153:– the perception of the moral superiority of the self and the immorality of the other side, at both individual and group levels. At an individual level this tends to involve a "black and white" view of morality and the actions of individuals. The individual denies their own aggressiveness and sees the self as weak and persecuted by the morally impure, while the other person is seen as threatening, persecuting and immoral, preserving the image of a morally pure self. At a collective level, moral elitism means that groups emphasize the harm inflicted on them, while also seeing themselves as morally superior. This also means that individuals see their own violence as justified and moral, while the outgroup's violence is unjustified and morally wrong.
159:– because individuals are concerned with their own suffering, they tend to be unwilling to divert interest to the suffering of others. They will either ignore the suffering others or act more selfishly. At the collective level, groups preoccupied with their own victimhood are unwilling to see the outgroup's perspective and show less empathy to their adversaries, while being less likely to accept responsibility for harms they commit. This results in the group being collectively egoistic.
226:
to draw attention to the event, not wanting the event to become a public spectacle, fear that their peers, friends, and others would think negatively of them, and not wanting to cause problems within the household. It has been found that victims who disclose to their family members early on usually have higher levels of support from family members and their community. Encouragement to disclose their traumatic experience sooner, rather than later, is greatly needed.
147:– the desire for individuals to have their victimhood recognized and affirmed by others. This recognition helps reaffirm positive basic assumptions held by the individual about themselves, others and the world in general. This also implies that offenders recognize their wrongdoing. At a collective level this can encourage people to have a positive well-being with regards to traumatic events and to encourage conciliatory attitudes in group conflicts.
389:
Some researchers have argued that victim beliefs do not necessarily contribute to group conflict, hypothesizing that victim beliefs which recognize similarities between victim groups' experiences may increase empathy and prosocial behavior toward out-groups and adversarial groups. This may aid in the
347:
and
Chernyak-Hai write that collective victim mentality develops from a progression of self-realization, social recognition, and eventual attempts to maintain victimhood status. Researchers have observed that a strong feeling of collective victimhood is associated with a low forgiveness level and an
319:
and psychological perspectives. People who are victims of crime have a complicated relationship with the label of a victim, may feel that they are required to accept it to receive aid or for legal processes; they may feel accepting the label is necessary to avoid blame; they may want to reject it to
225:
According to Koçtürk, Nilüfer et al. the timing of disclosure among victims of abuse may vary, especially when it comes to sexual abuse. If the event occurred during their childhood or teenage years, they may not tell anyone until adulthood. The reasons for doing so are numerous, such as not wanting
221:
Sexual abuse and victim mentality appear to have strong connections. Regardless of gender, all age groups forced to participate in and perform non-consensual sexual acts are more likely to develop feelings of self-recrimination, guilt, and self-blame for acts that they were forced to perform. Sexual
53:
Victim mentality is primarily developed, for example, from family members and situations during childhood. Similarly, criminals often engage in victim thinking, believing themselves to be moral and engaging in crime only as a reaction to an immoral world and furthermore feeling that authorities are
1300:
The same incident would then be reenacted, only this time the victim would stop the assault by means of verbalizations, physically overpowering the offender, obtaining assistance from the other parent, or some other method. The group members develop a sense of mastery over situations in which they
372:
where each group seeks to demonstrate that it has suffered more than the adversarial group. As a result, groups involved in violent conflicts tend perceive their victimization as exclusive and may belittle, minimize, or even deny the adversarial group’s pain and suffering. Researchers observe that
601:
those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims...the sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced
229:
Studies conducted by
Andronnikova and Kudinov sought to determine a correlation between the degree of abuse and victimhood, and the victim's likelihood to exhibit behaviors consistent with a victim mentality. Studies were successful in identifying a strong correlation between those with a victim
304:
Trauma can undermine an individual's assumptions about the world as a just and reasonable place and scientific studies have found that validation of trauma is important for therapeutic recovery. It is normal for victims to want perpetrators to take responsibility for their wrongdoing and studies
1564:→ Sense of Victimhood has 3 foundations: (1) rooted in a Realization of Harm Experienced either directly or indirectly (2) 'Victim': a social label → result of Social Recognition of an act as illegitimate harm (3) Individuals Perceive Themselves as Victims → often attempt to maintain this status
165:– victims tend to focus attention on their distress and its causes and consequences rather than solutions. This causes aggression in response to insults or threats and decreases a desire for forgiveness by including a desire for revenge against the perpetrator. Similar dynamics play out at the
520:
Observers engaged in more ultimate justice reasoning for a "good" victim & greater immanent justice reasoning for a "bad" victim. Participants' construals of their bad breaks varied as a function of their self-worth, w/ greater immanent justice reasoning for participants with lower
309:; expecting individuals to only be "true victims" by showing fortitude and refusing to show pain, with displays of pain being seen as a sign of weakness. This will create an environment where a victim is expected to share their emotions, only to be judged for displaying them.
