Norse settlements in Greenland

1122: 1145:

was of a similar magnitude, even if one takes into account that not all dead newborns were buried at the church. The small number of older children who died indicates good living conditions. Nor do any infectious diseases appear to have raged on a large scale. Of the 53 men outside the common grave, 23 were between 30 and 50 years old. Of the 39 women, there were only three, and only one got older. There are also a few from a group whose age over 20 could not be determined. The average height of men was 171 cm - quite a few were 184–185 cm - and that of women was 156 cm; this is higher than the average in Denmark around 1900. All had good teeth, although significantly worn, and there was no tooth decay. The most common disease found in the skeletons was severe

1080: 1095: 1134: 1631:'s finds in the Herjulfsnes cemetery are revealing in this respect. The skeletons from the late 14th and early 15th centuries are significantly smaller than the older finds unearthed in the Brattahlid cemetery. The men are rarely taller than 1.60 m, the women on average only 1.40 to 1.50 m. A higher number of child burials indicates a high child mortality rate. Most skeletons have defects, such as spinal crookedness or narrowing of the pelvis; rachitic symptoms are common. However, the anthropologist Niels Lynnerup rejects the theory of extinction due to malnutrition for lack of sufficient evidence. The archaeologist Jørgen Meldgaard found the remains of a well-stocked pantry and equipment in the western settlement that do not indicate malnutrition. 1164:(King's Mirror) reports in the 13th century that the Greenlandic farmers lived primarily on meat, milk (Skyr, a sour milk product similar to our quark), butter and cheese. Archaeologist Thomas McGovern from the City University of New York used rubbish piles to study the diet of Scandinavian Greenlanders. He found that the meat diet consisted on average of 20 percent beef, 20 percent goat and sheep meat, 45 percent seal meat, 10 percent caribou and 5 percent other meat, with the proportion of caribou and seal meat being significantly higher in the poorer western settlement was than in the eastern settlement. Apparently the inhabitants also regularly fished; because floats and weights from fishing nets were found in the settlements. 1580:. The Inuit people living in the far north of Greenland were also affected or displaced by this development after 1100. In the following centuries, the bearers of the Thule culture also opened up the previously uninhabited coasts of Greenland. From around the 15th century, the entire Arctic coast can be considered inhabited. Grænlendingar encounters with Eskimo cultures are certain. Conflicts are documented, but the extent and type of relationships with the Inuit are controversial. It is possible that the Inuit overran the declining settlements and killed the inhabitants. This is at least assumed for the western settlement, but is no longer considered the sole reason for the abandonment of the eastern settlement. 552:(Breidafjord; near today's Búðardalur in northwest Iceland) through marriage. The Althing sent him into exile for three years for committing murder. The Landnámabók reports that in 982 he sailed west from the Snæfellsnes peninsula with the outlaws Þorbjörn (Thorbjörn), Eyjólfr (Eyjolf) and Styrr (Styr) to find Gunnbjörn's land. He reached the Greenland coast at "Miðjökull" (Midjökul; probably today's Amassalik in East Greenland), then sailed south and rounded Cape Farvel to find suitable land for settlement. He spent his first winter on an island off the south coast. According to the Íslendingabók, he found traces of settlement there, which probably came from the Neo-Eskimo culture (Skrælingar). 772:(2400–900 BC). The simple roof structure was made of driftwood (in some farms also made of whale bone) and was covered with sod. A practical and artfully executed water supply and drainage system made of covered canals irrigated and drained the houses. The stables were also built from stones and sod. The cowshed always had two connected rooms, the cattle shed itself with the stalls and a larger feed chamber. The approximately 1.5 m thick outer wall, made of field stone, was preceded by a several meter thick wall made of sod and earth to insulate it from the cold. There are stone blocks weighing up to 10 tons. The more important farms had a church or chapel and a bathhouse, similar to a 904:

used as mortar. Turf then covered the clayThere is evidence that the exterior walls were originally whitewashed. The church has a low doorway with a rectangular window above it in the west facade and a larger window with a Romanesque arch in the east facade. Another door and two slit windows are in the south wall. The window niches expand inwards in a funnel shape - a design that is also seen in early churches in the British Isles. The gables are approximately 5m high. There are a few wall niches, but no decoration inside the church. The roof, which is no longer preserved, was originally made of wood and sod. The appearance corresponds to churches in the

2178: 1299: 1275: 1006:). Important food animals from the mammalian fauna were seals and reindeer. The excavated remains of the breeding animals come - in roughly equal proportions - mainly from sheep and goats as well as from a horse. Bones of domestic cattle were also found. Based on the teeth, it was possible to determine that the cows lived to a relatively old age and were therefore used more for milk production than for meat production. The comparative measurements taken prove that the domesticated animals were rather small and strong in stature. 2187:, p. 162 "Writers frequently quote a papal bull of 1448 indicating that some thirty years earlier the "heathen" attacked the settlers of Greenland, destroyed churches, and captured the inhabitants. Subsequently, some of the latter were able to return and rebuild. However, this story probably refers to a Karelian-Finnish-Russian attack on Norse settlers in northern Norway ("Greenland") rather than to American Greenland, according to Christian Keller. Archeology has failed to confirm Inuit violence against the settlers.64". 1311: 2154: 7550: 643:. According to this report, he already had a priest with him. The Grœnlendinga saga did not mention him, but the fact that the wife of Erik the Red Þórhildr (Thorhild, after the baptism Þjóðhildr - Thjodhild) had a small church built some distance from the court makes the very early presence of a priest appear credible. Apart from a few small amulets, there is no archaeological evidence of the practice of pagan rituals. Christian churches and chapels have been excavated on numerous farms, including the 1251: 1263: 1239: 1287: 816:

church containing 144 skeletons, 24 of which were children, 65 men, 39 women and 16 adults whose gender could not be determined. About half of the men - quite a few over 1.80 m tall - were between 40 and 60 years old. Many of them showed clear signs of arthritis and badly worn teeth. There is a mass grave in the cemetery containing the remains of 13 people. These skeletons, as well as several others, show traces of sword and ax blows, which suggest endemic violence.

948: 709: 835: 4238: 885: 1603:, had led to the murder of the last settlers and plundered the farms. A papal letter from 1448 and other rather dubious sources were cited for this. There is historical evidence that the Vitalien brothers attacked and robbed the rich and well-defended city of Bergen in 1429; a raid into Greenland would have been less risky, but also less rewarding. There are no written records of such a company. This approach is not being pursued any further today. 926: 823: 1110: 717: 77: 1709: 2163:, p. 18, "The last bishop on Greenland had died in 1378 and the following year a priest on Iceland noted in the Icelandic annals: 'The Skraelings raided the Greenlanders , killing 18 men and taking two boys as slaves'. The pope had been informed that the heathens had attacked and destroyed most of the churches and taken many inhabitants prisoner. The authenticity of the papal brief, however is doubted by some historians...". 2577:"Ultimately, the Norse Greenlanders fell victim to both major environmental and global economic changes, and the most obvious answer to the declining years would have been to emigrate. From the middle of the fourteenth century both Iceland and Norway had suffered greatly from several diseases that had diminished the population substantially and left farms deserted (eg Orrman 1997). New inhabitants would have been welcomed." 36: 622: 250: 1717: 1493: 371: 979:, which were stacked on top of each other at an angle of approx. 45° and formed walls 1.9 m thick. The roof was made of wooden rafters (probably driftwood) and was covered with wattle and daub with long pieces of peat resting on it. In the middle of the house there was a long fireplace (Langeldr) with seats in the two side aisles. A cooking zone with a separate fireplace (Maleldr) was on the north side. 701: 1153:. Other diseases can no longer be diagnosed today. The custom of the burial place was also adopted from Norway and Iceland: female skeletons predominate in the north and male skeletons in the south of the church. The greater the distance from the church, the more superficial the burial, which suggests that the distance of the grave from the church depended on the social status of the dead person. 1021: 788: 179: 610:(often considered part of the Eastern one). Estimates put the combined population of the settlements at their height between 2,000 and 10,000, with recent estimates trending toward the lower figure. Archeologists have identified the ruins of approximately 620 farms: 500 in the Eastern Settlement, 95 in the Western Settlement, and 20 in the Middle Settlement. 460: 740:. The climatic conditions there were more favorable for agriculture and pasture farming. According to current estimates, the total number of Icelanders in Greenland was a maximum of 5,000 to 6,000 people, most of whom lived in the eastern settlement. So far, the remains of around 300 farms, 16 community churches (plus several chapels), a 1627:" with temperatures in Greenland that were around 0.5 to 1 °C lower than today. Such a sharp drop in temperature had fatal effects on a farming society that was always located at the limit of climatic possibilities for existence. Frequent harvest failures and constant famine may have gradually led to the colony's extinction. 1420:

record of people who were in Greenland. Later there are reports in the various Annálar about observations of people on Greenland (see the translated sources). After that, no contacts with the rest of Europe can be found in terms of sources. Whether they were actually broken off is doubtful given the archaeological findings.

916:. Since church buildings in Iceland and Norway were usually made of wood, this may suggest regular contact between the colony and the British Isles. The church was the scene of the last recorded event in Greenland. A wedding took place there on September 14, 1408. The guests came from Iceland in 1408 and returned in 1410. 1378: 1745:'s trips to Julianehåb in 1880 and Daniel Bruhns' investigations at the same site in 1903 that systematic archaeological investigations began. It was also Holm who, with his discovery of Amassalik on the east coast on his women's boat expedition in 1884, conclusively proved that Eystribyggð could not be found there. 1729:

in Denmark and Norway that the Grænlendingar could no longer bake hosts due to a lack of grain and now supposedly worshiped the cloth that had covered the last host. These attempts failed primarily because the settlements were sought on the east coast of Greenland in a false interpretation of the name Eystribyggð.

