1091:", pledging to provide "elections take place on the basis of secret, universal and direct voting, without distinction between the sexes" and to "create an opportunity for settling your nationality problems and religious affairs in a manner that you yourself will determine, without any kind of force or pressure from Poland." Piłsudski's proclamation was aimed at showing good will both to Lithuanians and international diplomats; the latter succeeded as the proclamation dealt a blow to the image of 'Polish conquest' and replaced it with the image of 'Poland fighting with Bolsheviks dictatorship and liberating other nations'; however the Lithuanians who demanded exclusive control over the city were much less convinced. Piłsudski's words also caused significant controversy on the Polish political scene; as they had not been discussed with the
143:
1001:, south of Vilnius. Polish defenses and counterattacks managed to halt Soviet movements towards Vilnius, pushing them back towards Szkodziszki–Grygajce. In retaliation, Soviet forces launched yet another counterattack, this one from north of Vilnius. The results were significantly better than those of the previous offensive, with Soviet forces breaking through Polish defenses in the area. However, Red Army forces halted their movements short of Vilnius, not wishing to attack a hostile city during the night. Polish forces took advantage of the opportunity to strengthen their defenses. Shortly afterwards, Polish forces counterattacked, pushing the Red Army back towards
128:
827:
911:. The Polish army stated that any Jews it killed were militants and collaborators engaged in actions against the Polish army. Having been fired at from Jewish homes, Polish soldiers took this as an excuse to break into many Jewish homes and stores, beating the Jews and robbing them, desecrating synagogues, arresting hundreds, depriving them of food and drink for days and deporting them from the city; such abuses were, however, not supported – and even specifically forbidden – by the Polish high command.
506:
1115:
1030:
1076:
1044:
846: – future Polish general – charged into the suburbs, spreading panic among the confused garrison. He seized the train station and sent a train down the line to collect infantry. In this surprise raid about 400 prisoners, 13 trains, and various military supplies were captured. Piłsudski would declare Belina's cavalry action the "most exquisite military action carried out by Polish cavalry in this war".
48:
863:
hand, attacking those parts of the town still held by the Red Army. The Polish infantry was able to reinforce the cavalry in the city center, and during the night, with help of local guides, Polish forces crossed the river and took one of the bridges. On April 20, the bridges were in the hands of the Poles, and more of the city fell under their control. During the afternoon of that day, after a three-day-long
775:. His plan called for exploitation of the gap in the Soviet lines between Vilnius and Lida by an advance towards Vilnius using the road and railway. Amidst diversionary attacks, designed to draw Russian attention away from the main Polish thrust towards Vilnius, the main Polish attack began at dawn on 16 April. The forces moving on Vilnius included the cavalry group of Colonel
721:, should be a priority of the renascent Polish state. He had been working on plans to take control of Vilnius since at least March; he gave preliminary orders to prepare a push in that direction – and counter an expected Soviet westward push – on March 26. One of Piłsudski's objectives was to take control of Vilnius before Western diplomats at the
858:
counterattack. Belina sent a message reporting that "enemy is resisting with extreme strength" and asking for immediate reinforcements. At around 8:00 in the evening the train he had sent in the morning returned with the first infantry reinforcements. The Polish troops were also supported by the city's predominantly Polish population which formed a
706:(Lit-Bel) on February 27, 1919. The Lit-Bel became the 8th government to control Vilnius in two years. During the month and a half that the Lit-Bel controlled the city, the new communist government turned Vilnius into a social experiment, testing various applications of left-leaning governmental systems on the city's inhabitants.
914:
The US Army representative on the scene, Colonel Wiliam F. Godson, agreed with the version of events presented by the Polish general staff. In his reports, Godson wrote that "Jews constituted at least 80% of every
Bolshevik organization" and that, unlike the "harmless Polish Jews" (who really "had
862:
to aid them. By the evening of 19 April half of
Vilnius was under Polish control, however, the Red Army troops and supporters were putting up a stubborn and coordinated defence. Only upon the arrival of the main force of Polish infantry under Generał Śmigły on 21 April did the Poles gain the upper
794:. The Soviet garrison of Vilnius numbered about 2,000 newly trained troops. Soviet forces in the area around Vilnius are estimated at 7,000 infantry, a few hundred cavalry, and 10 artillery pieces. These forces were to be engaged and thus prevented from coming to the aid of the Vilnius garrison.