305:
conducted on patients and therapists indicate that they consider the validation of trauma and victimization as important for therapeutic recovery. De Lint and Marmo identify an 'antivictimism' mentality existing within society as a whole, and those who choose to use the label
602:
empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.
41:
of the negative actions of others. In some cases, those with a victim mentality have in fact been the victim of wrongdoing by others or have otherwise suffered misfortune through no fault of their own. The term is also used in reference to the tendency for
265:
techniques can help people gain a realistic view of past traumas, seeing that they were helpless but are no longer so. These techniques emphasize the victims' feelings and expressing those feelings. Support groups are useful in allowing others to practice
217:
It is common for a therapist to take a long period of time to build a trusting relationship with a victim. Oftentimes, victims will develop a distrust of authority figures, along with the expectation of being hurt or exploited.
1492:
390:
reconciliation process, decreasing competitive victimhood and increasing forgiveness. Other researchers hypothesize that rather than emphasizing inclusive victimhood, the emphasis should instead be on shared
373:
competitive victimhood arises from the conflicting parties' desire to defend their moral image, restore agency, and gain power. Competitive victimhood has been found to critically and significantly hinder
957:
Gabay, Rahav, Boaz
Hameiri, Tammy Rubel-Lifschitz, and Arie Nadler. "The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships." The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood (2020):
324:
between the roles of victim and survivor, which either does not acknowledge the agency that victims exerted (for example, leaving their abusers) or the fact that others' behaviour caused them harm.
1067:
Therapists...have noted the long period of time needed to build a trusting relationship. There is frequently distrust of...authority figures as well as the expectation of being hurt or exploited.
1642:
190:
of victimization. The psychological profile of victimization includes a variety of feelings and emotions, such as pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control,
1272:
Knittle, Beverly J.; Tuana, Susan J. (January 1, 1980). "Group therapy as primary treatment for adolescent victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse". Helpless Victim
Mentality.
1039:
Knittle, Beverly J.; Tuana, Susan J. (January 1, 1980). "Group therapy as primary treatment for adolescent victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse". Helpless Victim
Mentality.
343:
Collective victimhood is a mindset shared by group members that one’s own group has been harmed deliberately and undeservedly by another group. Political psychologists
1884:
368:
Competitive victimhood refers to a tendency to view one's group as having suffered more compared to an adversarial group and describes the dynamic in violent,
105:
exhibit a general tendency to realistically perceive a situation; yet may lack an awareness or curiosity about the root of actual powerlessness in a situation,
1217:; Heinze, Laura S. (April 1, 2005). "Forgiveness as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD & hostility in survivors of childhood abuse". Discussion.
210:. This way of thinking can lead one to hopelessness and despair. The victim role can be reinforced by individuals viewing themselves as having had the same
534:
320:
avoid stigmatization, or give themselves a sense of agency; they may accept the label due to a desire for justice rather than sympathy. There can be a
222:
abuse may also manifest in other ways such as petting, lewd verbal suggestions and communication, and exposure of one's body for sexual pleasure.
1885:"The victim wars: How competitive victimhood stymies reconciliation between conflicting groups | Magazine issue 5/2012 - Issue 15 | In-Mind"
795:
1315:
1442:"Collective Victimhood and Ingroup Identity Jointly Shape Intergroup Relations, Even in a Non-violent Conflict: The Case of the Belgians"
1855:"Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re-categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity"
768:
230:
mentality and negative behaviors such as catastrophizing, self-demandingness, demandingness to others, and low frustration tolerance.
69:
Identifying others as the cause for an undesired situation and denying a personal responsibility for one's own life or circumstances.
57:
Characteristics of the victimhood mindset have been observed at the group level, although not all individual-level traits apply.
1767:
1531:
1385:
568:
1523:
560:
1702:"When suffering begets suffering: the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts"
1643:"Socio-psychological Barriers To The Peace Process: Collective Victimhood And Identity In The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"
1375:
1301:
were once helpless. They use the group to practice assertiveness skills, and they warmly support each other in the process.
1019:
472:"Getting "Just Deserts" or Seeing the "Silver Lining": The Relation between Judgments of Immanent and Ultimate Justice"
912:
989:
1968:
1350:
632:
357:
1748:"Reconciliation in the Making: Overcoming Competitive Victimhood Through Inter-group Dialogue in Palestine/Israel"
1316:"The Educational Benefits of Releasing "Victim Mentality": An Approach from the Fields of Business and Psychology"
934:
745:
1257:...overall forgiveness, as well as forgiveness of self and situations, mediate the PTSD-hostility relationship.