1321:

Both archaeological finds and written evidence show that there were encounters between the Eskimo cultures and Scandinavians. Whether these encounters were regular trade relations or just occasional – possibly warlike – contacts is controversial. Oral traditions of the Inuit, which were only recorded

1207:

of Greenland were a very sought-after export item and reached the Arab countries along complex trade routes. The narwhal tusk, which was believed in European royal and princely courts to be able to neutralize poison, was even more highly prized. It was assumed that the snail-like, twisted and pointed

1028:

The northern hunting area played an important role in the food supply and in the procurement of export goods. It was probably located at a latitude of 70° in the area of today's Disko Bay. There are no known permanent Viking settlements north of the Arctic Circle, but written sources provide evidence

872:

To the south of the church and connected by a tiled path, there was a large building complex with several rooms and a hall measuring 16.75 × 7.75 m as the bishop's residence. The farm included a well and two large stables - the larger of which was 60 m long - which could accommodate 100 cows, as well

396:

under the title "Eskimoiske Eventyr og Sagn" in Copenhagen 1866–1871. Even though these stories are very legendary and fairytale-like, they still represent the only evidence of the memory of the Eskimos on this topic. From the 14th century, the most important source is the description of Greenland by

1728:

The memory of the "blond men" in Greenland was never extinguished. In the 16th and 17th centuries there were some half-hearted attempts to communicate with the colony, particularly to bring the Grænlendingar, who were believed to have apostatized, "into the bosom of the Church". The story circulated

1724:

The first tangible evidence of Icelandic settlements in Greenland - in addition to the well-known written evidence - is probably the discovery of the English captain John Davis, who found a gravestone with a Christian cross in the eastern settlement in 1586. Further grave and skeleton discoveries by

1652:

currently is) during initial landfall in the 980's, but this hasn't been determined yet. If the presumption is true then the Norse probably cleared the landscape by felling trees to use as building material and fuel, and by allowing their sheep and goats to graze there in both summer and winter. Any

1583:

The decline in trade relations cut off the settlement from the supply of vital raw materials, especially wood and iron. The Greenlanders were unable to fill this gap with their own ships because there was a lack of suitable materials for shipbuilding. This thesis was already questioned in the 1950s,

1419:

The last recorded Norwegian merchant ship reached Greenland in 1406. Captain Þórsteinn Óláfsson (Thorstein Olafsson) stayed in Greenland for a few years and married Sigríðr Bjarnardóttir (Sigrid Björnsdottir) in the church of Hvalsey in 1408. This report in the Nýi Annáll is the last evident written

799:

The eastern settlement is the oldest Grænlendingar settlement, comprised 192 farms and is located in a sheltered location at the end of the approximately 100 km long Eriksfjord. It goes back directly to a founding by Erik the Red. Fertile soils and rich pastures made livestock farming possible.

510:

could no longer be developed due to the relatively dense settlement, the only alternative left to those born later was to build up their own property outside the established structures. This was promoted by the high value that personal daring, willingness to take risks and physical resilience had in

1740:

Islands, heard about this, he set out to missionize the Christian settlers who, as he thought, had fallen away from the faith. When he anchored in Godthaab, today's Nuuk, in 1721, he found some remains of the western settlement without identifying them as such, but no living European. Nevertheless,

1215:

Both individual farmers and groups of farmers organised summer trips to the more northerly Disko Bay area, where they hunted walruses, narwhals and polar bears for their skins, hides and ivory. Besides their use in making garments and shoes, these resources also functioned as a form of currency, as

1189:

Other crucial imports were iron implements and weapons. There were no known ore deposits in Greenland at the time of the Vikings. The already not very productive smelting of iron ore quickly reached its limits due to the lack of suitable fuel (charcoal), so that the settlements were almost entirely

1167:

Finds of hand mills in some farms in the eastern settlement suggest that grain was also grown to a small extent in favored locations. But it was probably mainly imported. The Konungs skuggsjá reports that only the most powerful Bonden (with farms in the best locations) grew some grain for their own

662:

The last Greenlandic bishop died in 1378. A successor was also appointed for him, but he refused to give up the relatively comfortable living conditions in Norway and travel to inhospitable Greenland. He was represented there by a vicar. He and his successors did not forego the Greenlanders' Church

574:

He managed to win over approximately 700 people by convincing them that they would find lush pastures and the best conditions for settlement in "Green land", as he called the newly discovered land. The chosen name was euphemistic, but probably not entirely unrealistic. Warming has also been proven

2289:

One was found lying face down on the beach of a fjord in the 1540s by a party of Icelandic seafarers, who like so many sailors before them had been blown off course on their passage to Iceland and wound up in Greenland. The only Norseman they would come across during their stay, he died where he

1699:

teeth and seal skins were hardly in demand anymore; as a result, hardly any merchant ships came to the island with urgently needed timber and iron tools. Many young and strong residents left Greenland until the settlements were finally abandoned, apparently in a planned manner. The Black Death and

1559:

There are various, sometimes controversial, theories for the decline of the Grænlendingar. From today's perspective, it is likely that there was a combination of various unfavorable factors, the interaction of which destabilized society at the time to such an extent that its survival was no longer

1144:

The living conditions must have been similar to those in Iceland. Of the 24 children's skeletons at the Thjodhilds Church in Brattahlid, 15 were of infants, one child was three years old, one was seven years old and four were eleven to twelve years old. The infant mortality rate in Iceland in 1850

972:, researched the "Gården under sandet or Farm beneath the sand" in the Western Settlement, which dates back to between 1000 and 1400 AD. The excavation results provided important insights into the architecture and construction of a Viking residential building as well as the residents' food supply. 613:

It is very likely that Erik the Red held a leadership position in the early days of the colony. In contrast to Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, Greenland was never politically organized as a coherent state. There is no evidence of an official leadership personality for the subsequent period.

1656:

Recent research (2022) sees the main cause not as cold, but as increasing drought, so that livestock could no longer be adequately fed and the main source of food was at risk. This is supported by sediment cores from the settlement areas, but also relics from irrigation canals. Lack of water fits

903:

is the best-preserved Grænlendingar building today. The simple, rectangular church was built around 1300 on a gentle slope not far from the fjord shore. As is usual with old churches, it is oriented east–west. The approximately 1.5 m thick walls are artfully stacked stone. Clay may also have been

795:

The traditional name is misleading in that this settlement is located on the west coast of Greenland. This is explained by the fact that their location at the end of the Eriksfjord, which extends to the east, required a longer journey from the coast to the east. The fjord is surrounded by rolling

1647:

argues that soil erosion caused by overgrazing, lack of raw materials such as iron and wood, war with the Inuit, and a conservative attitude among the Grænlendingar people prevented them from adopting Inuit techniques (e.g. harpoons), and climate change interacted. It is possible that the bottom

1156:

The Greenlandic economy was based primarily on three pillars: livestock farming, hunting and catching animals, which provided food, and trade goods in varying proportions. Because of the large pasture areas required for livestock breeding, the farms were widely separated from each other and were

815:

On the site, slightly separated from the main complex, was the earth-walled church of Brattahlíð, of which only sparse remains remain today (a reconstruction was built on the site a few years ago) and what is now known as the church built by Thjodhild applies. A cemetery was excavated around the

1457:

A European ship that landed in the former Eastern Settlement in the 1540s allegedly found the corpse of a Norse man there, which may be the last mention of a Norse individual from the settlement. The Icelandic seafarer Jon Greenlander, who visited Greenland around 1540, described the dead Norse

633:

Although according to tradition Erik the Red was not a Christian, the colony was soon Christianized. However, the Íslendingabók and the Grœnlendinga saga (Saga of the Greenlanders) unanimously report that at the first settlement Herjólfr (Herjolf), a companion of Erik, had a Christian from the

1748:

In 1921, the Danish government sent an archaeological expedition to Greenland led by Poul Nørlund. He excavated a cemetery at the Herjulfsnes farm and found well-preserved items of clothing that are now part of the National Museum in Copenhagen (reconstructions in the Nuuk Museum). He is also

1694:

Archaeological excavations by Danish scientists (2013) revealed that the Grænlendingar people had adapted well to the worsening climate by switching to seal fishing. Seals made up up to 80% of their diet. The herds of cattle were replaced by more frugal goats and sheep. The abandonment of the

1427:

seems to have visited Greenland in 1420, according to documents written by Nicolas Germanus and Henricus Martellus, who had access to original cartographic notes and a map by Clavus. In the late 20th century the Danish scholars Axel Anthon Bjørnbo and Carl S. Petersen found two mathematical

811:

Erik's farm Brattahlíð (Brattahlid) was the most important in the eastern settlement; it was excavated in the 1930s. An extensive complex with several interconnecting residential buildings contained an 80-foot-long hall that served as a central living and meeting room. Two stable buildings

680:

of Norway issued letters of privilege to local merchants for the Greenland trade. All others, especially the Hanseatic League, were forbidden from shipping to Greenland. Apparently there was regular trade with one or two "state" ships per year until the second half of the 14th century. The

1684:

concluded that the plague also reached Greenland and contributed to the colony's decline. A mass grave was found near Narsarsuaq; It is still unclear whether this can be considered conclusive evidence of an epidemic; the necessary conditions for a plague epidemic to spread were probably

812:

accommodated 50 cows. The dimensions of the boxes and the bone finds suggest that the cattle, with a shoulder height of around 1.20 m, were much smaller than today's cattle. The foundations of several storehouses and farm buildings as well as a blacksmith shop have also been preserved.

764:. There were also barns, storehouses and farm buildings, from the remains of which one can conclude that textile production and dairy farming were primarily carried out there. The main building was a conglomeration of interconnecting rooms with a central structure in the style of a 647:, to which the Grœnlendinga saga's account of the little church of Thjodhild fits exactly. These churches were built by the respective landlord, and he was therefore – initially – also entitled to the taxes payable by the parish. Until the 11th century, Greenland was under the 685:

was to prove disastrous for trade with Greenland because the remote outpost was of little interest to the Danish royal family and trade dried up. The extent to which the Hanseatic League filled the gap, defying the Norwegian monopoly, still requires further investigation.

433:

for Iceland and also for Greenland is sound. Some accounts are derivative because they have been obviously taken from other sources. Other texts are obviously fictions, but their embedding in Greenlandic society can accurately reflect the conditions there as a background.

392:, which are reproduced in translation below. Geographical notes about Greenland (Gripla, Landabók and others) remain unmentioned here. Three Eskimo stories about the Norsemen have been passed down in oral tradition. They were recorded in the 19th century and published by 759:

in the 1950s and '60s, give a good idea of what the settlements looked like. The typical Grænlendingarhof consisted of a group of buildings on a larger area. It included stables for sheep, goats, cattle and - at least in the early days of the settlements - also pigs and

1700:

rural exodus severely depopulated large parts of Iceland and Norway, so that sufficient better settlement land was available for the emigrants. Arneborg also suggests that worsening climatic and economical circumstances caused them to migrate to Iceland or Scandinavia.

