manufacturing shops, controlling the cutter reliably and accurately was essential. Early waterjet cutting systems adapted traditional systems such as
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further refined by Leslie Tirrell of the Hydroblast Corporation in 1937, resulting in a nozzle design that created a mix of high-pressure water and abrasive for the purpose of wet blasting.
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All waterjets follow the same principle of using high-pressure water focused into a beam by a nozzle. Most machines accomplish this by first running the water through a high-pressure
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180:(later Flow Industries), further improved the commercial potential of the water jet by showing that treating the water beforehand could increase the operational life of the nozzle.
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ZeleĆĂĄk, M.; Foldyna, J.; Linde, M.; Pude, F.; Rentsch, T.; Fernolendt, J.; Poort, H.U. (2016-01-01), "Measurement and Analysis of Abrasive Particles Velocities in AWSJ",
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These advances in seal technology, plus the rise of plastics in the post-war years, led to the development of the first reliable high-pressure pump. The invention of
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Water jet cutters are also capable of producing intricate cuts in material. With specialized software and 3-D machining heads, complex shapes can be produced.
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Distance of the nozzle from the workpiece affects the size of the kerf and the removal rate of material. Typical distance is .125 in (3.2 mm).
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3, around 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s). The process is the same for abrasive waterjets until the water reaches the nozzle. Here abrasives such as
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While not effective for the XB-70 project, the concept was valid and further research continued to evolve waterjet cutting. In 1962, Philip Rice of
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Hereâs an in-depth educational piece detailing how a waterjet works, what it can cut, and how waterjets compare to other CNC cutting technologies.
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Produces a taper of less than 1° on most cuts, which can be reduced or eliminated entirely by slowing down the cut process or tilting the jet.
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titanium, aluminium, glass, and stone. Mohamed Hashish was awarded a patent on forming AWJ in 1987. Hashish, who also coined the new term
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refers specifically to the use of a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut hard materials such as metal, stone or glass, while the terms
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Water jets are capable of attaining accuracy down to 0.005 inches (0.13 mm) and repeatability down to 0.001 inches (0.025 mm).
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An important benefit of the water jet is the ability to cut material without interfering with its inherent structure, as there is no
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Ultra-high-pressure water pumps are available from as low as 40,000 psi (280 MPa) up to 100,000 psi (690 MPa).
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liquid jet that could cut high-strength alloys such as PH15-7-MO stainless steel. Used to cut honeycomb laminate for the Mach 3
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424:, or changing intrinsic properties. Sharp corners, bevels, pierce holes, and shapes with minimal inner radii are all possible.
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pressures in hydraulic systems in the oil industry also led to the development of advanced seals and packing to prevent leaks.
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refer to waterjet cutting without the use of added abrasives, often used for softer materials such as wood or rubber.
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1160:(in German). Ingenieur-Spiegel. Band 3-2019. Public Verlagsgesellschaft und Anzeigenagentur mbH, Bingen, S. 23â25.
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Is used for machining a large array of materials, including heat-sensitive, delicate, or very hard materials.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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Prof. Dr.-Ing.Michael Kaufeld, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Pude, Dipl.-ing. Marco Linde (March 2019).
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Boride Corp develops abrasive waterjet cutting nozzles of ceramic tungsten carbide material.
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420:(HAZ). Minimizing the effects of heat allows metals to be cut without warping, affecting
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1667:"Waterjetting Technology â Pipe Straighteners | KMT Waterjet | KMT Waterjet"
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While using high-pressure water for erosion dates back as far as the mid-1800s with
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Leach, S.J. and G.L. Walker, The Application of High Speed Liquid Jets to Cutting,
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The first publications on modern abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting were published by
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1787:, A look inside the physics of achieving high pressure water for waterjet cutting.
1083:"Wasser-Abrasiv-Suspensions-Strahl-schneiden (WASS) â Institut fĂŒr Werkstoffkunde"
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system. Therefore, comparatively deeper or faster cuts can be made with the AWSJ.
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B-1B largely at Rockwell's North American Aviation facility in Newark, Ohio.
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Method and Apparatus for Forming a High Velocity Liquid Abrasive Jet
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Chadwick, Ray F Chadwick, Michael C Kurko, and Joseph A Corriveau,
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systems based on John Parsonsâ 1952 NC milling machine and running
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There are six main process characteristics of water jet cutting:
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Very High Velocity Fluid Jet Nozzles and Methods of Making Same
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reactor pressure vessel installations in nuclear power plants.
