Peanut - Knowledge

3441: 481: 3373: 69: 3159: 1830:, which is generally fatal if untreated. Eating a small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, avoiding peanuts can be difficult. Reading ingredients and warnings on product packaging is necessary to avoid this allergen. Foods processed in facilities that also handle peanuts on the same equipment as other foods are required to carry such warnings on their labels. Avoiding cross-contamination with peanuts and peanut products (along with other severe allergens like shellfish) is a promoted and common practice of which chefs and restaurants worldwide are becoming aware. 1987:. They are comparatively tall, reaching a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for selling roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'. 2844: 3409: 2447: 2898: 1864:, 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose a risk to peanut-allergic individuals if the oil that has previously been used for cooking foods containing peanuts is reused. 3143:, peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts. Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields. Peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season to develop well. They can be grown with as little as 350 mm (14 in) of water, but for best yields need at least 500 mm (20 in). Depending on growing conditions and the cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies 3310: 3385: 3334: 82: 2755: 878: 3322: 3425: 2156: 3397: 3116: 3349: 2688: 3214: 3361: 2880: 720: 2021: 2530: 1964: 2916: 2862: 2197: 3467: 2123: 3651:"The peanut is known under the local names of "goober," "goober pea," "pindar," "ground pea," and "groundnut." The names "goober" and "goober pea" are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States." 1951:

Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), and a spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80 to 90 cm (31 to 35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The

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in the United States and elsewhere have banned peanuts or products containing peanuts. However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A 2015 study in Canada found no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts compared

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tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. Peanuts tested to have high aflatoxin are used to make peanut oil where

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Harvesting occurs in two stages. In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground, shakes it, then inverts it, leaving the plant upside down to keep

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A distinction can be drawn between raw and green peanuts. A green peanut is a term to describe farm-fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated. They are available from grocery stores, food distributors, and farmers markets during the growing season. Raw peanuts are also uncooked but have

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The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in the US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to the demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in

692:(1864-1943) championed the peanut as part of his efforts for agricultural extension in the American South, where soils were depleted after repeated plantings of cotton. He invented and promulgated hundreds of peanut-based products, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, gasoline and nitroglycerin. 3181:

Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing; therefore, some pods are immature even when they are ready for harvest. To maximize yield, the timing of harvest is important. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe; if too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk and

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grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. Peanut production in the United States is divided into three major areas: the southeastern United States region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern United

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Since 1940, the southeastern US region has seen a shift to producing Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts.

865:, but which appears to be part of the ovary—elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg". This peg grows into the soil, allowing the fruit to develop underground. These pods, technically called legumes, are 3 to 7 centimetres (1 to 3 in) long, normally containing one to four 1938:

Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner', 'Early Runner', 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner', 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner',

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Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish', 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish', 'Argentine', 'Spantex', 'Spanette', 'Shaffers Spanish', 'Natal Common (Spanish)', "White Kernel Varieties', 'Starr', 'Comet', 'Florispan', 'Spanhoma', 'Spancross', 'OLin', 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14',

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is a livestock feed, mostly used by cattle as protein supplements. It is one of the most important and valuable feeds for all types of livestock and one of the most active ingredients for poultry rations. Poor storage of the cake may sometimes result in its contamination by

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are commonly sold by weight at corner stores where fresh nuts and seeds are sold, though they are also available packaged. The coating typically consists of flour, salt, starch, lecithin, and sometimes sesame seeds. The origin of the name is obscure (it may be derived from

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Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Dry peanuts can be roasted in the shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of 177 °C (351 °F) for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell).

2226:. Many companies have added twists on traditionally plain peanut butter by adding various flavor varieties, such as chocolate, birthday cake, and cinnamon raisin. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably the 4302:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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These are alike except for the color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels.

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in the early phase of domestication. They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister. Many

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The main yield-limiting factors in semi-arid regions are drought and high-temperature stress. The stages of reproductive development before flowering, at flowering, and at early pod development are particularly sensitive to these constraints. Apart from

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The state of Georgia leads the United States in peanut production, with 49 percent of the nation's peanut acreage and output. In 2014, farmers cultivated 591,000 acres of peanuts, yielding of 2.4 billion pounds. The most famous peanut farmer was

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Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but the evidence is not regarded as conclusive. Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products.

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oil, and many cosmetics contain peanut oil and its derivatives. The protein portion is used in the manufacture of some textile fibers. Peanut shells are used in the manufacture of plastic, wallboard, abrasives, fuel, cellulose (used in

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resistance. Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and

2484:, a mixture of meat and peanut butter. Apart from being used in dishes, fried shelled peanuts are a common inexpensive snack in the Philippines. The peanuts are commonly served plain salted with garlic chips and variants, including 2182:. The several types of peanut oil include aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. Refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws in the United States. 5718: 3210:. Biotic stresses mainly include pests, diseases, and weeds. Among insects pests, pod borers, aphids, and mites are of importance. The most important diseases are leaf spots, rusts, and the toxin-producing fungus Aspergillus. 2796:. Peanuts were sold at fairs or by pushcart operators through the 19th century. Peanut butter is a common peanut-based food, representing half of the American total peanut consumption and $ 850 million in annual retail sales. 1856:

Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies. However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions. In a randomized,

3237:, removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush. Peanuts must be dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by the 2792: lb) of peanuts per person annually, and 79% of Canadians consume peanut butter weekly. In the United States, peanuts and peanut butter are central to American dietary practices, and are typically considered as 4301: 3440: 3230:

the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to a little less than a third of their original moisture level over three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand.

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Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies.

2636:, prepared with onions, garlic, peanut butter/paste, and vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, and cauliflower, can be vegetarian (the peanuts supplying ample protein) or prepared with meat, usually chicken. 1720:, "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease." 3182:

remain in the soil. For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil. The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds.

5957: 2428:, which means nutshell or husk in Turkish). An additional variety of crunchy coated peanuts popular in Israel is "American peanuts". The coating of this variety is thinner but harder to crack. 598:. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies 4677:

Høst, A; Halken, S; Muraro, A; Dreborg, S; Niggemann, B; Aalberse, R; Arshad, SH; Von Berg, A; et al. (2008). "Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children".

1922:-resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the United States, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. 3100:

Some peanuts can also be fed whole to livestock, for example, those over the peanut quota in the US or those with a higher aflatoxin content than that permitted by the food regulations.

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Cultivars of Virginia-type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory', 'VA 98R', 'Perry', 'Wilson, 'Hull', 'AT VC-2' and 'Shulamit'.

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Kochert, Gary; Stalker, H. Thomas; Gimenes, Marcos; et al. (October 1, 1996). "RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut,

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Peanut protein concentrates and isolates are commercially produced from defatted peanut flour using several methods. Peanut flour concentrates (about 70% protein) are produced from

1939:'Virugard', 'Georgia Green', 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner', 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown', 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'. 2137:

are a popular snack in India, China, West Africa, and the southern United States. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briny water and sold in streetside stands.

2553:. Indian cuisine uses roasted, crushed peanuts to give a crunchy body to salads; they are added whole (without pods) to leafy vegetable stews for the same reason. Another use is 655:, where it is still produced, albeit marginally. European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In 4280: 2299:

served in a sauce of ground peanuts (ingredients native to South America) with roasted onions and garlic (ingredients from European cuisine). Also, in the Peruvian city of

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is found on restaurant menus in the southeastern states. In some southern portions of the US, peanuts are boiled for several hours until soft and moist. Peanuts are also

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dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary

2804:, sometimes within the shell. Per person, Americans eat 2.7 kg (6 lb) of peanut products annually, spending a total of $ 2 billion in peanut retail purchases. 4656: 4854:

Cherkaoui, Sabrine; Ben-Shoshan, Moshe; Alizadehfar, Reza; Asai, Yuka; Chan, Edmond; Cheuk, Stephen; Shand, Greg; St-Pierre, Yvan; Harada, Laurie (January 1, 2015).

