440:. Along with the benefits that high modernist development could bring, there were also consequences. High modernism, along with the administrative ordering of nature and society, authoritarian state, and a "prostrate civil society which would be unable to resist high modernist plans", can be a recipe for disaster. It is debatable whether or not all of these elements were present in British Columbia at the time, but regardless, the development of the Peace River led to environmental changes that caused a minority of people to live in isolation, dependence, alienation, and illness. On the other hand, the hydroelectric projects realized by Bennett's Two Rivers policy created a large supply of less expensive energy in British Columbia, which provided industrial growth and therefore employment.
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but others could not be supported by its different environment. Mountain whitefish, rainbow trout and Arctic grayling were primarily the species that faced decline. A number of species were known to have thrived and it is estimated that there are more fish in the basin today than before the reservoir, but possessing levels of mercury indicating they are not entirely healthy. High levels of mercury have been measured in the lake, as a result of decaying matter from the plants and trees that drowned. Mercury is released into the lake, is ingested by tiny organisms and eventually makes its way up the food chain. In 2000 British
Columbia issued a Fish Consumption Advisory for bull trout and dolly varden warning people about the high content of mercury in these fish.
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resulting from this susceptibility, British
Columbia was considered to be one of the most sought-out Canadian provinces to live in. This was due to the fact that British Columbia had the country's highest real per capita income which resulted in high standards of living for its residents. It was not until W. A. C. Bennett's premiership and vision for his province though that British Columbia saw the realization of its hydroelectric energy potential. Bennett believed that any natural resource that was not used was wasted and pushed for the development of ways to harness the enormous unrealized hydroelectric energy power potential of the Peace River. Today, the W. A. C. Bennett and Peace Canyon facilities produce about 35% of British Columbia's total electricity.
704:, where thousands of individuals would find employment with BC Forest Products. The company spent $ 60 million on a "forestry complex" to process timber resulting from clearing land for the construction of the dam. For residents who had lived in the surrounding areas prior to the dams planned construction, development caused many to be pushed off homesteads for small monetary settlements. One resident who owned a thousand acres of land, much of which was used for farming, was offered only twenty-eight thousand dollars by BC Hydro to secure the property. However, for local residents of Anglo ethnicity, full-time waged work was more easily accessible due to the employment opportunities produced directly and indirectly by the damming project.
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563:. This contract allowed the project to be built without labour delays. The men involved on the project were international, coming from around North America, Europe, and as far as Japan. The workers onsite lived in temporary camps built around the Portage Mountain site with more workers in the summer and fewer in the winter. Much of the construction occurred inside the dam which was claustrophobic, full of exhaust fumes, and occasionally subject to cave-ins. In total, 16 men have lost their lives working on the dam.
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535:, preparing the foundations and injecting grout into the ground to create a watertight seal, building a drainage system, and excavating to create a solid base for building. Over the course of construction, 55 million cubic yards (42 million cubic metres) of rock and dirt were taken from the nearby glacial moraine by conveyor belt to create the dam relying primarily on gravity to hold it together. Upon completion, the W. A. C. Bennett Dam became one of the biggest
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Columbia would gain by developing the Peace River would provide the leverage necessary for the federal government of Canada to allow
British Columbia to sell electricity that could be created by damming the Columbia River to the Americans. This 'Two Rivers' policy faced opposition from people who thought that if the Columbia were developed, the electricity generated should be for Canada's sole use as opposed to America's.
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behind schedule meeting the 1968 deadline to generate power. Through a 'hands on', 'cost conscious' and a 'design as you go' strategy, the project was officially completed in the fall of 1967 with the first generators going online in 1968. The project was completed on time and on budget; however, additional construction would continue through the 1970s with final completion in 1980 when the last generator was installed.
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and immigrants. One of the subcontractors was the Forest
Service Branch of the Department of Lands and Forests to whom BC Hydro paid $ 5 million to clear the area that would become Williston Lake—an area that was covered in timber to 80%. At the peak of project, 3,500 workers were employed. Many of them had moved to the area for the job and settled down, at least temporarily, in close proximity to the dam project.