1322:

in writing in the 18th and 19th centuries, report several military conflicts. Scandinavian relics, especially iron objects, have been discovered several times in Inuit archaeological sites. It is unknown whether these were obtained through peaceful exchange or robbery.

2034:

Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, Jette Arneborg et al.: Ancient DNA unravels the truth behind the controversial GUS Greenlandic Norse fur samples: the bison was a horse, and the muskox and bears were goats. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 53, January 2015, p.

401:, who stayed there for several years. The Skarðárannáll also enjoys a high reputation, although some dating errors can be found in later additions. Written sources can be confusing, for example, it is not possible to determine whether a date is 1406, 1456 or 1460. 522:. According to current estimates, 50,000 to 60,000 people lived in Iceland in the 10th century. A stable social structure had been established and good land was in legally secure ownership. This stable distribution of land, several years of bad harvests and a 404:

There are no source written in Greenland itself. There is no Greenlandic collection of laws, no chronicles, no annals of any kind. This absence is particularly noticeable after 1300, when few sagas were written, and accounts of earlier events are unreliable.

877:

were found. Connected to the property was a harbor with boat sheds on the Einarsfjord. In total, the complex includes around 40 larger and smaller buildings and this alone proves the outstanding position that Gardar held in Greenland's Viking society.

736:), which are summarized in some publications as a "middle settlement". In contrast to the Inuit, who needed immediate access to the open sea as hunters and fishermen, the agricultural Grænlendingar settled in the protected areas at the end of the long 1653:

resultant soil erosion could have become an important factor in the demise of the colonies, as the land was stripped of its natural cover. Dental analyzes of ovicaprids (sheep/goats) from the western settlement, for example, also suggest overgrazing.

463:

A graphical description of changes in temperature in Greenland from 500 – 1990 based on analysis of the deep ice core from Greenland and some historical events. The annual temperature changes are shown vertical in ˚C. The numbers are to be read

412:

for his scholarship and confesses that he learned many important facts for his book, but his description of Greenlanders, whom he describes as "pale green like the sea," from which Greenland gets its name., is obviously fabulous. The news found in

955:

The western settlement is located about 500 km north of the eastern settlement in the area around today's capital Nuuk in a less favorable climatic location. It was smaller and more modestly equipped and comprised around 90 farms near today's

2380: 1190:

dependent on imports. An example shows how dramatic the iron shortage was: During excavations in the Western Settlement in the 1930s, a battle ax was found. It was modeled down to the smallest detail on an iron ax, but made from whale bone.

2110:

T. H. McGovern: Bones, Buildings, and Boundaries: Paleoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland. in: C. D. Morris and J. Rackham (Editor): Norse and Later Settlement and Subsistence in the North Atlantic. Glasgow University Press, 1992, p.

659:(other assumptions go to Bishop Jón Smyrill, died 1209). Several other bishops followed, for whose support significant benefices were set up. Around 1350 the church owned the largest farm and around two thirds of the best pasture land. 670:

The lack of an overarching power meant that local rulers found themselves in an endless series of conflicts. In order to end the constant disputes, the Greenland colony subordinated itself to the Norwegian crown in 1261. King

582:

The group departed Iceland with 25 ships, of which, according to the description in the land acquisition book, 14 reached the Greenland coast. The farms built by the first settlers on the Eriksfjord formed the core of the

638:

on board. According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, Erik's son Leifr (Leif Eriksson) brought Christianity to Greenland around 1000. The Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar ("Story of Olaf Tryggvason") reports the same thing in the

1385:

As opposed to the Norse settlements in Iceland, which continue to persist and form a national identity, the Norse settlements in Greenland were abandoned between 1350 and 1500 and have no historical continuity with the

2262:: a reference to sailors in Bergen in 1484 who had visited Greenland (Seaver speculates that they may have been English); p.229ff: archaeological evidence of contact with Europe towards the end of the 15th century 796:

hills and characterized by numerous small and tiny islands. In the sheltered areas in the interior of the fjord, subarctic vegetation blooms lushly in summer. The climate is still the mildest in Greenland today.

1056:

In this area there may also have been encounters with the Inuit of the Thule culture. As early as 2500 BC. Settlements and hunting grounds of the Eskimo cultures have been documented at Disko Bay (Sermermiut).

768:, which was built on a foundation of field stones made of alternating peat sods and layers of stone. The construction method may have been adopted by the Inuit, as it was already known to the Eskimos of the 675:

had also been working towards this step for a long time. In return, the colony received the promise of regular shipping connections. This step also resulted in a Norwegian trading monopoly. In 1294, King

1613:

Declining value of ivory in Europe (due to the influx of ivory from Russian walrus and African elephants) may have forced Norse hunters to overkill the walrus populations and endanger their own survival.

1462:"Dead man lying face downwards on the ground. On his head was a hood, well made, and otherwise good clothing of frieze cloth and sealskin. Near him was a sheath-knife, bent and much worn and eaten away". 1337:

it is recorded for 1379 that Skrælingar raided the Grænlendingar, killed 18 men and enslaved two servants. However, the authenticity and accuracy of this source is doubted by some historians, and both

1186:

grew in Greenland, and their use as timber was limited. The driftwood washed ashore with the Gulf Stream was of inferior quality. Therefore, lumber was an important (and expensive) imported commodity.

599:

was built about 500 km north of the East Settlement, but it always had to exist under less favorable conditions. By 1000, practically all climatically relevant areas of Greenland were populated.

857:) lies on a fertile plain between the Eriksfjord and the Einarfjord and was the episcopal see of Greenland. The largest agricultural property - even before Brattahlid - was owned by the church. 1485:

that occasionally passed by in the 16th and 17th centuries also did not report any signs of the presence of descendants of the Icelandic colony. From 1605 to 1607, the Danish-Norwegian King

2510:

Nadja Podbregar: Wikinger: Von der Trockenheit vertrieben?, in: scinexx.de, 24. März 2022, accessed on Jan 1, 2024; referring to: University of Massachusetts Amherst, Science Advances, 2022

2239:

Originals in Hofbibliothek at Vienna. A Greenlander in Norway, on visit; it is also mentioned in a Norwegian diploma from 1426, Peder Grønlendiger. Transcription of the original letter:

1121: 975:

The excavation field is located on a hill at the end of the Lysufjord, about 80 kilometers east of Nuuk. The rectangular residential building measuring 12 × 5 m was built entirely from

563:(Brattahlid) in the most climatically favorable area of Greenland. First he built a rectangular wooden hall. From there he undertook several exploratory trips that took him beyond the 982:

As can be concluded from the excavated waste, the inhabitants' diet included both wild animals (fish, birds and mammals) and domesticated animals. The main food fish was Arctic char (

919:

Of the surrounding courtyards, only sparse remains of residential buildings, stables, warehouses and storehouses remain; some of them have not yet been examined by archaeologists.

732:, the climate in these areas is significantly more favorable than in all other areas of Greenland. Between the two settlements there were still a few scattered farms (near today's 6789: 2999: 655:(Sigurd the Jerusalem Rider) to assign Greenland its own bishop. The first Greenlandic bishop was Arnaldr from 1126, whose presumed remains were unearthed under the floor of the 1446:

claims to have seen people and sheep pens on the west coast. In the municipal archives of Hamburg there is a contemporary report that tells of the journey of a Kraweel from the

1755:

As part of the Nordic Archaeological Expedition in the 1970s, various research into the history of Greenland - both the Grænlendingar and the Eskimo cultures - took place.

1009:

Earth samples proved that the Vikings used slash-and-burn agriculture to cultivate the area and burned down the birch bushes that originally grew there to create pastures.

1349:, or an attack on the Icelandic coast by European pirates, assuming such an attack really did occur. A church document describes a 1418 attack that has been attributed to 1068:, from the early 14th century was inserted into one of them, which names the date April 25 (the year is not specified) and the three members of such a hunting expedition. 2501:

Ingrid Mainland: Pastures lost? A dental microwear study of ovicaprine diet and management in Norse Greenland. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 2006, p. 238–252

1149:

in the back and hips. Some were so crooked and stiff in the joints that they could not be laid down for burial. However, gout was widespread in Scandinavia during the

728:

and the smaller western settlement (Vestribyggð) around today's city of Nuuk - both of which are located on the west coast of Greenland. Due to the far reaches of the

8044: 2023:

Continuity and Change: The Dwellings of the Greenland Norse. In: Journal of the North Atlantic, Volume 2: Norse Greenland Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference

1401: 398: 1029:

of annual hunting expeditions in the summer months. These ventures served to provide the essential supply of meat as a nutritional supplement, but also to procure

2803: 2046:

Hunting, Fishing and Animal Husbandry at the Farm Beneath the Sand, Western Greenland: An Archaeozoological Analysis of a Norse Farm in the Western Settlement.

1404:(Ivar Bardarson), a priest from Norway, sailed from the eastern to the western settlement in 1350, but did not find anyone living there. He suspected that the 869:

including the side chapels. It had windows made of greenish glass and a bell tower with bronze bells, both of which were particularly valuable imported goods.

614:

But the chief in Brattahlid can be said to have a special influence due to its central location and tradition. Since the 14th century, Brattahlid provided the

1695:

settlements was due to several factors: The abandonment of the traditional way of life in favor of that of the Inuit weakened the identity of the settlers.

1012:

In summary, the excavation results so far allow us to conclude that the living conditions were significantly less favorable than in the eastern settlement.

2992: 1298: 1175:), which was brought to Greenland by the settlers and can still be found in gardens there today. Stems and roots can be prepared as a salad or vegetable. 1079: 1094: 2831: 2442:

D. Dahl-Jensen, K. Mosegaard, N. Gundestrup et al.: Past Temperatures Directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet. in: Science 282, Nr. 5387, 1998, p. 268–271

1390:. The decline of the settlements and their contacts with Iceland and the Norse mainland appears to have been a slow process with multi-layered causes. 2720: 1451: 1274: 776:. Many farms also had remote "Saeters", huts that were only used in the summer months for harvesting hay on remote pastures, a system similar to the 724:

In the literature, a distinction is made between two Icelandic settlements in Greenland - the larger eastern settlement (Eystribyggð) around today's

2739: 1628: 466:

1. From 700 to 750 people belonging to the Late Dorset Culture move into the area around Smith Sound, Ellesmere Island and Greenland north of Thule.

