402:
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29:
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266:, said "the idea heralds a return to basic principles of mass production in an industry where over the last 100 years, complexity has spiralled out of control. By creating a standardised, interchangeable set of parts from which to build a variety of cars, (the company) plans to cut the time taken to build a car by 30%."
237:, but rather a system for introducing rationality across disparate platforms that share engine orientation — regardless of model, vehicle size or brand. Thus, MLB uses a core "matrix" of components across a wide variety of platforms — for example, sharing a common engine-mounting core for
919:
The
Modular Longitudinal Matrix is the use of a modular strategy in vehicle platforms in which the drive train is mounted longitudinally to the direction of travel. This concept is already used at Audi since 2007 to develop vehicles. "MODULAR TRANSVERSE MATRIX (MQB)" - The Modular Transverse Matrix
241:
drivetrains (e.g., gasoline, diesel, natural gas, hybrid and purely electric). The only things that are non-variable are the pedal box, firewall, and front wheel placement, as well as the windscreen angle; other than this, the vehicle can be stretched and shaped to fit any body style, size range, or
920:
signifies the next quantum leap in the extension of the cross-brand platform and modular strategy. As an extension of the modular strategy, this toolkit can be deployed in vehicles whose architecture permits a transverse arrangement of the drivetrain components. The MQB enables us to
259:
said "the biggest feature is the uniform position of all motors and transmissions" and that "by fitting all motors into the same place (the company) hope(s) to cut down on engineering costs and weight/complexity when porting the car over to other models." The
British magazine,
1207:
897:
1692:
904:
242:
drivetrain required. As well as reducing weight, the concept allows diverse models, including those from the company's various brands, to be manufactured at the same plant, further saving cost.
846:
401:
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1005:
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686:
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2003:
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1272:
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The Q5 borrows its MLP (Modular
Longitudinal Platform) architecture from A5 coupe and 2009 A4 sedan and wagon
816:
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223:
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1181:"May 2022 - Automotive Technology Insight | Forecasts | Industry News | Supply Chain"
1167:"May 2022 - Automotive Technology Insight | Forecasts | Industry News | Supply Chain"
674:
218:, translating from German to "Modular Longitudinal Matrix". MLB is one strategy within VW's overall
2439:
650:
185:
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1814:
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2020:
1961:
1945:
248:
161:
1071:
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8:
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3324:
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1987:
253:, former chief of Volkswagen’s Research and Development, called MB a "strategic weapon."
230:
146:
138:
44:
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614:
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1024:
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1977:
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2285:
2086:
1982:
1745:
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734:
634:
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207:
49:
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1629:(Modular Longitudinal mid-engine or rear-engine rear wheel drive/four wheel drive)
3419:
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3202:
3073:
3012:
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2074:
1804:
640:
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28:
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2080:
1881:
1867:
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1010:
624:
222:(Modulare Baukasten or modular matrix) program which also includes the similar
3078:
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3369:
3364:
3106:
2663:
2552:
2507:
2230:
1212:
876:
321:
181:
3141:
2987:
1850:
33:
The first generation Audi A5 was the first vehicle to ride on this platform.
3446:
3440:
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3116:
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2978:
2311:
2245:
2240:
1860:
1764:
262:
3498:
3146:
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2566:
2424:
1821:
1105:"2015 Porsche Macan: A Crossover That's More Fun On Track Than The Road"
554:
526:
365:
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2621:
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197:
142:
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2777:
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2250:
2107:
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1809:
604:
355:
301:
291:
193:
173:
165:
157:
3186:
2571:
1902:
1197:
226:
strategy for its vehicles with transverse engine orientation.
2631:
2586:
2280:
204:
luxury sedan built and sold uniquely in the
Chinese market.