944:
acquitted the Polish side of having organized pogroms, noting the wartime confusion and the fact that some Jews had indeed shot at the Polish forces. The report was, however, highly critical of the activities of the Polish Army in
Vilnius, noting that 65 Jews with no proven connections to the
915:
become Poles"), the "Litwaks or
Russian Jews" are "extremely dangerous", making the "Jewish question the most important one ". Neglecting the plight of the Jews, Godson had only noted in his report the instances of Bolsheviks executing and mutilating civilians and Polish prisoners of war. The
857:
on the hillside, and the enemy quarters on the southern riverbank. They also captured hundreds of
Bolshevik soldiers and officials, but their numbers were too small compared to the enemy forces, who had begun to reorganize, particularly in the north and west of the town, and to prepare a
572:
in late April, all of which ended in failure. The
Soviets briefly recaptured the city a year later, in spring 1920, when the Polish army was retreating along the entire front. In the aftermath, the Vilna offensive would cause much turmoil on the political scene in Poland and abroad.
895:
cites a death toll for all – Jews and non-Jews, under Polish rule – as 65. Jews constituted close to one-half of
Vilnius's population, according to the German census of 1916, and many victims of fighting and subsequent repression in Vilnius were Jews.
607:
envisioned a revived
Commonwealth in the form of a multinational federation consisting of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and perhaps Latvia – a plan which was in direct conflict with the Lithuanian wishes of creating the independent
1758:
Jews had been generally sympathetic to the
Lithuanian claim, believing that a large multinational Lithuania with Vilne as its capital would be more likely to respect their rights. Their reward in 1919 had been the first pogroms in modern
992:
numbered 11,000; Rydz-Śmigly had 8 infantry battalions, 18 cavalry squadrons and 18 guns in
Vilnius itself. Rydz-Śmigły decided to engage the enemy forces before they combined their strengths. On the night of April 28–29, general
1141:. The Lithuanian government demanded Vilnius back. Relations between the Polish and Lithuanian governments, unable to reach a compromise over Vilnius, continued to worsen, destroying the prospects for Piłsudski's plan of the
1059:
was held in his honour. The city's Polish citizens on the whole were delighted; their politicians envisaged a separate Lithuanian state closely allied with Poland. Representatives from the city were immediately sent to the
797:
The diversionary attacks went well, with Soviet forces acting under the impression that the Poles had targets other than Vilnius. Despite their diversionary intent, these attacks succeeded in their own right, with Generał
725:
could rule on whom the city, demanded by various factions, should be given to. The action was not discussed with Polish politicians or the government, who at that time were more concerned with the situation on the
651:
1353:
1122:
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Because of the successful surprise attack, the Polish army in Vilnius managed to appropriate sizable stocks of supplies and take hundreds of prisoners. When Piłsudski entered the city, a
2183:
2285:
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from April 19–21, the city was captured by Polish forces, causing the Red Army to retreat. During the offensive, the Poles also succeeded in securing the nearby cities of
834:
On 18 April, Colonel Belina decided to use the element of surprise and move into Vilnius without waiting for the slower infantry units. Polish forces left the village of
842:
near Vilnius. Belina's cavalry bypassed Vilnius and attacked from behind, taking the train station on the night of 18 to 19 April; on 19 April, cavalry under lieutenant
272:
1241:– on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany", while in the east "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far."
1087:" federation of East-Central European states, Piłsudski on April 22, 1919, issued a bilingual statement, in Polish and Lithuanian, of his political intentions – the "
2280:
599:. However, by 1919, this concept of Polish borders was already considered unrealistic and was used by Polish politicians merely for tactical purposes during the
1821:
1425:
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Volume II: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Short Twentieth Century' and Beyond, Part I: 1918–1968
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found itself in a power vacuum. It promptly became the scene of struggles among competing political groups and experienced several internal revolutions.