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soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing

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Throughout the region, many candies and snacks are made using peanuts. In Mexico, it is common to find them in different presentations as a snack or candy: salty,

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been dried/dehydrated and must be rehydrated before boiling (usually in a bowl full of water overnight). Once rehydrated, the raw peanuts are ready to be boiled.

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clusters on the stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is a highly elongated

4606: 3004:, MANA Nutrition, and Medika Mamba are high-protein, high-energy, and high-nutrient peanut-based pastes developed to be used as a therapeutic food to aid in 5819: 7229: 3372: 5203: 4206: 5143: 2234:

or croissants and other pastries. The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter, and itself consumes $ 800 million of peanut butter annually.

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of allergy states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase in food allergies.

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Valencia group peanuts are coarse and have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In the United States, large commercial production is primarily in the

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The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa and the southwestern and southeastern United States. Until 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in the

663:, whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region is now the largest producer in the world. 6958: 5444: 5218: 3269:

If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the

5844: 1890:, and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern United States which includes Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In Georgia, 2275:, and pre-pressing followed by solvent extraction may be used for oil removal, after which protein isolation and purification are implemented. 5791:

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

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Shi L, Lu JY, Jones G, Loretan PA, Hill WA (1998). "Characteristics and composition of peanut oil prepared by an aqueous extraction method".

2955:, an 8% increase over 2019 production. China had 34% of global production, followed by India (19%) (table). Other significant producers were 3619: 4350:

Bao, Ying; Han, Jiali; Hu, Frank B.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C.; Fuchs, Charles S. (November 21, 2013).

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Peanut processing often requires dehulling: the hulls generated in large amounts by the peanut industries can feed livestock, particularly

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Peanuts have a variety of industrial end uses. Paint, varnish, lubricating oil, leather dressings, furniture polish, insecticides, and

559:, a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut 7121: 5635: 4309:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 699:

initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and

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Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut seeds. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

5743: 3408: 3139:. Also, the yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations through reduced diseases, pests, and weeds. For example, in 2778:

with or without salt. Ninety-five percent of Canadians eat peanuts or peanut butter, with the average consumption of 3 kilograms (

6971: 6919: 5685: 4155: 3287: 2672:. Peanut butter is an ingredient in Nigeria's "African salad". Peanut powder is an important ingredient in the spicy coating for 696: 7046: 5035: 5557: 5402: 4801: 2354:

Likewise, during colonial times in Peru, the Spanish used peanuts to replace nuts unavailable locally but used extensively in

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In the United States and Canada, peanuts are used in candies, cakes, cookies, and other sweets. Individually, they are eaten

667: 480: 7100: 4653: 2742:, dried fish, meat or other vegetables. Across East Africa, roasted peanuts, often in cones of newspaper, are obtained from 741:, also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor 7274: 6976: 4328: 3738: 6072: 4828: 5339: 4433: 2333:

may omit peanuts). In Mexico, it is also used to prepare different traditional dishes, such as chicken in peanut sauce (

626:, depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well-established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the 398:

by small and large commercial producers, both as grain legume and as an oil crop. Atypically among legumes, peanut pods

6867: 3958: 3713: 2406: 2358:, such as almonds and pine nuts, typically ground or as a paste mixed with rice, meats, and vegetables for dishes like 5815:

Baughman, Todd; Grichar, James; Black, Mark; Woodward, Jason; Porter, Pat; New, Leon; Baumann, Paul; McFarland, Mark "

7264: 5695: 5101: 4982:"Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts" 4068: 3680: 3166: 2317:

combining a similar mixture with sautéed seafood or boiled and shredded chicken. These dishes are generally known as

2313:(both native to the region) with roasted onions, garlic, and oil, poured over meat or potatoes. Another example is a 2104: 2085: 454:

wall becomes hard at maturity," peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common English.

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Marsalis, Mark; Puppala, Naveen; Goldberg, Natalie; Ashigh, Jamshid; Sanogo, Soumaila; Trostle, Calvin (July 2009).

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Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut forage. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

2227: 2057: 6181: 5984: 4602: 4434:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)" 68: 7028: 6945: 5816: 5795: 5668: 5170: 3158: 2222:

peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or

869:. The shell of the peanut fruit consists primarily of a mesocarp with several large veins traversing its length. 17: 5776: 5195: 4198: 3309: 2291:, both of which marry indigenous and European ingredients. For instance, in Peru, a popular traditional dish is 1894:

is responsible for developing the breeding program of peanuts resulting in a harvest almost five times greater.

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remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or

7010: 3017: 2478:, where the legume was derived from Mexico during Spanish colonization. One Philippine dish using peanuts is 420:(or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor 6229: 6016:"[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples]" 4455: 3119:

Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.

1607: 6898: 6885: 4268: 3348: 1717: 4458:. Micronutrient Information Center. Corvallis, OR: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2016. 3333: 7147: 6802: 6127: 5432: 4413:. Micronutrient Information Center. Corvallis, OR: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2009 4176:. Galaxy books (1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3531: 2545:), and often sold roasted in pods or boiled with salt. They are also made into dessert or sweet snack of 2216: 1983:, but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for 44: 6094: 3060:

The protein cake (oilcake meal) residue from oil processing is used as animal feed and soil fertilizer.

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as breakfast. Peanuts are also used in sweets and savory items in South India and also as a flavor in

7038: 6984: 6383: 5875: 5060: 3481: 3286:. Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold is evident, are more likely to be contaminated. The 3009: 2714:, and these dishes are common throughout both countries. Thick peanut butter sauces are also made in 708: 1826:

to peanut exposure; symptoms are specifically severe for this nut and can range from watery eyes to

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Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World

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Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower specific risk of

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with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet is 1 to 7 centimetres (

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Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present

3048: 2768: 2366: 1891: 7090: 4094:. FAOSTAT, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division. 2020 4058: 3880:) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers" 1456: 6681: 5606: 3642: 3537: 3511: 2339:), and is used as the main ingredient for the preparation of other famous dishes such as red 2010: 1796: 1709: 1469: 208: 4917: 4535: 3155:

types yield more and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are sufficiently long.

7269: 7077: 6841: 6703: 6564: 6505: 6356: 6314: 5643: 5579: 5289: 5144:"Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II)" 4856:"Accidental exposures to peanut in a large cohort of Canadian children with peanut allergy" 4233:

Smith, Ben W. (January 1, 1950). "Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit".

3957:. 16 (Supl.). Translated by David E. Williams and Charles E. Simpson: 1–205. Archived from 3874:

Moretzsohn, Márcio C.; Gouvea, Ediene G.; Inglis, Peter W.; et al. (January 1, 2013).

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Seijo, Guillermo; Lavia, Graciela I.; Fernandez, Aveliano; et al. (December 1, 2007).

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were Spanish types, but the trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more

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growing 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) tall. As a legume, it belongs to the botanical

651:. Its cultivation was introduced in Europe in the 19th century through Spain, particularly 564: 553:. Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to 4512: 4162:. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual. 2446: 8: 7085: 6609: 6489: 6309: 3486: 3360: 2558: 2538: 1776: 1737: 1733: 1640: 1610:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1046: 1036: 583: 6774: 3563: 2541:, peanuts are a light snack, usually roasted and salted (sometimes with the addition of 7259: 7186: 6614: 6529: 6254: 6138: 5927: 5751: 5006: 4981: 4890: 4855: 4778: 4754: 4702: 4494: 4384: 4351: 4250: 4017: 3912: 3875: 3856: 3496: 3274: 3245: 3075: 2951:

In 2020, world production of peanuts (reported as groundnuts in shells) was 54 million

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types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies

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Peanuts are a common ingredient of several types of relishes (dishes which accompany

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Variath, Murali T., and P. Janila. "Economic and academic importance of peanut." in

5196:"U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries" 4758: 4536:"Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)" 4498: 2078: 7219: 7214: 7191: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6626: 6373: 6346: 6027: 5314: 5253: 5001: 4993: 4952: 4885: 4867: 4736: 4706: 4686: 4547: 4478: 4379: 4363: 4242: 3907: 3891: 3848: 3796: 3786: 2667: 2485: 2284: 2263:

kernels by removing most of the oil and the water-soluble, non-protein components.