2530:
2220:
1838:
1799:
153:
2626:
2275:
2095:
1613:(Modular Longitudinal front wheel drive/four wheel drive)
1621:(Modular Longitudinal rear wheel drive/four wheel drive)
1605:(Modular Transversal front wheel drive/four wheel drive)
2499:
2373:(Former Chairman of the Supervisory Board, former CEO)
1202:
1130:
https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/10713/1/tesi.pdf
1025:
https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/10713/1/tesi.pdf
968:"Medien: Hackenberg, Hatz und NeuĂźer mĂĽssen gehen"
3605:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
2092:Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Holdings (50%)
484:
1242:
1006:"Tomorrow's world: VW's new MQB platform tech"
939:"The Revolution Of The Car Industry: Kit Cars"
196:were using the MLB platform. In February 2016
2515:
1730:
1228:
1029:
2397:(Former Chairman of the Board of Management)
847:"Speech to the Annual Press Conference 2015"
126:(for Audi A4,A5 & Q5 MLB Evo B platform)
78:Longitudinal front-engine, front-wheel-drive
643:(third generation) (Type 9YA), 2018–present
269:
2522:
2508:
1737:
1723:
1235:
1221:
1072:"Beijing: Audi Downsizes with the 2009 Q5"
822:Volkswagen Group New Small Family platform
83:Longitudinal front-engine, all-wheel-drive
27:
984:
210:markets the strategy under the code name
861:
229:While a model may be said to use an MLB
141:strategy, announced in 2012, for shared
936:
932:
930:
928:
3606:
3564:World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson
1046:"Exclusive Sneak Peek: Audi's 2009 A4"
1003:
2567:Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A.
2545:Audi Brasil Distribuidora de VeĂculos
2503:
1871:
1718:
1216:
945:
3588:
1744:
954:"Volkswagen's new chassis explained"
951:
925:
156:and first introduced in 2007 on the
2385:(Chairman of the Supervisory Board)
937:Schmidt, Bertoll (August 7, 2012).
13:
2120:Hino and Traton Global Procurement
1198:Volkswagen Group corporate website
997:
978:
898:"Volkswagen Group - Factbook 2011"
827:List of Volkswagen Group platforms
14:
3630:
3514:quattro (four-wheel-drive system)
3504:North American Volkswagen engines
1191:
987:"This Is The New Volkswagen Golf"
3587:
3578:
3577:
2605:
2484:
2483:
1252:New Small Family platform (PQ1x)
1208:Volkswagen Phideon press release
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
400:
388:
3536:Volkswagen Group petrol engines
3524:Volkswagen Group diesel engines
2471:Volkswagen worker organizations
2014:Electronics Research Laboratory
1173:
1159:
1134:
1123:
1097:
1064:
985:Hardigree, Matt (Feb 1, 2012).
974:(in German). 24 September 2015.
233:, it is not so much a platform
1930:Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
1018:
960:
890:
839:
537:
160:then, chronologically, on the
1:
1653:(Premium Platform Combustion)
1004:Crosse, Jesse (23 Feb 2012).
832:
817:Volkswagen Group MSB platform
812:Volkswagen Group MQB platform
192:). Until 2015, only Audi and
149:, front-engined automobiles.
135:Volkswagen Group MLB platform
22:Volkswagen Group MLB platform
3472:Audi Sport Factory Race Cars
2461:Volkswagen Emissions Scandal
1678:Other Platforms And Vehicles
489:
485:Modularer Längsbaukasten Evo
7:
2659:August Horch Museum Zwickau
2572:Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
2009:Volkswagen Group of America
2004:Ĺ koda Auto Volkswagen India
1669:(Scalable Systems Platform)
1661:(Premium Platform Electric)
1637:(Modular Sports Car System)
1338:(compact and mid size cars)
805:
123:Premium Platform Combustion
10:
3635:
3614:Volkswagen Group platforms
3553:Volkswagen Group platforms
3548:Volkswagen Group factories
3395:e-tron Vision Gran Turismo
2597:Italdesign-Giugiaro S.p.A.
