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2606:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta P&=k{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\rho ^{\ominus }\,Q^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {Q}{Q_{\max }}}\right)^{2}\\&=k{\frac {\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)\rho ^{\ominus }}}{\dot {m}}^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {\dot {m}}{{\dot {m}}_{\max }}}\right)^{2}\\&=k{\frac {M\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)C^{\ominus }}}{\dot {n}}^{2}&=\Delta P_{\max }{\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\left({\frac {\dot {n}}{{\dot {n}}_{\max }}}\right)^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
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36:
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2886:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {k}{\Delta P_{\max }}}&={\frac {1}{\rho ^{\ominus }Q_{\max }^{2}}}\\&={\frac {\rho ^{\ominus }}{{\dot {m}}_{\max }^{2}}}\\&={\frac {{C^{\ominus }}^{2}}{\rho ^{\ominus }{\dot {n}}_{\max }^{2}}}={\frac {C^{\ominus }}{M^{\ominus }{\dot {n}}_{\max }^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
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742:
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The
Bernoulli equation is invertible, and pressure should rise when a fluid slows down. Nevertheless, if there is an expansion of the tube section, turbulence will appear, and the theorem will not hold. In all experimental Venturi tubes, the pressure in the entrance is compared to the pressure in the
971:
A Venturi can also be used to mix a liquid with a gas. If a pump forces the liquid through a tube connected to a system consisting of a
Venturi to increase the liquid speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece of tube with a small hole in it, and last a Venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe
735:
3211:
forced the contents of a nineteen kilometre canal through a constriction to enable the side-channeling of water off to agricultural lands from a higher origin than would have been the case without the flume. A recent dig by archaeologists from the
British museum confirmed the
1717:
227:
Referring to the adjacent diagram, using
Bernoulli's equation in the special case of steady, incompressible, inviscid flows (such as the flow of water or other liquid, or low-speed flow of gas) along a streamline, the theoretical pressure drop at the constriction is given by
1417:
115:
119:
118:
114:
120:
1304:{\displaystyle \Delta P={\frac {1}{2}}\rho (v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2})={\frac {1}{2}}\rho \left(\left({\frac {A_{1}}{A_{2}}}\right)^{2}-1\right)v_{1}^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho \left({\frac {1}{A_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{A_{1}^{2}}}\right)Q^{2}=k\,\rho \,Q^{2}}
428:
The mass flow rate for a compressible fluid will increase with increased upstream pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a
1721:
575:
964:{\displaystyle Q=A_{1}{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{\rho }}\cdot {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{\left({\frac {A_{1}}{A_{2}}}\right)^{2}-1}}}}=A_{2}{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{\rho }}\cdot {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{1-\left({\frac {A_{2}}{A_{1}}}\right)^{2}}}}}}
117:
433:. Increasing source temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus allowing increased mass flow rate, but only if the nozzle area is also increased to compensate for the resulting decrease in density.
503:
The simplest apparatus is a tubular setup known as a
Venturi tube or simply a Venturi (plural: "Venturis" or occasionally "Venturies"). Fluid flows through a length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue
323:
3027:
in piston engines have multiple
Venturi areas like the valve seat and the port entrance, although these are not part of the design intent, merely a byproduct and any venturi effect is without specific function.
1617:
580:
1595:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta P&=k\,\rho \,Q^{2}\\&=k{\frac {1}{\rho }}\,{\dot {m}}^{2}\\&=k{\frac {\rho }{C^{2}}}\,{\dot {n}}^{2}=k{\frac {M}{C}}\,{\dot {n}}^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
2640:
1862:
1422:
1002:
for gauges calibrated for differential pressures. This type of pressure measurement may be more convenient, for example, to measure fuel or combustion pressures in jet or rocket engines.
154:
The effect has various engineering applications, as the reduction in pressure inside the constriction can be used both for measuring the fluid flow and for moving other fluids (e.g. in a
425:. When a fluid system is in a state of choked flow, a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment will not lead to an increase in velocity, unless the fluid is compressed.
144:
that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it flows through a constricted section (or choke) of a pipe. The
Venturi effect is named after its discoverer, the 18th-century Italian
3196:
was an extreme example of the phenomenon, which made the ground level plaza notoriously windswept. In fact, some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes.
