66:. Batchen used the term vernacular photography to refer to “what has always been excluded from photography’s history: ordinary photographs, the ones made or bought (or sometimes bought and then made over) by everyday folk from 1839 until now, the photographs that preoccupy the home and the heart but rarely the museum or the academy.” Batchen had in mind a wide range of photographies made by or for ordinary people, including intentional art and the work of certain professionals: daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, snapshots and snapshot albums, “panoramas of church groups, wedding pictures, formal portraits of the family dog. . . . To these examples could be added a multitude of equally neglected indigenous genres and practices, from gilt Indian albumen prints, to American painted and framed tintypes, to Mexican
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59:, Szarkowski proposed to recognize what he called “functional photography” alongside the traditional category of fine-art photography; his point was that all photography could possess the merits he sought. Examples in Szarkowski's book and the exhibition it was based on included ordinary snapshots, magazine photos, studio portraiture, and specialized documentary work by anonymous professionals.
624:(eds.) 2020, p. 11. “The authors whose essays are assembled in this volume define vernacular photography by its social and ideological uses rather than by its aesthetic features. To this end, they seek to reconsider vernacular photographs in relation to the communities in which they originated and to reevaluate the agency of the makers, compilers, subjects, and viewers of these images.”
114:,” which was most concerned with the eye of the finder. “Found photos” were aesthetic recontextualizations or reinterpretations by artists. By contrast, the current “vernacular photos” are not being taken out of context or reinterpreted, and in most cases they claim no aesthetic value; they simply document some presumably overlooked aspect of social or photo history.
791:'This incredible exhibition of amateur snapshots depicts broadly shared aspects of everyday life,' said Julián Zugazagoitia, Menefee D. and Mary Louise Blackwell CEO & Director of the Nelson-Atkins. 'It highlights the deep cultural importance of photography, a visual tradition that flourishes today in images that are made and shared in a variety of ways.'
110:, “vernacular photography” under all interpretations not only directs attention to forms that until recently have been ignored by “the museum or the academy,” but also puts the focus on the social contexts in which the photos were originally made. At least in critical and curatorial use, the term largely supersedes the earlier “
308:
Yet, ironically, it was the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) photography curator John
Szarkowski, often chastised by modern critics as for his refusal to acknowledge photogaphy's vital social function, who first explored the esthetic value of snapshots and, more broadly, vernacular photography in fine art
117:
Vernacular photography is also to be distinguished from amateur photography. While vernacular photography is generally situated outside received art categories (though where the lines are drawn may vary), “amateur photography” contrasts with “professional photography”: “mateur simply means that you
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Most of the photographs are anonymous and capture moments in the lives of ordinary people, often depicting celebrations, vacations, and gatherings of family and friends. Individual images were chosen for their eclectic, idiosyncratic, sometimes humorous nature as well as for their subject matter,
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Batchen has recently mentioned an earlier use of the term, in the title of a photo fair held in New York in 1998: “The 1st ‘Vernacular’ Photo Fair.” In the same conference proceedings, Batchen proposes that, having done the job of focusing attention on “what has always been neglected,” it now be
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Szarkowski 1966, p. 6: “The pictures reproduced in this book were made over almost a century and a quarter. They were made for various reasons. . . . They have in fact little in common except their success, and a shared vocabulary. . . . The vision they share belongs to no school or aesthetic
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The curators say these accidental photos, along with Cohen's other images, tell the story of photography in
America that can't be ignored. 'We can't really study the field or think that we understand photography by limiting ourselves to the fine art world,' Haas
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agrees, referring to vernacular photography as “those countless ordinary and utilitarian pictures made for souvenir postcards, government archives, police case files, pin-up posters, networking Web sites, and the pages of magazines, newspapers, or family albums.”