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1041:
1854:
1667:
1978:
793:
Zitek, E. M.; Jordan, A. H.; Monin, B.; Leach, F. R. (2010). "Victim entitlement to behave selfishly".
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1819:"Dominant groups support digressive victimhood claims to counter accusations of discrimination"
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increased desire for revenge. They noted this pattern replicated in different contexts such as
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121:
be categorizing: tending to divide people into "good" and "bad" with no gray zone between them.
65:
A victim mentality may manifest itself in a range of different behaviours or ways of thinking:
1788:"The Role of Victim Beliefs in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: Risk or Potential for Peace?"
1625:"The Shadows of the Past: Effects of Historical Group Trauma on Current Intergroup Conflicts"
1219:
1120:"Adolescent sexual abuse victims' levels of perceived social support and delayed disclosure"
1973:
1576:"Remembering historical victimization: collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions"
483:
419:
128:
8:
1228:
659:
de Vries, Manfred F.R. Kets (July 24, 2012). "Are You a Victim of the Victim
Syndrome?".
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Successful techniques have included therapeutic teaching methods regarding concepts of
211:
1944:
Christopher
Peterson (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
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At the individual and collective level, other features of a victim mentality include:
1763:
1721:
1603:
1595:
1491:
Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (23 November 2009).
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913:"Learned Helplessness and Generalized Victimhood | Change, Inc. St. Louis Counseling"
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292:. These methods have proven helpful in allowing individuals with a victim mentality
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in which a person, or group of people, tends to recognize or consider themselves a
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566:. Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle.
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344:
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Gaining relief from feeling pity for oneself or receiving sympathy from others.
1803:
1668:"Competitive victimhood: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature"
1544:
1522:
Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (June 2009).
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Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (June 2009).
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one's misfortunes on somebody else's misdeeds, which is also referred to as
1910:"Exploring inclusive victimhood narratives: the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina"
1725:
1607:
1477:
1244:
816:
515:
414:
353:
134:
1524:"A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts"
1493:"A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts"
561:"A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts"
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and reconciliation, as well as decrease the potential for future peaceful
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113:
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1403:"Confronting "Victim" Discourses: The Identity Work of Battered Women"
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themselves or the situation leading to that mental state, symptoms of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034523/http://aaph.org/node/214
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1817:
Danbold, Felix; Onyeador, Ivuoma; Unzueta, Miguel (January 2022).
1012:
Who's
Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation
1377:
Narrating
Injustice Survival: Self-medication by Victims of Crime
43:
34:
1700:
Noor, Masi; Shnabel, Nurit; Halabi, Samer; Nadler, Ari (2012).
1521:
1490:
664:
558:
535:"The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying"
1081:"Review of Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims of Sexual Abuse"
214:
at the time they were victimized as they have in the present.
839:"Victim Of Circumstances Mentality Holding You? Let's Change"
712:"Victim Of Circumstances Mentality Holding You? Let's Change"
687:"Victim Of Circumstances Mentality Holding You? Let's Change"
199:
179:
95:
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Shnabel, Nurit; Halabi, Samer; Noor, Masi (September 2013).
247:
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Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. (July 18, 2014).
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techniques, and warmly supporting others in the process.
79:
Believing that other people are generally more fortunate.
1165:
Andronnikova, Olga O.; Kudinov, Sergey I. (2021-12-30).
1699:
1118:
Koçtürk, Nilüfer; Bilginer, Samiye Çilem (2020-11-01).
23:
Mindset that one has been hurt by the actions of others
1816:
1574:
Wohl, Michael J. A.; Branscombe, Nyla R. (June 2008).
1440:
Jasini, Alba; Delvaux, Ellen; Mesquita, Batja (2017).
1752:
The
Politics of Victimhood in Post-conflict Societies
1439:
792:
1167:"Cognitive Attitudes and Biases of Victim Mentality"
173:
86:
It has been typically characterized by attitudes of
1164:
1314:
1852:
888:"Victim Mentality: Signs, Causes, and What to Do"
328:Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood
16:"Victimhood" redirects here. For other uses, see
1955:
1745:
1374:Lint, Willem de; Marmo, Marinella (2018-07-03).
976:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–536,
1792:Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology
1117:
1573:
769:"Are You Ready to Stop Feeling Like a Victim?"
242:indicated that if a victim mentality sufferer
118:become defensive, even when others try to help
1665:
1085:Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews
1580:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1271:
1213:
1038:
796:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
469:
315:has studied the perceptions of victims from
54:unfairly singling them out for persecution.
1746:Burkhardt-Vetter, Olga (21 February 2018).
974:Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents
296:to both recognize and release the mindset.
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1859:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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1823:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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1947:Thomas J. Nevitt: The Victim Mentality.
