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Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps

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proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."
89:⟩, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap ) and "party" (retroflex 1718: 1525: 594: 2174: 938: 3438: 1276: 209: 2733: 3474: 1335: 207: 3448: 3152:
Valentin-Marquez, Wilfredo (2008), "Doing Being Boricua: Perceptions of National Identity and the Sociolinguistic Distribution of Liquid Variables in Puerto Rican Spanish",
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in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an
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Walker, Rachel (2011). "Nasal Harmony". In van Oostendorp, Marc; Ewen, Colin J.; Hume, Elizabeth; Rice, Keren (eds.).
6991: 6556: 6231: 6216: 5996: 5465: 4983: 4894: 4855: 4801: 4762: 4519: 3194: 3134: 2967: 2900: 2779: 2722: 7381: 7116: 6728: 5982: 5458: 5110: 5037: 4974: 4887: 4794: 4301: 4245: 4210: 4001: 3966: 3039: 2047:, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact. 341:, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact. 7081: 6793: 6572: 6527: 6092: 6074: 5019: 4287: 4043: 3349: 2136: 2099:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. 422: 385:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. 43: 20: 6744: 6699: 6585: 6002: 5941: 5936: 5368: 5296: 5100: 5095: 4901: 4808: 4454: 4413: 4149: 3816: 2986: 1365: 6757: 6543: 6404: 6010: 5892: 5752: 5720: 5044: 4308: 4224: 4217: 3980: 3973: 3802: 3127:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
911: 3016:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",
2537: 7386: 7376: 7096: 7025: 6864: 6715: 6601: 6292: 5988: 5883: 5872: 5784: 5396: 5324: 5026: 4484: 4294: 4273: 4196: 4050: 4029: 3952: 3433: 3333: 1290: 1261: 907: 3308: 2236: 2186: 1994: 1985: 1958: 1684: 1030: 951: 947: 903: 899: 880: 808: 182: 151: 86: 82: 62: 7396: 7340: 7156: 7151: 6773: 6420: 6375: 6105: 5899: 5382: 5361: 5310: 5053: 4471: 4427: 4420: 4371: 4163: 4156: 4107: 3852: 3823: 3672: 3501: 3088: 2259: 1664: 737:
Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to in others and may occur word-medially and finally against . See
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If the alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with ⟨
7205: 7121: 6884: 6621: 6391: 6287: 5906: 5826: 5815: 5417: 5375: 5345: 5303: 4677: 4385: 4280: 4203: 4121: 4036: 3959: 3866: 3717: 3688: 1909: 1730: 1688: 1638: 1288: 1137: 1078: 769: 700: 664: 606: 556: 511: 460: 128: 120: 90: 1687:. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill , while the slender form is ( in some dialects). See 7391: 7161: 7111: 7066: 6851: 6663: 6449: 5964: 5842: 5410: 5338: 5062: 4659: 4633: 4582: 4502: 4434: 4378: 4114: 3894: 3859: 3699: 3679: 3658: 7146: 7050: 6900: 6813: 6637: 5856: 5252: 4720: 4553: 4544: 4527: 4406: 4322: 4142: 3880: 3841: 3795: 3731: 3326: 3181: 2876: 2240: 2044: 1640: 338: 130: 58: 2977:
Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.),
7131: 7126: 7106: 6679: 5849: 5613: 5551: 5243: 5232: 5177: 4699: 4684: 4564: 4392: 4128: 3873: 3759: 3724: 3615: 3600: 3584: 2205: 2040: 1617: 1145: 1024: 966: 954:, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See 334: 55: 1603: 81:
That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap ⟨
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For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called
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Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See
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consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (
2058:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the 111:
The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an
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May be realised as a trill , approximant or uvular depending on dialect. See
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Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See
1544: 1391: 116: 108:. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation. 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 6195: 3917: 3165: 3145:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed
2085: 1413:
Common realisation of /r/. May be trill or postalveolar approximant . See
7333: 7192: 6947: 6361: 6344: 6118: 5638: 4442: 3511: 3489: 3120:, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University 2995: 2677: 1962: 1940: 1551: 1220: 273: 2752: 7347: 7045: 6826: 6354: 3652: 3506: 3125:Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", 3087:Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), 2089: 2081:
is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
2002: 1935: 1646: 371:
is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
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allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with
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Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English",
2254: 2198: 959: 915: 884: 356:, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the 39: 1957:
Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to
7220: 6022: 5226: 3782: 3484: 3313: 2017: 854: 261: 323: 154:⟩ although that symbol technically represents the trill. 6969: 2110:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the 1359: 1037: 396:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the 364:, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue. 2634:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34. 1381:
Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
378:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. 7326: 7260: 7255: 7245: 6325: 3479: 2588:
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003
2189:
for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See
1248: 7250: 7235: 1478: 3348: 3086: 2981:, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, 1856:
Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere. See
7230: 7225: 7215: 2788:
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",
2281:
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1008:
Conservative accents. Corresponds to in other accents.