1589: 777: 1576:

culture, which emerged in Alaska around 900 AD, spread eastwards along the Arctic coast from 1000 onwards, replacing the older and backward later

800:

The Norwegian priest Ívarr Bárðason reported around the middle of the 14th century that even apples were said to have ripened in favorable years.

2985: 94: 49: 1664:

hit Iceland for the first time and killed approximately half the population there - but there is no evidence that it reached Greenland. Another

1133: 865:, of which little more than the foundation walls remain, was 27 m long when completed at the beginning of the 13th century and 16 m wide in the 7685: 1588:

stepping in. Archaeologist Niels Lynnerup contradicts this: burial customs were similar to those in Iceland until well into the 15th century.

141: 2610:, Book of the Settlement of Iceland, originally from the 11th century, oldest surviving version from the 13th century, English translation 8039: 7531: 2535: 1592:

points out that clothing fashion followed that of the rest of Northern Europe until the end of settlement, which rules out total isolation.

113: 5951: 4274: 444:

that he got his information from his uncle, who had a good memory and who spoke to someone in Greenland who had sailed to Greenland with

7395: 4912: 3148: 1053:

antlers. Norðrsetur could be reached by rowed boats in 30 days from the western settlement and in 50 days from the eastern settlement.

120: 1310: 745: 7332: 4547: 4195: 3054: 4555: 2929:

The lost Norse. Archaeologists have a new answer to the mystery of Gereenland’s Norse, who thrived for centuries and then vanished

287:. Their settlements existed for about half a millennium before they were abandoned for reasons that are still not entirely clear. 8059: 6907: 5913: 4326: 4213: 3084: 127: 7710: 7526: 6504: 6102: 5690: 3008: 2628:, earliest version handed down in the Hauksbók from the 14. century, in an English translation of the Gutenberg project here: 2350: 2342: 7665: 7634: 7539: 7296: 3094: 3029: 2956: 2730: 2313: 2257: 2190: 1949: 1805: 1623:

From the 15th century onwards, climatic conditions deteriorated dramatically. Between 1400 and 1850 there was the so-called "

595:

Icelandic sources suggest that at least three more fleets carrying settlers reached Greenland in the following 14 years. The

7983: 8054: 7607: 5242: 3019: 2240: 109: 6107: 2290:

had fallen, dressed in a hood, homespun woolens and seal skins. Nearby lay his knife, 'bent and much worn and eaten away.'

1749:

credited with the first scientific excavations in Brattahlid and Gardar as well as in Sandness in the Western Settlement.

1648:

lands of the southern fjords were covered by highgrown shrub and surrounded by hills covered with grass and brush (as the

8009: 7614: 7408: 7190: 6871: 6693: 6583: 6352: 4941: 4890: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3034: 1764: 515:

around the 8th century, the tools became available to travel to the edge of the known world and found settlements there.

55: 834: 6641: 6222: 6161: 2053: 7619: 6664: 3294: 3024: 2907: 2888: 2858: 2843: 2786: 2771: 2757: 2702: 2611: 2591: 2366: 1970: 533:

was on a voyage from Norway to Iceland and his ship drifted towards a western coast, probably in the area of today's

236: 218: 160: 63: 1412:

of Sweden and Norway sent a Swedish-Norwegian expedition to western Greenland in 1355 to help the settlers. Captain

1216:

well as providing the most important export commodities. Strong and durable ship ropes were made from walrus skins.

425:

had commissioned him to proselytize in Greenland, is considered a later, false insertion. However, Adam's news that

6742: 3256: 2488: 1676:

in 1359 and in Iceland between 1408 and 1414. Since trade with Greenland took place exclusively through Bergen and

1250: 1060:

There is also clear evidence of occasional expeditions even further north. In 1824 three cairns were discovered on

17: 1657:

well with the overgrazing postulated by Diamond, as it causes pasture areas to become smaller and less productive.

1262: 189: 7799: 7728: 6973: 6959: 6933: 6770: 4741: 4267: 4218: 3426: 2469:

Iversen, J. (1934). Moorgeologische Untersuchungen auf Grönland. Meddelelser fra Geologiske Foreningen 8: 342-358

2361:

Paul Herrmann: 7 vorbei und 8 verweht – Das Abenteuer der frühen Entdeckungen. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1952,

1965:

Paul Herrmann: 7 vorbei und 8 verweht – Das Abenteuer der frühen Entdeckungen. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1952,

5664: 7784: 7766: 7723: 7680: 7516: 7388: 6796: 6766: 5109: 5099: 4683: 4385: 4208: 3476: 3281: 3141: 2938: 98: 6407: 2460:

J. P. H.Hansen, Jørgen Meldgaard und Jørgen Nordqvist: Qilakitsoq. De grønlandske mumier fra 1400-tallet. 1985

1489:

financed three expeditions to clarify the fate of the colonists, but they did not find the settlements again.

1357:

has said that this supposed attack actually refers to a Russian-Karelian attack on Norse settlers in northern

8049: 7917: 7823: 7779: 7629: 7592: 6569: 6079: 5212: 2478:

Iversen, J. (1954). Origin of the flora of western Greenland in the light of pollen analysis. Oikos 4: 85-103

7907: 1333:

fought with the Skrælingar and in which two of Karlsefni's men and four Inuit were killed. In the Icelandic

134: 7978: 7942: 7695: 7639: 7602: 7582: 7575: 6478: 6364: 6207: 5253: 4714: 4482: 3357: 380:

from approx. 1250 contains a lot of information about the natural resource base of the Norse settlement on

331: 1227:, as well as exporting rope, sheep, seals, wool and cattle hides (according to one 13th-century account). 7952: 7877: 7733: 7624: 6926: 6548: 6382: 6323: 6277: 4506: 4395: 4223: 3236: 1640:

moth played a role, although evidence is only found in the farmstead of Anavik in the Western Settlement

1238: 651:. The Grœnlendinga saga reports that in 1118 the colony sent Einarr Sokkason to Norway to persuade King 7860: 7715: 7570: 7286: 6011: 5985: 5978: 5429: 5330: 5322: 5305: 4923: 4469: 4321: 4260: 3389: 3384: 1387: 1194: 822: 5718: 2419: 1466:

This was the last time any European claimed to have seen any of the Norse Greenlanders dead or alive.

1286: 7968: 7882: 7835: 7511: 7381: 7109: 6719: 6415: 6214: 5999: 5881: 5684: 5566: 5417: 5266: 5204: 5191: 5064: 4790: 4442: 4241: 3421: 3328: 3321: 3299: 3134: 2586:

Heike Braukmüller: Grönland – gestern und heute. Grönlands Weg der Dekolonisation. Weener, Ems 1990,

1341:

and Jørgen Meldgaard caution that it may actually describe an attack that occurred between Norse and

644: 482:

9. John Cabot is the first European in the post-Iceland era to visit Labrador - Newfoundland in 1497.

1752:

From 1940, Leif Verbaek carried out extensive excavations at Vatnahverfi in the Eastern Settlement.

858: 656: 7700: 7675: 7259: 6850: 6844: 6762: 6636: 6421: 6147: 6023: 5873: 5761: 5545: 3461: 3446: 3261: 3246: 2175:

Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. UK: Viking Press. p. 217,222

1774: 1552: 1361:, which was known locally as "Greenland" and has been mistaken by modern scholars for the American 652: 196: 4561: 2135: 2087: 618:, the speaker of the law; it is not certain whether he performed the same function as in Iceland. 559:(Eriksfjord) after him. At the end of the fjord, at a latitude of around 61°, he founded his farm 323:. But there is also information about the inhabitants of Greenland in other works; these are: the 7326: 6989: 6142: 6016: 5936: 5445: 5272: 4474: 3576: 3466: 3456: 3451: 3271: 3251: 3208: 1486: 1397:) made the Greenland run at intervals until 1369, when she sank and was apparently not replaced. 1065: 884: 478:

7. In 1408 is the Marriage in Hvalsey, the last known written document on the Norse in Greenland.

311:(the land seizure book) by an unknown author, but probably with Ari's involvement, the anonymous 87: 1109: 430: 343: 7809: 7670: 7558: 7501: 7420: 7264: 6830: 4762: 3978: 3411: 3406: 3333: 3228: 3067: 2215:"Norse Landnam and its impact on the vegetation of Vatnahverfi, Eastern Settlement, Greensland" 1200:

The settlement also had a number of export goods that were very popular in the rest of Europe:

6097: 2303: 925: 7947: 7794: 7789: 7705: 7653: 7442: 7269: 7238: 7043: 6996: 6895: 6699: 6618: 6561: 6310: 6304: 6154: 6112: 6074: 6054: 5649: 5424: 5260: 5170: 5152: 5069: 5040: 5030: 4918: 4855: 4629: 3276: 3166: 2273: 1920: 1470: 1439: 969: 741: 672: 648: 519: 393: 5310: 1178:

The constant lack of wood proved to be a problem. At the turn of the millennium, only small

549: 8002: 7932: 7899: 7889: 7872: 7804: 7749: 7587: 7506: 7434: 7123: 7115: 7058: 6646: 6510: 6436: 6428: 6228: 6168: 6127: 5740: 5731: 5602: 5597: 5501: 5365: 5122: 5084: 4691: 4461: 4429: 4373: 4353: 3367: 3338: 3241: 3072: 2351:

http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf

1847:

Quellen des 9. und 11. Jahrhunderts zur Geschichte der Hamburgischen Kirche und des Reiches

1742: 1326: 1061: 866: 576: 319: 284: 6491: 4896: 4879: 1435:

There are suggestions of voyages from Europe to Greenland, possibly as late as the 1480s.

850: 615: 530: 313: 8: 7912: 7597: 7521: 7244: 7166: 6631: 6554: 6470: 6251: 6243: 6192: 5832: 5790: 5285: 5248: 5137: 4901: 4771: 4574: 4379: 4203: 3416: 2977: 2683: 1606:

The thesis was also put forward that the settlers had survived and mixed with the Inuit (

555:

The following spring, Erik sailed further north and entered a large fjord that was named

426: 4884: 2972: 1161: 474:

5. Late Dorset culture disappears from Greenland in the second half of the 13th century.

376: 359: 8018: 7937: 7472: 7467: 7424: 6965: 6857: 6838: 6402: 6377: 5919: 5813: 5777: 5753: 5644: 5491: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5358: 5336: 5315: 5196: 5186: 4933: 4821: 4749: 4422: 4413: 4405: 4316: 4296: 3586: 3438: 3377: 3266: 3198: 3174: 2400: 2004: 1534: 1330: 942: 695: 603: 596: 584: 441: 297: 281: 1197:

was the only way to preserve meat. This required salt, which also had to be imported.