1706:Personality and Social Psychology Review
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658:
332:
194:, negative thinking, strong feelings of
1907:
1666:Young, Issac; Sullivan, Daniel (2016).
1010:Braiker, Harriet B. (October 3, 2004).
1009:
1003:
654:
652:
532:
384:
101:People with victim mentality may also:
1956:
1640:
1351:"Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood"
1171:Changing Societies & Personalities
1078:
970:"Sexual abuse and sexual maltreatment"
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633:"Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood"
300:Trauma, victimization, and victimology
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1497:International Review of the Red Cross
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569:International Review of the Red Cross
238:In 2005, a study led by psychologist
1049:(4). Human Sciences Press: 237–238.
935:"Understanding the Victim Mentality"
667:Business Press, Palgrave Macmillan.
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1079:Newsom, Walter S. (November 1993).
748:from the original on March 27, 2007
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1786:Vollhardt, Johanna (21 Apr 2009).
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1324:Journal of Developmental Education
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1124:Children and Youth Services Review
1029:
933:Durlofsky, Dr Paula (2013-09-20).
767:Colier, Nancy (January 12, 2018).
735:
14:
1990:
968:Remschmidt, Helmut (2001-08-16),
607:
174:Victims of abuse and manipulation
1647:The Organization for World Peace
1282:(4). Human Sciences Press: 240.
1136:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105363
533:Kaminer, Wendy (July 30, 2010).
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1927:10.1080/01436597.2023.2205579
1908:Demirel, Cagla (8 May 2023).
1672:Current Opinion in Psychology
1641:Shefik, Sheniz (2017-03-21).
864:"What Is a Victim Mentality?"
456:
1760:10.1007/978-3-319-70202-5_10
1684:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.004
1275:Clinical Social Work Journal
1042:Clinical Social Work Journal
982:10.1017/cbo9780511666438.032
497:10.1371/journal.pone.0101803
358:Israeli-Palestinian conflict
354:conflict in Northern Ireland
7:
661:Mindful Leadership Coaching
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60:
10:
1995:
1871:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.007
1836:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104233
1592:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.988
1313:Danziger, Sanford (2010).
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1804:10.1080/10781910802544373
1545:10.1017/S1816383109990221
1509:10.1017/S1816383109990221
1237:10.1080/02699930441000175
1184:10.15826/csp.2021.5.4.155
1014:. McGraw-Hill Education.
582:10.1017/S1816383109990221
1718:10.1177/1088868312440048
1419:10.1525/si.2006.29.3.307
1401:Leisenring, Amy (2006).
410:Grievance studies affair
257:For adolescent victims,
1969:Harassment and bullying
186:are often trapped in a
33:concept referring to a
18:Victim (disambiguation)
1349:Kaufman, Scott Barry.
738:"The Victim Mentality"
631:Kaufman, Scott Barry.
364:Competitive victimhood
282:emotional intelligence
1914:Third World Quarterly
1220:Cognition and Emotion
370:intractable conflicts
333:Collective victimhood
72:Attributing negative
1754:. pp. 237–263.
1407:Symbolic Interaction
1229:Taylor & Francis
673:10.2139/ssrn.2116238
420:Persecutory delusion
385:Inclusive victimhood
288:, and psychological
145:Need for recognition
129:learned helplessness
1355:Scientific American
736:Shirin, Dr. Kim K.
637:Scientific American
488:2014PLoSO...9j1803H
375:conflict resolution
1979:Popular psychology
1288:10.1007/BF00758579
1215:Snyder, Charles R.
1055:10.1007/BF00758579
124:avoid taking risks
1769:978-3-319-70201-8
1387:978-3-319-93494-5
843:wealthfulmind.com
716:wealthfulmind.com
691:wealthfulmind.com
576:(874): 234, 256.
425:Social psychology
339:Collective memory
286:cognitive therapy
254:can be mediated.
240:Charles R. Snyder
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1380:. Springer.
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742:DrShirin.com
741:
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718:. 2022-01-11
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539:The Atlantic
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474:. Abstract.
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313:Victimology
263:psychodrama
178:Victims of
114:selfishness
110:entitlement
1958:Categories
1894:2023-12-02
1652:2023-11-13
1558:August 21,
1360:2020-12-31
1334:August 10,
1231:: 413–31.
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663:. London:
642:2023-11-09
457:References
356:, and the
337:See also:
208:depression
204:self-blame
188:self-image
167:collective
163:Rumination
74:intentions
1678:: 30–34.
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1427:1533-8665
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1144:0190-7409
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595:August 7,
544:August 7,
405:Grievance
275:normative
252:hostility
192:pessimism
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88:pessimism
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476:PLOS ONE
398:See also
392:humanity
244:forgives
127:exhibit
108:display
61:Features
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1964:Abuse
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196:guilt
180:abuse
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