2838:
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",
2476: 7021:
Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
1914: 516: 472: 161:
reported from some languages is actually a very brief
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Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
3124: 1116: 2948: 2787: 2319: 1560: 3215:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 3096:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 3047:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 3018:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2911:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2840:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2818:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2790:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2564:I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp 2540:[An introduction to Norwegian phonology] 2501:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7368: 3239:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 324–325, 3151: 2277: 1615: 2675: 1679:Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of 1508: 1182:Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See 1136:Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of 1059: 539: 168: 3142: 2895:(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 2870:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 2385: 1971: 1259: 1254: 1246: 645: 578: 6985: 6298:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop 3334: 3154:Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 2878:A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene 2837: 2815: 2598: 2596: 2575: 2535: 2373: 2217: 1945: 1930:Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position. 1838: 1750: 1701: 1452: 750: 720: 329:Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap: 2935:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2430: 2428: 2426: 2035:Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap: 1584: 1363: 1319: 1308: 789: 681: 16:Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA 7077:Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant 3213:Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English", 1889: 1880: 1869: 1781: 1426: 1195: 1157: 1104: 824: 6992: 6978: 3341: 3327: 3275: 3267:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2865: 2657:"Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach" 2613: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2307: 1549: 1170: 1168: 3396:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) 3226: 3107: 3058: 3029: 2922: 2874: 2829: 2654: 2639: 2512: 2494: 2423: 2345: 2343: 2195:North American English regional phonology 2909:Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", 2731: 2712: 2482: 2458: 1890: 3237:Accents of English 2: The British Isles 3115: 3037: 3002:(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2994: 2930: 2888: 2766: 2734:"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" 2715:Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice 2617: 2608: 2470: 2349: 2334: 2330: 2328: 7369: 3566: 3212: 3206:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic 3203: 3179: 3143:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002), 2908: 2696: 2629: 2340: 2295: 2092:) or in addition to through the mouth. 163:voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative 6973: 6323: 5805: 5504: 5220: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3532: 3367: 3322: 3234: 3089:"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" 3066: 2434: 2417: 2361: 2185:Allophone of unstressed intervocalic 807:Possible realization of intervocalic 6334: 6275: 5968: 5178: 5139: 3548: 3252: 3183:The Blackwell companion to phonology 3070:An Introduction to English Phonetics 2979:Explorations in Dependency Phonology 2976: 2446: 2325: 517: 473: 446: 6303:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant 5157: 5117:Symbols to the right in a cell are 3285:, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, 3276:Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011), 3208:, New York: Oxford University Press 2959:The Sounds of the World's Languages 2892:Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk 2495:Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). 