873:

as several storehouses and farm buildings. This also included a forge where traces of

337: 7973: 7840: 7761: 7477: 7337: 7143: 7137: 7093: 7078: 7007: 6979: 6887: 6824: 6734: 6706: 6686: 6624: 6532: 6496: 6370: 6337: 6330: 6283: 6265: 6182: 5931: 5800: 5748: 5654: 5607: 5535: 5524: 5236: 5226: 5218: 5114: 5104: 5015: 5010: 4993: 4959: 4826: 4813: 4634: 4540: 4498: 4493: 4283: 3362: 3213: 3188: 2952: 2933: 2913: 2903: 2884: 2854: 2839: 2782: 2767: 2753: 2726: 2698: 2587: 2568: 2543: 2404: 2362: 2309: 2214: 2049: 1996: 1966: 1801: 1474: 602:

The Norse settled in three separate locations in south-western Greenland: the larger

495: 277: 2667:, created in the second half of the 13. century in the circle of the Norwegian King 437: 325: 7354: 7086: 6778: 6658: 6484: 6457: 6397: 6272: 6202: 6187: 5926: 5855: 5850: 5824: 5819: 5701: 5624: 5577: 5344: 5164: 5129: 5025: 5020: 4954: 4868: 4650: 4642: 4528: 4448: 4400: 4390: 4363: 3785: 3157: 3077: 2392: 1741:

he stayed in Greenland and instead began proselytizing the Inuit. It was only with

1669: 1600: 1585: 1447: 1334: 491: 418: 389: 307: 1878:

Sources of the 9. and 11. centuries on History of the Hamburg Church and the Reich

451:

Archeology has now produced results that can be used to check individual reports.

7927: 7865: 7344: 7291: 7276: 7182: 7177: 7101: 7066: 7002: 6901: 6816: 6783: 6515: 6298: 6290: 6259: 6175: 6135: 5889: 5845: 5785: 5709: 5679: 5674: 5634: 5612: 5560: 5496: 5486: 5437: 5159: 5144: 4997: 4966: 4928: 4678: 4606: 4600: 4523: 4488: 4348: 3394: 3372: 3316: 3286: 3170: 3089: 1795: 1607: 1509: 1429: 1424: 1409: 1346: 761: 749: 677: 560: 422: 348: 302: 5867: 2646: 2520: 2067:

The Farm Beneath the Sand – an archaeological case study on ancient ‘dirt’ DNA.

1497: 1400:

Sometime between 1350 and 1400, the Greenland western settlement was abandoned.

295:

The sources on the settlement of Greenland are sparse. The main sources are the

195:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

7496: 7452: 7318: 7301: 7254: 7213: 7203: 7172: 7031: 7021: 6913: 6863: 6728: 6678: 6651: 6596: 6392: 6387: 6236: 6089: 5943: 5905: 5862: 5795: 5769: 5723: 5696: 5669: 5639: 5582: 5540: 5530: 5410: 5403: 5300: 5280: 5092: 5052: 4983: 4779: 4754: 4709: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4619: 4614: 4588: 4568: 4336: 4068: 3852: 3516: 3203: 3044: 2420:"Vikings disappeared from Greenland due to over-hunting walrus, study suggests" 1681: 1649: 1636: 1624: 1577: 1408:

had conquered the settlement and killed all the inhabitants. As a result, King

1354: 1304:

Neighboring Inuit prepare for battle against settlers of modern-day Julianehaab

900: 862: 769: 409: 364: 200: 2396: 341:(Story of Fox the Cunning), a more novelistic tale from the 14th century, the 276:. It is assumed that they developed their own language that is referred to as 8033: 7281: 7223: 7218: 7208: 7158: 7153: 7129: 7073: 6950: 6944: 6939: 6538: 6449: 6442: 6197: 5992: 5971: 5839: 5617: 5587: 5555: 5550: 5387: 5293: 5176: 4971: 4784: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4624: 4533: 4368: 3827: 3790: 3750: 3616: 3345: 3304: 2716: 2547: 2451:

Niels Lynnerup: The Greenland Norse: A Biological-Anthropological Study, 1989

2000: 1644: 1524: 1454:

reached the west coast in 1541, but he "couldn’t get to anyone alive" there.

1338: 905: 564: 503: 273: 3929: 2946: 1680:

and there was constant contact with Iceland, the Danish-Norwegian historian

803:

The eastern settlement includes the largest and richest farms in Greenland.

755:

The excavations at Brattahlid, especially more so those of a farmstead near

468:

2. Norse settlement of Iceland starts in the second half of the 9th century.

7922: 7771: 7690: 7457: 7447: 7312: 7306: 6918: 6882: 6748: 6575: 6525: 6464: 6318: 6006: 5957: 5807: 5629: 5592: 5572: 5513: 5047: 5035: 4978: 4906: 4807: 4704: 4698: 4595: 4583: 4456: 4434: 4358: 4311: 3521: 3511: 3494: 3311: 1570: 1482: 1413: 1377: 1183: 682: 640: 512: 445: 353: 2241:

Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIII p.70 Date: 12 February 1426. Place: Nidaros.

408:

Original documents have varying credibility. Adam praises the Danish king

7349: 7249: 7197: 7015: 6802: 6590: 5965: 5897: 5659: 5518: 5481: 5381: 5373: 5181: 4517: 4003: 3961: 3884: 3797: 3665: 3655: 3566: 3350: 3117:

Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia

2331:

Sines, R. (2019). Norse in the North Atlantic. USA: Hamilton Books. p. 76

1661: 1342: 1280:

Grænlendingar from modern-day Julianehaab celebrate the death of an Inuit

1220: 1179: 947: 729: 708: 626: 556: 534: 507: 499: 7483: 2629: 2008: 1984: 1541: 1443: 1405: 7491: 7148: 7051: 7035: 6877: 6810: 6711: 6120: 6069: 6029: 5351: 5077: 5005: 4947: 4340: 4308: 4180: 3968: 3951: 3899: 3889: 3874: 3842: 3832: 3710: 3660: 3536: 3531: 3499: 3218: 3104: 1733: 1150: 1064:

at a latitude of 73°. A twelve centimeter long runestone, known as the

1038: 957: 1915: 1913: 1716: 1492: 994:). The bird bones found and identified come primarily from ptarmigan ( 968:

From 1991 to 1996, the Danish Polar Center, in collaboration with the

7850: 7549: 7404: 7373: 6670: 5507: 5059: 4842: 4175: 4170: 4160: 4093: 3998: 3894: 3857: 3847: 3807: 3760: 3755: 3705: 3645: 3571: 3561: 3541: 3504: 3489: 3099: 1677: 1520: 1515: 1362: 1204: 913: 765: 568: 381: 269: 4252: 1504: 716: 545:

and a desolate, inhumane landscape and therefore did not go ashore.

76: 7855: 7845: 6602: 4148: 4133: 4113: 4098: 4078: 4053: 4038: 4033: 4013: 3983: 3973: 3924: 3914: 3909: 3740: 3725: 3700: 3680: 3650: 3640: 3635: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3526: 3484: 3193: 3126: 2744:

Wikingersiedlungen in Grönland – Ihre Entstehung und ihr Schicksal.

2668: 1910: 1708: 1665: 1530: 1172: 1086: 1050: 874: 733: 725: 635: 607: 526:

provided the setting to look for new settlement areas in the 970s.

2171: 2169: 2122:

Wikingersiedlungen in Grönland. Ihre Entstehung und ihr Schicksal.

2065:

Martin B. Hebsgaard, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Jette Arneborg et al.:

7229: 6609: 4874: 4850: 4838: 4165: 4153: 4143: 4118: 4108: 4103: 4083: 4073: 4048: 3988: 3946: 3919: 3837: 3770: 3765: 3745: 3735: 3690: 3685: 3675: 3670: 3611: 3596: 3546: 2381:"Desirable teeth: the medieval trade in Arctic and African ivory" 1769: 1737: 1548: 1209: 1101: 1034: 909: 854: 621: 538: 486:

11. The Norwegian priest Hans Egede arrives in Greenland in 1721.

414: 261: 249: 5396: 1921:"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings - Archaeology Magazine Archive" 1365:. Archeological evidence has failed to find any violence by the 472:

4. Thule Inuit move into northern Greenland in the 12th century.

370: 5475: 4800: 4185: 4138: 4123: 4088: 4063: 4028: 4023: 3956: 3941: 3879: 3817: 3802: 3780: 3730: 3720: 3715: 3628: 3623: 3581: 3551: 2779:

7 vorbei und 8 verweht – Das Abenteuer der frühen Entdeckungen.

2166: 1696: 1673: 1596: 1358: 1046: 1030: 756: 712:

Map of the Eastern Settlement with main courtyards and churches

542: 523: 1432:

map from his journey to Greenland (where he mapped the area).

1071: 700: 4861: 4058: 4043: 4018: 4008: 3993: 3936: 3904: 3869: 3864: 3822: 3812: 3695: 3556: 3399: 2203:

Gwyn Jones, "The Vikings", Folio Society, London 1997, p.292.

1573: 1366: 1350: 1042: 1020: 787: 773: 737: 664: 480:

8. The Eastern Settlement disappears in the mid-15th century.

1985:"The Church in North America (Greenland) in the Middle Ages" 1416:

reached the western settlement, but did not find any Norse.

1219:

The Greenland settlements carried on a trade with Europe in

1015: 4128: 3775: 1478: 1224: 1146: 976: 781: 3007: 1127:

Fragments of household devices (carvings as owner's marks)

590: 548:

Erik the Red acquired the Haukadalr farm on the Icelandic

502:

in force among the Nordic peoples at the time favored the

2945:

Hansen, Jens Peder Hart; Meldgaard, Jorgen (1991-03-01).

