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31:
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monophonic sub-octave bass generator, which was routed to a separate audio jack. Though the Jaguar superficially resembled the
Continental, the sound was significantly different. However it was still popular, particularly in the US. The Jaguar was also sold in DIY kit form, allowing musicians to save money by finishing certain aspects of the assembly on their own.
428:
Jennings struggled to retain control of Vox, and chief designer Dick Denney was fired on 19 September 1967, with employees loyal to him leaving shortly afterwards. Royston filed for bankruptcy two years later. The company was bought by
Corinthian Securities who attempted to reintroduce a range of Vox
477:
transistors in its oscillators, which can occasionally drift in pitch and required to be re-tuned. The wooden keys on earlier models are more durable than later plastic ones. The organ is connected to the mains via a round three pin Bulgin connector, which was standard for the time but is no longer
452:
in 1992. Since then new products carrying the trademark Vox have been primarily for the guitar player, and the Korg trademark appears on most keyboards. In
September 2017, Korg released a workstation-style keyboard named in honour of the Vox Continental and highlighting the particular Continental
397:
in the US in 1966. Later that year, production for the US market was moved to EME in Italy for economic reasons; Thomas held a 30% stake in the EME factory, with
Jennings and Royston holding 22%. The Italian Continentals used cheaper plastic keys glued to metal shafts, that were easier to break.
420:
engine. The
Continental Baroque was introduced in 1968, which combined the usual Continental manual with a multi-timbral one similar to that on other Thomas organs, and included a built-in amplifier. It sold for $ 1,598 ($ 14,000 as of 2023), significantly more than the Super Continental. The
373:
could be produced on the Jaguar, as it lacked the circuitry to generate additional harmonics like the
Continental. The tabs allowed a choice of "flute", "bright", "brass" and "mellow", a "bass chords" option and the vibrato as found on the Continental. The bottom octave could be switched to a
156:, later models were produced in the US and Italy. The most popular model was the single-manual Continental, but other models were produced, such as the budget Vox Jaguar, various dual-manual organs, and the experimental Guitar Organ and Voxmobile, based on the Vox Continental's internals.
440:
There are no definitive figures for how many Vox
Continentals were manufactured. However, estimates based on serial numbers indicate 9,100 single-manual organs were manufactured. Around 4,100 of these come from the UK, followed by 4,000 from Italy and 1,000 in the US.
485:
Because the
Continental was designed to be played in concert and used in touring, there are relatively few of them in good condition unless they have been repaired. Several surviving models are missing the original case carrying the stand and volume pedal.
398:
There were also some minor cosmetic differences compared to older models, including a different vinyl covering, colours on the drawbar tips and construction of the stand. By 1969, the price of the
Continental had dropped to $ 599 ($ 8,300 as of 2023).
313:
circuit that allows the frequency to be halved, in order to produce the sound an octave lower. This is then halved again for the subsequent octave, and so on down the rest of the instrument's range, except for the lowest note,
329:
The first
Continentals were manufactured with wooden keys covered with plastic key caps. Musicians complained this gave it an unpleasant playing action. Later models switched to using plastic keys connected to metal shafts.
225:
302:
Dual-manual models also have a 5 1/3' drawbar on the upper manual, an octave of bass keys and a string bass feature. Later models also supported a percussion feature similar to that on a Hammond.
283:
instead of the stop-tab rocker switches seen on other combo organs. Two of the drawbars on the right hand side control the voices (flute and reed tones), while the four on the left control the
354:
in 1962. Most of the components for the organ were subcontracted to other companies, with Jennings working on the final assembly. The original cabinets were constructed by Heathpoint Timer in
223:
369:
The Vox Jaguar was introduced as a budget version of the Continental the following year, retailing at $ 495 ($ 4,600 in 2023), which used rocker tabs instead of drawbars. Only
260:
Continental, and the dual manual model called the Vox Continental II in England and the Vox Super Continental in Italy. Each manual features 49 reverse-colored keys (black
291:). The stock Continental has 16', 8' and 4' drawbars, with a fourth one labelled "IV" containing a mixture of higher pitches. There is a single-speed, single intensity
429:
Continentals, with the price of the Super Continental reduced from $ 999 ($ 7,500 as of 2023) to $ 265 ($ 2,000 as of 2023). By then, groups were preferring to use a
224:
1281:
665:
played a Vox Continental when the group formed in 1968, and disguised it in a Hammond organ style casing on stage, before upgrading to a real one six months later.