93:
In a second definition elsewhere on its website, the Museum of Modern Art broadens vernacular photography to include all manner of non-art photographs made “for a huge range of purposes, including commercial, scientific, forensic, governmental, and personal.” The
279:
If a photograph wasn't made for non-utiliarian, self-consciously expressive reasons that allow it to be designated 'art,' it devolves to this grab-bag left-over category designated 'vernacular.' Vernacular is thus defined not by what it is, but what it
81:
in particular: it defines vernacular photography as “mages by amateur photographers of everyday life and subjects, commonly in the form of snapshots. The term is often used to distinguish everyday photography from fine art photography.” Similarly, the
729:
brings together studio portraits from an important North
Portland family album, vernacular snapshots, and Polaroids to demonstrate the rich diversity of African-American life and experience from the late 1800s through the
608:
Batchen's vivid delineation of vernacular histories of photography and the problems they raise not only alerted readers to new objects of study but also opened the critical discussion around them to new interdisciplinary
90:) defines vernacular photographs as “those that are made by individuals, typically presumed to be non-artists, for a wide variety of reasons, including snapshots of everyday subjects taken for personal pleasure.”
337:
It is the thesis of this book that the study of photographic form must consider the medium's 'fine art' tradition and its 'functional' tradition as intimately interdependent aspects of a single history.
133:
The
American collector Peter J. Cohen currently dominates vernacular photography in U.S. museums. Major museum exhibitions have not yet been mounted outside the United States.
910:
592:
Wallis, Brian (2020). "Why
Vernacular Photography? The Limits and Possibilities of a Field". In Campt, Tina M.; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis, Brian (eds.).
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Museums in the United States have been exhibiting snapshots since 1998. Snapshots and related genres are now commonly billed and discussed as vernacular photography.
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The Museum of Modern Art currently distinguishes vernacular photography from both fine-art photography and professional photography, singling out
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Zuromskis, Catherine (2010). "Chapter 17: Snapshot
Photography: History, Theory, Practice, and Esthetics". In Bull, Stephen (ed.).
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The current wave of interest began in 2000, with a “seminal” essay, “Vernacular
Photographies,” by the art historian and curator
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385:
Zuromskis, Catherine (2008). "Ordinary
Pictures and Accidental Masterpieces: Snapshot Photography in the Modern Art Museum".
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450:
Batchen, Geoffrey (2020). “Whither the
Vernacular?” In Campt, Tina; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis Brian (eds).
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All the usages broadly carry on
Batchen’s rethinking of the underlying photographic material. Like the related terms
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2015:
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Comments by Douglas R. Nickel (September 1, 2000). "Vernacular Photographies: Responses to a Questionnaire".
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is used in several related senses. Each is in one way or another meant to contrast with received notions of
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663:'Found photography' usually means vernacular photos that have been discovered and reconsidered as art.
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2007: "The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson" at the
938:"The American Eye: Vernacular Photography in the United States from the Brownie Camera to Instagram"
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Campt, Tina M.; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis, Brian (2020). “Introduction.” In Campt
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911:"'In the Vernacular': Oklahoma History Center photo exhibit focuses on quirky, everyday photos"
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1948:
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1171:"Saint Louis Art Museum presents 'Poetics of the Everyday: Amateur Photography, 1890-1970.'"
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2000: "Other Pictures: Vernacular Photographs from the Thomas Walther Collection" at the
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2020:
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1913:
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481:
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The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson.
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2017: "Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans" at the
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1998:
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The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888-1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson
808:
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abandoned: “hat way we can entirely focus our critical attention on what photographs
417:
326:
297:
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230:
195:
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2015–2016: "Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection" at the
111:
28:
35:. The term originated among academics and curators, but has moved into wider usage.
16:
Any of a wide range of popular photographies that have traditionally been overlooked
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1968:
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103:
63:
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Real Photo Postcards: Unbelievable Images from the Collection of Harvey Tulcensky.
359:
43:
Current thinking about vernacular photography was anticipated as early as 1964 by
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1973:
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1145:"Exhibition: Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection"
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241:
he category of the vernacular is defined mostly by what it excludes: fine art.
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1822:
1795:
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1743:
1688:
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Prairie Fires and Paper Moons: The American Photographic Postcard, 1900–1920.
1247:
Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs.
915:
52:
2186:
937:
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2008:
1978:
1760:
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1738:
1583:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1089:"Other Pictures: Vernacular Photographs from the Thomas Walther Collection"
119:
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1114:
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3515:
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3162:
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1983:
1963:
1832:
1733:
1625:
1588:
1558:
1511:
1479:
1474:
1435:
1356:
857:"Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans"
708:"Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans"
3436:
3290:
2431:
2411:
2325:
2315:
2176:
2141:
2116:
2045:
1785:
1770:
1750:
1632:
1568:
1484:
1430:
773:"Amateur Snapshots Provide Window to American Culture at Nelson-Atkins"
182:
2019–2020: "Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs" at the
176:
2019: "Poetics of the Everyday: Amateur Photography, 1890–1970" at the
727:
Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans
141:
Museum exhibitions highlighting vernacular photography have included:
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1204:
1115:"Amateur Photography to be Spotlighted at National Gallery of Art in
959:
454:
New York: Steidl/The Walther Collection. p. 33. ISBN 978-3958296275.