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at high speed, requiring changes to the manufacturing process.
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Olsen, John H., George H. Hurlburt, and Louis E. Kapcsandy,
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Today, there are two different types of Abrasive Waterjets:
110:. Waterjet cutting is used in various industries, including
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718:"Waterjet Cutting History - Origins of the Waterjet Cutter"
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Produces no heat damage to the workpiece surface or edges.
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2757:
2537:
1140:"Hochleistungsverfahren bezwingt Hochleistungswerkstoffe"
365:
1620:"Waterjet Cutting - Cut Metal, Stone, Paper, Composites"
1488:
Lorincz, Jim. Waterjets: Evolving from Macro to Micro,
1095:
796:, filed October 26, 1962, and issued October 19, 1965.
4531:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1077:
1075:
930:, filed August 12, 1957, and issued October 17, 1961.
755:
Method for Cutting Up Plastic and Semi-Plastic Masses
1243:"Machining & CNC Manufacturing: A brief history"
1048:"ROCTEC Composite Carbide Abrasive Waterjet Nozzles"
835:, filed March 1, 1971, and issued September 4, 1973.
809:, Vol 260, No 1110, July 28, 1966, pp. 295â310.
1492:, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, November 2009
1315:, filed October 7, 1993, and issued April 16, 1996.
1037:, filed October 7, 1985, and issued March 10, 1987.
1021:, filed April 3, 1937, and issued October 17, 1939.
1072:
982:, filed January 12, 1973, and issued May 21, 1974.
861:, filed June 21, 1976, and issued August 12, 1980.
770:, filed October 13, 1958, and issued May 23, 1961.
757:, filed March 13, 1956, and issued April 14, 1959.
1714:
1526:Lorincz, Waterjets: Evolving from Macro to Micro.
1270:"What Really Determines the Time to Make a Part?"
1245:. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from
1187:"BombenentschÀrfungen: Neue Wasserstrahl-Technik"
995:, filed March 16, 1976, and issued June 14, 1977.
943:, filed March 26, 1956, and issued March 4, 1958.
904:, filed March 3, 1941, and issued March 23, 1943.
848:, filed July 16, 1971, and issued August 7, 1973.
822:, filed May 31, 1968, and issued August 18, 1970.
447:using waterjet technology eliminates the risk of
4673:
1693:"Waterjet Cutting History: Origins and Timeline"
1534:
1532:
1422:
1328:. Flow International Corporation. Archived from
1033:Hashish, Mohamed, Michael Kirby and Yih-Ho Pao,
917:, filed July 11, 1958, and issued July 18, 1961.
1302:, filed May 14, 1997, and issued April 6, 1999.
1008:, filed June 10, 1935, and issued May 12, 1936.
794:Process for Cutting and Working Solid Materials
2515:
1797:Milestones in the History of Water Jet Cutting
1374:
1344:
1029:
1027:
954:"KMT McCartney Products for the LDPE Industry"
744:, filed May 22, 1933, and issued July 2, 1935.
3006:
2501:
1860:
1822:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1412:"2.972 How an Abrasive Waterjet Cutter Works"
781:Valkyrie: North American's Mach 3 Superbomber
235:The Evolution of the Abrasive Waterjet Nozzle
1452:
1170:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1137:
1100:(in German), vol. 149, pp. 77â86,
1053:. Kennametal Boride Abrasive Flow Products.
268:Abrasive Water Suspension Jet (AWSJ) cutting
1802:Fabric Cutting by Water Jet Cutting Machine
1642:"What is a Waterjet cutting machine ?"
1565:"What is a Waterjet cutting machine ?"
1024:
3013:
2999:
2508:
2494:
1867:
1853:
1829:
1815:
1513:
993:High Pressure Fluid Intensifier and Method
980:High Pressure Fluid Intensifier and Method
859:Method for Making High Velocity Liquid Jet
285:Abrasive Water Injector Jet (AWIJ) cutting
1300:Motion Control for Quality in Jet Cutting
1115:
1105:
600:Learn how and when to remove this message
335:Learn how and when to remove this message
4521:Building and Wood Workers' International
715:
619:
611:
476:smooth road surface during wet weather.
458:
379:Large water jet abrasive cutting machine
374:
230:
182:
129:
36:
1690:
779:Jenkins, Dennis R & Tony R Landis,
451:since the contact medium is discarded.