1668:
595:
Throughout the 19th century, Poles saw the boundaries of their territories as lying much farther east and sought to reestablish the 1772 borders of the
1946:
2083:
1621:
612:. Piłsudski discerned an opportunity for regaining territories that were once the part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and now belonged to the
945:
Bolsheviks had been killed, and that many arrests, robberies and abuses had occurred, while soldiers guilty of these acts had not been punished.
265:
584:, while at the time publicly supporting Polish and Lithuanian independence, sponsored communist agitators working against the government of the
2270:
2196:Советско-польские войны. Военно-политическое противостояние 1918–1939 гг. (Soviet-Polish Wars. Political and Military standoff of 1918–1939)
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rule of Vilnius did not last long. Four days later January 5, 1919, the Polish forces were forced to make a hasty retreat when the Russian
908:
581:
298:
148:
1371:
Collection of Polish military comminiques, 1919–1921, "O niepodległą i granice", Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna, Pułtusk, 1999. pp. 168–172.
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met with Pilsudski, stressing the plight of occupied Vilnius and its inhabitants' need for self-government, Piłsudski was ready to move.
907:
There was a common belief among the Poles that most Jews were Bolsheviks and Communists, in league with the enemy of the Polish state,
429:
314:
258:
2275:
682:
2119:
1975:
2099:
1177:
783:, composed of 2,500 men in three battalions of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division and two batteries of heavy artillery.
1984:
609:
1390:
206:
1313:, Leksykon Wojny Polsko-Rosyjskiej 1919–1920' (Lexicon of Polish–Russian War of 1919–1920), Oficyna Wydawnica RYTM, 2004,
1182:
689:
319:
20:
166:
1837:
1494:
1465:
596:
2234:
2204:
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2147:
2115:
2095:
2071:
1931:
1890:
1860:
1833:
1794:
1773:
Davies (2003, p. 240) cites a death toll of 65 under Polish rule, and 2,000 under the brief 1920 Soviet reoccupation)
1751:
1726:
1650:
1571:
1436:
1318:
1192:
839:
1913:
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324:
747:
1665:
1150:
779:, composed of 800 men in nine cavalry squadrons and a battery of horse artillery; and infantry under General
414:
399:
370:
305:
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took Podbrodzie, capturing one of the Soviet formations. Simultaneously, Soviet forces attacked near Deliny–
1061:
722:
1096:
933:
850:
776:
2265:
2255:
1376:
617:
489:
961:. The former Lit-Bel leaders began accusing one another of culpability for the loss of their capital.
479:
1218:
1161:
1146:
1048:
510:
439:
356:
1632:– this chapter contains an account of the battle, mostly identical with the one presented by Davies.
1187:
1372:
1149:. In 1920, the Soviets recaptured Vilnius, followed by the Poles' establishment of the short-lived
1134:
1065:
727:
695:
1850:
459:
2260:
1428:
998:
780:
449:
424:
171:
1894:
1629:
1237:
Speaking of Poland's frontiers Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the
994:
1108:
920:
884:
854:
787:
739:
659:
585:
215:
133:
989:
751:
469:
404:
1923:
1917:
1486:
1391:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"
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into Poland and even accused Piłsudski of treason. However, Piłsudski's supporters in the
604:
379:
351:
161:
826:
474:
8:
2194:
1880:
1138:
588:, and considered that the Polish eastern borders should approximate those of the defunct
2190:
2059:
1714:
1559:
1156:
The Polish capture of Vilnius set the stage for further escalation of Polish conflicts
743:
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484:
434:
419:
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384:
2222:
1919:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...