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pods are borne within 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) of the base of the plant.

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was developed in the 1890s in the United States. It became well known after the

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Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food

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Some people (0.6% of the United States population) report that they experience

1817: 1800: 1788: 1705: 842: in) across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in 671: 550: 451: 432: 106: 6193: 6032: 6015: 4997: 4872: 3039:, which is promoted in Africa as a way to reduce malnutrition among children. 7208: 6872: 6596: 6559: 6549: 6247: 5275: 4881: 4375: 4129: 3903: 3810: 3270: 3238: 3136: 3005: 2972: 2960: 2903: 2743: 2562: 2542: 2435: 2431: 2335: 2212: 2204: 2191: 2175: 1903: 1784: 1780: 1748: 1690: 1633: 1220: 1210: 1150: 1026: 992: 877: 858: 700: 498: 443: 436: 403: 224: 5257: 2166:

is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high

7178: 6748: 6631: 6523: 6451: 6368: 6041: 5876:"Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden | Horticulture and Home Pest News" 4899: 4750: 4698: 4664: 4588: 4561: 4490: 4393: 4324: 4032:"El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción" 4011: 3921: 3818: 3791: 3768: 3501: 3279: 2997: 2793: 2775: 2764: 2633: 2632:

native to the region, and West Africans have adopted the crop as a staple.

2613: 2471: 2344: 2248: 2243: 2219: 2208: 1972: 1858: 1629: 1547: 968: 843: 728: 675: 648: 627: 546: 7064: 6176:

Singh, B., and U. Singh. "Peanut as a source of protein for human foods."

5015: 4966: 4367: 4267: 3688: 2155: 457:

Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as

6997: 6932: 6757: 6471: 6279: 6270: 4741: 4724: 4091: 3895: 3526: 3472: 3036: 2797: 2754: 2650: 2628:; peanuts are similar in both agricultural and culinary qualities to the 2609: 2566: 2475: 2377:

or in the form of a traditional sweet made with peanuts and honey called

2268: 2231: 2167: 1827: 1764: 1752: 1744: 1729: 1662: 1658: 952: 921:– embryonic root at the bottom of the cotyledon, which can be snapped off 760: 749: 685: 684:, where the plant is also endemic. Starting in 1870 they were used as an 656: 610: 428: 51: 5409:. Kampala, Uganda: Daily Monitor/Monitor Publications Ltd. April 8, 2008 5117: 4725:"Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood" 4352:"Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality" 4060:

In the Shadow of Slavery Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World

2515:, vegetable salads mixed with peanut sauce, and the peanut-based sauce, 6911: 6671: 6651: 6589: 6576: 6426: 4513:"Nutrition facts for oil, peanut, salad or cooking, USDA Nutrient Data" 4254: 3860: 3801: 3521: 3254: 3191: 3128: 3115: 3086: 3001: 2593: 2585: 2554: 2359: 2348: 2296: 2230:). It is also used in a number of confections, such as peanut-flavored 2223: 2163: 2150: 2045: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1976: 1883: 1772: 1686: 1666: 1368: 1317: 1130: 1100: 1080: 847: 816: 542: 466: 395: 5792: 5665: 3766: 2996:

With their high protein concentration, peanuts are used to help fight

2687: 6937: 6854: 6676: 6602: 6539: 6495: 6416: 5983:

Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Growth and Production of Groundnuts".

5773: 5290:"Gastronomía de Huánuco - Platos típicos - Pachamanca Picante de cuy" 4552: 3491: 3431: 3258: 3234: 3213: 3195: 3094: 3070: 3066: 2662: 2493: 2480: 2314: 2179: 1713: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1414: 1401: 1190: 1090: 912: 906: 882: 862: 764: 742: 704: 514: 421: 175: 6719: 6188:

Skolnick, Helen S., et al. "The natural history of peanut allergy."

4469:

Sales, J. M.; Resurreccion, A. V. (2014). "Resveratrol in peanuts".

4246: 3985:"Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found" 3852: 2340: 2020: 719: 7173: 6742: 6693: 6621: 6517: 6363: 6331: 6319: 6130:; 49% of the American peanut crop is grown in the state of Georgia. 5171:"Crazy Peanut Butter Flavors You Need to Try Now! | Parenting" 4853: 3873: 3250: 3222: 3218: 3198:, other nutrient deficiencies causing significant yield losses are 3187: 3170: 3104: 2985: 2582: 2529: 2459: 2390: 2382: 2300: 1963: 1887: 1878: 1300: 1180: 1160: 924: 900: 854: 815: in) across. Like those of many other legumes, the leaves are 738: 659:, it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the 652: 591: 560: 417: 399: 165: 132: 43:"Arachis hypogaea" redirects here. For Peanut allergen powder, see 6950: 6859: 4774:"Nothing's Safe: Some Schools Ban Peanut Butter as Allergy Threat" 4515:. Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014 6828: 6708: 6456: 6441: 6436: 3451: 3199: 3174: 3028: 2956: 2885: 2735: 2727: 2681: 2625: 2621: 2570: 2550: 2505: 1823: 1280: 1240: 1230: 1200: 1140: 1110: 918: 890: 886: 637: 595: 587: 510: 391: 185: 155: 31: 5719:"Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm" 1657:-ounce), peanuts provide 2,385 kilojoules (570 kilocalories) of 6846: 6544: 6500: 6446: 6431: 6421: 6406: 5744:"3. Feed values and feeding potential of major agro-byproducts" 5504:

Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat

3773:, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH" 3447: 3434:, consisting of puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles 3241: 3090: 3054: 3020:

have used these products to help save malnourished children in

3013: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2434:

puffs are a popular snack in Israel. Their shape is similar to

2416: 2394: 2196: 1926:'Spanco', 'Wilco I', 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'. 1661:, and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of the 1384: 1250: 1170: 1120: 853:

Peanut fruits develop underground, an unusual feature known as

680: 574:

The process of domestication through artificial selection made

518: 462: 458: 380: 145: 1751:

in amounts similar to several tree nuts. Peanut skins contain

541:. The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous 6584: 6466: 6398: 6292: 6287: 5990: 5896: 3415: 3207: 3163: 3140: 2981: 2952: 2921: 2867: 2849: 2824: 2673: 2645: 2617: 2517: 2499: 2305: 1768: 982: 606:

types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles.

502: 474: 473:. World production of shelled peanuts in 2020 was 54 million 447: 93: 6143:

Hammons, R. O. "The origin and history of the groundnut" in

3834: 3466: 3097:. Other components are crude fiber, crude protein, and fat. 3027:

Peanuts can be used like other legumes and grains to make a

2385:. There is a similar form of peanut candy in Brazil, called 2122: 5580:"16 Fun Facts about Peanuts & Peanut Butter; Number 13" 5061:"naomi chapman woodroof; Programs & People Summer 2000" 3203: 3124: 3032: 2719: 2677: 2605: 2592:, which is also used in savory and sweet mixtures, such as 2260: 1990: 1792: 1787:). Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and 866: 756: 545:

doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an

506: 387: 383: 4979: 4295: 4273:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3327:

A warning sign for the presence of peanuts and peanut dust

819:; that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night. 3147:

types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies

1740: 1621: 1012: 563:

with the most wild-like features are grown today, and by

30:

This article is about the crop. For the comic strip, see

6065:"Why Georgia farmers decided to shell their own peanuts" 4906: 4722: 861:, a short stalk at the base of the ovary—often termed a 6239: 4938: 4676: 1771:

oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily

582:, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary 6200:

The Groundnut Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement

6145:

The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement

5636:"Meds & Food For Kids :: — Medika Mamba" 5250:

Peanuts: processing technology and product development

4941:"Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen" 3769:"Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut ( 2718:

to serve with rice and other starchy foods. Groundnut

2656:. Crushed peanuts may also be used for peanut candies 927:– embryonic shoot emerging from the top of the radicle 4980:

Hourihane JO, Bedwani SJ, Dean TP, Warner JO (1997).