14:
4674:
1874:
939:Hogan, John Paul and Robert L. Banks,
833:Nozzle for Producing Fluid Cutting Jet
2994:
2489:
1848:
1810:
1440:from the original on 26 February 2010
960:from the original on 24 December 2012
543:
4656:
1590:"What Materials Can a Waterjet Cut?"
1060:from the original on 6 December 2008
742:Paper Metering, Cutting, and Reeling
582:adding citations to reliable sources
553:
317:adding citations to reliable sources
288:
226:
4646:
4506:American Association of Woodturners
1791:What is a Waterjet cutting machine?
1691:Schlick, Jonathan (11 March 2023).
355:
24:
1753:"Waterjet Relationship Parameters"
1362:from the original on 6 August 2016
1313:Motion Control with Precomputation
163:, this cutting method resulted in
25:
4703:
4536:National Wood Carvers Association
1766:
1733:from the original on 22 July 2015
1720:
1392:from the original on 17 June 2016
1352:"Crankshaft vs. Intensifier pump"
1267:
4655:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4511:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1836:
1773:How Can Water Cut Through Steel?
1759:from the original on 2010-09-09.
1630:from the original on 2017-04-05.
1600:from the original on 2 June 2016
1509:from the original on 2017-09-21.
1470:from the original on 2 June 2016
783:, Specialty Press, 2004, p. 108.
671:Digital modeling and fabrication
558:
532:
463:A water jet cutting a metal tool
293:
193:
3020:
1785:Waterjet Cutting â How it Works
1745:
1684:
1673:from the original on 2017-05-05
1659:
1634:
1612:
1557:
1546:from the original on 2009-02-23
1495:
1482:
1404:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1280:from the original on 6 May 2012
1261:
1235:
1221:
1207:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1146:
1131:
1089:
1040:
1011:
998:
985:
972:
946:
941:Polymers and Production Thereof
933:
920:
907:
894:
876:British Made Steam Fire Engines
864:
851:
838:
825:
569:needs additional citations for
527:
479:
304:needs additional citations for
188:Waterjet cutting machine 5-axis
86:, or a mixture of water and an
41:A diagram of a water jet cutter
4516:British Woodworking Federation
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
709:
682:
666:Electrical discharge machining
616:A 5-axis waterjet cutting head
506:Nozzles are typically made of
454:
13:
1:
4526:Caricature Carvers of America
1793:, A definition of the process
1503:"Waterjet Cutting Advantages"
768:Liquid Cutting of Hard Metals
716:Guidorzi, Elia (2022-02-03).
676:
161:North American XB-70 Valkyrie
1138:Pressestelle (8 June 2023).
1107:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.641
383:
118:, for cutting, shaping, and
7:
1460:"How Does a Waterjet Work?"
1430:"Basic Waterjet Principles"
928:High Pressure Packing Means
740:Fourness, Charles A et al,
644:
411:
142:
10:
4708:
4687:Metalworking cutting tools
2212:Magnetic switchable device
956:. KMT McCartney Products.
547:
488:
220:Phillips Petroleum Company
125:
29:
4631:
4605:
4554:
4541:Society of Wood Engravers
4498:
4412:
4362:
4319:
4191:
4184:
4072:
3959:
3901:
3720:
3711:
3654:
3325:
3244:
3235:
3059:
3028:
2913:
2528:
2430:
2373:
2235:
2162:
2064:
2013:
1925:
1882:
1844:
1775:, HowStuffWorks.com video
1490:Manufacturing Engineering
45:high-pressure water inlet
2954:Machine and metalworking
1217:(in German). 2021-01-07.
820:High Velocity Liquid Jet
30:Not to be confused with
2964:Measuring and alignment
2270:Engineer's spirit level
1594:OMAX Abrasive Waterjets
1464:OMAX Abrasive Waterjets
913:Templeton, Herbert W.,
902:Piston Sealing Assembly
48:jewel (ruby or diamond)
4618:Frameless construction
3699:Wood-plastic composite
2693:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1985:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1729:. FMA Communications.
1436:. Olsen Software LLC.
1358:. Olsen Software LLC.