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dependent on the hereditary sites, the
British Columbia government offered a settlement. For $ 1.7 million the British Columbia government purchased fourteen thousand acres of land, including timber and mineral rights, and bought out approximately one hundred and fifty individuals and families securing the rights to the land. Of those one hundred and fifty, roughly one third were members of the
409:, then known as Ingenika. The displacement had negative social impacts on the inhabitants as the loss of the land that had previously supported them meant loss of autonomy and resulted in isolation, alienation, and "social disorganization". A BC Hydro consultant admitted in 1977 that the 'isolation imposed by the reservoir had severe impacts on Ingenika society and culture".
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Columbia and pay the provincial taxes as well as water license fees. Much to
Bennett's dismay, the federal government of Canada dissolved the deal by asserting its right of control over international waterways and took over negotiations with the United States. It would appear that British Columbia was not to be allowed to sell electricity to America for provincial profit.
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measured 250 kilometres from north to south and another 150 kilometres from east to west. Two farmers asked for compensation from BC Hydro due to higher humidity compromising their ability to grow crops. Because the water was no longer flowing, rather, it was standing still following the creation of the dam; there were cooler temperatures and an increase in fog.
433:. Large hydroelectric projects, such as the W. A. C. Bennett Dam, were part of the resource development for which Bennett was advocating. In his opinion, harnessing nature would make British Columbia wealthy and support the emergence of an industrial economy as well as a society that was, "connected, institutionally anchored, urban, wealthy, and domestic.".
626:, a frontier town, was one of the communities in which many of the non-resident workers found a home; during the project, the population of Hudson's Hope rose from 800 to over 5,000 in 1968 and dropped to less than 1,500 by the early 1980s. In addition, about 2,000 workers lived at a camp in close proximity to the dam.
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experienced changes as a result of the low water levels: fewer channels were accessible for walleye to reach spawning grounds and for juvenile fish to reach nursery areas therefore jeopardizing their ability to reproduce. Dinosaur Lake was created directly downstream of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam when the
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The area upstream of the dam experienced a number of environmental changes as a result of the flooding of the land. The creation of the lake flooded a vast area of former forest land, drowning a significant amount of wildlife and creating drastic changes to the landscape. It created a reservoir that
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The building of the dam and the powerhouse and the creation of
Williston Lake provided economic opportunities to the high number of workers who found employment with BC Hydro or one of the subcontractors; these workers included members of the local First Nations, non-native residents, non-residents,
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Not only did changes occur in the atmosphere, they also occurred in the water. The creation of the reservoir compromised the livelihood of aquatic life, which before the dam lived peacefully in the river. Rivers and lakes support different species therefore some fish were able to thrive in the lake
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Downstream of the dam the flood plains of Peace-Athabasca Delta were drying up after the floods that had occurred every two or three years came to a halt and no longer revitalized the wetland biodiversity alongside the delta. For this reason, the delta experienced lower water levels, affecting both
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For a minority of people, many of whom were
Aboriginal, environmental changes caused by the damming of the Peace River meant dependence, isolation, alienation, and illness. When it became clear that the environmental impacts of the dam would render land unlivable to local Aboriginal groups who were
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had refused to commit to buying the power that would be harnessed from the Peace River development as cheaper power was available elsewhere. Hence, the BC Hydro and Power
Authority Act merged BC Electric with another crown corporation, the BC Power Commission, into a newly formed BC Hydro which was
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crown corporation. The provincial government had specifically created BC Hydro as a way of financing the project through lower interest rates available to crown corporations and to control the development of provincial energy resources. When Shrum took over the project in 1961 it was already a year
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In response, Bennett turned his attention towards developing the Peace River's hydroelectric potential at the previously identified site of
Portage Mountain by constructing a massive storage dam that would later be named the W. A. C. Bennett dam. Bennett hoped that the economic independence British