1961:in other lects. Also seen in other 1495:Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See 1158: 13: 5213: 3386:International Phonetic Association 2239:as a result of nasal harmony. See 301: 14: 7408: 7016:Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) 6899: 6883: 6863: 6850: 6834: 6812: 6792: 6772: 6756: 6743: 6727: 6714: 6698: 6678: 6662: 6649: 6636: 6620: 6600: 6584: 6571: 6555: 6542: 6526: 6506: 6484: 6468: 6448: 6432: 6419: 6403: 6390: 6374: 6230: 6215: 6208: 6188: 6164: 6152: 6145: 6131: 6124: 6098: 6085: 6073: 6066: 6054: 6047: 6035: 6028: 6009: 5995: 5981: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5871: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5814: 5783: 5751: 5719: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5663: 5654: 5643: 5621: 5612: 5601: 5592: 5581: 5559: 5550: 5539: 5530: 5519: 5484: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5439: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5242: 5231: 5185: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5036: 5025: 5018: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4942: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4854: 4847: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4761: 4754: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4683: 4676: 4665: 4658: 4639: 4632: 4614: 4605: 4588: 4581: 4570: 4563: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4518: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4470: 4453: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3916: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3840: 3833: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3705: 3698: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3641:Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal 3300: 2868:Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian 1086: 7117:Voiced velar bunched approximant 6999: 6923: 6891: 6871: 6842: 6800: 6764: 6735: 6706: 6670: 6628: 6592: 6563: 6534: 6498: 6476: 6440: 6411: 6382: 6366: 5935: 5171: 5150: 5094: 3439:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols 3279:Turkish Phonology and Morphology 2241:Guarani language § Nasal harmony 1049:Broad speakers. Can be instead 322: 283: 278: 205: 159:voiced alveolar tapped fricative 76:are often used interchangeably. 5192: 3350:International Phonetic Alphabet 3189:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2690: 2669: 2648: 2623: 2581: 2569: 2555:from the original on 2018-10-24 2538:"En innføring i norsk fonologi" 2529: 2488: 2452: 2440: 2411: 2391: 2320:Carbonell & Llisterri (1992 2122: 883:. In free variation with . See 44:International Phonetic Alphabet 21:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap 6283:Nasal labial–velar approximant 5206: 5164: 3533: 3459:IPA chart for English dialects 3368: 3073:, Edinburgh University Press, 2884:, Kansas: University of Kansas 2379: 2367: 2355: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2271: 1870: 1683:. Often transcribed simply as 1247: 1: 5199: 2705: 2632:A Grammar of West Coast Bajau 2544:(in Norwegian) (4 ed.). 2536:Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015). 2030: 912:New Zealand English phonology 811:between phonetic vowels. See 408: 7097:Voiced retroflex approximant 7092:Voiced alveolar lateral flap 7026:Pronunciation of English /r/ 6293:Voiceless bidental fricative 3401:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) 3253:Wise, Claude Merton (1957), 2866:Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), 2741:Journal of Greek Linguistics 1018:Most speakers. Others use . 908:Australian English phonology 169:Voiced alveolar tap and flap 7: 7341:Registered trademark symbol 7157:Voiceless glottal fricative 7152:Voiced pharyngeal fricative 3502:Phonetic symbols in Unicode 3116:Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), 3038:Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), 2875:Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), 2386:Trudgill & Hannah (2002 2260:Index of phonetics articles 2248: 1972:Alveolar nasal tap and flap 1881: 1561: 1364: 1260: 1117: 317: 176:Voiced alveolar tap or flap 38:sound, used in some spoken 10: 7413: 7142:Voiceless uvular fricative 6324: 2931:Labrune, Laurence (2012), 2717:. München: Lincom Europa. 2713:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). 