4607:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

1935:

Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner-type.

50:"Goober peas" redirects here. For the folk song, see 5958:"How peanuts are Grown – Harvesting – PCA" 4802:"One 5-year-old's allergy leads to class peanut ban" 3876:"A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut ( 3462: 3233:

After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are

3053:

Peanut plant tops and crop residues can be used for

5388: 5386: 4436:. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA 4349: 4092:"Peanut (groundnuts with shell) production in 2020" 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3714:"Legumes Of The World | Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" 3681:"Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels" 3294:The plant leaves can also be affected by a fungus, 3085:. The major constituents of the cake are essential 6207:Peanuts: The illustrious history of the goober pea 6013: 4306:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 4118:A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida 3941: 2309:consists of a smooth sauce of roasted peanuts and 529:between two wild species of peanut, thought to be 6214:United States. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 5986:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II 5952: 5950: 5948: 5838: 5836: 5403:"Ebinyebwa; a tale of the Ugandan groundnut stew" 4574: 4468: 3942:Krapovickas, Antonio; Gregory, Walton C. (2007). 3669:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 54–57. 3620:"A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'" 1872: 1446: 1290: 7206: 5982: 5383: 3928: 6014:Hirano, S; Shima, T; Shimada, T (August 2001). 5473: 5451:. Peanut Bureau of Canada. 2017. Archived from 5085: 5083: 5081: 4723:Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J (2003). 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4063:. University of California Press. p. 141. 4010:The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the 3830: 3828: 5945: 5833: 5560:. The Virginia Marketplace. September 19, 2012 5365:"Brazilian sweets and desserts you must taste" 5225:. American Society of Agronomy. Archived from 4945:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4471:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 4261: 4174:George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol 3613: 3611: 2730:-speaking areas of Uganda, is made by boiling 2491:Common Indonesian peanut-based dishes include 2174:content, it is considered more healthful than 947:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 915:– brown paper-like covering of the edible part 6255: 6152:Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts: Legumes 5960:. Peanut Company of Australia. Archived from 5607:"Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results" 5474:Martinez-Carter, Karina (February 14, 2014). 5093:21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops 4228: 4226: 4224: 2734:peanut flour with other ingredients, such as 2470:, where they are typically made into a spicy 666:Peanuts were introduced to the US during the 5078: 4190: 4120:. New York: Printed for the author. p. 4077: 3825: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 2975:are made from peanut oil. Soap is made from 1979:and in eastern New Mexico near and south of 7230:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 5811: 5809: 5807: 5340:"Demystifying mole, Mexico's national dish" 4772:Hartocollis, Anemona (September 23, 1998). 4771: 3608: 707:company began selling peanut butter at the 688:until human consumption grew in the 1930s. 674:, groundnuts were introduced into colonial 6262: 6248: 6190:Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 4269:United States Food and Drug Administration 4221: 67: 6031: 5842: 5683: 5658: 5005: 4956: 4889: 4871: 4740: 4551: 4431: 4383: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 3911: 3800: 3790: 3753: 3708: 3706: 3617: 2438:, but they are made of peanuts and corn. 2105:Learn how and when to remove this message 670:and grown as a garden crop. According to 647:) offered for sale in the marketplace of 27:Legume cultivated as a grain and oil crop 5804: 5532:"History of Peanuts & Peanut Butter" 5029: 5027: 5025: 4533: 3660: 3212: 3157: 3114: 2753: 2686: 2588:is known for its sweet peanut chikki or 2528: 2445: 2195: 2154: 2121: 1991:Tennessee Red and Tennessee White groups 1962: 876: 718: 479: 6147:(Springer Netherlands, 1994) pp. 24-42. 5687:Fermented Grain Legumes, Seeds and Nuts 5216: 5089: 4939:Hoffman DR, Collins-Williams C (1994). 4718: 4716: 4448: 4196: 4171: 4012:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera 3640: 3288:United States Department of Agriculture 2666:, as well as other local foods such as 1799:program for future long-duration human 1791:method, the oil is being considered by 1620:Raw Valencia peanuts are 4% water, 48% 697:United States Department of Agriculture 14: 7207: 5873: 5843:Schilling, Robert (February 5, 2003). 5526: 5524: 5241: 4914:"The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil" 4799: 4405: 4403: 4136: 4112: 4056: 4008:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. 3703: 3249:. Many strains of this fungus release 2649:. In Ghana, peanut butter is used for 2524: 903:– outer covering, in contact with soil 477:, led by China with 34% of the total. 469:, are often served in similar ways in 6724: 6723: 6243: 6209:(University of Illinois Press, 2002). 5845:"L'arachide histoire et perspectives" 5500: 5090:Bilello, Stanley (October 10, 2016). 5022: 4829:"School peanut ban in need of review" 4232: 3739:"The Peanut Institute – Peanut Facts" 3685:European Biofuels Technology Platform 3665:. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). 3558: 3556: 3554: 3378:Closeup of Peanuts, selling in India. 3264: 2549:by processing with refined sugar and 2474:. Peanuts came to Indonesia from the 1783:), and 17% saturated fats (primarily 1643:. In a reference amount of 100-gram ( 7235:Crops originating from South America 7039:79a9dfbf-9a56-4ede-9550-3ca900b535cb 5874:Jauron, Richard (February 5, 1997). 5252:. London: Academic Press, Elsevier. 5247: 5168: 4916:. Anaphylaxis.org.uk. Archived from 4713: 4029: 3982: 3618:Domonoske, Camila (April 20, 2014). 2043:adding citations to reliable sources 2014: 1716:to be inferred. According to the US 1708:from certain diseases. However, the 413:The peanut belongs to the botanical 5849:L'arachide histoire et perspectives 5793:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696 5666:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/695 5604: 5521: 5437: 5206:from the original on June 19, 2015. 5169:Boyd, Kristine (November 6, 2017). 5150:. US Food & Drug Administration 5036:"Peanut Cultivars and Descriptions" 4400: 4283:from the original on March 27, 2024 4209:from the original on March 31, 2017 4199:"A chunky history of peanut butter" 4030:Polo, Claudia (November 21, 2023). 2771:who became U.S. president in 1976. 2283:Peanuts are particularly common in 1701:(83% of total fats when combined). 1693:(right table). The fats are mainly 1636:(right table, USDA nutrient data). 791: in) long and 1 to 3 cm ( 24: 6171:(Columbia University Press, 2013). 6116: 5851:. Agropolis Museum. Archived from 5774:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/55 5315:"Menú, recetas, cocina, nutricion" 4860:Clinical and Translational Allergy 4800:Nevius, C.W. (September 9, 2003). 4654:Food allergy advice may be peanuts 4629:"Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why?" 4197:Michaud, Jon (November 28, 2012). 3647:USDA National Agricultural Library 3630:from the original on June 6, 2020. 3551: 3354:Peanut pegs penetrating the ground 3162:Cultivation of peanut crop at the 3135:. Therefore, they are valuable in 3123:Peanuts grow best in light, sandy 2415:in Hebrew, are a popular snack in 2254: 881:Peanut seed separated showing the 822:The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm ( 262:(Waldron) Krapov. & W. C. Greg 25: 7286: 6235: 6095:"Species Fungorum - Names Record" 5219:"Breeding a better peanut butter" 5033: 3167:Directorate of Groundnut Research 2565:, and peanut oil for cooking. In 2441: 2321:, meaning "hot peppers", such as 1958: 1942: 1723: 410:, which means "under the earth". 