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reservoir in 1971, water coverage in the delta was reduced by 38 percent and twenty years later, the amount of wetlands had declined by 47 percent. A reduction in the amount of discharge resulted in the accumulation of toxins and sediments downstream, decreasing the quality of the water. Fish also
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When plans for construction were given the green light on the W. A. C. Bennett Dam (known as the Portage Mountain Dam during construction), clearing the soon to be reservoir was the first step in the process. It was a massive undertaking which was completed on the shoestring budget of five million
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and Chemical Corporation of the United States had agreed that in return for a fifty-year water license, the Kaiser Corporation would construct a large dam on the upper Columbia River. Not only would they pay for the construction, they would also return 20% of the electricity generated to British
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and the relocation of many Aboriginals to new reserves caused an influx in demand for government assistance through welfare. Between 1965 and 1970, social assistance provided by the Provincial government to Aboriginal groups in the areas surrounding the Bennett Dam increased by 300 percent. The
522:, was chosen to conduct a study on the cost effectiveness of developing dams on the Peace and Columbia rivers. The study led to the conclusion that it would be cheaper to build on the Peace River, but only if a public company was used due to lower interest rates available to crown corporations.
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In the 1950s, as well as the decades before and after, the economy of British Columbia had largely been based on the extraction of natural resources and had therefore been susceptible to fluctuations in the world's demand for the respective resources. Despite the potentially unreliable economy
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in the world stretching 183 metres tall, 800 metres wide, by two kilometres long (200 Ă— 875 Ă— 2,187 yd). When finished, the dam incorporated one of the largest hydroelectric generating stations. Components are located as far as 150 m (490 ft) below ground and
390:, and for the large number of workers. These workers were involved in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of the project. Considerable costs were involved in the government funded project, the clearing of the area for the reservoir, called the Trench, alone cost $ 5 million.
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The W. A. C. Bennett Dam held tremendous economic potential, but for its surrounding environment the experience was not so positive. Since its construction a number of environmental changes have taken place. The dam has been responsible for less drastic fluctuations in the water levels of the
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area located at the north end of the Finlay Reach of Lake Williston, reached a settlement with the British Columbia government and BC Hydro over damages suffered during construction and operation of the dam and Williston Lake. The settlement included a $ 15 million lump-sum payment and annual
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it had already set into motion a series of social changes in the surrounding communities. These social changes had positive effects for workers who flocked to the area to secure jobs and economic opportunities unavailable elsewhere. It also had negative effects for residents who lived in the
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into a source of power generation. The "Power Trench", as it was known, would provide not only electricity, but give the ability to control water flow for flood prevention and agricultural purposes in the U.S. and Canada. In 1957 twelve locations along the Peace River were identified by the
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by the Government of Canada and the United States of America. Because of his Two Rivers policy, Bennett was successful in pressuring the federal government of Canada to allow British Columbia to 'sell electricity' to the Americans for a thirty-year period for the
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includes 10 generating units located deep underground in the powerhouse. The Main powerhouse structure is named the G.M. Shrum generating station. It was designed to resemble a giant transformer to reflect its function and modern design of the 1960s.
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In addition to the benefits related to the clean energy generated, the construction of the dam and the reservoir also provided economic opportunities for the province of British Columbia, for the newly founded provincially owned electric utility
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was completed. The Peace Canyon Dam was built to produce hydro-electricity for a second time with the water coming from W. A. C. Bennett Dam and its huge reservoir. Today, it is a popular destination for camping in British Columbia. The
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A second controversy related to the fact that the land had been inhabited prior to its flooding, therefore the flooding resulted in the displacement of the forty or fifty residents located in the Trench. Among them were members of the
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Units 1 to 5 have undergone complete refurbishment and upgrades, increasing the reliability and capacity of the first units installed at G.M. Shrum. The upgrades increase the generating capacity of each unit by as much as 17%.