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considered the city vital to his plans, and ordered its immediate recapture, with the
454:
444:
361:
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2210:
2200:
2165:
2143:
2111:
2091:
2067:
1980:
1927:
1886:
1856:
1829:
1790:
1747:
1739:
1722:
1676:
1646:
1567:
1490:
1461:
1432:
1314:
1222:
1069:
973:
941:
925:
880:
713:, determined that regaining control of Vilnius, whose population consisted mostly of
621:
409:
24:
2178:
Przemysław Różański, "Wilno, 19–21 kwietnia 1919 roku" (Vilna, April 19–21, 1919),
2038:
1405:
957:, leading to dozens of arrests and several executions among those connected to the
807:
1005:
and Podberezie. Polish forces pursued and took those two settlements, as well as
1672:
1258:
1165:
1079:
Funeral of the Polish soldiers who died fighting over Wilno (Vilnius), April 1919
589:
534:
344:
334:
790:, a unit which had many pro-communist Polish volunteers, and other units of the
2188:
1959:
1744:
Reconstruction of Nations : Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
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1197:
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613:
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107:
1454:
Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
1142:
1084:
867:, the city was in Polish hands. Piłsudski arrived in Vilnius on the same day.
19:
This article is about the April 1919 battle. For the January 1919 battle, see
2249:
2157:
2135:
1875:
1217:
For controversies about the naming and dating of this conflict, refer to the
892:
864:
714:
546:
1002:
245:
Unknown. Polish military communiques note "more than 1,000 prisoners" taken.
47:
1721:(Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997,
1262:
636:
1409:
1164:. In coming months, Polish forces would push steadily eastward, launching
505:
1852:
Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present
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930:
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52:
1123:"Proclamation to the Inhabitants of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
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1114:
1014:
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811:
558:
1089:
Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1029:
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and 44 guns were assembled by Soviet forces in the area of Szyrwiany,
1457:
1075:
1006:
663:
85:
2142:. First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972. Pimlico.
1481:
Biskupski, M. B. B.; Pula, James S.; Wróbel, Piotr J., eds. (2010).
1354:
Mission of The United States to Poland, Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Report
1043:
972:
Near the end of the month about 12,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 210
250:
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Po tej i tamtej stronie Niemna. Stosunki polsko-litewskie 1883–1939
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As the Polish troops entered the city, the first pogrom in modern
958:
954:
888:
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859:
640:
530:
81:
56:
849:
Cavalrymen fought for control of the center of Vilnius and took
835:
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in two days despite unexpectedly strong resistance, and Generał
631:
In the first weeks of 1919, following the retreat of the German
2041:. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. 1996, p. 309.
1422:
1130:
1010:
772:
1979:, Gius.Laterza & Figli Spa (traduzione di David Scaffei),
1826:
The "Jewish Threat": Anti-semitic Politics of the American Arm
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Jews of Vilnius had their own complex identity, and labels of
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and Smorgoń. By mid-May Polish forces had reached the line of
1036:
731:
669:, a rival faction within Vilnius seeking to govern the city.
554:
1092:
1039:
commemorating the fighting over Wilno in the spring of 1919
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803:
768:
718:
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1145:
federation and leading to open hostilities in the ensuing
838:
in early morning. At 03:30 on 19 April, Maj. Zaruski took
1068:
in Vilnius, which had been closed in 1832 following the
1021:– Lyngniany, leaving Vilnius well behind the frontline.
654:
attempted to take control of the city by establishing a
1976:
La rabbia dei vinti: La guerra dopo la guerra 1917–1923
1133:, which viewed the city as the historic capital of the
1083:
Acting in accordance with his vision of a Polish-led "
2140:
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20
2286:
Battles of the Russian Civil War involving Lithuania
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attempting several counteroffensives in April 1919.
702:and was soon proclaimed capital of the short-lived
2064:
Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1597:
Walka o granice wschodnie polski w latach 1918–1921
1564:
Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World
1480:
1947:Words to Outlive Us: Voices from the Warsaw Ghetto
1855:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 117–118.
940:of the Anglo-American Investigating Commission in
2164:. Second edition: 1986. Oxford University Press.
1047:Victory parade of Polish Army in Wilno (Vilnius)
936:Party, also denied that pogroms had taken place.
529:launched an offensive on April 16, 1919, to take
211:Polish cavalry of colonel Belina had 800 soldiers
2247:
1899:
1451:
704:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
513:in 1919: Polish & Lithuanian counterattacks.
2108:Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
786:Soviet forces in the area were composed of the
681:to support the local communists as part of the
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1993:
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2162:Heart of Europe The Past in Poland's Present
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16:1919 battle between Polish and Soviet forces
2044:
1990:
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1685:
1533:
1275:
2281:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
2032:
1912:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1553:
1503:
1452:Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan (2008).