7140:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2 6071:. April 26, 2017. Archived from 5586:. US National Peanut Board. 2017 5538:. US National Peanut Board. 2017 4691:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x 4679:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 4331:from the original on May 9, 2024 3465: 3439: 3423: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3332: 3320: 3308: 2914: 2896: 2878: 2860: 2842: 2807: 2749: 2454:Peanuts are also widely used in 2450:Fried peanuts in the Philippines 2278: 2251:is used in gluten-free cooking. 2228:peanut butter and jelly sandwich 2185: 2117: 2019: 1909: 1599:Link to full USDA Database entry 80: 6216:Peanuts in southern agriculture 6178:Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 6087: 6057: 6048: 6007: 5976: 5920: 5890: 5867: 5785: 5766: 5736: 5711: 5677: 5628: 5598: 5572: 5550: 5494: 5467: 5421: 5395: 5357: 5332: 5307: 5282: 5210: 5188: 5162: 5136: 5110: 5053: 4973: 4932: 4847: 4821: 4793: 4765: 4729:New England Journal of Medicine 4670: 4647: 4621: 4595: 4568: 4527: 4505: 4462: 4425: 4356:New England Journal of Medicine 4343: 4165: 4106: 4050: 4023: 4002: 3976: 3867: 2991: 2944:Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations 2411:Crunchy coated peanuts, called 2237: 2030:needs additional citations for 1929: 5899:"New Mexico Peanut Production" 5830:. Retrieved October 16, 2015, 5723:Journal of Animal feed science 5690:. Food & Agriculture Org. 5476:"As American as peanut butter" 3731: 3673: 3654: 3634: 3586: 3574:. World Flora Consortium. 2024 3110: 3042: 2695: 2604:Peanuts grow well in southern 2599: 2557:for cooking. Most Indians use 2407:Israeli sweets and snack foods 1873:Cultivars in the United States 931: 13: 1: 5908:. New Mexico State University 5817:Texas Peanut Production Guide 3661:Hymowitz, Theodore . (1990). 3544: 3016:, Project Peanut Butter, and 2966: 2812: 2710:, and in the eastern part of 2393:, which resembles the Indian 2144: 2126:Roasted peanuts as snack food 1882:States region which includes 957:2,385 kJ (570 kcal) 896:Parts of the peanut include: 444:botanical definition of a nut 5558:"The history of peanut soup" 5096:. Lulu.com. pp. 93–94. 4958:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90262-3 4483:10.1080/10408398.2011.606928 4151:Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) 3414:Harvesting peanuts by hand ( 2608:and adjacent regions of the 2400: 1867: 1811: 1718:Food and Drug Administration 1606:Percentages estimated using 936: 909:(two) – the main edible part 390:. It is widely grown in the 386:grown mainly for its edible 7: 7275:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4432:Taylor CL (July 14, 2003). 3643:"Farmer's Bulletin No. 431" 3534:, a failure started in 1951 3532:Tanganyika groundnut scheme 3458: 3402:Track-type peanut harvester 2533:Boiled groundnuts (peanuts) 2004: 1806: 45:Peanut allergen powder-dnfp 10: 7291: 6122:Beasley, John. "Peanuts." 5369:riodejaneirobycariocas.com 5202:. US Census Bureau. 2012. 4603:"Food Allergy Quick Facts" 4411:"Nuts (including peanuts)" 4235:American Journal of Botany 4172:McMurry, Linda O. (1982). 3841:American Journal of Botany 3778:American Journal of Botany 3315:Roasted Peanuts with shell 3301: 3046: 2404: 2241: 2189: 2148: 2008: 1853:to schools allowing them. 1815: 488: 435:, making them valuable in 49: 42: 29: 6732: 6662: 6575: 6397: 6277: 6150:Hughes, Meredith Sayles. 6033:10.3358/shokueishi.42.237 6020:Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 5993:Publishers. p. 153. 5684:Deshpande, S. S. (2000). 5501:Smith, Andrew F. (2012). 4998:10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084 4873:10.1186/s13601-015-0055-x 4659:November 9, 2008, at the 3482:African Groundnut Council 3390:Developing pods of peanut 3291:the mold can be removed. 3010:World Health Organization 2942: 2819: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1494: 1481: 1468: 1455: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1413: 1400: 1383: 1367: 1350: 1333: 1316: 1299: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1089: 1079: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1045: 1035: 1025: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 981: 965: 961: 951: 946: 714: 325: 318: 236: 232:Subspecies and varieties 231: 214: 207: 77:Scientific classification 75: 66: 61: 7265:Plants described in 1753 6687:Queensland macadamia nut 6269: 6202:(Chapman and Hall, 1994) 6161:(Atheneum Books, 1997). 6124:New Georgia Encyclopedia 5828:Texas A&M University 5798:August 24, 2017, at the 5779:August 24, 2017, at the 5671:August 24, 2017, at the 5507:. ABC-CLIO. p. 41. 5429:New Georgia Encyclopedia 5427:John Beasley, "Peanuts" 4158:August 10, 2006, at the 3069:, a naturally occurring 2639:Peanuts are used in the 2389:, made with peanuts and 872: 690:George Washington Carver 640:name, hence the name in 442:Despite not meeting the 271:Krapov. & W. C. Greg 253:Krapov. & W. C. Greg 6192:107.2 (2001): 367-374. 6133:Cumo, Christopher, ed. 6099:www.speciesfungorum.org 5584:nationalpeanutboard.org 5536:nationalpeanutboard.org 5258:10.1016/C2015-0-02292-4 4807:San Francisco Chronicle 4577:Life Support Biosph Sci 4057:Carney, Judith (2011). 3944:"Taxonomy of the genus 3641:Beattie, H. R. (1911). 3082:Aspergillus parasiticus 3018:Doctors Without Borders 2820:Peanut production, 2020 1999: 1608:US recommendations 631: 38:Peanut (disambiguation) 6484:Johnstone River almond 6137:(Facts on File, 2015) 6054:7 CFR 2011 – Part 996a 5822:March 4, 2016, at the 5319:menuperu.elcomercio.pe 3792:10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 3572:The World Flora Online 3450:made from peanuts and 3446:Peanut sweet known as 3226: 3178: 3120: 3049:Peanut pie (byproduct) 2769:Sumter County, Georgia 2759: 2692: 2534: 2451: 2201: 2160: 2127: 1968: 1892:Naomi Chapman Woodroof 1877:There are many peanut 1758: 1612:the National Academies 893: 724: 709:St. Louis World's Fair 622:cultures, such as the 521:. Cultivated peanuts ( 485: 36:. For other uses, see 7255:Nitrogen-fixing crops 7250:Edible nuts and seeds 6412:Australian cashew nut 4368:10.1056/NEJMoa1307352 3667:Advances in new crops 3624:National Public Radio 3538:Universal Nut Sheller 3512:List of peanut dishes 3216: 3161: 3118: 2757: 2690: 2532: 2449: 2381:, and even as peanut 2199: 2158: 2125: 2011:List of peanut dishes 1966: 1797:Advanced Life Support 1265:Vitamins and minerals 942:Peanut, valencia, raw 880: 722: 483: 359:), also known as the 6180:41 (1991): 165-177. 5248:Wang, Qiang (2016). 5229:on November 10, 2015 4835:. September 14, 2008 4742:10.1056/NEJMoa013536 3743:peanut-institute.org 3691:on September 9, 2015 3517:List of edible seeds 3296:Alternaria arachidis 3217:Harvest of peanuts ( 3073:that is produced by 3022:developing countries 2458:cuisine, such as in 2178:and is resistant to 2039:improve this article 1777:polyunsaturated fats 1639:Peanuts are rich in 584:centers of diversity 565:artificial selection 6490:Irvingia gabonensis 6157:Johnson, Sylvia A. 5932:www.hort.purdue.edu 5455:on December 7, 2017 5445:"Peanuts in Canada" 5371:. December 20, 2019 5065:www.cals.uidaho.edu 4609:. February 24, 2012 4018:Thames & Hudson 3487:BBCH-scale (peanut) 3131:, and they improve 2758:Fried curry peanuts 2539:Indian subcontinent 2525:Indian subcontinent 2488:and chili flavors. 1916:US state of Georgia 1641:essential nutrients 1352:Pantothenic acid (B 943: 678:by the Blacks from 497:genus is native to 400:develop underground 338:Lathyrus esquirolii 330:Arachis nambyquarae 6647:Single-leaf pinyon 5482:. Pacific Standard 5217:Chakravorty, Rup. 5040:caes2.caes.uga.edu 4779:The New York Times 4667:, December 6, 2008 3896:10.1093/aob/mcs237 3595:USDA GRIN Taxonomy 3497:Columbian exchange 3282:substances called 3278:which may produce 3275:Aspergillus flavus 3265:Pests and diseases 3257:substances called 3246:Aspergillus flavus 3227: 3179: 3151:types. Subspecies 3121: 3076:Aspergillus flavus 2760: 2693: 2651:peanut butter soup 2535: 2452: 2367:"Japanese" peanuts 2273:solvent extraction 2265:Hydraulic pressing 2202: 2170:. Due to its high 2161: 2128: 1969: 1835:hygiene hypothesis 1828:anaphylactic shock 1824:allergic reactions 1573:Other constituents 941: 894: 748:bacteria in their 725: 486: 7225:Convenience foods 7202: 7201: 7073:Open Tree of Life 6726:Taxon identifiers 6717: 6716: 6615:Monkey-puzzle nut 6477:Shellbark hickory 6462:Mockernut hickory 6422:Borneo tallow nut 6226:The peanut genome 6205:Smith, Andrew F. 6000:978-1-84826-368-0 5878:. Ipm.iastate.edu 5614:mananutrition.org 5514:978-0-313-39393-8 5267:978-0-12-809595-9 5122:BoiledPeanuts.com 4920:on April 18, 2008 4534:Ozcan MM (2010). 