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The W. A. C. Bennett Dam Visitor Centre is located near the dam, overlooking Williston Lake Reservoir. The centre features exhibits on the dam, hydroelectricity, and the area's natural and cultural history.
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simultaneously. The policy stemmed from Bennett's desire to wrest control of resources away from the federal government in regards to power development in the province. Bennett and the American company
644:. Outside of relocation, Aboriginal hunting and fishing grounds around the Fort Grahame and Finlay Forks areas were severely impacted by ecological change. Many species of fish as well as mountain
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downstream portions of the Peace River, creating modifications to both the plants and animals in the region. In addition, it has also been blamed for creating changes in the landscapes of the
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Bennett's convictions, and therefore the policies of his government, concerning hydroelectric development have been regarded as a manifestation of the ideology high modernity, also known as
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dollars by the Forest Service Branch. When the water rose, hundreds of thousands of acres of cut trees floated on the lake surface The initial stages of construction required building a
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the project had on the immediate environment. In the process of creating Williston Lake, 350,000 acres of former forest land was flooded. This caused the loss of plant and wildlife
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The British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority Act, introduced by Premier W. A. C. Bennett in March 1962, laid out the plan in which he would pursue his Two Rivers Policy.
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From 2009 to 2012, units 6 to 8 were refurbished to increase the plant capacity by 90 megawatts. The last unit of them, unit 7, was put into service on November 29, 2012.
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because his vision played a major role in the project initiation, development, and realization; the reservoir was named after the premier's trusted cabinet colleague:
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was the largest of its kind worldwide; it continues to be the largest power station in B.C and it is the third largest hydroelectric development in Canada after
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saw growing communities when he envisioned the damming of the Peace River in 1952. In 1964, his vision would be validated as a result of the "instant town" of
501:, the minister of land and forests for the provincial government at the time, proposed turning sections of the Peace and Columbia River basins known as the
58:
891:
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During the construction process, the Portage Mountain lookout was one of the first buildings built so that tourists could view the progress on the dam.
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from 1952 to 1972. Bennett was committed to the large-scale, state-directed development of British Columbia and promoted the continued development of
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The project was widely seen as a success, especially considering its remote location far from civilization. The construction project was managed by
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The construction of the dam cost $ 750 million, making it the largest project of its kind in the province of BC. The dam was named after Premier
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by 2013, and had put five out of six other herds at risk of local extinction by 2016. In the Klinse-Za herd, only 16 animals remained by 2014.
351:) as well as the largest body of fresh water in British Columbia. Williston Lake runs 250 kilometres north–south and 150 kilometres east–west.
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on the Columbia River together with Duncan Dam at the top of Kootenay Lake. In 1964 the policy was formally realized with ratification of the
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and muskrats were no longer available for Aboriginal consumption or traditional use. These changes to First Nations independence through
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The construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam involved over twenty unions that were bound by ten-year contracts guaranteeing BC Hydro no
2005:
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The creation of the reservoir resulted in the severing of a caribou migration route. This, along with other industrial development in
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The building of the dam and the reservoir were not without controversy. One controversy was caused by the significant negative
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of BC Power Commission. BC Hydro became responsible for the building of the dam, powerhouse and associated infrastructure.
1978:
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British Columbia Development Company as potential sites to build a dam. One of the sites, located 22 kilometres from
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W. A. C. Bennett's Two Rivers policy aimed to develop the hydroelectric potential of both the Peace and
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1991:
1657:"Dam Bennett - The Impacts of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam on the Tsek'ehne of Northern British Columbia"
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annually, at times supplying over a third of B.C's power demand. At the time of its construction the
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and Peace River, known as the Athabasca Delta. This part of the river faced significant water loss.
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760:, devastated the southern mountain populations of woodland caribou, drove the Burnt Pine herd to
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Loo, Tina (2004). "People in the Way: Modernity, Environment, and Society on the Arrow Lakes".