116:
97:
563:
972:
gets wider again), the gas will be sucked in through the small hole because of changes in pressure. At the end of the system, a mixture of liquid and gas will appear. See
3176:
can be considered very large
Venturi because they take advantage of the Venturi effect to increase velocity and decrease pressure to simulate expected flight conditions.
1843:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}}={\frac {\left({\frac {M}{M^{\ominus }}}{\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}\rho ^{\ominus }.}
1344:
3121:
water can be emptied from a moving boat through a small waste gate in the hull. The air pressure inside the moving boat is greater than the water sliding by beneath.
403:
376:
345:
3189:
of Jaipur, also utilizes the
Venturi effect, by allowing cool air to pass through, thus making the whole area more pleasant during the high temperatures in summer.
1410:
1377:
511:
Venturi tubes are often used in processes where permanent pressure loss is not tolerable and where maximum accuracy is needed in case of highly viscous liquids.
523:, and both function on the same basic principle. However, for any given differential pressure, orifice plates cause significantly more permanent energy loss.
57:
2630:. Note that pressure-, temperature-, and mass-compensation is required for every flow, regardless of the end units or dimensions. Also we see the relations:
998:
As fluid flows through a
Venturi, the expansion and compression of the fluids cause the pressure inside the Venturi to change. This principle can be used in
1604:
However, measurements outside the design point must compensate for the effects of temperature, pressure, and molar mass on density and concentration. The
233:
531:
Both Venturi tubes and orifice plates are used in industrial applications and in scientific laboratories for measuring the flow rate of liquids.
730:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Q&=v_{1}A_{1}=v_{2}A_{2}\\p_{1}-p_{2}&={\frac {\rho }{2}}\left(v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}
1009:
who used them to measure small and large flows of water and wastewater beginning at the end of the 19th century. While working for the
2920:
1712:{\displaystyle C={\frac {P}{RT}}={\frac {\left({\frac {P}{P^{\ominus }}}\right)}{\left({\frac {T}{T^{\ominus }}}\right)}}C^{\ominus }}
44:
2965:
the helmsman of each ship must constantly steer away from the other ship due to the Venturi effect, otherwise they will collide.
1013:, Herschel would develop the means for measuring these flows to determine the water power consumption of different mills on the
3415:
1017:, first beginning development of the device in 1886, two years later he would describe his invention of the Venturi meter to
209:
a fluid may attain by its increased velocity through a constriction is balanced by a drop in pressure because of its loss in
2916:
3193:
194:
3290:
202:
450:
108:
and partially filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of water.
17:
1852:
Substituting these two relations into the pressure-flow equations above yields the fully compensated flows:
3495:
3381:
491:
A pair of Venturi tubes on a light aircraft, used to provide airflow for air-driven gyroscopic instruments
1010:
182:
3192:
Large cities where wind is forced between buildings - the gap between the Twin Towers of the original
148:
546:
3283:
Natural Gas Engineering and Safety Challenges: Downstream Process, Analysis, Utilization and Safety
3247:
566:
198:
3432:
3523:
3054:
use a reverse taper to speed the air down the tube, enabling better tone, response and intonation
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49:
3045:
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at "1" is lower than at "2", because the cross-sectional area at "1" is greater than at "2".
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3146:
1014:
540:
381:
354:
330:
1386:
1353:
508:, a Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.
454:
Venturi tube demonstration apparatus built out of PVC pipe and operated with a vacuum pump
8:
1347:
3474:(educational film). Federal Aviation Administration. 1971. 17 minutes in. AVA20333VNB1.
3356:
2928:
3223:
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uses the Venturi effect to assist maintaining the flow of gas once it starts flowing
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is the (faster) fluid velocity where the pipe is narrower (as seen in the figure).