2374:Cox & Palethorpe (2007 1309: 946:Intervocalic allophone of 898:Intervocalic allophone of 848: 85:⟩ and flap ⟨ 18: 7170: 7122:Voiceless velar fricative 7059: 7008: 6825: 6783: 6689: 6611: 6517: 6459: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6332: 6319: 6288:Nasal palatal approximant 5965:Co-articulated consonants 5865: 5810: 5773: 5741: 5706: 5637: 5575: 5513: 5474: 5426: 5354: 5287: 5225: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5146: 4998: 4920: 4827: 4731: 4626: 4526: 4441: 4268: 4172: 4024: 3926: 3781: 3651: 3583: 3555: 3541: 3528: 3467: 3421: 3378: 3374: 3363: 3255:Introduction to Phonetics 3228:10.1017/S0025100307003180 3109:10.1017/S0025100312000102 3060:10.1017/S0025100308003344 3031:10.1017/S0025100303001373 2933:The Phonology of Japanese 2924:10.1017/S0025100303001385 2852:10.1017/S0025100300005223 2831:10.1017/S0025100307003192 2802:10.1017/S0025100300004618 2732:Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), 2514:10.1017/S0025100309990181 2211: 2184: 2181: 2169: 2158: 2148: 2129: 2016: 2011: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1978: 1946: 1908: 1863: 1832: 1782: 1775: 1744: 1695: 1689:Scottish Gaelic phonology 1656: 1609: 1578: 1550: 1543: 1502: 1479: 1472: 1453: 1446: 1420: 1385: 1353: 1302: 1255: 1240: 1219: 1189: 1169: 1151: 1105: 1098: 1053: 1028: 1004: 1002: 991: 945: 933: 897: 895: 871: 858: 818: 783: 744: 721: 714: 675: 639: 635:Contrasts with ‘dark’ R. 617: 579: 533: 461:Egyptian Arabic phonology 434: 415: 291: 272: 260: 249: 236: 231: 204: 199: 189: 180: 175: 7162:Voiced glottal fricative 7112:Voiced velar approximant 7067:Voiceless alveolar trill 3118:Uzbek Structural Grammar 3000:Das Aussprachewörterbuch 2774:, Taylor & Francis, 2630:Miller, Mark T. (2007). 2265: 104:and other articulations 7382:Tap and flap consonants 7147:Voiced uvular fricative 7051:Linking and intrusive R 5137:Non-pulmonic consonants 4269:Non-sibilant fricative 4025:Non-sibilant affricate 3391:History of the alphabet 3307:List of languages with 3067:Ogden, Richard (2009), 2772:The Phonology of Danish 2603:Yavuz & Balcı (2011 2278:Valentin-Marquez (2015) 2235:Nasalized allophone of 1979:Alveolar nasal tap/flap 1915: 1320: 1085:, but can be a trilled 646: 7132:Voiceless uvular trill 7127:Voiced velar fricative 7107:Voiced retroflex trill 7082:Voiceless alveolar tap 3449:Sinological extensions 3204:Watson, Janet (2002), 3166:10.1515/shll-2008-1031 2889:Grønnum, Nina (2005), 2218: 2062:, termed respectively 2041:manner of articulation 1839: 1751: 1702: 1663: 1616: 1585: 1509: 1427: 1196: 1146:Modern Greek phonology 1060: 1025:Received Pronunciation 825: 790: 751: 682: 540: 335:manner of articulation 306: 7102:Voiced retroflex flap 7072:Voiced alveolar trill 2962:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2676:Tomasz P. Szynalski. 2052:place of articulation 346:place of articulation 305: 7355:Medical prescription 7031:Rhoticity in English 4921:Lateral approximant 3235:Wells, John (1982), 3129:, pp. 135–139, 3040:"Tilquiapan Zapotec" 2546:University of Bergen 2118:, as in most sounds. 1651:Portuguese phonology 404:, as in most sounds. 145:alveolar approximant 42:. The symbol in the 7387:Pulmonic consonants 7377:Alveolar consonants 7137:Voiced uvular trill 7087:Voiced alveolar tap 3545:Pulmonic consonants 2753:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv 2576:Cruz-Ferreira (1995 2112:intercostal muscles 2104:airstream mechanism 1538:Norwegian phonology 1442:Sometimes trilled. 1093:Esperanto phonology 398:intercostal muscles 390:airstream mechanism 360:. It is most often 28:voiced alveolar tap 7397:Central consonants 5475:Lateral fricative 5121:, to the left are 4828:Lateral fricative 3616:Post­alveolar 3601:Linguo­labial 3444:Naming conventions 3407:Journal of the IPA 3257:, Englewood Cliffs 1297:Japanese phonology 613:in all positions. 307: 46:that represents a 7364: 7363: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6910: 6909: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6268: 6267: 6093:Uvular–epiglottal 5960: 5959: 5922: 5921: 5133: 5132: 5081: 5080: 4999:Lateral tap/flap 3596:Labio­dental 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3454:World Orthography 3292:978-975-06-0964-0 3246:978-0-521-28540-7 3080:978-0-7486-2541-3 3009:978-3-411-04066-7 2942:978-0-19-954583-4 2246: 2245: 2191:English phonology 2116:abdominal muscles 2097:central consonant 2028: 2027: 1969: 1968: 1858:Turkish phonology 1770:Tagalog phonology 1739:Spanish phonology 956:English phonology 778:Catalan phonology 739:Bengali phonology 402:abdominal muscles 383:central consonant 315: 314: 311: 310: 226: 210: 7404: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6951: 6927: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6817: 6816: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6683: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6654: 6653: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6489: 6488: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6424: 