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The Two Rivers policy led to the development of the WAC Bennett Dam on the Peace River and the
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348:
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1873:"Disturbing the Peace: Environmental Change and the Scales of Justice on a Northern River"
1824:"Up close with B.C.'s endangered baby caribou — and the First Nations trying to save them"
8:
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2014:
1932:
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339:, also referred to as Williston Reservoir. It is the third largest artificial lake in
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1958:
1939:
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1934:
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Social Condition Have Failed
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devastating impact of the dam is documented in detail in a doctoral dissertation by
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the landscape of the delta and its aquatic life. Following the completion of the
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327:. Construction of the dam began in 1961 and culminated in 1968. At the dam, the
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The effects of the project on the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation were profiled in
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323:, Canada. At 186 metres (610 ft) high, it is one of the world's highest
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surrounding areas prior to the dam's construction. British Columbia Premier
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at the W. A. C. Bennett Dam has the capacity to generate more than 13,000
2018:
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1729:"DƏNE YI’INJETL | The Scattering of Man Review: A Story of Displacement"
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1955:
Voices from Two Rivers: Harnessing the Power of the Peace and Columbia
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486:(1961), which was rolled over into the BC Power Commission to form
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was proposed as a downstream duplicate of the Peace Canyon Dam.
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Finding A Good Fit: The Life and Work of Architect Rand Iredale
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1682:"First nation settles grievances with BC Hydro, government"
514:, was judged to be the best location due to its geography.
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2013:
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896:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. p. 117.
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1708:"Kwadacha First Nation votes for historic agreement"
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Value of pumped storage systems in British Columbia
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669:payments of $ 1.6 million adjusted for inflation.
47:The W. A. C. Bennett Dam, taken from the viewpoint
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836:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
2068:Hydroelectric power stations in British Columbia
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1911:W.A.C. Bennett and the rise of British Columbia
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490:, can also be seen as a part of this strategy.
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401:as well as risking mineral and timber rights.
27:Dam in Hudson's Hope, British Columbia, Canada
1999:
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1979:BC Hydro's W.A.C. Bennett Dam Visitor Centre
1329:"Disturbing the peace: environmental CHANGE"
65:
679:, a 2021 documentary film by Luke Gleeson.
664:, another Aboriginal group residing in the
482:of US$ 275 million. The nationalization of
2006:
1992:
547:, the appointed head of the newly created
207:9,205 m/s (325,100 cu ft/s)
41:
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831:List of largest power stations in Canada
2103:1968 establishments in British Columbia
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1000:
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689:Social Credit Party of British Columbia
687:When the government, controlled by the
657:, a Tsay Keh Dene First Nation member.
14:
2060:
1987:
1957:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
1929:
1915:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
1502:"GM Shrum Project: What's Being Done"
1126:
691:, dammed the Peace River to generate
1938:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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1326:
975:
890:van Groll, Jonathan (July 3, 2018).
708:Environmental and ecological impacts
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978:"W.A.C. Bennett Dam Visitor Centre"
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582:Economic investment and opportunity
418:W. A. C. Bennett and high modernism
242:1,761 km (680 sq mi)
24:
682:
364:Gordon M. Shrum Generation Station
25:
2134:
1972:
841:List of generating stations in BC
767:
660:As recently as October 2008, the
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493:
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813:
799:
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744:Upstream and Williston Reservoir
73:Location within British Columbia
64:
57:
1907:Mitchell, David Joseph (1994).
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335:and the Peace rivers feed into
30:Dam in British Columbia, Canada
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520:University of British Columbia
13:
1:
2123:Publicly owned dams in Canada
1504:. BC Hydro. December 24, 2012
846:
712:
518:, a physics professor at the
1822:Cox, Sarah (July 25, 2020).
587:Province of British Columbia
230:74 km (60,000,000
199:2,068 m (6,785 ft)
7:
2083:Museums in British Columbia
776:
617:Local community and workers
595:
570:Upgrading and refurbishment
427:Premier of British Columbia
10:
2139:
2113:Underground power stations
1856:. Vancouver: Blueimprint.