2435:Formula Volkswagen Germany
2367:(Former Managing Director)
2349:(Former Managing Director)
2055:Volkswagen of South Africa
1923:Volkswagen Truck & Bus
1244:Volkswagen Group Platforms
952:Ross, David (2 Feb 2012).
328:
184:and the second generation
3573:
3433:
3220:
3195:
3060:
3051:
2941:
2883:
2809:
2800:
2735:
2679:
2672:
2651:
2614:
2603:
2537:
2479:
2453:
2410:
2325:
2299:
2263:
2198:
2156:
2138:
2129:
2067:
1996:
1970:
1954:
1938:
1895:
1792:
1783:
1752:
1677:
1594:
1548:
1522:
1481:
1435:
1379:
1333:
1292:
1271:
1255:(ultra compact city cars)
1250:
200:introduced the MLB based
118:
96:
91:
68:
63:
55:
43:
38:
26:
21:
2529:
1645:(Modular Electric Drive)
324:(Type 95B), 2013–present
274:
270:Modularer Längsbaukasten
216:Modularer Längsbaukasten
3558:Vorsprung durch Technik
3457:Audi Driving Experience
3128:LMS/GT road race cars:
1775:Capital Group Companies
1696:(vans and small trucks)
1514:D1 (VW Phaeton/Bentley)
1440:(mid size/luxury Audis)
1384:(various mid size cars)
1014:. Bauer Consumer Media.
941:. The Truth about Cars.
627:(formerly Audi e-tron;
2592:Bentley Motors Limited
2039:Volkswagen Group China
1527:(mid size/luxury SUVs)
1335:A Platform (PQ3x/PQ4x)
1203:Audi corporate website
851:audi-mediaservices.com
16:Motor vehicle platform
3179:Sport ABT (Formula E)
2840:S6 e-tron Sedan/Avant
2466:Volkswagen Currywurst
1765:State of Lower Saxony
1486:(large/luxury sedans)
3467:Audi S and RS models
3095:LMP road race cars:
3084:Sport Quattro RS 002
2549:Audi do Brasil e Cia
2377:Bernd Pischetsrieder
2114:Sinotruk (Hong Kong)
2049:Volkswagen Group Rus
2044:Volkswagen de MĂ©xico
2026:Volkswagen do Brasil
2021:Volkswagen Argentina
1962:MAN Energy Solutions
873:www.volkswagenag.com
869:"Strategy "18 plus""
152:It was developed by
145:construction of its
3462:Audi in Formula One
3079:Sport Quattro S1 E2
3069:Quattro A1 & A2
2947:discontinued models
2904:RS5 Coupe/Sportback
2894:RS3 Sportback/Sedan
2343:(Chairman Emeritus)
2264:Discontinued brands
1988:Italdesign Giugiaro
1908:MAN Truck & Bus
1896:Commercial vehicles
956:. honestjohn.co.uk.
214:, which stands for
3330:R8 Le Mans Concept
3315:Pikes Peak quattro
3165:(engine suppliers)
2820:S3 Sportback/Sedan
2383:Hans Dieter Pötsch
1294:A0 Platform (PQ2x)
1111:. 21 February 2014
800:Volkswagen Touareg
615:Volkswagen Touareg
611:4MN), 2018–present
591:4K8), 2017–present
479:Volkswagen Phideon
376:Volkswagen Phideon
3601:
3600:
3425:A6 e-tron concept
3216:
3215:
3208:Audi Sport TT Cup
3187:S1 EKS RX quattro
3185:Rallycross cars:
3166:
3038:TT Coupe/Roadster
2937:
2936:
2796:
2795:
2497:
2496:
2430:Formula Super Vee
2395:Martin Winterkorn
2365:Heinrich Nordhoff
2335:Ferdinand Porsche
2259:
2258:
2063:
2062:
1978:Electrify America
1770:Qatar Holding LLC
1712:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1595:Modular Platforms
1554:
1528:
1524:E Platform (PL7x)
1487:
1483:D Platform (PL6x)
1441:
1385:
1381:B Platform (PL4x)
1339:
1298:
1277:
1256:
668:Audi A5 Cabriolet
631:GE), 2018–present
621:CR), 2018–present
601:4K), 2018–present
581:4N), 2017–present
571:4V), 2015–present
561:4M), 2015–present
298:8T/8F), 2007–2016
244:Ulrich Hackenberg
137:is the company's
131:
130:
127:
3626:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3400:e-tron GT (2018)
3380:e-tron Sportback
3370:Prologue Allroad
3295:Nuvolari quattro
3235:100 LS Cabriolet
3164:
3074:Sport Quattro S1
3058:
3057:
2807:
2806:
2677:
2676:
2609:
2557:Autogerma S.p.A.