625:
624:A 5-axis waterjet part
617:
464:
380:
362:mechanical pantographs
236:
190:
139:
67:
2470:Tools and terminology
2237:Measuring instruments
766:Schwacha, Billie G.,
623:
615:
462:
378:
234:
186:
133:
90:substance. The term
40:
4692:Woodworking machines
4546:Timber Framers Guild
3400:Australian Blackwood
2929:Cutting and abrasive
1624:www.kmt-waterjet.com
1098:Procedia Engineering
1017:Tirrell, Leslie L.,
900:Berry, Mitchell M.,
753:Johnson, Carl Olof,
578:improve this article
313:improve this article
214:by Robert Banks and
4266:Hammer-headed tenon
3785:Janka hardness test
2563:Ceramic tile cutter
1332:on 12 December 2013
1117:20.500.11850/119156
915:Metering Valve Seal
550:Multiaxis machining
449:cross contamination
201:locomotive research
3127:Japanese carpentry
2360:Thread pitch gauge
2325:Optical comparator
2079:Combination square
1876:Metalworking tools
1648:. 30 November 2017
1571:. 30 November 2017
844:Franz, Norman C.,
818:Franz, Norman C.,
792:Rice, Phillip K.,
626:
618:
544:Multi-axis cutting
465:
418:heat-affected zone
381:
237:
191:
140:
100:water-only cutting
74:, also known as a
68:
4669:
4668:
4623:Green woodworking
4480:Wood preservation
4408:
4407:
4311:Tongue and groove
4291:Mortise and tenon
4180:
4179:
3878:Warrington hammer
3707:
3706:
3395:African Blackwood
3187:Segmented turning
2988:
2987:
2483:
2482:
2426:
2425:
1727:TheFabricator.com
926:Webb, Derrel D.,
610:
609:
602:
345:
344:
337:
250:abrasive waterjet
227:Abrasive waterjet
60:cutting water jet
51:abrasive (garnet)
18:Water jet cutting
16:(Redirected from
4699:
4682:Cutting machines
4659:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4189:
4188:
3858:Thickness planer
3718:
3717:
3512:(lime, basswood)
3242:
3241:
3102:Chainsaw carving
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2895:Water jet cutter
2860:Sharpening stone
2698:Pencil sharpener
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2300:Machinist square
2109:Needlegun scaler
2104:Machinist square
1917:Water jet cutter
1884:Cutting machines
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:"Types of Pumps"
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1311:Olsen, John H.,
1309:
1303:
1298:Olsen, John H.,
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1109:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1019:Sandblast Device
1015:
1009:
1004:Smith, Elmo V.,
1002:
996:
991:Olsen, John H.,
989:
983:
978:Olsen, John H.,
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
882:on 28 March 2012
878:. Archived from
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
829:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
790:
784:
777:
771:
764:
758:
751:
745:
738:
732:
731:
729:
728:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:
694:, archived from
686:
605:
598:
594:
591:
585:
562:
554:
536:
508:tungsten carbide
356:Waterjet control
340:
333:
329:
326:
320:
297:
289:
254:tungsten carbide
149:hydraulic mining
72:water jet cutter
21:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4627:
4613:Frame and panel
4601:
4550:
4494:
4404:
4363:Surface piecing
4358:
4315:
4236:Crown of thorns
4176:
4162:Smoothing plane
4068:
3955:
3897:
3800:Milling machine
3703:
3664:Cross-laminated
3650:
3321:
3231:
3202:Spindle turning
3192:Shingle weaving
3162:Pallet crafting
3055:
3024:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2909:
2583:Diagonal pliers
2524:
2514:
2484:
2479:
2422:
2369:
2265:Engineer's blue
2231:
2164:Machine tooling
2158:
2060:
2036:Hydraulic press
2009:
1921:
1878:
1873:
1840:
1835:
1769:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1702:
1700:
1697:Techni Waterjet
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1386:www.wardjet.com
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1268:Olsen, John H.