642:Tsay Keh Dene First Nation
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407:Tsay Keh Dene First Nation
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1852:Iredale, Kathryn (2008).
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2073:Dams in British Columbia
1710:. BC Government web site
191:186 m (610 ft)
2098:Dams on the Peace River
1890:10.1093/envhis/12.4.895
1680:Lai, Tim (2008-10-25).
1662:. University of Alberta
821:Renewable energy portal
263:Installed capacity
135:Construction began
2088:Dams completed in 1968
635:Aboriginal communities
286:Annual generation
204:Spillway capacity
119:56.01667°N 122.20056°W
1953:Stanley, Meg (2010).
1930:Scott, James (1998).
1877:Environmental History
1655:Sims, Daniel (2017).
675:The Scattering of Man
662:Kwadacha First Nation
503:Rocky Mountain Trench
475:Columbia River Treaty
395:environmental effects
349:Manicouagan Reservoir
167:Type of dam
1737:, November 16, 2021.
1419:, p. 42, 45-46.
908:on February 15, 2020
306:W. A. C. Bennett Dam
276:Capacity factor
124:56.01667; -122.20056
36:W. A. C. Bennett Dam
2078:Peace River Country
1902:(142/143): 161–196.
1036:, p. 905, 906.
758:Peace River Country
609:of BC Electric and
345:Smallwood Reservoir
227:Total capacity
115: /
2015:Hydroelectric dams
1871:Loo, Tina (2007).
1800:, p. 901-902.
902:10.14288/1.0368788
2055:
2054:
2047:Site C (proposed)
1603:, p. 66, 80.
871:on March 30, 2020
537:earth-filled dams
444:Two Rivers policy
431:natural resources
302:
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239:Surface area
161:Dam and spillways
143:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
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2108:W. A. C. Bennett
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1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:, p. 60-61.
1462:
1456:
1455:, p. 55,98.
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1431:, p. 45-46.
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:, p. 66-67.
1312:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1275:, p. 34,42.
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
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1124:
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1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1004:
998:
989:
988:
986:
984:
973:
960:
954:
945:
939:
930:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
904:. Archived from
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
867:. Archived from
857:
823:
818:
817:
809:
804:
803:
795:
790:
789:
788:
762:local extinction
733:Peace Canyon Dam
698:W. A. C. Bennett
693:hydroelectricity
677:(DƏNE YI’INJETL)
611:Hugh Keenleyside
423:W. A. C. Bennett
356:W. A. C. Bennett
321:British Columbia
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
91:British Columbia
68:
67:
61:
45:
33:
32:
21:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2093:Embankment dams
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2012:
1975:
1965:
1946:
1923:
1864:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:, p. 9-10.
1301:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1007:
999:
992:
982:
980:
974:
963:
955:
948:
940:
933:
925:
921:
911:
909:
888:
884:
874:
872:
859:
858:
854:
849:
827:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
786:
784:
779:
770:
746:
715:
710:
685:
683:Local residents
637:
632:
619:
598:
589:
584:
572:
528:
496:
467:Keenleyside Dam
455:Kaiser Aluminum
450:Columbia Rivers
446:
420:
415:
380:Churchill Falls
376:Robert-Bourassa
325:earth fill dams
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
89:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
48:
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:WAC Bennett Dam
15:
12:
11:
5:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:W.A.C. Bennett
2026:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:External links
1971:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1895:
1883:(4): 895–919.
1868:
1862:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1814:
1812:, p. 902.
1802:
1790:
1788:, p. 904.
1778:
1776:, p. 903.
1766:
1751:
1749:, p. 895.
1739:
1720:
1699:
1672:
1647:
1645:, p. 900.
1632:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1552:, p. 149.
1542:
1540:, p. 257.
1530:
1528:, p. 256.
1515:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1368:
1366:, p. 1,3.