4362:(21): 2001–2011. 4316:978-0-309-48834-1 4183:978-0-19-503205-5 3983:Dillehay, Tom D. 3847:(10): 1282–1291. 3785:(12): 1963–1971. 3749:on April 8, 2019. 2949: 2948: 2945: 2828: 2630:Bambara groundnut 2115: 2114: 2107: 2089: 1665:, DV) of several 1618: 1617: 1563: 1562: 727:The peanut is an 661:Bambara groundnut 609:The oldest known 402:leading botanist 349: 348: 342: 334: 310: 301: 292: 281: 272: 263: 254: 245: 16:(Redirected from 7282: 7195: 7194: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7155: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7129: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7091:Arachis hypogaea 7081: 7080: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7042: 7041: 7032: 7031: 7019: 7018: 7016:NBNSYS0000014622 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6966: 6954: 6953: 6941: 6940: 6928: 6927: 6915: 6914: 6902: 6901: 6889: 6888: 6876: 6875: 6863: 6862: 6850: 6849: 6837: 6836: 6824: 6823: 6811: 6810: 6798: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6764:Arachis hypogaea 6753: 6752: 6751: 6734:Arachis hypogaea 6721: 6720: 6472:Shagbark hickory 6374:Malabar chestnut 6264: 6257: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6069:New Food Economy 6061: 6055: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5964:on July 19, 2008 5954: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5840: 5831: 5813: 5802: 5789: 5783: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5750:. Archived from 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5646:on April 8, 2010 5642:. Archived from 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5616:. MANA Nutrition 5611: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5441: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5392:Ghanaian cuisine 5390: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5031: 5020: 5019: 5009: 4992:(7087): 1084–8. 4977: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4875: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4833:Nashua Telegraph 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4744: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4674: 4668: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4553:10.5650/jos.59.1 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4387: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4163: 4149: 4134: 4133: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4027: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3964:on March 4, 2016 3963: 3952: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3884:Annals of Botany 3878:Arachis hypogaea 3871: 3865: 3864: 3839:(Leguminosae)". 3837:Arachis hypogaea 3832: 3823: 3822: 3804: 3794: 3771:Arachis hypogaea 3764: 3751: 3750: 3745:. Archived from 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3687:. Archived from 3677: 3671: 3670: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3566:Arachis hypogaea 3560: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3443: 3427: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3340:Arachis hypogaea 3336: 3324: 3312: 3145:A. h. fastigiata 3035:-like beverage, 2984:and paper), and 2943: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2303:, a dish called 2110: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2047: 2023: 2015: 1967:Valencia peanuts 1850:school districts 1728:Peanuts contain 1714:cause and effect 1675:dietary minerals 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1450: 1388: 1372: 1355: 1338: 1321: 1304: 1294: 1261: 1260: 944: 940: 841: 840: 836: 831: 830: 826: 814: 813: 809: 806: 800: 799: 795: 790: 789: 785: 782: 776: 775: 771: 732:herbaceous plant 686:animal feedstock 600:A. h. fastigiata 580:center of origin 471:Western cuisines 431:, which improve 406:to name peanuts 357:Arachis hypogaea 340: 332: 308: 299: 290: 279: 270: 261: 252: 243: 220: 218:Arachis hypogaea 200:A. hypogaea 85: 84: 71: 59: 58: 21: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7063: 7060:Observation.org 7058: 7050: 7045: 7037: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7014: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6988: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6962: 6957: 6949: 6944: 6936: 6931: 6923: 6918: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6871: 6866: 6858: 6853: 6845: 6840: 6832: 6827: 6819: 6814: 6806: 6801: 6793: 6791: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6658: 6632:Colorado pinyon 6571: 6393: 6273: 6268: 6238: 6167:Krampner, Jon. 6154:(Lerner, 1999). 6119: 6117:Further reading 6114: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6075:on July 4, 2019 6063: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5834: 5824:Wayback Machine 5814: 5805: 5800:Wayback Machine 5790: 5786: 5781:Wayback Machine 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5754:on May 28, 2015 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5682: 5678: 5673:Wayback Machine 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5605:Raymond, Bret. 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5449:peanutbureau.ca 5443: 5442: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5268: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5088: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5034:Ruark, Elinor. 5032: 5023: 4978: 4974: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4721: 4714: 4675: 4671: 4661:Wayback Machine 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4573: 4569: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4266: 4262: 4247:10.2307/2437758 4241:(10): 802–815. 4231: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4170: 4166: 4160:Wayback Machine 4150: 4137: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4078: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4028: 4024: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3950: 3940: 3929: 3872: 3868: 3853:10.2307/2446112 3833: 3826: 3765: 3754: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3663:"Grain Legumes" 3659: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3616: 3609: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3507:Ground nut soup 3471: 3464: 3461: 3454: 3444: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3400: 3391: 3388: 3379: 3376: 3367: 3366:Textural detail 3364: 3355: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3325: 3316: 3313: 3304: 3267: 3113: 3051: 3045: 2994: 2969: 2915: 2913: 2897: 2895: 2879: 2877: 2861: 2859: 2843: 2841: 2821: 2815: 2810: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2752: 2698: 2602: 2527: 2456:Southeast Asian 2444: 2409: 2403: 2356:Spanish cuisine 2327:ají de mariscos 2289:Mexican cuisine 2281: 2257: 2255:Peanut proteins 2246: 2240: 2194: 2188: 2172:monounsaturated 2153: 2147: 2120: 2111: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2024: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1993: 1961: 1945: 1932: 1912: 1875: 1870: 1862:crossover study 1820: 1814: 1809: 1761: 1738:monounsaturated 1734:polyunsaturated 1726: 1699:monounsaturated 1695:polyunsaturated 1653: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1632:, including 9% 1601: 1596: 1554: 1541: 1528: 1515: 1502: 1489: 1476: 1463: 1451: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1386: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1353: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1311: 1302: 1295: 1266: 1075: 1070: 1047:Polyunsaturated 1037:Monounsaturated 1021: 1016: 977: 972: 939: 934: 875: 838: 834: 833: 828: 824: 823: 811: 807: 804: 802: 797: 793: 792: 787: 783: 780: 778: 773: 769: 768: 746:nitrogen-fixing 717: 668:colonial period 525:) arose from a 491: 425:nitrogen-fixing 345: 227: 222: 216: 203: 79: 55: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 18:Virginia peanut 15: 12: 11: 5: 7288: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7245:Edible legumes 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192:wfo-0000174378 7183: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7105: 7095: 7082: 7069: 7056: 7043: 7033: 7020: 7007: 6994: 6981: 6968: 6955: 6942: 6929: 6916: 6903: 6890: 6877: 6864: 6851: 6838: 6825: 6812: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6754: 6738: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6642:Mexican pinyon 6639: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6560:English walnut 6557: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6506:Planted karuka 6498: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6384:Red bopple nut 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6347:European hazel 6344: 6339: 6337:American hazel 6329: 6328: 6327: 6325:Sweet chestnut 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6303:European beech 6300: 6298:American beech 6290: 6284: 6282: 6280:botanical nuts 6275: 6274: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6237: 6236:External links 6234: 6233: 6232: 6228:(2017): 7-26. 