1610:). This theory has been refuted through genetic analysis. 1329:(Eiríks saga rauða) tells of a battle that the Icelander 1316:

Death of the last Grænlendingar of modern-day Julianehaab

476:

6. The Western Settlement disappears in mid 14th century.

470:

3. Norse settlement of Greenland starts just before 1000.

459: 606:, the smaller Western Settlement, and the still smaller 518:

The springboard for the settlement of Greenland was the

6066: 2327: 2325: 2081: 2079: 1024:

Hunting place of the Saqqaq Eskimo culture at Disko Bay

417:'s Vita Anskarii that Pope Gregory had also appointed 2937:, Vol. 354, No. 6313 (11. November 2016), S. 696–701 ( 2197: 1477:

and came into contact with the Inuit near what is now

498:

had its roots in two main social characteristics. The

484:

10. "Little Ice Age" from c. 1600 to mid 18th century.

2489:"The Forest Plantations in The Greenlandic Arboretum" 2221:. Memorial University of Newfoundland. pp. 52–54 1961: 1959: 1617: 2322: 2076: 1703: 1500:

showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:

2973:

Publikation des Archaeological Institute of Amerika

2826:

Die Wikinger – Geschichte, Kultur und Entdeckungen.

260:were established after 986 by settlers coming from 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2639:translation by von Felix Niedner. Düsseldorf 1965. 1956: 1948:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFitzhughWard2000 ( 317:(Saga of the Greenlanders) and the also anonymous 2812:Kulturhistorisk Leksikon for Nordisk Middelalder. 2798:Kulturhistorisk Leksikon for Nordisk Middelalder. 2722:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 2675:translation by Rudolf Meissner. Halle/Saale 1944. 537:on the southern tip of Greenland. He had sighted 8045:Populated places established in the 10th century 8031: 2645:, earliest version handed down in the Icelandic 2622:. translation by Walter Baetke. Düsseldorf 1967. 1720:Christian gravestone from the Eastern Settlement 575:elsewhere during this period and is called the " 571:. The following year he sailed back to Iceland. 2944: 2521:"Hvað er helst vitað um svartadauða á Íslandi?" 2271: 2160: 1428:manuscripts containing the second chart of the 347:(The Story of the Oath Brothers), the story of 2814:Kopenhagen 1963, Gd. 8, Sp. 650–658. 2800:Kopenhagen 1960, Gd. 5, Sp. 519–523. 2690:3 volumes 1838–1845. fotographic reprint 1976. 2657:tranlsation by Felix Niedner. Düsseldorf 1965. 2573:Medieval Archaeology in Scandinavia and Beyond 2372: 268:('Greenlanders' in Icelandic), were the first 7389: 4268: 3142: 2993: 2124:Ernst Käbitzsch Leipzig 1937, p. 52, pic. 41. 1353:people by modern scholars, however Historian 388:Individual messages can also be found in the 2569:"Norse Greenland: Research into abandonment" 2256:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSeaver1996 ( 1944: 1230: 1171:An important source of vitamins was "Kvan" ( 3173:origin primarily identified as speakers of 2870:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 2472: 2463: 1072:Way of life, trade, economy and food supply 840:Grave site (Ingeborg's grave) on Brattahlid 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7396: 7382: 4275: 4261: 3149: 3135: 3000: 2986: 2838:Droemersche Verlagsanstalt, München 1974, 2533: 2133: 1473:passed through Greenland in search of the 895: 806: 2620:Islands Besiedlung und älteste Geschichte 2295: 2189:sfn error: no target: CITEREFForbes2010 ( 1822:Islands Besiedlung und älteste Geschichte 1016:The northern hunting grounds (Norðrsetur) 454: 237:Learn how and when to remove this message 219:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 7333:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 2626:Saga of Erik the Red (Eiríks saga rauða) 2566: 1715: 1707: 1491: 1376: 1019: 998:) and to a lesser extent from mallards ( 963: 946: 786: 715: 707: 699: 625:Wooden crosses as grave goods (found in 620: 458: 369: 248: 6908:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4214:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 2764:Geschichte der Seefahrt – Die Wikinger. 2715: 2697:. Christiania 1888. reprint Oslo 1977, 2340: 1634:It is argued that the spreading of the 1268:Grænlendingar slay Inuit and his child 1256:Grænlendingar raid an Inuit summer camp 591:Settlement and consolidation of society 14: 8032: 7403: 3009:European colonization of North America 2378: 2251: 2206: 2184: 2085: 2048:Danish Polar Center, Kopenhagen 2003, 1982: 1793: 1381:Greenland settlements from 900 to 1500 27:Abandoned Middle Age Norse settlements 7377: 6052: 4294: 4282: 4256: 3130: 2981: 2301: 2280:. Archaeological Institute of America 1481:, but found no living Europeans. The 936: 689: 506:. When new arable and pastureland in 3156: 2746:Curt-Kabitzsch-Verlag, Leipzig 1937. 2655:Grönländer und Färinger Geschichten. 2637:Grönländer und Färinger Geschichten. 2536:"(S+) Als die Tranfunzeln erloschen" 2272:Mackenzie Brown, Dale (2000-02-28). 1835:Grönländer und Färinger Geschichten. 1595:The opinion was also expressed that 1372: 511:the local society. With advances in 290: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 8040:Norse colonization of North America 6694:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4891:Norse colonization of North America 2673:Der Königsspiegel. Konungsskuggsjá. 2649:from the late 14. century. German: 2417: 1880:. Latin and German. Darmstadt 1978. 1849:. Latin und German. Darmstadt 1978. 1765:Norse colonization of North America 1563: 329:(Story of the People of Flói), the 24: 6223:United States Exploring Expedition 2896:Life and Death in Norse Greenland. 2781:Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1952, 2688:Grønlands historiske Mindesmærker. 2643:Greenland Saga (Grænlendinga saga) 2534:Stockinger, Günther (2013-01-06). 2308:. Open Road Media. pp. 102–. 2212: 1618:Deterioration of living conditions 272:to explore and temporarily settle 253:Icelandic settlements in Greenland 25: 8071: 7421:an autonomous constituent country 7297:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 6665:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2966: 2900:Vikings – the North Atlantic Saga 2883:Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2004, 2881:Dagligliv i Danmarks middelalder. 2608:Book of Settlements (Landnámabók) 2379:Seaver, Kirsten A. (2009-07-01). 2274:"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings" 2134:Groeneveld, Emma (3 April 2018). 1712:Replica of Grænlendingar clothing 1704:History of discovery and research 45:This article has multiple issues. 7548: 7191:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 6584:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 4237: 4236: 2872:. Bd. 13, Berlin 1999, S. 63–71. 2821:Nationalmuseet, Kopenhagen 1967. 2661:King's mirror (Konungs skuggsjá) 1797:The Handbook of Language Contact 1560:assured after the 15th century. 1309: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1249: 1237: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1093: 1078: 924: 883: 833: 821: 177: 110:"Norse settlements in Greenland" 75: 34: 7724:Governor (1728–1730, 1925–1979) 4219:Christianization of Scandinavia 2951:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 2580: 2560: 2527: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2481: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2411: 2355: 2334: 2302:Jones, Tristan (1 April 2014). 2265: 2245: 2233: 2127: 2114: 2104: 2059: 2038: 2028: 2015: 1976: 1937: 1901: 1369:people against Norse settlers. 828:Reconstructed Brattahlid Chapel 335:(Story of Einar Sokkason), the 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 8060:Norse settlements in Greenland 4209:Christianization of the Franks 3282:Continental Germanic mythology 1989:The Catholic Historical Review 1892: 1883: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1839: 1827: 1814: 1794:Hickey, Raymond (2013-04-24). 1787: 1469:In 1585, the English explorer 1438:In 1534, the Icelandic bishop 429:had ordained the first bishop 421:legate for Greenland and that 280:, not to be confused with the 258:Norse settlements in Greenland 13: 1: 7734:Prime Minister (1979–current) 6570:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 6505:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 6053: 2879:. In: Else Roesdahl (Hrsg.): 2766:Time-Life-Bücher, Amsterdam, 2752:Time-Life-Bücher, Amsterdam, 2695:Islandske Annaler indtil 1578 2418:Kim, Allen (7 January 2020). 1780: 1689: 1208:horn came from the legendary 1157:effectively self-sufficient. 951:Map of the Western Settlement 720:Map of the Central Settlement 704:Map of the Eastern Settlement 6927:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 6743:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 6549:French Antarctic Expeditions 6479:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 6365:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 4483:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 2142:. World History Encyclopedia 2073:83 (320), June 2009, p. 1–15 1983:Larson, Laurence M. (1919). 1388:contemporary Danish presence 1244:Grænlendingar fighting Inuit 7: 8055:Viking Age populated places 6012:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 5691:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 4556:Andrée's balloon expedition 4224:Christianization of Iceland 2924:19, Heft 1, 2008, S. 63–87. 2918:"Pygmies" of the Far North. 