6423: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6395: 6394: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6369: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6321: 6320: 6273: 6272: 6234: 6219: 6212: 6192: 6168: 6156: 6149: 6135: 6128: 6102: 6089: 6077: 6070: 6061:Labial–retroflex 6058: 6051: 6039: 6032: 6013: 6003:Labial–retroflex 5999: 5985: 5969: 5939: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5875: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5818: 5789: 5757: 5725: 5696: 5689: 5680: 5669: 5660: 5649: 5627: 5618: 5607: 5598: 5587: 5565: 5556: 5545: 5536: 5525: 5511:bottom: uvular) 5488: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5443: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5246: 5235: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5128: 5098: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5040: 5029: 5022: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4946: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4858: 4851: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4765: 4758: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4687: 4680: 4669: 4662: 4643: 4636: 4618: 4609: 4592: 4585: 4574: 4567: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4522: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4474: 4457: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3920: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3844: 3837: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3709: 3702: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3530: 3529: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3310: 3295: 3284: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3231: 3230: 3209: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3148: 3139: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3093: 3083: 3063: 3062: 3044: 3034: 3033: 3012: 2991: 2973: 2950:Ladefoged, Peter 2945: 2927: 2926: 2905: 2885: 2883: 2871: 2862: 2834: 2833: 2812: 2784: 2763: 2761: 2755:, archived from 2738: 2728: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2543: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2308:Dum-Tragut (2009 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2275: 2238: 2227: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2127: 2126: 2024: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1976: 1975: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1922: 1910:West Coast Bajau 1904:Denti-alveolar. 1896: 1895: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1848: 1789: 1788: 1760: 1736: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1711: 1686: 1671: 1649:allophones. See 1644: 1625: 1604:Polish phonology 1594: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1497:Nepali phonology 1487: 1486: 1461: 1460: 1434: 1373: 1348:Kazakh phonology 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1317: 1316: 1294: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1204: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1143: 1128: 1114: 1113: 1090: 1084: 1069: 1032: 953: 949: 943: 942: 941: 940: 905: 901: 882: 833: 813:Danish phonology 810: 799: 775: 760: 729: 728: 709:Basque phonology 706: 691: 670: 655: 612: 599: 598: 597: 596: 587: 586: 562: 547: 522: 521: 478: 477: 451: 450: 413: 412: 326: 293: 292: 287: 282: 268: 253: 245: 240: 221: 214: 212: 211: 185: 184: 173: 172: 153: 137:rhotic consonant 135:, or both) or a 134: 126: 96: 88: 84: 64: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7392:Oral consonants 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7166: 7055: 7036:R-colored vowel 7004: 6998: 6968: 6959: 6949: 6948:unrounded  6944: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6833: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6791: 6779: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6697: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6619: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6525: 6513: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6467: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6328: 6307: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6237:Labial–alveolar 6235: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6169: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6042:Labial–alveolar 6040: 6033: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5992: 5991: 5989:Labial–alveolar 5986: 5978: 5961: 5956: 5786: 5754: 5742:Voiced lateral 5722: 5697: 5686: 5677: 5666: 5657: 5646: 5624: 5615: 5604: 5595: 5584: 5562: 5553: 5542: 5533: 5522: 5510: 5508: 5126: 5115: 3621:Retro­flex 3537: 3516: 