6222: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6185: 6184: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6131: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6086: 6056: 6047: 6006: 5999: 5975: 5944: 5919: 5889: 5866: 5855:on May 4, 2015 5832: 5803: 5784: 5765: 5735: 5710: 5696: 5676: 5657: 5627: 5597: 5571: 5549: 5520: 5513: 5493: 5466: 5436: 5420: 5394: 5382: 5356: 5344:mexconnect.com 5331: 5306: 5281: 5266: 5240: 5209: 5187: 5161: 5135: 5124:. The Lee Bros 5109: 5102: 5077: 5052: 5021: 4972: 4931: 4905: 4846: 4820: 4792: 4764: 4735:(11): 977–85. 4712: 4669: 4646: 4635:. May 14, 2010 4620: 4594: 4567: 4526: 4504: 4461: 4447: 4424: 4399: 4342: 4315: 4294: 4260: 4220: 4205:. New Yorker. 4189: 4182: 4164: 4135: 4105: 4076: 4069: 4049: 4022: 4001: 3989:eurekalert.org 3975: 3948:(Leguminosae)" 3927: 3890:(1): 113–126. 3866: 3824: 3752: 3730: 3702: 3672: 3653: 3633: 3607: 3585: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3266: 3263: 3153:A. h. hypogaea 3149:A. h. hypogaea 3137:crop rotations 3133:soil fertility 3112: 3109: 3062:Groundnut cake 3044: 3041: 2993: 2990: 2968: 2965: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2751: 2748: 2744:street vendors 2697: 2694: 2601: 2598: 2590:peanut brittle 2583:tamarind rice. 2573:is eaten with 2547:peanut brittle 2526: 2523: 2443: 2442:Southeast Asia 2440: 2402: 2399: 2293:picante de cuy 2280: 2277: 2269:screw pressing 2256: 2253: 2242:Main article: 2239: 2236: 2190:Main article: 2187: 2184: 2176:saturated oils 2149:Main article: 2146: 2143: 2135:Boiled peanuts 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1985:boiled peanuts 1960: 1959:Valencia group 1957: 1944: 1943:Virginia group 1941: 1931: 1928: 1911: 1908: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1818:Peanut allergy 1816:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1801:space missions 1789:centrifugation 1760: 1757: 1725: 1724:Phytochemicals 1722: 1689:(48% DV), and 1616: 1615: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1428: 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437:crop rotations 433:soil fertility 347: 346: 344: 343: 335: 326: 323: 322: 316: 315: 314: 313: 312: 311: 302: 284: 283: 282: 273: 264: 255: 234: 233: 229: 228: 223: 212: 211: 205: 204: 197: 195: 191: 190: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 136: 135: 130: 123: 122: 117: 110: 109: 104: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 73: 72: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7287: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Macadamia nut 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627:Chilgoza pine 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6590:Burrawang nut 6588: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:Chilean hazel 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6389:Yellow walnut 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6026:(4): 237–42. 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5979: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5877: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5699: 5697:9789251044445 5693: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5408: 5407:monitor.co.ug 5404: 5398: 5389: 5387: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5103:9781365452901 5099: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4477:(6): 734–70. 4476: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4456:"Resveratrol" 4451: 4435: 4428: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4298: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4204: 4203:newyorker.com 4200: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4070:9780520949539 4066: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4005: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3968:September 13, 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3723:September 29, 3719: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3695:September 28, 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006:famine relief 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2973:nitroglycerin 2964: 2963:, and Sudan. 2962: 2961:United States 2958: 2954: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2904:United States 2894: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2823:(millions of 2818: 2808:Manufacturing 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:comfort foods 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2750:North America 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2691:Peanut plant. 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:chilli powder 2540: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2436:Cheez Doodles 2433: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:pé-de-moleque 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2336:encacahuatado 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279:Latin America 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:Peanut butter 2200:Peanut butter 2198: 2193: 2192:Peanut butter 2186:Peanut butter 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2118:Whole peanuts 2109: 2106: 2098: 2095:December 2017 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: – 2055: 2051: 2050:Find sources: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2028:This section 2026: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1910:Spanish group 1907: 1905: 1904:peanut butter 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:palmitic acid 1782: 1781:linoleic acid 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749:dietary fiber 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1712:do not allow 1711: 1710:study designs 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:dietary fiber 1688: 1685:(52% DV) and 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634:dietary fiber 1631: 1630:carbohydrates 1627: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1375: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1332: 1325: 1323: 1318:Riboflavin (B 1315: 1308: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1221:Glutamic acid 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211:Aspartic acid 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151:Phenylalanine 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 994: 993:Dietary fiber 990: 986: 984: 980: 974: 971: 970: 969:Carbohydrates 964: 960: 956: 954: 950: 945: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 897: 892: 888: 884: 879: 870: 868: 864: 860: 859:fertilization 856: 851: 849: 845: 820: 818: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 744: 740: 737: 733: 730: 723:Peanut flower 721: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701:Peanut butter 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 636:(the plant's 635: 634: 633:tlālcacahuatl 629: 628:conquistadors 625: 621: 620:pre-Columbian 616: 612: 611:archeological 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532:A. duranensis 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:South America 496: 482: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 423: 419: 416: 411: 409: 405: 404:Carl Linnaeus 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 339: 336: 331: 328: 327: 324: 321: 317: 307: 303: 298: 294: 293: 289: 285: 278: 274: 269: 265: 260: 256: 251: 247: 246: 242: 238: 237: 235: 230: 226: 221: 219: 213: 210: 209:Binomial