1356:
1344:
1319:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 182.
1217:
1205:
1203:, p. 163.
1193:
1191:, p. 285.
1181:
1179:, p. 164.
1162:
1160:, p. 252.
1150:
1148:, p. 905.
1131:
1119:
1117:, p. 161.
1107:
1105:, p. 247.
1095:
1093:, p. 162.
1080:
1078:, p. 255.
1065:
1063:, p. 422.
1053:
1051:, p. 906.
1038:
1026:
1024:, p. 901.
1005:
990:
961:
959:, p. 372.
946:
931:
929:, p. 372.
919:
882:
861:"Peace Region"
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
825:
824:
810:
796:
781:
780:
778:
775:
769:
768:Visitor centre
766:
745:
742:
728:Williston Lake
720:Athabasca Lake
714:
711:
709:
706:
684:
681:
636:
633:
631:
630:Social impacts
628:
618:
615:
605:co-chaired by
597:
594:
588:
585:
583:
580:
571:
568:
527:
524:
495:
494:Site selection
492:
445:
442:
438:high modernism
419:
416:
414:
411:
337:Williston Lake
300:
299:
288:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
265:
259:
258:
255:
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244:
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221:Williston Lake
218:
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209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
172:Embankment dam
169:
163:
162:
158:
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152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
99:
95:
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63:
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53:
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38:
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29:
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9:
6:
4:
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2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1964:9781553654957
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:9780300128789
1941:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1924:
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1913:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
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1878:
1874:
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1863:9781894965903
1859:
1855:
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1734:Point of View
1730:
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1703:
1689:
1688:
1687:Vancouver Sun
1683:
1676:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1630:, p. 89.
1629:
1624:
1622:
1615:, p. 98.
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1564:, p. 17.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1538:Mitchell 1994
1534:
1527:
1526:Mitchell 1994
1522:
1520:
1503:
1497:
1491:, p. 75.
1490:
1485:
1479:, p. 57.
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1443:, p. 49.
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1407:, p. 41.
1406:
1401:
1395:, p. 85.
1394:
1389:
1383:, p. 42.
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1354:, p. 52.
1353:
1348:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1290:, p. 53.
1289:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1239:, p. 12.
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1189:Mitchell 1994
1185:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1103:Mitchell 1994
1099:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:Mitchell 1994
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:Mitchell 1994
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1003:, p. 66.
1002:
997:
995:
979:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:
957:Mitchell 1994
953:
951:
943:
938:
936:
928:
923:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
886:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
822:
816:
811:
808:
802:
797:
794:
793:Canada portal
783:
774:
765:
763:
759:
754:
750:
741:
739:
734:
729:
723:
721:
705:
703:
699:
694:
690:
680:
678:
676:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
647:
643:
627:
625:
624:Hudson's Hope
614:
612:
608:
603:
593:
579:
575:
567:
564:
562:
561:strike action
558:
553:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:Hudson's Hope
509:
504:
500:
499:Ray Williston
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
456:
451:
441:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
410:
408:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Ray Williston
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:North America
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
310:hydroelectric
307:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:Power Station
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
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186:
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164:
159:
156:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
100:
96:
92:
87:
86:Hudson's Hope
84:
80:
60:
51:
44:
39:
34:
19:
2042:Peace Canyon
2036:
1954:
1933:
1910:
1899:
1880:
1876:
1853:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1762:Stanley 2010
1742:
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1650:
1628:Stanley 2010
1613:Stanley 2010
1608:
1601:Stanley 2010
1596:
1591:, p. 9.
1589:Stanley 2010
1584:
1579:, p. 1.