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2136:
2135:
2087:Volkswagen Anhui
2017:
1983:Electrify Canada
1873:
1790:
1789:
1746:Volkswagen Group
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1552:
1526:
1485:
1439:
1383:
1337:
1296:
1275:
1254:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1001:
995:
994:
982:
976:
975:
964:
958:
957:
949:
943:
942:
934:
923:
922:
916:
915:
909:
903:. Archived from
902:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
865:
859:
858:
853:. Archived from
843:
797:
785:
776:Lamborghini Urus
773:
764:Bentley Bentayga
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
635:Lamborghini Urus
565:Bentley Bentayga
550:
549:
545:
502:
501:
497:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
341:
340:
336:
287:
286:
282:
252:
208:Volkswagen Group
125:
64:Body and chassis
50:Volkswagen Group
31:
19:
18:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3569:
3429:
3420:Audi RSQ e-tron
3305:quattro Concept
3300:Le Mans quattro
3212:
3203:Audi R8 LMS Cup
3191:
3136:DTM race cars:
3047:
3043:R8 Coupe/Spider
2946:
2933:
2879:
2792:
2736:SUVs/Crossovers
2731:
2668:
2647:
2610:
2601:
2582:Audi Sport GmbH
2533:
2528:
2498:
2493:
2475:
2449:
2406:
2371:Ferdinand Piëch
2321:
2295:
2255:
2194:
2152:
2131:
2125:
2075:SAIC Volkswagen
2059:
2011:
1992:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1891:
1785:
1779:
1748:
1743:
1713:
1708:
1673:
1590:
1544:
1518:
1477:
1431:
1375:
1329:
1288:
1267:
1246:
1241:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1081:
1080:. 24 April 2008
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1002:
998:
983:
979:
966:
965:
961:
950:
946:
935:
926:
913:
911:
907:
900:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
867:
866:
862:
845:
844:
840:
835:
808:
801:
798:
789:
788:Porsche Cayenne
786:
777:
774:
765:
762:
753:
750:
741:
738:
729:
726:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:
681:
678:
669:
666:
657:
654:
641:Porsche Cayenne
551:
547:
543:
541:
540:
533:80A), 2017–2024
523:8W6), 2016–2024
503:
499:
495:
493:
492:
487:
480:
477:
468:
465:
456:
453:
444:
441:
432:
429:
420:
417:
408:
405:
396:
393:
342:
338:
334:
332:
331:
288:
284:
280:
278:
277:
272:
246:
111:
107:
103:
87:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
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3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
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2081:FAW-Volkswagen
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1192:External links
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857:on 2015-04-02.