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
988:. Polish forces in the area under general
948:
771:on 15 April, bringing reinforcements from
273:
259:
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2016:
2014:
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830:Battle of Vilnius and related operations.
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1611:
1609:
1607:
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1423:Trencsényi, Balázs; et al. (2018).
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1095:and caused much anger among Piłsudski's
1074:
1042:
1028:
825:
504:
124:
84:(Wilno), near the borders of Poland and
2066:, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003,
1848:
1842:
1700:
1641:Grzegorz Lukowski, Rafal E. Stolarski,
1566:, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003,
1324:
1103:deputies demanded incorporation of the
891:were arrested, and some were executed;
762:
694:Vilnius, the historical capital of the
2248:
2156:
2134:
2011:
1940:
1738:
1732:
1586:
1577:
1483:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy
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1347:
1345:
1343:
887:. Dozens of people connected with the
730:. By early April, when members of the
646:On January 1, Polish officers, led by
2053:
1746:. Yale University Press. p. 49.
1645:, Oficyna Wydawnicza Audiutor, 1994,
1602:
821:
280:
254:
2199:(in Russian). Moscow: Вече (Veche).
2077:
1719:Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg
1373:Part available online in this letter
767:Piłsudski arrived at the front near
700:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
207:Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division
1885:, Columbia University Press, 2005,
1635:
1626:Poland in the Fight for its Borders
1599:Instytut Slaski w Opolu, 1993 p. 83
1358:
1340:
13:
2229:(in Polish). Warszawa: Czytelnik.
2128:
1952:
1922:McFarland & Company. pp.
1787:Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918–1920
1247:
1231:
1211:
1178:1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division
1111:managed to deflect those attacks.
953:The Polish victory infuriated the
662:. Their aim was to defeat the pro-
568:The Red Army launched a series of
14:
2297:
2110:, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003,
2090:, Oxford University Press, 1993,
1265:are all applicable only in part.
1137:, saw the Polish incursion as an
2276:Vilnius in the Russian Civil War
2271:Battles of the Polish–Soviet War
1679:. Last accessed on 9 April 2007.
870:
667:Vilna Soviet of Workers Deputies
141:
126:
46:
1542:
1221:devoted to this subject in the
1183:Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919)
929:, the main organ of the openly
728:southern Polish–Ukrainian front
690:Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919)
21:Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919)
1849:Michlic, Joanna Beata (2006).
1474:
1445:
1416:
1382:
1248:
1232:
1212:
597:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1268:
1193:Wilno Voivodeship (1923–1939)
1151:Republic of Central Lithuania
1129:The Lithuanian government in
1101:Polish People's Party "Piast"
923:, in an article published by
2189:Мельтюхов, Михаил Иванович (
1583:Davies (2003), pp. 48, 53–54
1549:Poland rebirth in XX century
1024:
757:
110:is captured by Polish forces
7:
1666:Zachodnia Dywizja Strzelców
1171:
777:Wladyslaw Belina-Prazmowski
430:Dęblin and Mińsk Mazowiecki
23:. For the 1944 battle, see
10:
2302:
1789:, Książka i Wiedza, 1995,
687:
616:, which was shaken by the
576:
18:
2088:On Modern Jewish Politics
1960:Ochrona toru Wilno – Lida
1389:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
879:started, as noted by the
683:Soviet westward offensive
626:Central Powers' offensive
315:Soviet westward offensive
292:
236:
182:
155:
118:
63:
45:
37:
32:
2180:Jewish History Quarterly
2050:Davies (2003), pp. 51–53
1999:Davies (2003), pp. 53–54
1949:. Michał Grynberg, 2002.
1539:Davies (2003), pp. 48–49
1512:Davies (2003), pp. 25–26
1203:
1135:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1066:Stefan Batory University
904:counted over a hundred.