3475:ASCII encodings 3463: 3417: 3370: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3282: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3197: 3186: 3137: 3091: 3081: 3042: 3010: 2989: 2970: 2943: 2903: 2881: 2782: 2759: 2736: 2725: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2655:Kwan-Young Oh. 2653: 2649: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2493: 2489: 2483:Akamatsu (1997) 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2251: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2125: 2033: 2022: 1993: 1984: 1974: 1799:Tamil phonology 1729:Contrasts with 1716: 1715: 1714: 1658:Scottish Gaelic 1523: 1522: 1521: 1415:Malay phonology 1333: 1332: 1331: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1214:Irish phonology 1184:Hindi phonology 1077:Usually a flap 1074:'one who hopes' 936: 935: 934: 843:Dutch phonology 768:Contrasts with 699:Contrasts with 663:Contrasts with 605:Contrasts with 592: 591: 590: 555:Contrasts with 411: 320: 266: 251: 243: 238: 227: 219: 206: 181: 171: 78:Peter Ladefoged 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7060:Pronunciations 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6741: 6734: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6712: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6634: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6591: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6417: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6388: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6170: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6143: 6139:Labial–palatal 6137: 6130: 6123: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6104: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5774:Nasal lateral 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5512: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5059: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3591:Bi­labial 3588: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3422:Special topics 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3360: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3302: 3301:External links 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3273: 3250: 3245: 3232: 3221:(3): 351–360, 3210: 3201: 3195: 3177: 3160:(2): 451–454, 3149: 3140: 3135: 3122: 3113: 3102:(2): 225–232, 3084: 3079: 3064: 3053:(1): 107–114, 3035: 3024:(2): 255–259, 3013: 3008: 2992: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2954:Maddieson, Ian 2946: 2941: 2928: 2917:(2): 261–265, 2906: 2901: 2886: 2872: 2863: 2835: 2824:(3): 341–349, 2813: 2796:(1–2): 53–56, 2785: 2780: 2764: 2729: 2723: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2689: 2668: 2647: 2622: 2607: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2548:. p. 21. 2528: 2507:(3): 373–380. 2487: 2485:, p. 106. 2475: 2471:Labrune (2012) 2463: 2459:Arvaniti (2007 2451: 2439: 2422: 2410: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2339: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206:North American 2202: 2201: 2183: 2180: 2168: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2100: 2093: 2082: 2075: 2060:alveolar ridge 2048: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1811: 1810:Some speakers 1808: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1727: 1724: 1712: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1519: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1329: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1285: 1282: 1270: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 990: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 969: 963: 962: 944: 932: 926: 925: 919: 918: 896: 894: 888: 887: 873: 870: 868: 857: 852: 846: 845: 839: 836: 834: 822: 816: 815: 805: 802: 800: 787: 781: 780: 766: 763: 761: 748: 742: 741: 735: 732: 730: 718: 712: 711: 697: 694: 692: 679: 673: 672: 661: 658: 656: 643: 637: 636: 633: 630: 628: 621: 615: 614: 603: 600: 588: 576: 571: 565: 564: 553: 550: 548: 537: 531: 530: 528: 525: 523: 514: 508: 507: 505: 502: 500: 493: 487: 486: 484: 481: 479: 470: 464: 463: 457: 454: 452: 443: 438: 432: 431: 428: 425: 420: 417: 410: 407: 406: 405: 386: 379: 376:oral consonant 372: 365: 358:alveolar ridge 342: 319: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 298: 297: 289: 288: 276: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 254: 247: 246: 241: 234: 233: 229: 228: 213: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 187: 186: 178: 177: 170: 167: 141:alveolar trill 