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3350:e-tron Spyder
3348:
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3340:e-tron (2010)
3338:
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3335:e-tron (2009)
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3163:Formula cars
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3142:Audi TT-R DTM
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3562:
3541:discontinued
3529:discontinued
3488:
3447:Audi Channel
3441:August Horch
3260:Avus quattro
3222:Concept cars
3130:R8 LMS (R16)
3067:Rally cars:
2998:100/200/5000
2980:
2929:RS e-tron GT
2845:S7 Sportback
2538:Subsidiaries
2391:(Former CEO)
2379:(Former CEO)
2361:(Former CEO)
2355:(Former CEO)
2312:Ehra-Lessien
2199:Technologies
2185:discontinued
2177:
2173:discontinued
2165:
2132:technologies
2130:Products and
1786:subsidiaries
1609:
1297:(superminis)
1273:A00 platform
1175:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1148:(in Chinese)
1145:
1136:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1082:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1020:
1009:
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971:
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947:
918:
912:. Retrieved
905:the original
892:
880:. Retrieved
872:
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855:the original
850:
841:
628:
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608:
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588:
578:
568:
558:
530:
520:
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379:
369:
366:Audi A6 (C7)
359:
349:
346:Audi A8 (D4)
315:
312:Audi A4 (B8)
305:
295:
261:
255:
238:
234:
228:
219:
215:
211:
206:
189:
151:
147:longitudinal
134:
132:
59:2007–present
45:Manufacturer
3499:multitronic
3390:PB18 e-tron
3385:Pop.Up Next
3290:Avantissimo
3285:Steppenwolf
3089:RS Q e-tron
3003:100 Coupé S
2425:Formula Vee
2419:Rally Teams
1939:Motorcycles
1822:Lamborghini
1276:(city cars)
882:15 December
538:MLB Evo C/D
247: [
97:Predecessor
3608:Categories
3509:procon-ten
3360:TT Offroad
3152:A5/RS5 DTM
3053:Motorsport
2981:Ur-Quattro
2802:Audi Sport
2634:(original)
2622:Auto Union
2411:Motorsport
2347:Ivan Hirst
2271:Auto Union
2231:Pumpe DĂĽse
2206:BlueMotion
2031:AutoLatina
1997:Geographic
1856:Volkswagen
1805:Audi Sport
1760:Porsche SE
1550:T Platform
1437:C Platform
1325:A05 (PQ25)
1320:A04 (PQ24)
1263:NSF (PQ12)
1152:2019-03-12
1146:www.vw.com
914:2012-02-09
833:References
198:Volkswagen
113:E platform
109:D platform
105:C platform
101:B platform
92:Chronology
56:Production
3443:(founder)
3405:Q4 e-tron
3375:Q8 (2017)
3355:A2 (2011)
3345:A1 e-tron
3280:Rosemeyer
3245:Auto 2000
3028:Cabriolet
3013:RS2 Avant
2979:Quattro (
2909:RS6 Avant
2899:RS4 Avant
2788:Q8 e-tron
2773:Q6 e-tron
2763:Q5 e-tron
2753:Q4 e-tron
2727:e-tron GT
2712:A6 e-tron
2359:Kurt Lotz
2341:Carl Hahn
2337:(founder)
2317:Factories
2307:Autostadt
2143:Platforms
2051:(defunct)
2033:(defunct)
1884:(JV with
1753:Ownership
1427:B7 (PL47)
1422:B6 (PL46)
1417:B5 (PL45)
1371:A6 (PQ46)
1366:A5 (PQ35)
1361:A4 (PQ34)
1115:2 October