709:Józef Piłsudski, Polish
696:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1838:Google Print, pp. 84–86
1429:Oxford University Press
949:Soviet counteroffensive
1126:
1109:Polish Socialist Party
1080:
1070:November 1830 Uprising
1062:Paris Peace Conference
1052:
1040:
831:
788:Western Rifle Division
723:Paris Peace Conference
660:provisional government
586:Second Polish Republic
545:. After three days of
538:
521:was a campaign of the
514:
511:Lithuanian–Soviet Wars
216:Western Rifle Division
156:Commanders and leaders
1883:: A History of Poland
1828:, Basic Books, 2000,
1487:Ohio University Press
1410:10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1
1147:Polish–Lithuanian War
1117:
1078:
1046:
1032:
938:Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
898:Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
844:Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer
829:
736:Komitet Obrony Kresów
698:, became part of the
610:Republic of Lithuania
601:Versailles Conference
508:
237:Casualties and losses
200:3 infantry battalions
2120:Google Print, p. 205
2029:Davies (2003), p. 57
2008:Davies (2003), p. 51
1958:Gintautas Ereminas,
1895:Google Print, p. 192
1697:Davies (2003), p. 50
1530:Davies (2003), p. 48
1521:Davies (2003), p. 25
1337:Davies (2003), p. 49
995:Stefan Dąb-Biernacki
763:Diversionary attacks
509:Polish–Soviet &
228:44 artillery pieces.
167:W. Belina-Prażmowski
1914:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1822:Joseph W. Bendersky
1574:, pp. 213–214.
1560:MacMillan, Margaret
1398:Geographia Polonica
1311:Janusz Odziemkowski
1188:Żeligowski's Mutiny
1097:National-Democratic
990:Stanisław Szeptycki
934:National Democratic
902:Joseph W. Bendersky
752:Kazimierz Świtalski
734:Defence Committee (
652:Władysław Dąbrowski
218:and other units of
214:For the offensive:
198:9 cavalry squadrons
2191:Mikhail Meltyukhov
2100:Google Print, p. 8
2060:Margaret MacMillan
1715:Bohdan Urbankowski
1671:2011-06-06 at the
1595:Antoni Czubiński,
1158:with Soviet Russia
1127:
1081:
1053:
1041:
974:heavy machine guns
832:
822:Assault on Vilnius
814:in three days and
800:Józef Adam Lasocki
781:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
744:Aleksander Prystor
711:commander-in-chief
525:of 1919–1921. The
515:
209:had 2,500 soldiers
188:For the offensive:
172:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2266:1919 in Lithuania
2256:Conflicts in 1919
1985:978-88-58-13080-3
1973:Robert Gerwarth,
1677:WIEM Encyklopedia
1630:April – July 1919
1223:Polish-Soviet War
1125:(April 22, 1919).
926:Gazeta Warszawska
921:Władysław Reymont
885:Michał Pius Römer
881:Timothy D. Snyder
748:Witold Abramowicz
740:Michał Pius Römer
658:("Self-Defense")
622:Russian Civil War
523:Polish–Soviet War
502:
501:
497:
496:
284:Polish–Soviet War
249:
248:
202:artillery support
114:
113:
40:Polish–Soviet War
25:Vilnius offensive
2293:
2240:
2223:Łossowski, Piotr
2218:
2175:
2153:
2122:
2081:
2075:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:George J. Lerski
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:Czubiński, p. 92
2018:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1910:
1897:
1881:God's Playground
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1819:
1798:
1780:
1774:
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1736:
1730:
1713:
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1478:
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1380:
1369:
1356:
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1338:
1335:
1322:
1308:
1252:
1236:
1216:
1072:, was reopened.
1049:Cathedral Square
919:-winning author
851:Cathedral Square
808:Stefan Mokrzecki
677:marched in from
648:Władysław Wejtko
295:
294:
287:
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275:
268:
261:
252:
251:
204:local population
169:
151:
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136:
132:
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129:
65:
64:
50:
30:
29:
2301:
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2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2246:
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2237:
2207:
2172:
2150:
2131:
2129:Further reading
2126:
2125:
2084:Ezra Mendelsohn
2082:
2078:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1911:
1900:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1820:
1801:
1783:Piotr Łossowski
1781:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1754:
1740:Snyder, Timothy
1737:
1733:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1683:
1673:Wayback Machine
1662:
1661:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1622:Adam Przybylski
1620:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1582:
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1558:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:. p. 125.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1460:. p. 783.