2824:Bertil Almgren u. a.: 2161:Hansen & Meldgaard 1991 2021:Mogens Skaaning Høegsberg: 1758: 1450:city to Greenland. Captain 10: 8076: 5213:Franklin's lost expedition 4913:Christian IV's expeditions 4295: 2092:World History Encyclopedia 1292:Inuit pursue Grænlendingar 940: 693: 7996: 7961: 7898: 7831: 7822: 7757: 7748: 7661: 7652: 7566: 7557: 7546: 7433: 7415: 7030: 6761: 6348: 6088: 6065: 6061: 6048: 5567:Great Northern Expedition 5461: 5243:Rae–Richardson expedition 4992: 4837: 4443:British Arctic Expedition 4335: 4307: 4303: 4290: 4232: 4194: 3475: 3437: 3227: 3181: 3164: 3113: 3015: 2397:10.1017/S1740022809003155 2385:Journal of Global History 1800:. John Wiley & Sons. 1231:Encounters with the Inuit 845: 529:Around 900, the seafarer 264:. The settlers, known as 7666:Administrative divisions 7540:Cartographic expeditions 6851:British Antarctic Survey 6845:Captain Arturo Prat Base 6090:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3462:North Germanic languages 3447:Germanic parent language 2922:Journal of World History 2851:Tausend Jahre Neue Welt. 2819:Erik den Rødes Grønland. 2808:Kolonisation af Grønland 2567:Arneborg, Jette (2015). 1945:Fitzhugh & Ward 2000 1775:History of North America 1553:Great Northern Peninsula 1423:The Danish cartographer 1100:Settlement structure of 1085:Settlement structure of 7979:National (civic) anthem 7327:Pole of inaccessibility 6990:Antarctic Treaty System 5331:2nd Grinnell expedition 3467:West Germanic languages 3457:East Germanic languages 3452:Proto-Germanic language 3272:Proto-Germanic folklore 3209:Romano-Germanic culture 2682:(13. Jahrhundert). in: 2343:"Skálholt Map (#431.6)" 1925:archive.archaeology.org 1545:(location undetermined) 1487:Christian IV of Denmark 1393:The Greenland carrier ( 1160:The Norwegian textbook 1115:Float for a fishing net 1066:Kingittorsuaq Runestone 896:Hvalsey (Qaqortukulooq) 807:Brattahlíð (Qassiarsuk) 748:and a monastery on the 332:Einars þáttr Sokkasonar 2651:Grönländer Geschichten 2633:Grönländer Geschichten 2136:"Viking Age Greenland" 2088:"Viking Age Greenland" 1721: 1713: 1660:From 1402 to 1404 the 1556: 1382: 1139:Grave- and Runenstones 1025: 952: 859:Garðar Cathedral Ruins 792: 721: 713: 705: 630: 487: 455:Discovery of Greenland 385: 254: 7729:Inspector (1782–1924) 7676:Independence movement 6997:Transglobe Expedition 6896:Operation Deep Freeze 6305:Challenger expedition 5171:Coppermine expedition 4692:Drifting ice stations 3277:Anglo-Saxon mythology 3167:Ethnolinguistic group 2853:DVA, Stuttgart 1982, 2341:Siebold, Jim (2015). 2044:Inge Bødker Enghoff: 1907:Íslendingabók Kap. 6. 1719: 1711: 1495: 1380: 1023: 970:University of Alberta 964:Farm beneath the sand 950: 890:Runestone from Gardar 790: 742:Benedictine monastery 719: 711: 703: 649:Archdiocese of Bremen 624: 520:settlement of Iceland 462: 394:Hinrich Johannes Rink 373: 252: 8050:History of Greenland 7507:Fridtjof Nansen Land 3073:Fridtjof Nansen Land 2877:Nordboliv i Grønland 2792:Grethe Authén Blom: 2710:Secondary literature 1743:Gustav Frederik Holm 1736:, who came from the 1327:Saga of Erik the Red 1062:Kingittorsuaq Island 1004:Somateria mollissima 986:), followed by cod ( 931:Hvalsey church ruins 645:Church of Brattahlíð 577:Medieval Warm Period 431:Ísleifur Gissurarson 320:Saga of Erik the Red 285:Greenlandic language 95:improve this article 7873:Notable individuals 7522:County of Greenland 7502:Erik the Red's Land 7167:South magnetic pole 5833:Brusilov expedition 4942:Danish colonization 4380:North magnetic pole 4204:Gothic Christianity 3068:Erik the Red's Land 2902:. Washington 2000, 2804:Christen Leif Vebæk 2684:Carl Christian Rafn 2616:Das Besiedlungsbuch 2575:. pp. 257–271. 2278:Archaeology Archive 1458:Greenlander as a: 1002:) and eider ducks ( 653:Sigurðr Jórsalafari 427:Archbishop Adalbert 7800:Telecommunications 7635:Towns and villages 7473:Western Settlement 7468:Eastern Settlement 7463:Norse Colonization 7425:Kingdom of Denmark 6858:Operation Windmill 6839:Operation Highjump 5814:Rusanov expedition 5719:A. E. Nordenskiöld 5463:North East Passage 5267:McClure expedition 3587:Germani cisrhenani 3295:Funerary practices 3199:Pre-Roman Iron Age 3175:Germanic languages 2864:S. E. Albrethsen: 2836:Die Wikinger Saga. 2828:Heyer, Essen 1968. 2491:. 18 October 2013. 2086:Groeneveld, Emma. 1833:German version in 1725:whalers followed. 1722: 1714: 1557: 1535:Labrador Peninsula 1383: 1335:Gottskálks Annálar 1331:Thorfinn Karlsefni 1026: 1000:Anas platyrhynchos 984:Salvelinus alpinus 953: 943:Western Settlement 937:Western Settlement 793: 722: 714: 706: 696:Eastern Settlement 690:Eastern Settlement 631: 604:Eastern Settlement 597:Western Settlement 585:Eastern Settlement 488: 386: 255: 8027: 8026: 7992: 7991: 7818: 7817: 7744: 7743: 7720:Political leader 7711:Political parties 7686:High Commissioner 7681:Foreign relations 7648: 7647: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7362: 6825:Operation Tabarin 6687:Far Eastern Party 6533:Nimrod Expedition 6044: 6043: 6040: 6039: 5603:M. Pronchishcheva 5525:Siberian Cossacks 4994:Northwest Passage 4327:Research stations 4284:Polar exploration 4250: 4249: 3422:Gothic and Vandal 3214:Germanic Iron Age 3189:Nordic Bronze Age 3171:Northern European 3124: 3123: 2958:978-0-7735-6312-4 2948:Greenland Mummies 2914:Kirsten A. Seaver 2849:Harald Steinert: 2732:978-0-14-303655-5 2315:978-1-4976-0357-8 1898:Vita Anskarii 23. 1889:Vita Anskarii 13. 1807:978-1-118-44869-4 1510:mythical location 1475:Northwest Passage 1373:Norse abandonment 992:Mallotus villosus 744:of St. Olaf near 608:Middle Settlement 531:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson 496:Early Middle Ages 314:Grænlendinga saga 291:Historical record 278:Greenlandic Norse 247: 246: 239: 229: 228: 221: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 8067: 8012: 8005: 7829: 7828: 7780:Fishing industry 7775: 7755: 7754: 7659: 7658: 7564: 7563: 7552: 7535: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7375: 7374: 6872:Ronne Expedition 6357: 6351: 6215:Dumont d'Urville 6063: 6062: 6050: 6049: 5598:V. Pronchishchev 4305: 4304: 4292: 4291: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4240: 4239: 4196:Christianization 3786:Ripuarian Franks 3158:Germanic peoples 3151: 3144: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3078:Sverdrup Islands 3002: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2962: 2894:Niels Lynnerup: 2875:Jette Arneborg: 2794:Grønlandshandel. 2736: 2678:Ívarr Bárðason: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2376: 2370: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2213:Ledger, Paul M. 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2083: 2074: 2063: 2057: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1995:(2/3): 175–194. 1980: 1974: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1943:N. Lynnerup, in 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1791: 1732:When the pastor 1601:Victual Brothers 1599:, namely of the 1586:Hanseatic league 1564:Political causes 1547:• Promontory of 1448:Hanseatic League 1440:Ögmundur Pálsson 1395:Groenlands Knorr 1313: 1301: 1289: 1277: 1265: 1253: 1241: 1193:Besides drying, 1162:Konungs skuggsjá 1136: 1124: 1112: 1097: 1082: 1037:teeth, seal and 928: 887: 837: 825: 762:Icelandic horses 673:Hákon Hákonarson 657:church of Garðar 492:Viking expansion 419:Ansgar of Bremen 390:Icelandic Annals 377:Konungs skuggsjá 360:Konungs skuggsjá 242: 235: 224: 217: 213: 210: 204: 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Viking Greenland 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7988: 7957: 7943:Public holidays 7894: 7814: 7773: 7740: 7716:Ruling monarchs 7696:Law enforcement 7644: 7553: 7544: 7533: 7429: 7411: 7402: 7372: 7359: 7034: 7026: 6902:McMurdo Station 6771:Modern research 6769: 6757: 6492:O. Nordenskjöld 6355: 6349: 6344: 6260:Ross expedition 6084: 6057: 6036: 5465: 5457: 4998:Northern Canada 4996: 4988: 4841: 4833: 4339: 4331: 4299: 4286: 4281: 4251: 4246: 4228: 4190: 3471: 3433: 3395:Gothic alphabet 3287:Norse mythology 3223: 3177: 3160: 3155: 3125: 3120: 3109: 3011: 3006: 2969: 2959: 2817:Knud J. Krogh: 2777:Paul Herrmann: 2733: 2680:Grønland annáll 2665:Speculum regale 2599: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2377: 2373: 2360: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2300: 2296: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2266: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025:2008, p. 82–101 2020: 2016: 1981: 1977: 1964: 1957: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820:Both German in 1819: 1815: 1808: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1761: 1706: 1692: 1620: 1608:Fridtjof Nansen 1584:discussing the 1566: 1546: 1538: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1501: 1452:Gerd Mestemaker 1430:Claudius Clavus 1425:Claudius Clavus 1410:Magnus Eriksson 1402:Ívarr Bárðarson 1375: 1347:Northern Europe 1317: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1293: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1233: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1116: 1113: 1104: 1098: 1089: 1083: 1074: 1018: 990:) and capelin ( 966: 945: 939: 932: 929: 898: 891: 888: 861:, dedicated to 848: 841: 838: 829: 826: 809: 750:Tasermiut Fjord 698: 692: 678:Eirik Magnusson 593: 567:to what is now 500:inheritance law 485: 483: 481: 479: 477: 475: 473: 471: 469: 467: 465: 457: 423:Pope Nicholas I 399:Ívarr Bárðarson 349:Olaf Tryggvason 344:Fóstbrœðra saga 338:Króka-Refs saga 303:Ari Thorgilsson 301:by the scholar 293: 243: 232: 231: 230: 225: 214: 208: 205: 194: 188:has an unclear 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8073: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 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7279: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7270:Cherry-Garrard 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7110:Southern Cross 7106: 7105: 7104: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7040: 7038: 7032:Farthest South 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6993: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6729:Ross Sea party 6725: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6690: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6423:Southern Cross 6416:Southern Cross 6412: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6360: 6358: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6281: 6275: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6162:Bellingshausen 6152: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6021: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5471: 5469: 5467:Russian Arctic 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4909: 4904: 4902:Snæbjörn galti 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4804: 4797: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4695: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4459: 4454: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4337:Farthest North 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3853:Thracian Goths 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3204:Roman Iron Age 3201: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2967:External links 2965: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2942: 2927:Eli Kintisch: 2925: 2911: 2892: 2873: 2862: 2847: 2832:Rudolf Pörtner 2829: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2790: 2775: 2761: 2747: 2737: 2731: 2717:Diamond, Jared 2707: 2706: 2693:Gustav Storm: 2691: 2676: 2658: 2640: 2623: 2597: 2596: 2579: 2559: 2526: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2410: 2391:(2): 271–292. 