1475:
478:
in general use because it does not meet modern safety standards. Some technicians have retrofitted the power supply on a Continental to take a standard
1927:
295:
whose rate can only be adjusted by removing the lid of the instrument and adjusting a potentiometer. The Continental has no other internal effects. A
482:
C14 "kettle plug" lead. The later US and Italian Continentals have a hinged lid, which allows servicing without having to dismantle the instrument.
191:. After being phased out of production in the early 1970s, the instrument remained a sought-after combo organ by enthusiasts. Japanese manufacturer
195:
bought the Vox name, producing a new version of the Vox Continental in 2017, and various modern stage keyboards include an emulation of the organ.
1190:
445:
409:
was given a sample instrument in the hope he would promote it, but it was never recorded and the instrument never entered full production.
1732:
366:, Kent. The dual-manual Continental II was introduced in 1965. That same year, the single-manual model sold for $ 995 ($ 9,600 in 2023).
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1373:
405:
guitar body, and used a series of contacts along the frets so that a note would sound when a string was depressed onto a fret.
66:
1323:
1676:
1657:
1542:
1517:
657:
also played a Vox Continental during his tenure in the Dead, but did not like playing it and switched to a Hammond as well.
1289:
1399:
1450:
555:. In 2008, this model was sold at auction for $ 182,500. Price used it prominently on the Animals' hit arrangement of "
377:
272:. The organ comes with a chrome Z-shaped bolt-on leg stand assembly. The top of the organ is furnished with an orange
1922:
137:
in a similar manner to the Hammond, and has distinctive reverse-coloured keys. The sound is generated by a series of
1613:
1858:
1725:
1649:
1476:
Buffkin, Travis. "The GRAMMYs Name Sir Douglas Quintet's 'She's About a Mover' to 2016 Hall of Fame Recordings,"
715:
413:
718:
has also frequently used a Vox Continental, and sometimes prefers its "drier, thinner, more cutting sound". On "
362:, Kent. Jennings sold part of the company to the Royston Group in 1963. Production later moved to Vox Sound in
1558:
416:. It combined a dual-manual Vox Continental with two oversized Vox basses, which were mounted onto a 289 cc
1242:
650:
583:
523:
347:
556:
412:
In 1967, Thomas manufactured the Voxmobile as a promotional instrument, designed by custom car designer
1917:
1718:
502:, and the Hammond SK series. There are also some software emulations of the instrument, including the
507:
719:
216:
1104:
1848:
1836:
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595:
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The instrument was commonly heard in 1960s rock music, and played by the Beatles' John Lennon,
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619:
370:
726:
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662:
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153:
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In 1966, Vox produced the Guitar Organ, which put the internals of a Vox Continental in a
256:
The Continental had two basic designs, each with its own variations. They were the single-
121:
that was manufactured between 1962 and 1971 by the British musical equipment manufacturer
8:
639:
519:
437:
instead of a Vox. Most of the remaining assets were sold at a liquidation sale in 1971.
284:
1891:
1821:
1153:
631:
544:
318:, which has a dedicated generator. Each key is connected to four contacts connected to
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1653:
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The rate of vibrato can be adjusted by removing the lid and adjusting a potentiometer
607:
602:". Other hit singles released in the 1960s and featuring the Vox Continental include
310:
142:
1425:
1282:"The Beatles Songs: 'Think For Yourself' – The history of this classic Beatles song"
393:. In order to increase supply, a licensing deal was signed between Jennings and the
309:
along the top octave of the instrument. The signal from each of these is fed into a
159:
The Continental became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with
1757:
1741:
1216:
579:
510:
plugin that uses modelling to accurately recreate the electronics of the original.