217:
210:
3489:
3D animation of the Differential Pressure Flow Measuring Principle (Venturi meter)
3089:
3036:
3004:
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430:
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82:
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produce a partial vacuum using the kinetic energy from the faucet water pressure
3257:
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1005:
The first large-scale Venturi meters to measure liquid flows were developed by
422:
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206:
170:
155:
141:
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3252:
3203:, a 4000-year-old flume structure has been discovered at the ancient site of
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1605:
1018:
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413:
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of
221:
167:
1412:), one can also derive mass flow or molar flow (i.e. standard volume flow):
3234:
3230:
3030:
1038:
3173:
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3001:
use the kinetic energy from the steam pressure to create a partial vacuum
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414:
3509:
Use of the Venturi effect for gas pumps to know when to turn off (video)
3186:
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2975:
1380:
101:
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By measuring pressure, the flow rate can be determined, as in various
3365:
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999:
485:
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318:{\displaystyle p_{1}-p_{2}={\frac {\rho }{2}}(v_{2}^{2}-v_{1}^{2}),}
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1024:
174:
3410:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 218.
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Injectors (also called ejectors) are used to add chlorine gas to
348:
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middle section; the output section is never compared with them.
35:
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981:
27:
Reduced pressure caused by a flow restriction in a tube or pipe
96:
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3118:
2952:
The Venturi effect may be observed or used in the following:
89:
86:
378:
is the (slower) fluid velocity where the pipe is wider, and
3048:
use pressure-side water flow to collect sediment and debris
77:
3433:"At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets"
3166:
air compressors entrain air into a falling column of water
3007:
disperse perfume or spray paint (i.e. from a spray gun or
519:
Venturi tubes are more expensive to construct than simple
128:
3115:
Sandblasting nozzles accelerate and air and media mixture
3452:"Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan"
181:
as it passes through a constriction in accord with the
550:
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1420:
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devices such as Venturi meters, Venturi nozzles and
85:(1) is higher than in the constriction (2), and the
3382:"Venturi or air circulation?, that's the question"
3233:in southern France increases in speed through the
3153:and thus become capable of higher cornering speeds
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1842:
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1404:
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104:Venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a
3222:In windy mountain passes, resulting in erroneous
3033:infuse air into wine as it is poured into a glass
124:Video of a Venturi meter used in a lab experiment
3515:
2863:
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1988:
1025:Compensation for temperature, pressure, and mass
3449:
3430:
2626:are easily isolated by dividing and taking the
3199:In the south of Iraq, near the modern town of
3169:The bolts in some brands of paintball markers
1029:Fundamentally, pressure-based meters measure
436:
3276:
3105:of evaporation to deliver feed water to a
3364:
1964:
1565:
1529:
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1445:
1441:
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1286:
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3405:
3160:concentrate into fire protection systems
2972:on oil product and chemical ship tankers
2931:by adding descriptive text and removing
987:
449:
127:
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76:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1313:where constant terms are absorbed into
14:
3516:
3299:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
3493:
3330:Providence, RI:Builders Iron Foundry.
539:A Venturi can be used to measure the
3431:Dunlap, David W (December 7, 2006).
2899:
1317:. Using the definitions of density (
29:
3277:Nasr, G. G.; Connor, N. E. (2014).
3207:. This construction by the ancient
1608:is used to relate actual values to
24:
3450:Dunlap, David W (March 25, 2004).
3379:
3156:Foam proportioners used to induct
3021:into an engine's intake air stream
2649:
2462:
2220:
1980:
1865:
1425:
1050:
25:
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195:conservation of mechanical energy
3341:"Invention of the Venturi Meter"
3309:. Wolfram Demonstrations Project
3135:to decrease the recoil of firing
2904:
1021:in a letter dated June 5, 1888.
514:
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484:
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193:in accord with the principle of
132:Idealized flow in a Venturi tube
34:
3180:
3101:use the Venturi effect and the
980:for discussion of this type of
527:Instrumentation and measurement
48:may be too short to adequately
3462:
3443:
3424:
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3351:(3433): 254. August 17, 1935.
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558:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Q}
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58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
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2978:mix air and flammable gas in
1037:(used above) relates this to
161:
3408:Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
534:
183:principle of mass continuity
173:, an incompressible fluid's
7:
3326:Herschel, Clemens. (1898).
3241:
2955:
2895:
1011:Holyoke Water Power Company
10:
3540:
3279:"5.3 Gas Flow Measurement"
991:
3496:"Venturi Tube Simulation"
3285:. Springer. p. 183.
3216:
149:Giovanni Battista Venturi
1339:{\displaystyle m=\rho V}
437:Expansion of the section
100:A flow of air through a
3406:Anderson, John (2017).