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7409: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200:R with stroke 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6954: 6953: 6952: rounded 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6902: 6886: 6879: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6837: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6808: 6795: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6730: 6723: 6717: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6665: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6639: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6558: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6377: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6233: 6227: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6167: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6106:Labial–uvular 6101: 6094: 6088: 6076: 6069: 6057: 6050: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3434:Case variants 3432: 3430: 3429:Cursive forms 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3196:9781405184236 3192: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3136:0-521-65236-7 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2969:0-631-19815-6 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2902:87-500-3865-6 2898: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2781:0-203-97876-5 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:Basbøll, Hans 2765: 2762:on 2013-12-11 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2724:3-89586-095-6 2720: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2698: 2693: 2679: 2672: 2658: 2651: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2618:Sjoberg (1963 2614: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2473:, p. 92. 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2350:Basbøll (2005 2346: 2344: 2336: 2335:Grønnum (2005 2331: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2242: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1977: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1045:South African 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029:Allophone of 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1000: 999: 997: 989: 986: 985: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967:North America 965: 964: 961: 957: 939: 931: 928: 927: 924: 921: 920: 917: 913: 909: 893: 890: 889: 886: 878: 875:Intervocalic 874: 869: 867: 866: 864: 856: 853: 851: 847: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 829: 823: 821: 817: 814: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 795: 788: 786: 782: 779: 773: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 756: 749: 747: 743: 740: 736: 733: 731: 727: 726: 719: 717: 713: 710: 704: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 687: 680: 678: 674: 668: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 651: 644: 642: 638: 634: 631: 629: 626: 622: 620: 616: 610: 604: 601: 595: 589: 585: 583: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 560: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 538: 536: 532: 529: 526: 524: 520: 515: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 501: 498: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 480: 476: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 458: 455: 453: 449: 444: 442: 439: 437: 433: 429: 426: 424: 421: 418: 414: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 380: 377: 373: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 340: 336: 332: 331: 330: 327: 325: 304: 300: 299: 295: 294: 290: 286: 281: 277: 275: 271: 265: 263: 259: 255: 248: 242: 235: 230: 225: 217: 203: 198: 194: 192: 188: 179: 174: 166: 164: 160: 155: 148: 146: 142: 138: 132: 124: 118: 117:alveolar stop 114: 109: 107: 103: 98: 94: 79: 75: 71: 66: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 34:is a type of 33: 29: 22: 7086: 6945: 6222:Labial–velar 6172: 6159:Labial–velar 6080:Labial–velar 6017:Labial–velar 5963: 5509:(top: velar; 5136: 5116: 4571: 3543: 3410: 3406: 3278: 3254: 3236: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3182: 3157: 3153: 3147:, p. 24 3144: 3126: 3117: 3099: 3095: 3069: 3050: 3046: 3021: 3017: 2999: 2996:Mangold, Max 2978: 2958: 2932: 2914: 2910: 2891: 2877: 2867: 2846:(2): 90–94, 2843: 2839: 2821: 2817: 2793: 2789: 2771: 2757:the original 2744: 2740: 2714: 2697:Walker (2011 2692: 2681:. Retrieved 2678:"Flap t FAQ" 2671: 2660:. Retrieved 2650: 2631: 2625: 2583: 2571: 2563: 2557:. Retrieved 2531: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2413: 2402:. Retrieved 