457:. The original Vox Continental is still used by collectors of vintage instruments.
386:
315:
99:
30:
1130:
615:
494:
Several modern keyboards feature emulation of the Vox Continental, including the
355:
306:
296:
261:
1896:
703:
681:
673:
654:
627:
434:
351:
257:
188:
184:
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164:
1911:
1831:
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711:
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653:
switched from the Farfisa to the Continental, before moving on to a Hammond.
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575:
499:
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134:
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46:
41:
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1853:
1804:
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The Continental quickly became popular as it was advertised as part of the
248:
126:
84:
465:
305:
The organ's sound comes from twelve oscillators, one for each note in the
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The Vox Continental uses six slider-type, metered volume controls called
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1285:
669:
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474:
425:. It was considered unreliable and expensive, and did not sell well.
176:
148:
The first Continentals were produced at Vox's manufacturing plant in
1710:
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887:
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1794:
1400:"How the VOX Continental shaped the sound of a hippie generation"
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795:
587:
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359:
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1324:"The Vox Continental is back, and it's more than just an organ"
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963:
936:
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909:
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organ sound, competing with contemporary keyboards such as the
273:
951:
865:
841:
826:
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1705:
684:& The Attractions, particularly in the early years up to
363:
1031:
1029:
231:
The sound of a Vox Continental, showing drawbars and vibrato
816:
814:
812:
449:
381:
The budget Vox Jaguar used rocker tabs instead of drawbars.
192:
1261:
1085:
1026:
358:
while some of the electrics were made by Kimber-Allen in
326:
which sends a signal to the drawbars to produce a sound.
809:
768:
389:
of the mid-1960s, particularly after being endorsed by
1646:
Classic Keys: Keyboard sounds that launched rock music
1559:"Elvis Costello & The Attractions 'Oliver's Army'"
551:" as a live set closer, such as their 1965 concert at
322:; when a key is pressed, it makes a connection to the
590:
organ to a Vox, and became endorsed by the company.
1585:"Rise Of The Machines: How Technology Shaped Music"
1374:"The Making Of The Velvet Underground's Sister Ray"
421:additional sounds included banjo, harpsichord and
346:The Vox Continental was first manufactured by the
1909:
1643:
1495:
1360:
1348:
1310:
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1079:
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835:
803:
786:
469:Vox Continental internal circuits and components
1273:
1726:
473:The Vox Continental used relatively unstable
129:musicians and as an alternative to the heavy
676:movements in the late 1970s. It was used by
722:", he played one through a Leslie speaker.
668:The Vox Continental was revived during the
152:, England; after arranging a deal with the
1733:
1719:
1666:
1267:
1091:
1035:
820:
774:
342:Vox Super Continental, a dual manual organ
29:
1928:Musical instruments invented in the 1960s
1644:Lenhoff, Alan; Robertson, David (2019).
574:early in the group's career, including "
464:
376:
337:
247:
1507:
1910:
1614:"Blast from the past: Vox Continental"
1532:
287:(corresponding to ranks of pipes on a
1740:
1714:
1608:
1606:
1279:
1151:
642:'s instantly distinguishable sound.
299:was available as an optional extra.
733:can be seen using the Continental.
567:played a Vox in combination with a
534:. Lennon played the Continental on
13:
1667:Vail, Mark; Carson, Barry (2000).
1603:
1243:"Arturia Vox Continental V review"
725:In the 21st century, the organist
638:' use of the instrument drove the
594:used the organ with distortion on
205:
14:
1939:
1687:
1537:. Soundcheck Books. p. 13.
513:
239:Problems playing this file? See
221:
1650:University of North Texas Press
1577:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1469:
1443:
1418:
1392:
1366:
1316:
1235:
1209:
1183:
1145:
1123:
1097:
716:Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
444:The Vox name was later sold to
35:A single-manual Vox Continental
1535:Time And a Word: The Yes Story
1512:. Penguin Books. p. 157.
1484:, Thursday, December 10, 2015.