1084:1 October
1056:1 October
490:MLB Evo B
119:Successor
3583:Category
3519:S tronic
3452:Audi Cup
3434:See also
3415:AI:TRAIL
3365:Prologue
2943:Historic
2875:e-tron S
2643:Wanderer
2489:Category
2423:Series:
2291:Wanderer
2211:Digifant
2148:Vehicles
1971:Services
1913:Navistar
1815:Mulliner
1109:Jalopnik
991:Jalopnik
972:vogel.de
806:See also
257:Jalopnik
231:platform
139:platform
39:Overview
3593:Commons
3320:Roadjet
3117:R15 TDI
3112:R10 TDI
2885:Audi RS
2652:Museums
2417:Teams:
2403:(owner)
2251:VAG-COM
2236:Quattro
2181:current
2178:Petrol:
2169:current
2166:Diesel:
2158:Engines
2108:Argo AI
2104:(33.3%)
1955:Engines
1829:Porsche
1810:Bentley
1142:"04121"
740:Audi Q8
728:Audi Q7
716:Audi Q5
704:Audi A8
692:Audi A7
680:Audi A6
605:Audi Q8
595:Audi A6
585:Audi A7
575:Audi A8
555:Audi Q7
527:Audi Q5
517:Audi A5
507:Audi A4
455:Audi Q5
443:Audi A8
431:Audi A7
395:Audi A4
356:Audi A7
329:MLB C/D
302:Audi Q5
292:Audi A5
202:Phideon
194:Porsche
190:MLB Evo
186:Audi Q7
178:Audi A6
174:Audi A7
170:Audi A8
166:Audi Q5
162:Audi A4
158:Audi A5
143:modular
3482:hybrid
3255:B12 80
3250:Quartz
3196:Series
3174:FIA F2
3147:A4 DTM
2811:Audi S
2577:e-tron
2327:People
2300:Places
1946:Ducati
1918:Scania
1903:Traton
1701:Amarok
1693:LT/T1N
1688:(MPVs)
1685:B-VX62
1494:D1/D11
542:": -->
494:": -->
333:": -->
279:": -->
235:per se
70:Layout
3410:AI:ME
2988:Coupé
2954:Front
2924:RS Q8
2919:RS Q3
2632:Horch
2587:Horch
2563:(33%)
2454:Other
2281:Horch
2122:(51%)
2116:(25%)
2110:(42%)
2098:(50%)
2089:(75%)
2083:(40%)
2077:(50%)
1882:Jetta
1874:with
1868:Sehol
1851:Ĺ koda
1844:Cupra
1834:Scout
1077:Wired
908:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
275:MLB B
251:]
3619:Audi
3061:Cars
2964:F103
2945:and
2680:Cars
2561:Here
2531:Audi
2221:ETKA
2102:Here
1861:VW R
1839:SEAT
1800:Audi
1540:PL72
1535:PL71
1117:2014
1086:2009
1058:2009
884:2009
544:edit
496:edit
335:edit
281:edit
154:Audi
133:The
3494:MMI
3489:MLP
3310:RSQ
3275:AI2
3270:ASF
3169:FPA
3138:Abt
3122:R18
3102:R8C
3097:R8R
2959:920
2870:SQ8
2865:SQ7
2860:SQ5
2855:SQ2
2638:NSU
2627:DKW
2286:NSU
2276:DKW
2246:TDI
2241:SDI
2226:FSI
2216:DSG
2096:IAV
1886:FAW
1876:JAC
1666:SSP
1658:PPE
1650:PPC
1642:MEB
1634:MSS
1626:MMB
1618:MSB
1610:MLB
1602:MQB
1315:A03
1310:A02
1305:A01
1284:A00
1011:Car
629:Typ
619:Typ
609:Typ
599:Typ
589:Typ
579:Typ
569:Typ
559:Typ
531:Typ
521:Typ
511:Typ
380:Typ
370:Typ
360:Typ
350:Typ
316:Typ
306:Typ
296:Typ
263:Car
239:all
224:MQB
212:MLB
3610::
3230:80
3167::
3107:R8
3033:S1
3023:A2
3018:V8
3008:S2
2969:50
2850:S8
2783:Q8
2778:Q7
2768:Q6
2758:Q5
2748:Q3
2743:Q2
2722:A8
2717:A7
2707:A6
2702:A5
2697:A4
2692:A3
2687:A1
2183:/
2171:/
1872:JV
1586:T6
1581:T5
1576:T4
1571:T3
1566:T2
1561:T1
1509:D4
1504:D3
1499:D2
1473:C6
1468:C5
1463:C4
1458:C3
1453:C2
1448:C1
1412:B4
1407:B3
1402:B2
1397:BX
1392:B1
1356:A3
1351:A2
1346:A1
1144:.
1107:.
1088:.
1074:.
1048:.
1031:^
1008:.
989:.
970:.
927:^
917:.
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849:.
249:de
220:MB
180:,
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3140:-
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