1577:Stanley 2010
1562:Stanley 2010
1557:
1550:Stanley 2010
1545:
1533:
1508:February 21,
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1489:Iredale 2008
1484:
1477:Stanley 2010
1472:
1465:Stanley 2010
1460:
1453:Stanley 2010
1448:
1441:Stanley 2010
1436:
1429:Stanley 2010
1424:
1417:Stanley 2010
1412:
1405:Stanley 2010
1400:
1393:Iredale 2008
1388:
1381:Stanley 2010
1364:Stanley 2010
1359:
1352:Stanley 2010
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1322:
1315:Stanley 2010
1310:
1303:Stanley 2010
1288:Stanley 2010
1273:Stanley 2010
1268:
1263:, p. 7.
1261:Stanley 2010
1256:
1251:, p. 6.
1249:Stanley 2010
1244:
1237:Stanley 2010
1232:
1220:
1215:, p. 8.
1213:Stanley 2010
1208:
1196:
1184:
1158:Stanley 2010
1153:
1129:, p. 5.
1122:
1110:
1098:
1056:
1029:
1001:Stanley 2010
981:. Retrieved
944:, p. 3.
942:Stanley 2010
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
892:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
864:
855:
807:Water portal
771:
755:
751:
747:
724:
716:
686:
673:
671:
659:
638:
620:
607:Gordon Shrum
599:
590:
576:
573:
565:
554:
545:Gordon Shrum
542:
529:
526:Construction
516:Gordon Shrum
497:
464:
460:
447:
435:
421:
403:
399:biodiversity
392:
384:
363:
353:
319:in northern
305:
303:
2019:Peace River
1846:Works cited
1828:The Narwhal
655:Daniel Sims
602:BC Electric
508:Wenner-Gren
484:BC Electric
317:Peace River
308:is a large
182:Peace River
122: /
110:122°12′02″W
98:Coordinates
2062:Categories
1922:0888943954
1900:BC Studies
1714:2008-10-26
1693:2008-10-26
1666:2022-06-20
1327:Tina Loo.
1127:Scott 1998
976:BC Hydro.
847:References
738:Site C dam
713:Downstream
533:coffer dam
372:powerhouse
107:56°01′00″N
1833:August 6,
983:March 12,
912:April 28,
875:April 28,
702:Mackenzie
666:Fort Ware
650:fur trade
294:(54
212:Reservoir
2118:BC Hydro
1810:Loo 2007
1798:Loo 2007
1786:Loo 2007
1774:Loo 2007
1747:Loo 2007
1643:Loo 2007
1225:Loo 2004
1201:Loo 2004
1177:Loo 2004
1146:Loo 2007
1115:Loo 2004
1091:Loo 2004
1049:Loo 2007
1034:Loo 2007
1022:Loo 2007
927:Loo 2007
865:BC Hydro
777:See also
596:BC Hydro
557:lockouts
549:BC Hydro
488:BC Hydro
480:lump sum
471:Mica Dam
425:was the
388:BC Hydro
290:15
253:Turbines
178:Impounds
155:BC Hydro
151:Owner(s)
93:, Canada
82:Location
2017:on the
1337:Nov 12,
646:caribou
413:History
343:(after
333:Parsnip
315:on the
232:acreâ‹…ft
217:Creates
1961:
1942:
1919:
1860:
362:. The
331:, the
329:Finlay
267:2,907
196:Length
188:Height
1660:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
280:58.9%
1959:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1835:2020
1510:2013
1339:2017
985:2012
914:2020
877:2020
469:and
378:and
347:and
304:The
146:1968
138:1963
1885:doi
898:doi
559:or
382:.
368:GWh
313:dam
292:TWh
2064::
1881:12
1879:.
1875:.
1826:.
1754:^
1731:.
1684:.
1635:^
1620:^
1569:^
1518:^
1371:^
1295:^
1280:^
1165:^
1134:^
1083:^
1068:^
1041:^
1008:^
993:^
964:^
949:^
934:^
863:.
298:)
296:PJ
269:MW
257:10
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1967:.
1948:.
1925:.
1893:.
1887::
1866:.
1837:.
1764:.
1717:.
1696:.
1669:.
1512:.
1341:.
987:.
916:.
900::
879:.
234:)
88:,
20:)
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