743:
690:. It was also used by several
460:
198:
1:
1105:"The History Of Korg: Part 2"
756:
584:Paul Revere & the Raiders
547:", and regularly used it on "
1496:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1361:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1349:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1311:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1178:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1152:Reid, Gordon (August 2018).
1080:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1065:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1048:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1021:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1009:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
997:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
985:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
973:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
958:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
946:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
931:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
919:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
904:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
892:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
877:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
860:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
848:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
836:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
804:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
787:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
348:Jennings Musical Instruments
7:
1457:. The Guardian. 21 May 2013
557:The House of the Rising Sun
10:
1944:
333:
145:to span multiple octaves.
1887:
1748:
1486:Retrieved April 24, 2023.
1426:"Top 10 Organ Rock Songs"
508:Virtual Studio Technology
489:
448:, who in turn sold it to
98:
93:
83:
75:
65:
60:
52:
40:
28:
23:
18:Portable electronic organ
1923:Instruments of musicians
1510:Garcia: An American Life
1455:... the Vox Continental"
736:
252:Vox Continental drawbars
104:49 keys (reverse colour)
61:Technical specifications
1849:Kienle Resonator System
1533:Popoff, Martin (2016).
1508:Jackson, Blair (2000).
1133:. VOX Amplification Ltd
371:fundamental frequencies
167:bands, and was used by
1268:Vail & Carson 2000
1092:Vail & Carson 2000
1036:Vail & Carson 2000
821:Vail & Carson 2000
775:Vail & Carson 2000
680:, keyboard player for
596:The Velvet Underground
470:
382:
343:
253:
210:
125:. It was designed for
89:Vibrato (single speed)
1800:Fender Contempo Organ
1694:Vox Electronic Organs
1191:"Vox/Farfisa Library"
720:Don't Do Me Like That
506:Vox Continental V, a
468:
380:
341:
251:
209:
1702:– Combo Organ Heaven
1669:Vintage Synthesizers
1313:, pp. 148, 164.
1023:, pp. 156, 172.
999:, pp. 156, 169.
906:, pp. 162, 148.
862:, pp. 149, 163.
789:, pp. 148, 167.
620:? and the Mysterians
395:Thomas Organ Company
154:Thomas Organ Company
1082:, pp. 168–169.
987:, pp. 154–156.
640:Sir Douglas Quintet
520:the Dave Clark Five
1892:Keyboard amplifier
1822:Eminent 310 Unique
1671:. Backbeat Books.
1406:. 11 December 2019
1330:. 1 September 2017
1280:Fontenot, Robert.
694:groups, including
632:In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
545:Think for Yourself
471:
383:
344:
254:
211:
1918:Electronic organs
1905:
1904:
1742:Electronic organs
1678:978-0-879-30603-8
1659:978-1-57441-776-0
1544:978-0-993-21202-4
1519:978-0-140-29199-5
1154:"Vox Continental"
1131:"VOX Continental"
729:, of the UK band
687:This Year's Model
311:frequency divider
226:
143:frequency divider
108:
107:
1935:
1758:Clonewheel organ
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1682:
1663:
1630:
1629:
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1625:
1620:. 14 August 2015
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1589:U Discover Music
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1288:. Archived from
1286:oldies.about.com
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1249:. 12 August 2014
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586:switched from a
580:Paul Revere Dick
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387:British Invasion
228:
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33:
21:
20:
1943:
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1938:
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1810:Vox Continental
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1380:. 24 April 2023
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1292:on 5 March 2016
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1111:. November 2002
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616:Brown Eyed Girl
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356:Rayleigh, Essex
336:
307:chromatic scale
297:bass pedalboard
246:
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217:Vox Continental
212:
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112:Vox Continental
56:1962–1971, 2017
36:
24:Vox Continental
19:
12:
11:
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1897:Leslie speaker
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1688:External links
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1602:
1591:. 4 April 2017
1576:
1565:. January 2011
1563:Sound on Sound
1550:
1543:
1525:
1518:
1500:
1498:, p. 178.
1488:
1468:
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1417:
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1353:
1351:, p. 175.
1341:
1315:
1303:
1272:
1270:, p. 250.