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1006:Liquid Blasting
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
963:
961:
952:
951:
947:
938:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
885:
883:
872:"John Ericsson"
870:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
839:
830:
826:
817:
813:
804:
800:
791:
787:
778:
774:
765:
761:
752:
748:
739:
735:
726:
724:
714:
710:
701:
699:
691:About waterjets
688:
687:
683:
679:
647:
606:
595:
589:
586:
575:
563:
552:
546:
530:
491:
482:
457:
414:
406:aluminium oxide
386:
358:
341:
330:
324:
321:
310:
298:
287:
270:
245:Mohamed Hashish
229:
216:John Paul Hogan
196:
145:
138:cutting machine
128:
66:
35:
32:pressure washer
28:
27:Industrial tool
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4592:Quarter sawing
4589:
4584:
4582:Wood splitting
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4490:Wood finishing
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4450:Paint stripper
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Shoulder plane
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:Moulding plane
4129:
4124:
4122:Japanese plane
4119:
4114:
4112:Grooving plane
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Flooring clamp
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Winding sticks
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Timber-framing
3860:
3855:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Particle board
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Glue laminated
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Timber framing
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Relief carving
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
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3077:Bush carpentry
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2919:Types of tools
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2375:Smithing tools
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2290:Go/no go gauge
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2056:Stamping press
2053:
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2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
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1767:External links
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1326:"SEC Form 8-K"
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1274:Dr Olsen's Lab
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722:TechniWaterjet
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661:Plasma cutting
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548:Main article:
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2014:Forming tools
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1779:Why Waterjet?
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1721:Olsen, John.
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1434:WaterJets.org
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1249:on 2004-08-20
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743:
737:
723:
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712:
698:on 2010-02-26
697:
693:
692:
685:
681:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Laser cutting
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
614:
604:
601:
593:
583:
579:
573:
572:
567:This section
565:
561:
556:
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551:
541:
537:
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523:
515:
512:
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499:
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302:This section
300:
296:
291:
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282:
278:
274:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
246:
241:
233:
224:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
202:
194:High pressure
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
172:Union Carbide
168:
166:
162:
158:
152:
150:
137:
132:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:pure waterjet
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4430:Heat bending
4375:Edge banding
4147:Router plane
4142:Rebate plane
4102:Finger plane