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3376:
3239:
3115:
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2231:
1728:
1658:
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1447:
1442:
677:"Why One Collector's Old Snapshots Of Strangers Matter To A Museum"
3337:
3307:
3167:
3032:
3015:
2997:
2456:
1605:
1551:
985:"Who Are the World's 12 Most Influential Photography Collectors?"
743:"Other People's Pictures: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Gift"
452:
Imagining Everyday Life: Engagements with Vernacular Photography.
412:
Batchen, Geoffrey (2000). "Chapter 3: Vernacular Photographies".
594:
Imagining Everyday Life: Engagements with Vernacular Photography
3618:
2003:
1420:
1370:
1325:
1270:
Göttingen: Steidl & New York: Steven Kasher Gallery, 2006.
229:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 5.
3209:
3093:
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2086:
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with a particular focus on the lives and activities of women.
252:
681:
468:, rather than on what they are, or what they were” (p. 39).
145:
1998: "Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life" at the
1064:"Exhibition: Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life"
807:. Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 1.
1261:
Snapshot Chronicles: Inventing the American Photo Album.
1012:"Finding New Value in the Work of Anonymous Shutterbugs"
596:. New York: Steidl/The Walther Collection. p. 18.
885:"Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs"
510:"Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs"
125:
27:. Vernacular photography is also distinct from both
118:make your living doing something else" (see also
3652:
38:
1263:New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
1223:In the Vernacular: Photography of the Everyday.
802:
227:Good Pictures: A History of Popular Photography
1306:New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.
1266:Michaelson, Mark, & Steven Kasher (eds.).
1256:New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.
1242:Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2007.
1201:Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History.
1119:, on View October 7 through December 31, 2007"
2976:
1341:
1268:Least Wanted: A Century of American Mugshots.
829:"Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life"
803:Langford, Michael; Bilissi, Efthimia (2011).
414:Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History
325:. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 4.
1225:Boston: Boston University Art Gallery, 2008.
416:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 56–80.
2893:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1212:Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance.
879:
877:
851:
849:
136:
88:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2990:
2983:
2969:
2630:Comparison of digital and film photography
1348:
1334:
320:
2850:Photographs considered the most important
1317:"African-American Vernacular Photography"
908:
384:
291:
1112:
874:
846:
296:. London: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 300.
1009:
561:
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533:
531:
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476:
474:
411:
3653:
646:
640:
591:
437:
435:
433:
2964:
1329:
1245:Hinde, John & Martin Parr (ed.).
1284:London: Phaidon, 1999. (Followed by
674:
556:
528:
499:
471:
224:
2845:Museums devoted to one photographer
1321:International Center of Photography
909:McDonnell, Brandy (June 28, 2021).
430:
349:theory, but to photography itself.”
13:
3286:List of American independent films
2392:Timeline of photography technology
1010:Reyburn, Scott (January 9, 2019).
833:San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
651:. London: Routledge. p. 101.
147:San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
55:from 1962 until 1991. In his book
14:
3677:
1310:
126:Vernacular photography in museums
47:, director of photography at the
2943:
2933:
2932:
3196:Experimental musical instrument
2944:
1355:
1193:
1163:
1137:
1106:
1081:
1056:
1031:
1003:
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952:
930:
902:
821:
805:Langford's Advanced Photography
796:
765:
735:
700:
668:
627:
614:
585:
457:
444:
747:Francis Lehman Loeb Art Center
675:Shea, Andrea (July 17, 2015).
405:
399:10.1080/00043249.2008.10791307
378:
352:
342:
314:
285:
267:10.1080/03087298.2000.10443412
246:
218:
1:
3640:Social peer-to-peer processes
2442:Painted photography backdrops
2374:Golden triangle (composition)
1649:35 mm equivalent focal length
1216:Princeton Architectural Press
211:
39:History and usage of the term
1232:New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.