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2315: 2303: 2296:Watson (2002 2291: 2273: 2221: 2162: 2159: 2069: 2063: 2034: 1917: 1892: 1883: 1873: 1842: 1818: 1814: 1784: 1754: 1705: 1680: 1666: 1619: 1588: 1562: 1552: 1512: 1482: 1456: 1429: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1367: 1323: 1312: 1287:Varies with 1263: 1226: 1199: 1161: 1121: 1119: 1108: 1080: 1063: 995: 992: 981:West Country 862: 859: 827: 793: 754: 724: 685: 649: 624: 581: 542: 496: 328: 321: 200:Audio sample 158: 156: 149: 110: 105: 101: 99: 73: 69: 67: 56:postalveolar 31: 27: 25: 7334:Real number 7193:R with tail 7000:The letter 6184:approximant 6119:approximant 4443:Approximant 3512:IPA Braille 3490:Kirshenbaum 3309:[ɾ] 2435:Ogden (2009 2418:Ogden (2009 2362:Wells (1982 2090:nasal stops 2045:tap or flap 1963:Xuanzhou Wu 1726:'expensive' 1645:, with its 1221:Kinyarwanda 923:New Zealand 552:'Aragonese' 512:South Iraqi 504:'he threw' 339:tap or flap 61:is ⟨ 59:tap or flap 36:consonantal 7371:Categories 7348:Enclosed R 7171:Variations 7046:Guttural R 6935:full chart 6461:Near-close 6255:full chart 6177:(variable) 5947:full chart 5430:affricate 5106:full chart 4735:affricate 3535:Consonants 3507:IPA number 3369:IPA topics 2988:9067652970 2747:: 97–208, 2706:References 2683:2013-11-24 2662:2023-04-29 2559:2020-07-09 2447:Wise (1957 2404:2021-05-22 2399:"Glossary" 2123:Occurrence 2003:IPA Number 1965:varieties 1954:'Tongling' 1936:Wu Chinese 1853:'interval' 1633:Dental to 1611:Portuguese 1410:'hundred' 1153:Hindustani 892:Australian 409:Occurrence 244:ɾ 191:IPA Number 139:(like the 68:The terms 65:⟩. 7179:R rotunda 7041:Rhotacism 6785:Near-open 6519:Close-mid 6203:Implosive 6196:Velarized 6115:Fricative 5867:Voiceless 5807:Implosive 5356:Fricative 5289:Affricate 5123:voiceless 4175:fricative 4173:Sibilant 3931:affricate 3578:Laryngeal 3468:Encodings 3174:147068871 2998:(2005) , 2860:249414876 2810:249411809 2641:10106/577 2523:1475-3502 2364::324–325) 2079:phonation 2023:4~ or n_X 1927:'to tell' 1635:retroflex 1504:Norwegian 1055:Esperanto 877:allophone 535:Aragonese 527:'I want' 374:It is an 369:phonation 239:(decimal) 113:'R-sound' 40:languages 6946:Legend: 6940:template 6919:IPA help 6691:Open-mid 6260:template 6250:IPA help 6226:Ejective 6198:alveolar 5952:template 5931:IPA help 5222:Ejective 5111:template 5090:IPA help 4528:Tap/flap 3928:Sibilant 3611:Alveolar 3263:citation 2956:(1996). 2770:(2005), 2550:Archived 2497:"Nepali" 2255:Flapping 2249:See also 2199:flapping 2182:'twenty' 2130:Language 2108:pulmonic 2095:It is a 2084:It is a 2056:alveolar 2031:Features 2012:Encoding 1941:Tongling 1647:guttural 1599:'which' 1378:'summer' 1242:Japanese 1234:'Rwanda' 1014:Scottish 960:Flapping 916:Flapping 885:Flapping 872:'better' 838:'reason' 804:'Nordic' 641:Asturian 619:Assyrian 602:'minute' 569:Armenian 491:Moroccan 483:'wages' 468:Lebanese 441:Egyptian 416:Language 394:pulmonic 381:It is a 354:alveolar 318:Features 250:Unicode 232:Encoding 52:alveolar 7186:Insular 7009:General 6950:• 6350:Central 6182:Lateral 6023:Plosive 5811:Voiced 5709:lateral 5707:Tenuis 5698:  5428:Lateral 4733:Lateral 3783:Plosive 3646:Glottal 3626:Palatal 3568:Coronal 3485:X-SAMPA 3314:PHOIBLE 2461::15–18) 2213:Guarani 2155:Estuary 2150:English 2141:Meaning 2071:laminal 2018:X-SAMPA 2007:124 424 1834:Turkish 1826:'monk' 1794:'tree' 1746:Tagalog 1697:Spanish 1572:'night' 1448:Marathi 1439:'house' 1284:'heart' 1133:'thigh' 1005:'three' 855:Cockney 850:English 765:'trick' 746:Catalan 734:'again' 716:Bengali 632:'head' 574:Eastern 427:Meaning 274:Braille 262:X-SAMPA 237:Entity 143:or the 6928:  6326:Vowels 6175:-sound 5940:  5577:Voiced 5515:Tenuis 5119:voiced 5099:  4090:t̠ɹ̠̊˔ 3636:Uvular 3606:Dental 3585:Manner 3573:Dorsal 3563:Labial 3289:  3243:  3193:  3172:  3133:  3077:  3006:  2985:  2966:  2939:  2899:  2858:  2808:  2778:  2721:  2699::9–10) 2521:  2232:'good' 2144:Notes 2065:apical 1901:'rain' 1882:yomg‘i 1817:ะ / ph 1765:'joke' 1737:. 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Index

Voiceless alveolar tap and flap
consonantal
languages
International Phonetic Alphabet
dental
alveolar
postalveolar
tap or flap
Peter Ladefoged
ɽ
'R-sound'
alveolar stop
t
d
rhotic consonant
alveolar trill
alveolar approximant
voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
IPA Number
source
help
X-SAMPA
Braille
⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)
⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)


manner of articulation
tap or flap
place of articulation

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