name 206: 202: 201: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107:Tracheophytes 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 83: 78: 74: 70: 65: 60: 57: 53: 46: 39: 35: 34: 19: 6733: 6698: 6694:Paradise nut 6601: 6550:Black walnut 6524:Panda oleosa 6522: 6488: 6342:Beaked hazel 6225: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6189: 6177: 6168: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6134: 6123: 6102:. Retrieved 6098: 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6073:the original 6068: 6059: 6050: 6023: 6019: 6009: 5985: 5978: 5966:. Retrieved 5962:the original 5935:. Retrieved 5931: 5922: 5910:. Retrieved 5906:Circular-645 5905: 5892: 5880:. Retrieved 5869: 5857:. Retrieved 5853:the original 5848: 5787: 5768: 5756:. Retrieved 5752:the original 5747: 5738: 5726:. Retrieved 5722: 5713: 5701:. Retrieved 5686: 5679: 5660: 5648:. Retrieved 5644:the original 5640:mfkhaiti.org 5639: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5613: 5600: 5588:. Retrieved 5583: 5574: 5562:. Retrieved 5552: 5540:. Retrieved 5535: 5503: 5496: 5484:. Retrieved 5479: 5469: 5457:. Retrieved 5453:the original 5448: 5439: 5428: 5423: 5413:December 28, 5411:. Retrieved 5406: 5397: 5373:. Retrieved 5368: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5343: 5334: 5322:. Retrieved 5318: 5309: 5297:. Retrieved 5293: 5284: 5249: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5227:the original 5223:agronomy.org 5222: 5212: 5199: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5174: 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5147: 5138: 5126:. Retrieved 5121: 5112: 5092: 5068:. Retrieved 5064: 5055: 5045:November 22, 5043:. Retrieved 5039: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4951:(4): 801–2. 4948: 4944: 4934: 4922:. Retrieved 4918:the original 4908: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4837:. Retrieved 4832: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4805: 4795: 4783:. Retrieved 4777: 4767: 4732: 4728: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4665:Science News 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4632: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4597: 4583:(2): 225–9. 4580: 4576: 4570: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4507: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4427: 4417:November 29, 4415:. Retrieved 4359: 4355: 4345: 4333:. Retrieved 4305: 4297: 4285:. Retrieved 4276: 4263: 4238: 4234: 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4192: 4173: 4167: 4117: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4059: 4052: 4040:. Retrieved 4038:(in Spanish) 4035: 4025: 4009: 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3988: 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3959:the original 3954: 3945: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3747:the original 3742: 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3717: 3693:. Retrieved 3689:the original 3684: 3675: 3666: 3656: 3646: 3636: 3623: 3599:, retrieved 3594: 3588: 3576:. Retrieved 3571: 3565: 3502:Cracker nuts 3339: 3295: 3293: 3280:carcinogenic 3273: 3268: 3255:carcinogenic 3244: 3232: 3228: 3184: 3180: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3122: 3102: 3099: 3080: 3074: 3061: 3059: 3052: 3026: 2998:malnutrition 2995: 2992:Malnutrition 2970: 2950: 2936: 2931: 2773: 2765:Jimmy Carter 2761: 2723: 2701: 2699: 2668: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2634:Peanut sauce 2614:Burkina Faso 2603: 2578: 2574: 2569:, groundnut 2536: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2453: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2353: 2347:and oaxacan 2345:mole poblano 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323:ají de pollo 2322: 2318: 2304: 2295:, a roasted 2292: 2282: 2258: 2249:Peanut flour 2247: 2244:Peanut flour 2238:Peanut flour 2232:granola bars 2203: 2162: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2101: 2092: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2049: 2037:Please help 2032:verification 2029: 1994: 1973:South Plains 1970: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1930:Runner group 1924: 1913: 1896: 1876: 1859:double-blind 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1821: 1762: 1745:phytosterols 1727: 1703: 1638: 1619: 1577: 1572: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1065: 1011: 967: 895: 852: 821: 754: 750:root nodules 726: 694: 679: 676:East Florida 665: 649:Tenochtitlan 644: 614: 608: 603: 599: 575: 573: 568: 556:A. monticola 554: 547:amphidiploid 536: 530: 522: 494: 492: 467:culinary nut 465:, and, as a 456: 441: 429:root nodules 427:bacteria in 412: 407: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 350: 337: 329: 305: 296: 287: 276: 267: 258: 250:aequatoriana 249: 240: 217: 215: 199: 198: 186: 139: 126: 113: 100: 56: 32: 7270:Snack foods 6998:NatureServe 6933:iNaturalist 6758:Wikispecies 6704:Peanut tree 6664:Angiosperms 6637:Korean pine 6577:Gymnosperms 6511:Wild karuka 6357:Asian hazel 5937:October 16, 5912:October 16, 5859:October 16, 5590:December 6, 5564:December 6, 5542:December 6, 5486:December 6, 5459:December 6, 5324:October 26, 5299:October 26, 5294:huanuco.com 5233:October 15, 5128:October 30, 4613:January 30, 4519:January 15, 4440:October 14, 4042:February 1, 3802:11336/36879 3718:www.kew.org 3527:Power snack 3473:Food portal 3253:and highly 3111:Cultivation 3087:amino acids 3043:Animal feed 3037:peanut milk 2836:Production 2798:Peanut soup 2776:dry-roasted 2706:) eaten in 2696:East Africa 2684:and Ghana. 2654:nkate nkwan 2610:Ivory Coast 2600:West Africa 2567:South India 2476:Philippines 2311:hot peppers 2224:emulsifiers 2220:dry roasted 2168:smoke point 1779:(primarily 1753:resveratrol 1730:polyphenols 1663:Daily Value 1659:food energy 1301:Thiamine (B 932:Composition 817:nyctinastic 657:West Africa 615:A. hypogaea 576:A. hypogaea 569:A. hypogaea 538:A. ipaensis 523:A. hypogaea 379:(UK), is a 172:Subfamily: 120:Angiosperms 52:Goober Peas 7209:Categories 7109:Plant List 6672:Brazil nut 6652:Stone pine 6597:Ginkgo nut 6427:Breadfruit 6198:Smart, J. 5349:August 20, 5200:census.gov 4924:August 18, 4839:August 18, 4813:August 18, 4785:August 18, 4685:(1): 1–4. 4546:(1): 1–5. 4540:J Oleo Sci 4114:Romans, B. 4016:New York: 3545:References 3522:Peanut pie 3430:A bowl of 3284:aflatoxins 3259:aflatoxins 3192:phosphorus 3129:fertilizer 3047:See also: 3002:Plumpy Nut 2977:saponified 2967:Industrial 2813:Production 2802:deep-fried 2658:nkate cake 2643:meat stew 2594:Bombay mix 2586:Kovilpatti 2555:peanut oil 2405:See also: 2379:palanqueta 2375:enchilados 2360:rice pilaf 2349:mole negro 2297:guinea pig 2215:made from 2207:is a food 2164:Peanut oil 2159:Peanut oil 2151:Peanut oil 2145:Peanut oil 2065:newspapers 2009:See also: 1977:West Texas 1884:New Mexico 1773:oleic acid 1687:phosphorus 1681:(95% DV), 1677:, such as 1673:, several 1667:B vitamins 1628:, and 21% 1509:Phosphorus 1131:Methionine 1101:Isoleucine 1081:Tryptophan 907:Cotyledons 848:floral cup 630:found the 590:, Brazil, 543:chromosome 396:subtropics 377:monkey nut 369:goober pea 259:fastigiata 241:fastigiata 7260:Oil seeds 6899:200011891 6886:200011891 6677:Macadamia 6610:Bunya nut 6603:Araucaria 6555:Butternut 6540:Pistachio 6530:Pekea nut 6452:Gabon nut 6417:Betel nut 6369:Kurrajong 6315:Candlenut 6278:True, or 6104:August 7, 5826:" (PDF). 5650:April 23, 5480:psmag.com 5276:951217525 5180:August 6, 4882:2045-7022 4376:0028-4793 4287:March 28, 4130:745317190 3904:0305-7364 3811:0002-9122 3492:Beer Nuts 3432:sev mamra 3196:potassium 3105:ruminants 3095:glutamine 3071:mycotoxin 3067:aflatoxin 2740:mushrooms 2724:ebinyebwa 2722:, called 2663:kuli-kuli 2563:sunflower 2494:gado-gado 2481:kare-kare 2468:Indonesia 2401:West Asia 2397:in form. 2329:(seafood 2315:fricassee 2180:rancidity 1879:cultivars 1868:Varieties 1812:Allergies 1763:A common 1706:mortality 1683:magnesium 1679:manganese 1671:vitamin E 1522:Potassium 1496:Manganese 1483:Magnesium 1415:Vitamin E 1402:Vitamin C 1385:Folate (B 1369:Vitamin B 1335:Niacin (B 1191:Histidine 1091:Threonine 1027:Saturated 937:Nutrition 913:Seed coat 883:cotyledon 863:gynophore 743:symbiotic 711:of 1904. 705:Beech-Nut 645:cacahuate 586:in Peru, 561:landraces 515:Argentina 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