2371: 2354: 2333: 2321: 2314: 2294: 2264: 2244: 2232: 2205: 2196: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2126: 2120:Paul Nørlund: 2113: 2103: 2075: 2058: 2054:978-8790369590 2037: 2027: 2014: 1975: 1955: 1936: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1838: 1826: 1813: 1806: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1705: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1682:Ludvig Holberg 1658: 1654: 1650:Qinngua Valley 1641: 1637:Eurois occulta 1632: 1625:Little Ice Age 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1593: 1590:Jette Arneborg 1581: 1578:Dorset culture 1565: 1562: 1539:• Land of the 1502:• Land of the 1464: 1463: 1374: 1371: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1017: 1014: 965: 962: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 923: 901:Hvalsey Church 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 882: 863:Saint Nicholas 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 832: 830: 827: 820: 808: 805: 770:Saqqaq culture 694:Main article: 691: 688: 592: 589: 456: 453: 440:writes in his 438:Ari Þorgilsson 410:Sven Estridson 365:Adam of Bremen 326:Flóamanna saga 292: 289: 245: 244: 227: 226: 190:citation style 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8072: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7790:National Bank 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:National park 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7419:Greenland is 7418: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 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6455: 6451: 6450:Discovery Hut 6448: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980:A. Sibiryakov 5977: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952:Glavsevmorput 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5254:J. Richardson 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:M. Corte-Real 5014: 5012: 5011:G. Corte-Real 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4934:C. Richardson 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4743:Georgiy Sedov 4739: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:Riiser-Larsen 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4549: 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A. Larsen 6485: 6477: 6463: 6456: 6443: 6435: 6429:Borchgrevink 6422: 6414: 6371: 6363: 6338:C. A. Larsen 6331: 6312: 6303: 6285: 6267: 6258: 6245: 6230: 6221: 6208: 6169: 6155: 6148: 6129: 6114: 6024: 6017: 6000: 5993: 5979: 5964: 5950: 5937: 5912: 5898: 5896: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5838: 5831: 5812: 5778: 5776: 5762: 5760: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5710: 5708: 5689: 5565: 5523: 5506: 5474: 5438: 5436: 5416: 5415: 5395: 5394: 5380: 5367: 5352: 5338: 5329: 5316: 5287: 5275:Investigator 5274: 5265: 5241: 5228: 5220: 5211: 5198: 5169: 5146: 5131: 5116: 5086: 5071: 5041: 4960: 4940: 4911: 4907:Erik the Red 4889: 4867: 4860: 4817:submersibles 4814: 4808:Arktika 2007 4806: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4773: 4764: 4761: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4697: 4690: 4666: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4641: 4607: 4605: 4576: 4573: 4562:S. A. Andrée 4554: 4541: 4516: 4508: 4505: 4481: 4463: 4450: 4441: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4378: 3522:Anglo-Saxons 3512:Adrabaecampi 3495:Bucinobantes 3237:Architecture 2947: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2850: 2835: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2778: 2763: 2749: 2743: 2740:Poul Nørlund 2721: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2647:Flateyjarbók 2642: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2602:Bibliography 2601: 2600: 2582: 2572: 2562: 2551:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2427:. Retrieved 2423: 2413: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2357: 2336: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2282:. Retrieved 2277: 2267: 2247: 2235: 2223:. Retrieved 2218: 2208: 2199: 2180: 2156: 2144:. Retrieved 2139: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2106: 2095:. Retrieved 2091: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2045: 2040: 2030: 2022: 2017: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1939: 1928:. 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Anna 5754:Melville 5724:Palander 5680:Tsivolko 5640:Sannikov 5635:Billings 5578:Chirikov 5497:Barentsz 5439:St. Roch 5430:Bartlett 5404:Amundsen 5388:Sverdrup 5288:Resolute 5177:Franklin 5105:Kotzebue 4972:Sverdrup 4955:Scoresby 4929:Lindenov 4780:Plaisted 4765:Nautilus 4710:Shirshov 4684:Belyakov 4679:Baydukov 4653:Nautilus 4615:Amundsen 4575:SS 4534:Sverdrup 4529:Johansen 4499:Brainard 4494:Lockwood 4349:Barentsz 4242:Category 4149:Hasdingi 4134:Usipetes 4114:Tubantes 4099:Toxandri 4079:Tencteri 4054:Suarines 4039:Sicambri 4034:Semnones 4014:Reudigni 3984:Mattiaci 3974:Marsacii 3925:Lombards 3915:Lacringi 3910:Juthungi 3741:Corconti 3726:Cherusci 3701:Charudes 3681:Chaedini 3651:Bructeri 3636:Bateinoi 3607:Eburones 3602:Condrusi 3597:Caeroesi 3592:Atuatuci 3527:Ambrones 3490:Brisgavi 3485:Alemanni 3363:Paganism 3252:Clothing 3247:Calendar 3194:Germania 3095:Scottish 3030:Curonian 2866:Grönland 2719:(2005). 2111:157–186. 2009:25011635 1759:See also 1685:lacking. 1666:epidemic 1542:Skræling 1531:Markland 1444:Skálholt 1406:Skræling 1173:Angelica 1087:Qaqortoq 875:bog iron 734:Ivittuut 726:Qaqortoq 636:Hebrides 543:skerries 539:icebergs 197:citation 8003:Outline 7962:Symbols 7918:Hunting 7913:Cuisine 7900:Culture 7890:Suicide 7878:artists 7824:Society 7805:Tourism 7750:Economy 7630:Straits 7608:by area 7603:Islands 7588:Geology 7571:Climate 7435:History 7423:of the 7355:Messner 7302:Hillary 7282:Balchen 7230:Polheim 7224:Wisting 7102:Crozier 7074:Weddell 7052:J. Cook 7022:Kapitsa 7003:Fiennes 6945:Klenova 6914:Hillary 6864:Ketchum 6790:BANZARE 6765:· 6610:Polheim 6576:Shirase 6562:Charcot 6372:Belgica 6291:Crozier 6203:Morrell 6198:Weddell 6176:Lazarev 6121:J. Cook 6075:History 6025:Arktika 6001:Krassin 5986:Voronin 5958:Schmidt 5944:Ushakov 5883:Vaygach 5851:Albanov 5820:Rusanov 5801:Kolchak 5796:Matisen 5770:Makarov 5749:De Long 5650:Wrangel 5630:Lyakhov 5583:Malygin 5541:Dezhnev 5368:Pandora 5339:Advance 5306:Kennedy 5301:Belcher 5294:Kellett 5281:McClure 5205:Beechey 5199:Blossom 5192:Simpson 5160:Crozier 5153:Hoppner 5110:J. Ross 5078:J. Cook 5026:Gilbert 4919:J. Hall 4885:Ingólfr 4875:Naddodd 4869:Vikings 4856:Brendan 4851:Pytheas 4839:Iceland 4793:Arktika 4785:Herbert 4750:Badygin 4720:Krenkel 4705:Papanin 4674:Chkalov 4660:Wilkins 4625:Wisting 4569:F. Cook 4475:Markham 4435:Bessels 4424:Polaris 4415:Polaris 4386:J. Ross 4369:Carolus 4317:History 4166:Varisci 4154:Silingi 4144:Vandals 4119:Tulingi 4109:Triboci 4104:Treveri 4084:Teutons 4074:Taifals 4049:Sitones 3989:Nemetes 3947:Helisii 3920:Lemovii 3838:Gutones 3771:Firaesi 3766:Favonae 3746:Cugerni 3736:Cobandi 3691:Chamavi 3686:Chaemae 3676:Casuari 3671:Caritni 3641:Betasii 3612:Paemani 3547:Auiones 3412:Warfare 3390:Scripts 3358:Numbers 3182:History 3105:Swedish 3100:Spanish 3090:Russian 3025:Belgian 3020:British 2934:Science 2663:, lat. 2035:297–303 1973:, p.293 1770:Vinland 1738:Lofoten 1549:Vinland 1210:unicorn 1102:Igaliku 1051:caribou 1035:narwhal 1033:ivory, 910:Orkneys 855:Igaliku 853:(today 780:in the 746:Unartok 494:in the 415:Rimbert 351:in the 262:Iceland 135:scholar 7953:Sports 7866:Danish 7785:Mining 7772:Krone 7625:Rivers 7583:Fjords 7576:change 7407: 7265:Bowers 7260:Wilson 7219:Hassel 7214:Helmer 7183:Mackay 7173:Mawson 7138:Nimrod 7096:Terror 7081:Erebus 7008:Burton 6803:Rymill 6679:Mawson 6673:Aurora 6652:Lashly 6637:Wilson 6540:Nimrod 6517:Scotia 6324:Murray 6299:Cooper 6286:Terror 6268:Erebus 6237:Wilkes 6188:Palmer 6156:Vostok 6103:Bouvet 6027:-class 6007:Gakkel 5875:Taymyr 5856:Konrad 5825:Kuchin 5763:Yermak 5670:Lavrov 5588:Ovtsyn 5573:Bering 5551:Ivanov 5514:Hudson 5476:Pomors 5453:Cowper 5418:Karluk 5317:Isabel 5311:Bellot 5261:Austin 5229:Terror 5221:Erebus 5117:Griper 5093:Clerke 5053:Baffin 5036:Hudson 4967:Nansen 4880:Garðar 4801:Barneo 4668:ANT-25 4644:Italia 4620:Nobile 4589:Henson 4548:Amedeo 4524:Nansen 4489:Greely 4359:Hudson 4297:Arctic 4186:Warini 4139:Vagoth 4124:Tungri 4089:Thelir 4069:Swedes 4064:Sunici 4029:Saxons 4024:Rugini 3957:Manimi 3942:Diduni 3880:Heruli 3818:Gepids 3803:Frisii 3781:Franks 3731:Cimbri 3721:Chauci 3716:Chatti 3629:Nervii 3624:Morini 3582:Belgae 3577:Batavi 3552:Avarpi 3517:Angles 3477:Groups 3427:Viking 3373:Gothic 3351:Gothic 3257:Family 3050:French 3040:German 3035:Danish 2955: 2939:Online 2931:. 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