3833:
3537:
3531:
3511:
3505:Lignum vitae
3263:
3257:
3222:Wood carving
3197:Shipbuilding
3182:Root carving
3142:Log building
3107:Chip carving
2894:
2783:Concrete saw
2778:Circular saw
2763:Abrasive saw
2723:Pocket knife
2708:Pizza cutter
2683:Nail clipper
2643:Honing steel
2628:Glass cutter
2593:Diamond tool
2578:Cutting tool
2408:Steam hammer
2355:Tape measure
2345:Straightedge
2330:Radius gauge
2305:Marking blue
2295:Height gauge
2275:Feeler gauge
2255:Center gauge
2222:Rotary table
2202:Lathe center
2114:Piercing saw
2099:Hand scraper
1970:Hand scraper
1916:
1838:Metalworking
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1708:
1701:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1542:. Jet Edge.
1497:
1489:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1320:
1307:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1237:
1231:(in German).
1223:
1209:
1195:
1189:(in German).
1180:
1148:
1142:(in German).
1133:
1097:
1091:
1085:(in German).
1062:. Retrieved
1042:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
962:. Retrieved
948:
935:
922:
909:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
875:
866:
853:
840:
827:
814:
806:
801:
788:
780:
775:
762:
749:
736:
725:. Retrieved
721:
711:
700:, retrieved
696:the original
690:
684:
639:
635:
631:
627:
596:
587:
576:Please help
571:verification
568:
538:
531:
528:Edge quality
519:
492:
483:
480:Availability
474:
470:
466:
443:
439:
436:
429:
426:
417:
415:
387:
359:
350:
346:
331:
322:
311:Please help
306:verification
303:
279:
275:
271:
263:
259:
249:
242:
238:
209:
205:
197:
169:
165:delaminating
153:
146:
104:
99:
95:
92:abrasive jet
91:
79:
75:
71:
69:
63:cut material
4651:WikiProject
4597:Rift sawing
4587:Flat sawing
4475:Wood drying
4152:Scrub plane
4137:Razee plane
4087:Block plane
3941:Mitre clamp
3888:Wood scribe
3839:Combination
3581:Purpleheart
3277:Douglas fir
3227:Woodturning
3060:Occupations
3022:Woodworking
2979:Woodworking
2880:Switchblade
2743:Razor strop
2728:Putty knife
2668:Meat slicer
2613:Emery cloth
2598:Disc cutter
2573:Countersink
2548:Bolt cutter
2440:Fabrication
2418:Trip hammer
2413:Swage block
2398:Hardy tools
2315:Marking out
2285:Gauge block
2172:Angle plate
2134:Tap and die
2051:Screw press
2046:Punch press
2000:Tipped tool
1955:Countersink
1950:Counterbore
1416:web.mit.edu
455:Versatility
445:Meatcutting
54:mixing tube
4676:Categories
4606:Techniques
4555:Conversion
4485:Wood stain
4413:Treatments
4201:Birdsmouth
4167:Spokeshave
4117:Jack plane
4107:Fore plane
3946:Pipe clamp
3911:Band clamp
3835:Carpenters
3656:Engineered
3606:Rubberwood
3455:Eucalyptus
3259:Calocedrus
3172:Pyrography
3137:Kohlrosing
2900:Wire brush
2870:Steel wool
2788:Coping saw
2703:Pipecutter
2658:Lawn mower
2460:Metallurgy
2320:Micrometer
2245:Bore gauge
2066:Hand tools
1677:2017-09-18
1652:2019-10-14
1575:2020-11-10
1550:2009-06-11
727:2022-02-17
702:2010-02-13
677:References
394:crankshaft
157:hypersonic
4395:Parquetry
4390:Oystering
4385:Marquetry
4226:Butterfly
3893:Workbench
3825:Sandpaper
3805:Mitre box
3750:Drawknife
3740:Burnisher
3725:Abrasives
3674:Hardboard
3335:Afromosia
3217:Whittling
3167:Parquetry
3152:Marquetry
3097:Certosina
3092:Carpentry
3082:Cabinetry
3029:Overviews
2813:Miter saw
2753:Sandpaper
2673:Mezzaluna
2608:Drill bit
2603:Drawknife
2558:Burnisher
2455:Machining
2450:Jewellery
2149:Workbench
2084:Drift pin
1907:Miter saw
1540:"Company"
1126:1877-7058
384:Operation
134:Waterjet
116:aerospace
108:aluminium
76:water jet
4641:Category
4420:Adhesive
4400:Purfling
4380:Intarsia
4321:Profiles
4246:Dovetail
4185:Geometry
4024:Hand saw
4009:Crosscut
3994:Circular
3989:Chainsaw
3936:Holdfast
3601:Rosewood
3533:American
3528:Mahogany
3500:Jelutong
3470:Hornbeam
3435:Cocobolo
3430:Chestnut
3345:Andiroba
3157:Millwork
3122:Intarsia
3117:Fretwork
3112:ĂbĂ©niste
3041:Glossary
2934:Forestry
2924:Cleaning
2885:Tool bit
2834:Scraper
2830:Scissors
2818:Wire saw
2808:Hole saw
2803:Hand saw
2773:Chainsaw
2521:abrasive
2465:Smithing
2403:Pritchel
2340:Sine bar
2005:Tool bit
1960:End mill
1897:Cold saw
1757:Archived
1731:Archived
1703:15 April
1699:. Techni
1671:Archived
1628:Archived
1598:Archived
1544:Archived