7:
2152:Intentional camera movement
1299:Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2002.
1221:Cutshaw, Stacey McCarroll.
960:"Peter J. Cohen Collection"
778:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
189:
166:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
10:
3682:
2840:Most expensive photographs
2197:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1277:Boston: D.R. Godine, 1981.
1093:Metropolitan Museum of Art
294:A Companion to Photography
153:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3590:
3529:
3494:
3427:
3384:
3375:
3276:American eccentric cinema
3253:
3217:
3208:
3181:
3101:
3092:
3084:Amateur press association
2996:
2928:
2885:
2832:
2737:
2680:
2586:
2470:
2382:
2334:
2074:
1841:
1641:
1363:
1249:London: Chris Boot, 2003.
1043:Peter J. Cohen Collection
964:Peter J. Cohen Collection
940:. Kingsborough Art Museum
321:Szarkowski, John (1966).
2774:Digital image processing
1297:Americans in Kodachrome.
571:Art Institute of Chicago
539:"Vernacular Photography"
360:"The Photographer's Eye"
137:Major museum exhibitions
96:Art Institute of Chicago
3266:Cinema of Transgression
2447:Photography and the law
1123:National Gallery of Art
159:National Gallery of Art
108:vernacular architecture
3661:Vernacular photography
3582:Independent TV station
3511:Independent soft drink
3477:Open-source video game
2991:Independent production
2794:Gelatin silver process
1818:Science of photography
1803:Photographic processes
1781:Perspective distortion
1302:Wolff, Letitia (ed.).
1290:Langweilige Postkarten
1175:Saint Louis Art Museum
647:Elkins, James (2011).
323:The Photographer's Eye
255:History of Photography
201:Snapshot (photography)
178:Saint Louis Art Museum
57:The Photographer’s Eye
21:vernacular photography
3562:Visionary environment
3261:Independent animation
2252:Schlieren photography
1791:Photographic printing
1714:Exposure compensation
3666:Photography by genre
3574:Independent circuit
3404:Open-source software
3303:Guerrilla filmmaking
2036:Straight photography
1674:Chromatic aberration
1292:, 2001, of Germany.)
1286:Boring Postcards USA
1280:Parr, Martin (ed.).
1230:American Photobooth.
543:Museum of Modern Art
486:Museum of Modern Art
441:Batchen 2000, p. 57.
364:Museum of Modern Art
49:Museum of Modern Art
25:fine-art photography
3542:Amateur photography
3235:Amateur pornography
3183:Musical instruments
3163:Tracker (MOD) music
2903:photographic plates
2588:Digital photography
1766:Hyperfocal distance
1679:Circle of confusion
1210:Batchen, Geoffrey.
1199:Batchen, Geoffrey.
1149:Museum of Fine Arts
861:Portland Art Museum
713:Portland Art Museum
649:What Photography Is
567:"In the Vernacular"
172:Portland Art Museum
33:amateur photography
3006:Alternative comics
2407:Autochrome Lumière
2402:Analog photography
2227:Pigeon photography
2016:Social documentary
1495:discontinued films
1017:The New York Times
889:Ackland Art Museum
514:Ackland Art Museum
225:Bell, Kim (2020).
206:Snapshot aesthetic
184:Ackland Art Museum
84:Ackland Art Museum
3648:
3647:
3598:Independent media
3490:
3489:
3409:Software cracking
3371:
3370:
3298:Exploitation film
3204:
3203:
3173:Underground music
3121:Open-source label
3106:Independent music
3011:Alternative manga
2958:
2957:
2759:Collodion process
2695:Chromogenic print
2682:Color photography
2192:Multiple exposure
2167:Lo-fi photography
1694:Color temperature
1282:Boring Postcards.
1259:Levine, Barbara.
1235:Greenough, Sarah
196:Found photography
112:found photography
29:found photography
3673:
3630:
3577:
3414:Unofficial patch
3382:
3381:
3331:
3271:Independent film
3215:
3214:
3145:Cassette culture
3099:
3098:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2814:Print permanence
2764:Cross processing
2722:CMYK color model
2707:Color management
2660:Foveon X3 sensor
2655:Three-CCD camera
2299:Miniature faking
2257:Sabattier effect
1869:Astrophotography
1724:Zebra patterning
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1295:Stricherz, Guy.