1450:
1446:
1439:
1421:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1336:
1325:
1309:
1276:
1271:
1259:Lithuanian Jews
1206:
1174:
1166:Operation Minsk
1051:, in April 1919
1027:
951:
873:
824:
765:
760:
692:
618:1917 Revolution
605:Józef Piłsudski
590:Congress Poland
579:
547:street fighting
519:Vilna offensive
503:
498:
325:Bereza Kartuska
299:List of battles
288:
283:
281:
279:
231:
229:
227:
225:
224:12,000 infantry
223:
210:
205:
203:
201:
199:
197:
195:
193:
191:
190:10,000 infantry
189:
170:
165:
164:
162:Józef Piłsudski
142:
140:
127:
125:
102:
88:
51:
33:Vilna Offensive
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:1919 in Poland
2258:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2205:
2186:
2176:
2170:
2158:Davies, Norman
2154:
2148:
2136:Davies, Norman
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2076:
2074:, p. 212.
2052:
2043:
2031:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1989:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1932:
1898:
1868:
1861:
1841:
1799:
1775:
1763:
1752:
1731:
1729:, p. 296.
1699:
1681:
1655:
1634:
1601:
1585:
1576:
1552:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1502:
1496:978-0821418925
1495:
1473:
1467:978-0765610270
1466:
1444:
1437:
1431:. p. 46.
1415:
1381:
1377:Rzeczpospolita
1357:
1339:
1323:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:Pinsk massacre
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1105:Vilnius Region
1057:victory parade
1026:
1023:
950:
947:
872:
869:
855:castle complex
823:
820:
764:
761:
759:
756:
688:Main article:
620:, the ongoing
614:Russian Empire
578:
575:
570:counterattacks
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Kiev offensive
392:
387:
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374:
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290:
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247:
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239:
238:
234:
233:
232:2,000 soldiers
212:
185:
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180:
179:
174:
158:
157:
153:
152:
137:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:Vilnius Region
104:
98:
97:
96:Polish victory
94:
90:
89:
79:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
59:(Wilno), 1919.
43:
42:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2298:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
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2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2236:83-07-01289-9
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:5-699-07637-9
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:0-19-280126-0
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:0-7126-0694-7
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2116:0-618-23649-X
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:0-19-508319-9
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:0-375-76052-0
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1933:0-7864-0371-3
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:0-231-12819-3
1888:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:Norman Davies
1872:
1864:
1862:0-8032-3240-3
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1834:0-465-00618-3
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
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1810:
1808:
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1804:
1796:
1795:83-05-12769-9
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
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1768:
1760:
1755:
1753:0-300-09569-4
1749:
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1741:
1735:
1728:
1727:83-7001-914-5
1724:
1720:
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1704:
1694:
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1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1651:83-900085-0-5
1648:
1644:
1643:Walka o Wilno
1638:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1590:
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1573:
1572:0-375-76052-0
1569:
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1550:
1545:
1536:
1527:
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1509:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1438:9780198737155
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1355:
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1348:
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1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1319:83-7399-096-8
1316:
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1235:
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1226:
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1215:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1196:
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1184:
1181:
1179:
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1120:
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1038:
1035:
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1016:
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975:
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968:
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960:
956:
946:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
912:
910:
909:Soviet Russia
905:
903:
899:
894:
893:Norman Davies
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:Jewish deaths
868:
866:
861:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
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712:
707:
705:
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697:
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686:
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672:
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665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
635:forces under
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:Soviet Russia
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
507:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
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451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
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431:
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423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
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376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:
291:
286:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
253:
244:
241:
240:
235:
226:3,000 cavalry
221:
217:
213:
208:
192:1,000 cavalry
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
173:
168:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
138:
135:
123:
122:
117:
109:
105:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2243:
2226:
2195:
2179:
2161:
2139:
2107:
2087:
2079:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2034:
2025:
2004:
1974:
1971:(in Italian)
1966:
1954:
1942:
1918:
1879:
1871:
1851:
1844:
1825:
1786:
1778:
1757:
1743:
1734:
1718:
1658:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1596:
1579:
1563:
1555:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1482:
1476:
1453:
1447:
1424:
1418:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1263:Russian Jews
1249:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1155:
1128:
1082:
1054:
971:
952:
924:
913:
906:
900:counted 65,
874:
865:urban battle
848:
833:
796:
792:Western Army
785:
766:
735:
708:
693:
675:Western Army
670:
655:
645:
637:Max Hoffmann
630:
594:
580:
567:
518:
516:
490:Niemen River
345:
339:
320:1st Vilnius
230:For Vilnius:
220:Western Army
196:For Vilnius:
176:
149:Russian SFSR
119:Belligerents
38:Part of the
2182:(01/2006),
1712:(in Polish)
1663:(in Polish)
1404:(1): 6, 8.