1260:
1234:
1221:Sound on Sound
1208:
1197:. 24 June 2015
1195:Nord Keyboards
1182:
1180:, p. 174.
1170:
1158:Sound on Sound
1144:
1122:
1109:Sound on Sound
1096:
1094:, p. 253.
1084:
1069:
1067:, p. 173.
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1038:, p. 251.
1025:
1013:
1011:, p. 177.
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. 172.
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950:
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935:
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682:Elvis Costello
655:Tom Constanten
628:Iron Butterfly
608:I'm a Believer
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352:Dartford, Kent
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133:. It supports
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1874:Telharmonium
1859:Organ makers
1854:Lowrey organ
1809:
1805:Gibson G-101
1706:Vox Showroom
1696:– reinout.nl
1668:
1645:
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1635:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
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1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1430:Classic Rock
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1275:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
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1125:
1113:. Retrieved
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685:
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636:Augie Meyers
612:Van Morrison
565:Ray Manzarek
553:Shea Stadium
535:
517:
493:
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455:Nord Electro
443:
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268:) like on a
255:
238:
158:
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111:
109:
94:Input/output
42:Manufacturer
15:
1869:Riha Adagio
1790:Doric Organ
1785:Combo organ
1778:Roland VK-8
1773:Roland VK-7
1753:Chord organ
1618:Music Radar
1478:San Antonio
1461:10 February
1435:11 February
1384:29 February
1334:11 February
1328:Music Radar
1296:21 November
1247:Music Radar
1137:13 February
731:the Horrors
708:Mike Barson
678:Steve Nieve
604:the Monkees
537:Rubber Soul
528:the Animals
461:Maintenance
446:Rose Morris
407:John Lennon
403:Vox Phantom
391:the Beatles
350:factory in
270:harpsichord
199:Description
173:the Animals
169:the Beatles
139:oscillators
119:combo organ
1912:Categories
1864:Philicorda
1842:Organ trio
1624:8 February
1595:8 February
1569:8 February
1410:9 February
1253:8 February
1227:8 February
1223:. May 2019
1201:8 February
1163:5 February
1115:5 February
757:References
600:Sister Ray
572:Piano Bass
532:Alan Price
524:Mike Smith
496:Nord Stage
418:Ford Cobra
289:pipe organ
264:and white
241:media help
163:and later
141:, using a
79:Electronic
1879:Tonewheel
1827:Guitorgan
1763:Korg CX-3
1404:Happy Mag
762:Citations
727:Rhys Webb
663:Tony Kaye
592:John Cale
561:The Doors
480:IEC 60320
475:germanium
177:the Doors
67:Polyphony
1817:Electone
674:new wave
624:96 Tears
549:I'm Down
285:footages
281:drawbars
262:naturals
165:new wave
150:Dartford
135:drawbars
100:Keyboard
1795:Farfisa
1637:Sources
1482:Current
704:Madness
588:Farfisa
504:Arturia
423:celeste
360:Swanley
334:History
324:bus bar
293:vibrato
276:cover.
189:Madness
127:touring
85:Effects
1675:
1656:
1541:
1516:
1453:
692:2-Tone
651:Pigpen
626:" and
569:Rhodes
490:Clones
320:ground
274:Rexine
266:sharps
258:manual
187:, and
161:garage
1480:(TX)
737:Notes
541:'
364:Erith
114:is a
53:Dates
1837:List
1673:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1626:2021
1597:2021
1571:2021
1539:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1463:2021
1437:2021
1412:2021
1386:2024
1336:2021
1298:2017
1255:2021
1229:2021
1203:2021
1165:2021
1139:2019
1117:2021
702:and
672:and
670:punk
645:The
630:'s "
614:'s "
598:'s "
526:and
498:and
450:Korg
433:and
193:Korg
110:The
71:Full
1700:Vox
714:of
659:Yes
649:'s
634:".
622:' "
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582:of
578:".
559:".
543:s "
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123:Vox
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1616:.
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1587:.
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1326:.
1284:.
1245:.
1219:.
1193:.
1156:.
1107:.
1072:^
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316:C
243:.
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