1252:Hines, Babette.
1228:Goranin, Näkki.
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689:
672:
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631:
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611:
589:
583:
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563:
554:
553:
551:
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478:
469:
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428:
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409:
403:
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382:
376:
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371:
356:
350:
346:
340:
339:
318:
312:
311:
289:
283:
282:
250:
244:
243:
222:
104:vernacular music
64:Geoffrey Batchen
3681:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3628:
3586:
3575:
3525:
3504:
3486:
3423:
3367:
3348:Low-budget film
3329:
3323:'60s–'70s
3249:
3200:
3191:Circuit bending
3177:
3088:
3074:Self-publishing
2992:
2989:
2959:
2954:
2924:
2881:
2828:
2819:Push processing
2740:
2733:
2727:RGB color model
2676:
2582:
2466:
2378:
2344:Diagonal method
2330:
2070:
1974:Photojournalism
1837:
1669:Black-and-white
1637:
1616:Slide projector
1611:Movie projector
1490:available films
1359:
1354:
1313:
1203:Cambridge, MA:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1177:(Press release)
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1151:(Press release)
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1125:(Press release)
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
991:. June 15, 2015
983:
982:
978:
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966:
958:
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953:
943:
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936:
935:
931:
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903:
893:
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883:
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875:
865:
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855:
854:
847:
837:
835:
827:
826:
822:
815:
801:
797:
784:
782:
781:. April 4, 2016
771:
770:
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741:
740:
736:
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706:
705:
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687:
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619:
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564:
557:
547:
545:
537:
536:
529:
519:
517:
508:
507:
500:
490:
488:
482:"MoMA Learning"
480:
479:
472:
462:
458:
449:
445:
440:
431:
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410:
406:
383:
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369:
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223:
219:
214:
192:
139:
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45:John Szarkowski
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3615:
3608:Do it yourself
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3571:
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3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:Double feature
3360:
3358:No wave cinema
3355:
3353:No-budget film
3350:
3345:
3343:Midnight movie
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
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3237:
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3212:
3206:
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3141:
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3123:
3118:
3108:
3102:
3096:
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3076:
3071:
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3013:
3008:
3002:
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2941:
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2806:
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2796:
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2756:
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2743:
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2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2596:Digital camera
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Camera obscura
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Rule of thirds
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
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2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Harris shutter
2129:
2127:Hand-colouring
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Red-eye effect
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Exposure value
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Depth of focus
1701:
1699:Depth of field
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
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1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1312:
1311:External links
1309:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1278:
1271:
1264:
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1243:
1233:
1226:
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1208:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1162:
1136:
1113:Anna Guthrie.
1105:
1080:
1055:
1030:
1002:
976:
951:
929:
901:
873:
845:
820:
814:978-0240520384
813:
795:
764:
734:
699:
667:
658:978-0415995696
657:
639:
626:
613:
609:methodologies.
603:978-3958296275
602:
584:
555:
527:
498:
470:
456:
443:
429:
423:978-0262267892
422:
404:
393:(2): 104–125.
377:
351:
341:
332:978-0870705250
331:
313:
303:978-1405195843
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236:978-1503608665
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70:, to Nigerian
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
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3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Free software
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Cowboy coding
3387:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
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3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
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3097:
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3082:
3080:
3077:
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3068:
3065:
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3055:
3054:
3053:
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3027:
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
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2999:
2995:
2986:
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2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
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2888:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:Photographers
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
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2807:
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2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Bleach bypass
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:primary color
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Reversal film
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Image sharing
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
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2638:
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2569:
2568:United States
2566:
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2554:
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2516:
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2453:
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2430:
2428:
2427:Daguerreotype
2425:
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2297:
2296:
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2292:
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2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Stopping down
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Rephotography
2235:
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2230:
2228:
2225:
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2198:
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2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Long-exposure
2170:
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2110:
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2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
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1987:
1985:
1982:
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1885:
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1865:
1864:Architectural
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1847:
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1823:Shutter speed
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1776:Metering mode
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1689:Color balance
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1655:
1654:Angle of view
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1601:Manufacturers
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1273:Morgan, Hal.