1255:Polish Jews
1168:in August.
1143:Międzymorze
1119:Piłsudski's
1099:opponents;
1085:Międzymorze
1034:Polish Army
931:antisemitic
917:Nobel Prize
816:Baranowicze
563:Baranovichi
541:) from the
527:Polish army
340:2nd Vilnius
242:33 soldiers
101:Territorial
53:Polish Army
2250:Categories
2215:2002323889
2193:) (2001).
2184:C.E.E.O.L.
2104:Mark Abley
1269:References
1139:occupation
1121:bilingual
1064:, and the
1015:Hoduciszki
1003:Mejszagoła
978:Podbrodzie
942:his report
812:Nowogrodek
671:Samoobrona
656:Samoobrona
624:, and the
559:Navahrudak
380:Daugavpils
352:Sieliszcze
71:April 1919
2160:(2001) .
2138:(2003) .
1458:Routledge
1225:article.
1162:Lithuania
1025:Aftermath
1007:Giedrojsc
999:Ogrodniki
883:, citing
818:in four.
758:Offensive
664:communist
470:Białystok
405:Wołodarka
86:Lithuania
2225:(1985).
1916:(1997).
1742:(2003).
1669:Archived
1624:, 1928,
1172:See also
1019:Ignalina
1013:lake –
986:Ashmyany
967:Red Army
679:Smolensk
633:Ober-Ost
543:Red Army
485:Dytiatyn
465:Zadwórze
440:Radzymin
435:Nasielsk
425:Głębokie
420:Boryspol
410:Bystrzyk
400:Berezina
390:Koziatyn
385:Latyczów
357:Berezina
183:Strength
76:Location
1797:, p. 11
1239:Entente
1219:section
959:Lit-Bel
955:Soviets
889:Lit-Bel
877:Vilnius
860:militia
840:Lipówka
810:taking
802:taking
641:Vilnius
577:Prelude
531:Vilnius
475:Komarów
194:16 guns
177:Unknown
103:changes
82:Vilnius
57:Vilnius
55:enters
2233:
2213:
2203:
2168:
2146:
2114:
2094:
2070:
1983:
1930:
1889:
1859:
1832:
1793:
1759:Vilne.
1750:
1725:
1649:
1570:
1493:
1464:
1435:
1317:
1131:Kaunas
1011:Narocz
853:, the
773:Warsaw
750:, and
561:, and
535:Polish
480:Kobryń
450:Warsaw
415:Grodno
146:
134:Poland
131:
93:Result
1924:41–42
1394:(PDF)
1204:Notes
1037:badge
963:Lenin
732:Kresy
715:Poles
555:Pinsk
539:Wilno
455:Cyców
445:Ossów
362:Byteń
346:Minsk
335:Pińsk
80:near
2231:ISBN
2211:LCCN
2201:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2102:and
2092:ISBN
2068:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1160:and
1093:Sejm
984:and
982:Soly
836:Mýto
804:Lida
769:Lida
719:Jews
717:and
650:and
551:Lida
517:The
460:Lwów
371:1920
330:Lida
306:1919
106:The
68:Date
1406:doi
1375:to
1261:or
2252::
2209:.
2118:,
2106:,
2098:,
2086:,
2062:,
2013:^
1992:^
1926:.
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