3380:Blasco, Daniel Cortés.
3046:Automated pool cleaners
3017:use the effect to suck
2933:less pertinent examples
3126:scuba diving regulator
2963:Underway replenishment
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988:Differential pressure
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567:Bernoulli's principle
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421:approaches the local
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398:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
373:
371:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
342:
340:{\displaystyle \rho }
320:
199:Bernoulli's principle
131:
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99:
80:
3307:"The Venturi effect"
3248:Joule–Thomson effect
3145:Race cars utilising
2636:
1858:
1722:
1618:
1418:
1405:{\displaystyle m=Mn}
1387:
1372:{\displaystyle n=CV}
1354:
1321:
1047:
1035:Bernoulli's equation
1015:Holyoke Canal System
743:
576:
547:
541:volumetric flow rate
382:
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331:
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205:. Thus, any gain in
140:is the reduction in
3357:1935Natur.136Q.254.
2929:improve the article
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1348:molar concentration
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3456:The New York Times
3437:The New York Times
3224:pressure altimeter
3194:World Trade Center
3158:fire fighting foam
3081:are used to clean
3075:use compressed air
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3133:recoilless rifles
3079:Venturi scrubbers
3039:filter saltwater
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1007:Clemens Herschel
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506:aerodynamic drag
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218:flow measurement
211:potential energy
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3090:water treatment
3073:vacuum cleaners
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1388:
1385:
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1322:
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1295:
1291:
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1227:
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1217:
1213:
1200:
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1186:
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1153:
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1127:
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996:
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903:
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496:
495:
494:
493:
492:
489:
480:
479:
478:
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448:
439:
431:de Laval nozzle
411:
389:
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383:
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303:
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285:
280:
263:
254:
250:
241:
237:
235:
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231:
203:Euler equations
187:static pressure
164:
112:
83:static pressure
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3524:Fluid dynamics
3512:
3511:
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3484:
3483:External links
3481:
3478:
3477:
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3423:
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3258:Parshall flume
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3025:Cylinder heads
3022:
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2988:Bunsen burners
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1055:
1052:
1031:kinetic energy
1026:
1023:
992:Main article:
989:
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953:
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937:
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927:
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521:orifice plates
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481:
472:
471:
470:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
447:
444:
438:
435:
423:speed of sound
419:fluid velocity
410:
407:
392:
388:
365:
361:
351:of the fluid,
336:
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297:
293:
288:
283:
279:
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240:
222:orifice plates
207:kinetic energy
171:fluid dynamics
163:
160:
156:vacuum ejector
142:fluid pressure
138:Venturi effect
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3292:9783319089485
3288:
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3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Venturi flume
3251:
3249:
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3147:ground effect
3144:
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3031:Wine aerators
3029:
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3016:
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3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:Steam siphons
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2960:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2941:February 2024
2934:
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2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:This section
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1611:
1610:design values
1607:
1606:ideal gas law
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1019:William Unwin
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978:pressure head
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3471:Dusk to Dawn
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3388:(in Spanish)
3385:
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3301:
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3235:Rhone valley
3231:mistral wind
3181:Architecture
3174:wind tunnels
3149:to increase
3093:chlorination
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2927:Please help
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3103:latent heat
3071:Industrial
3015:Carburetors
2976:Inspirators
2628:square root
415:choked flow
409:Choked flow
3501:2009-11-03
3392:2019-07-14
3313:2009-11-03
3264:References
3187:Hawa Mahal
3172:Low-speed
2984:gas stoves
2921:irrelevant
1381:molar mass
162:Background
102:Pitot tube
3386:face2fire
3209:Sumerians
3201:Nasiriyah
3151:downforce
3085:emissions
3052:Clarinets
3005:Atomizers
2917:excessive
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146:physicist
106:manometer
50:summarize
3518:Category
3242:See also
3226:readings
3212:finding.
3140:diffuser
3083:flue gas
3063:trombone
3059:leadpipe
3019:gasoline
3009:airbrush
2970:eductors
2956:Machines
2923:examples
2896:Examples
565:, using
191:decrease
179:increase
175:velocity
168:inviscid
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3095:systems
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2961:During
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3061:of a
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177:must
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