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1039:"Exhibitions"
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916:The Oklahoman
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68:fotoescultura
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3625:
3617:
3603:Indie design
3557:Outsider art
3541:
3521:Microbrewery
3464:
3254:Professional
3230:Amateur film
3150:
3138:Pirate radio
3111:Record label
3049:
2915:Polaroid art
2809:K-14 process
2804:Instant film
2799:Gum printing
2754:C-41 process
2739:Photographic
2640:Image sensor
2635:Film scanner
2289:Sun printing
2222:Print toning
2055:
2009:space selfie
1979:Pictorialism
1909:Ethnographic
1889:Conservation
1761:Guide number
1756:Focal length
1303:
1296:
1289:
1288:, 2000; and
1285:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1194:Bibliography
1179:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1122:
1116:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1015:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
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954:
942:. Retrieved
932:
920:. Retrieved
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892:. Retrieved
888:
864:. Retrieved
860:
836:. Retrieved
832:
823:
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783:. Retrieved
776:
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751:. Retrieved
746:
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718:. Retrieved
711:
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686:. Retrieved
680:
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629:
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575:. Retrieved
570:
546:. Retrieved
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518:. Retrieved
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489:. Retrieved
485:
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390:
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368:. Retrieved
363:
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278:
258:
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220:
140:
132:
129:
120:Photographer
116:
101:
92:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
42:
20:
18:
3635:Maker Faire
3576:(wrestling)
3516:Homebrewing
3442:development
3437:Indie games
3429:Video games
3419:Warez scene
3328:'80s–
3225:Home movies
3158:Lo-fi music
3079:Small press
3057:conventions
2920:Stereoscopy
2784:E-6 process
2779:Dye coupler
2712:color space
2625:Digiscoping
2618:camera back
2533:Philippines
2462:Visual arts
2452:Glass plate
2437:Heliography
2336:Composition
2311:Ultraviolet
2267:Stereoscopy
2262:Slow motion
2247:Scanography
2162:Kite aerial
2102:Contre-jour
1994:Post-mortem
1984:Pornography
1964:Neues Sehen
1899:Documentary
1833:Zone System
1808:Reciprocity
1734:Film format
1664:Backscatter
1642:Terminology
1512:beauty dish
1411:rangefinder
1376:light-field
1357:Photography
1254:Photobooth.
633:E.g. Campt
387:Art Journal
3655:Categories
3629:(magazine)
3447:developers
3313:Golden Age
3291:Mumblecore
2910:Lomography
2741:processing
2690:Print film
2606:comparison
2573:Uzbekistan
2523:Luxembourg
2483:Bangladesh
2432:Dufaycolor
2412:Box camera
2369:Simplicity
2326:Zoom burst
2321:Xerography
2316:Vignetting
2306:Time-lapse
2294:Tilt–shift
2187:Mordançage
2177:Luminogram
2142:Holography
2137:High-speed
2117:Fill flash
2097:Burst mode
2075:Techniques
2056:Vernacular
2051:Underwater
2046:Toy camera
2026:Still life
1954:Monochrome
1944:High-speed
1894:Cloudscape
1884:Conceptual
1786:Photograph
1771:Lens flare
1751:Film speed
1633:Zone plate
1579:wide-angle
1564:long-focus
1214:New York:
261:(3): 229.
212:References
3612:DIY ethic
3569:Indie RPG
3552:Naïve art
3537:Indie art
3394:Demoscene
3281:Indiewood
3245:Machinima
3051:Doujinshi
3038:Minicomic
2860:Norwegian
2824:Stop bath
2769:Developer
2397:Ambrotype
2359:Lead room
2282:Slit-scan
2217:Photogram
2212:Panoramic
2122:Fireworks
2107:Cyanotype
1949:Landscape
1594:telephoto
1542:reflector
1537:monolight
1532:lens hood
1517:cucoloris
1453:safelight
1364:Equipment
1205:MIT Press
309:contexts.
275:262301230
79:snapshots
74:images.”