1507:Archived
1468:Archived
1438:Archived
1390:Archived
1360:Archived
1278:Archived
1166:cite web
1055:Archived
958:Archived
645:See also
590:May 2023
412:Benefits
325:May 2023
177:corundum
143:Waterjet
88:abrasive
80:waterjet
4661:Commons
4577:Whipsaw
4572:Sawmill
4465:Varnish
4460:Thermal
4435:Lacquer
4370:Binding
4339:Chamfer
4206:Biscuit
4172:Surform
4064:Whipsaw
4034:Keyhole
4019:Fretsaw
3999:Compass
3984:Bucksaw
3974:Bandsaw
3969:Backsaw
3951:Sawbuck
3921:F-clamp
3916:C-clamp
3790:Jointer
3694:Plywood
3646:Zebrano
3586:Ovankol
3551:Meranti
3539:African
3510:Linden
3465:Hickory
3420:Cedrela
3415:Camphor
3410:Bubinga
3405:Boxwood
3385:Bilinga
3370:Avodire
3287:Juniper
3272:Cypress
3147:Luthier
3036:History
2959:Masonry
2949:Kitchen
2875:Surform
2825:Scalpel
2798:Hacksaw
2793:Fretsaw
2768:Bandsaw
2688:Nibbler
2663:Machete
2517:Cutting
2475:Welding
2445:Forming
2435:Casting
2250:Caliper
2227:Wiggler
2217:Mandrel
2187:Fixture
2129:Scriber
2089:Hacksaw
1980:Nibbler
1892:Bandsaw
1737:18 July
1646:Thibaut
1604:14 June
1569:Thibaut
1474:14 June
1444:14 June
1396:14 June
1366:14 June
1284:28 June
1253:25 June
964:10 June
886:10 June
651:CryoJet
522:coolant
489:Process
422:tempers
218:of the
126:History
120:reaming
4567:Hewing
4306:Splice
4261:Halved
4256:Groove
4251:Finger
4231:Coping
4216:Bridle
4193:Joints
4074:Planes
4059:Veneer
4049:Scroll
4044:Ripsaw
4029:Jigsaw
4004:Coping
3903:Clamps
3830:Square
3820:Shaper
3815:Router
3795:Mallet
3770:Gimlet
3745:Chisel
3641:Willow
3631:Walnut
3621:Totara
3611:Sapele
3576:Poplar
3561:Padauk
3523:Merbau
3495:Jarrah
3480:Imbuia
3475:Idigbo
3440:Cumaru
3425:Cherry
3350:Anigre
3312:Spruce
3265:Cedrus
3132:Khatam
3087:Caning
3050:lumber
2969:Mining
2939:Garden
2748:Reamer
2633:Grater
2568:Chisel
2553:Broach
2393:Fuller
2182:Collet
2154:Wrench
2119:Pliers
2094:Hammer
1995:Shears
1990:Reamer
1945:Chisel
1935:Broach
1912:Plasma
1336:1 July
1124:
1064:1 July
402:garnet
370:G-code
212:Marlex
112:mining
4445:Paint
4354:Ovolo
4349:Ogive
4334:Bevel
4301:Scarf
4286:Miter
4054:Table
4039:Miter
4014:Frame
3931:Gripe
3847:Speed
3843:Miter
3775:Gauge
3765:Float
3760:Fence
3755:Drill
3713:Tools
3636:Wenge
3626:Utile
3591:Ramin
3546:Maple
3518:Lovoa
3490:Iroko
3460:Hazel
3445:Ebony
3390:Birch
3380:Beech
3375:Balsa
3365:Aspen
3360:Apple
3340:Alder
3297:Kauri
3292:Larch
3254:Cedar
3237:Woods
3212:Treen
2974:Power
2865:Snips
2848:Paint
2738:Razor
2718:Plane
2653:Laser
2648:Knife
2543:Blade
2523:tools
2388:Forge
2383:Anvil
2335:Ruler
2280:Gauge
2177:Chuck
2139:Tongs
2124:Punch
2074:Clamp
2021:Brake
1902:Laser
1185:NDR.
1158:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
84:water
57:guard
4344:Ogee
4329:Bead
4271:Knee
4241:Dado
4221:Butt
3961:Saws
3873:Vise
3810:Rasp
3735:Adze
3616:Teak
3571:Plum
3566:Pear
3327:Hard
3307:Rimu
3302:Pine
3246:Soft
3046:Wood
2944:Hand
2843:Hand
2838:Card
2733:Rasp
2623:Froe
2618:File
2533:Adze
2519:and
2144:Vise
1965:File
1940:Burr
1739:2015
1705:2024
1606:2016
1476:2016
1446:2016
1398:2016
1368:2016
1338:2012
1286:2012
1255:2012
1172:link
1122:ISSN
1066:2012
966:2012
888:2012
432:kerf
430:The
404:and
398:Mach
390:pump
364:and
114:and
98:and
4470:Wax
4440:Oil
4276:Lap
4211:Box
3979:Bow
3851:Try
3730:Axe
3684:OSB
3679:MDF
3556:Oak
3485:IpĂȘ
3450:Elm
3355:Ash
3317:Yew
3282:Fir
2758:Saw
2538:Axe
2197:Jig
2026:Die
1112:hdl
1102:doi
580:by
366:CNC
315:by
136:CNC
78:or
4678::
3849:,
3845:,
3841:,
3837:,
3536:,
3262:,
1755:.
1725:.
1707:.
1695:.
1669:.
1644:.
1626:.
1622:.
1596:.
1592:.
1567:.
1531:^
1515:^
1505:.
1466:.
1462:.
1432:.
1414:.
1388:.
1384:.
1354:.
1276:.
1272:.
1168:}}
1164:{{
1120:,
1110:,
1074:^
1026:^
874:.
720:.
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3832:(
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1741:.
1680:.
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1370:.
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1288:.
1257:.
1203:.
1174:)
1114::
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1068:.
968:.
890:.
730:.
705:.
603:)
597:(
592:)
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510:.
338:)
332:(
327:)
323:(
309:.
34:.
20:)
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