19:The term
3547:Mail art
3482:ROM hack
3459:Fan game
3454:Homebrew
3377:Software
3240:Fan film
3116:Netlabel
3062:printers
3026:business
3021:Webcomic
2939:Category
2645:CMOS APS
2543:Slovenia
2471:Regional
2417:Calotype
2354:Headroom
2232:Redscale
2147:Infrared
2092:Brenizer
2066:Wildlife
1989:Portrait
1934:Forensic
1924:Fine-art
1859:Aircraft
1849:Abstract
1729:F-number
1709:Exposure
1684:Clipping
1659:Aperture
1527:hot shoe
1448:enlarger
1443:Darkroom
944:June 30,
922:June 30,
894:March 5,
866:March 5,
785:June 18,
753:June 18,
720:June 18,
688:June 18,
577:June 16,
520:June 16,
190:See also
53:New York
3591:General
3338:Z movie
3330:present
3308:B movie
3218:Amateur
3168:Podsafe
3133:Station
3033:Webtoon
3016:Fanzine
2998:Reading
2950:Outline
2886:Related
2578:Vietnam
2563:Ukraine
2498:Denmark
2478:Albania
2457:Tintype
2384:History
2349:Framing
2242:Rollout
2207:Panning
2157:Kirlian
2061:Wedding
1939:Glamour
1919:Fashion
1904:Eclipse
1874:Banquet
1796:Albumen
1606:Monopod
1584:fisheye
1552:softbox
1401:pinhole
1391:instant
1381:digital
1319:at the
1218:, 2004.
1207:, 2002.
1181:June 9,
1155:June 9,
1129:June 9,
3619:Doujin
3501:Drinks
3465:Doujin
3151:Doujin
3043:Co-ops
2948:
2937:
2870:street
2865:Polish
2558:Turkey
2553:Taiwan
2538:Serbia
2528:Norway
2503:Greece
2488:Canada
2082:Afocal
2041:Street
2021:Sports
2004:Selfie
1959:Nature
1914:Erotic
1879:Candid
1854:Aerial
1842:Genres
1744:medium
1621:Tripod
1589:swivel
1502:Filter
1480:holder
1475:format
1371:Camera
1237:et al.
1098:May 3,
1073:May 5,
1068:SFMOMA
1048:May 7,
1023:May 7,
995:May 7,
989:Artnet
969:May 7,
838:May 7,
811:
749:. 2017
730:1990s.
716:. 2017
655:
635:et al.
622:et al.
600:
573:. 2010
548:May 7,
516:. 2019
491:May 7,
420:
370:May 7,
366:. 1964
329:
300:
280:isn't.
273:
233:
3530:Other
3210:Video
3153:music
3128:Radio
3094:Audio
3067:shops
2875:women
2833:Lists
2789:Fixer
2672:Pixel
2601:D-SLR
2548:Sudan
2518:Korea
2513:Japan
2508:India
2493:China
2277:Strip
2202:Night
2182:Macro
2087:Bokeh
2031:Stock
1999:Ruins
1739:large
1569:prime
1547:snoot
1507:Flash
1485:stock
1460:Drone
1421:still
1406:press
1396:phone
1386:field
695:said.
637:2020.
271:S2CID
72:ibeji
3626:Make
3498:Food
3467:soft
3318:'50s
2898:film
2613:MILC
2112:ETTR
1969:Nude
1929:Fire
1828:Sync
1626:head
1574:zoom
1559:Lens
1522:gobo
1470:base
1465:Film
1436:view
1183:2021
1157:2021
1131:2021
1100:2021
1075:2021
1050:2021
1025:2021
997:2021
971:2021
946:2021
924:2021
896:2021
868:2021
840:2021
809:ISBN
787:2021
755:2021
722:2021
690:2021
682:WBUR
653:ISBN
598:ISBN
579:2021
550:2021
522:2021
493:2021
418:ISBN
372:2021
327:ISBN
298:ISBN
231:ISBN
106:and
31:and
3472:Mod
2650:CCD
1431:toy
1426:TLR
1416:SLR
395:doi
263:doi
122:).
51:in
3657::
1173:.
1147:.
1121:.
1091:.
1066:.
1041:.
1014:.
987:.
962:.
913:.
887:.
876:^
859:.
848:^
831:.
789:.
775:.
757:.
745:.
724:.
710:.
692:.
679:.
661:.
606:.
569:.
558:^
541:.
530:^
512:.
501:^
484:.
473:^
466:do
432:^
391:67
389:.
362:.
335:.
306:.
277:.
269:.
259:24
257:.
239:.
3614:)
3610:(
2984:e
2977:t
2970:v
1349:e
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397::
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