2004 Venezuelan recall referendum

1673:, representative of the Coordinadora Democrática, published a preliminary report entitled "Fraud to Democracy", the result of the work of 40 professionals diversified in 14 thematic areas, concluding that "qualitative, continued, selective, massive fraud" occurred in the manual and automated procedures, for which the coalition decided to challenge the process. The report explains that it was detected that in Venezuela the scheme of the electoral population averages was broken and in two months it went from 48 points to 53 points of proportion in the electoral population, meaning that close to 1.8 million people who never voted were accounted for, a mobilization of a non-existent population was made to commit fraud in the manual voting according to the report. The study states that mostnew registrants were oriented to rural centers or urban areas of manual voting, in an attempt to disguise the electronic fraud with a voting trend in favor of the "No" option. In the automated process, a collective manipulation of 28% of the vote was detected, which "compromises officials of the National Electoral Council and of the company in charge of the automation". Likewise, evidence of "bidirectionality of communication" was found, since according to the data obtained from 519: 1730:, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens". Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures". 350: 4774: 4769: 418: 544: 1266: 5100: 3219: 993: 1815:; Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications; Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct; while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes. The section is introduced by an article written by 1297: 1362: 77: 179: 434: 36: 281: 1800:

evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence." They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%.

2307:"Several polls in the run-up to the referendum showed Chavez to be the likely winner; the most recent ( 4–8 August) and comprehensive was the poll by Evans/McDonough Company, Inc., with Varianzas Opinion. With a nationwide sample of 2000 and a margin of error of 2.2 percent, it showed Chavez ahead by 50 to 38 percentage points among registered voters (up from 49–41 in July)." 1205:. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million, above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling. 1491:

several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.

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had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near

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there was traffic to and from the machines before printing the ballots, and it is indicated that there was "a pattern of communications intervention. At certain hours, traffic was concentrated to receive information, send and manipulate it", transmissions "outside the allowed hours, since 7:00 a.m.",

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The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted, with 58% having voted no and 42% voted yes.. According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second

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as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public

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that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results." The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council and, according to the opposition,

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showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud". Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.

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Polling stations opened at 6 am Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close

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When the President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the

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and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed -

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gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had

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suggested that since the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results. PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out considering the Súmate group

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Journalist Fausto Malavé declared in an interview in RCR that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that

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Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks

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In November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid. Reaction to the decision to reject

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drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model. Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with

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and CNE president Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a imitation voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition had won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was

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exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Súmate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%. Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results

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would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of

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announced that the signatures presented to request the recall referendum had to be examined a second time. Protests against the decision began on 27 February 2004 in Caracas and fifteen other cities of the country, lasting five consecutive days. Negotiations between the opposition and government

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When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed

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to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: " Venezuelan opposition has statistical

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In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the

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said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around." The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical

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Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place, but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal. The study used

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The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".

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performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed

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Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's

1427:¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ? 1253:

fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.

1191:, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002. These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term. 1711:"found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future". The 1474:, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%. 1693:

last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'" The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.

1689:, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in 1247:

The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President

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Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or

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Do you agree to annul the popular mandate granted through legitimate democratic elections to the citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías as president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the current presidential

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agreeing on signatures led to the end of the protests. During the protests, 9 people were killed, of which at least 4 were due to the response of security officials, hundreds were injured and 300 were arrested.

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Carter Center's Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004, Presidential Recall

1082:, the electoral observers and other analysts denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner. The Carter Center released a paper and statistical analysis at the request of the NGO 1477:

All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.

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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the 15 August 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the Aug. 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.

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condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed.

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said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".

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Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.

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In September 2003, that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE, the government body overseeing the petition drive, where the petitions were stored.

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of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.

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Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory.

1144:: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; recall by popular vote. 3185: 2819:

de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts".

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as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the

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After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the

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Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez (2006), "A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: the Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004",

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European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.

4202: 3783: 2865:"Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's 1 Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote" 1030: 690: 4952: 3001:

2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum (2004 PRR): A Statistical Analysis from the Point of View of Electronic Voting Data Transmissions

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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobon's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote

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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote

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accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."

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The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.

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Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb–Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela

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Some individuals have disputed the center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004. Fox News'

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those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.

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The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of

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revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.

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Pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the

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The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National

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and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls; Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the

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A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. Former U.S. president

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The 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum: Discrepancies Between Two Exit Polls and Official Results

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Hellinger, Daniel (2005), "When 'No' Means 'Yes to Revolution': Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela",

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the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.

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had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government.

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declared that fraud had taken place and published a preliminary report supporting the conclusions. The

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and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party. The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's

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when it was established that "the machine would not be connected until the closing of the process".

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In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela

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Analysis of the 2004 Venezuela Referendum: The Official Results Versus the Petition Signatures

2787: 2371: 2348: 1249: 5453: 5443: 5431: 5238: 4998: 4922: 4912: 4602: 4582: 4111: 4014: 2332: 607: 602: 534: 4411: 2044:"A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: The Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004" 5233: 4648: 4564: 4463: 4394: 4348: 4292: 4287: 4263: 4224: 4155: 4128: 4062: 4045: 3877: 3532: 3050: 1816: 1102: 742: 666: 5171: 4932: 2775: 8: 5381: 5371: 4907: 4572: 4534: 4504: 4357: 4192: 4160: 4145: 3999: 3055:

Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study

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Carter Center's Audit of the Results of the Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela

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Statistical evaluations published in 2006 and 2011 concluded that fraud was committed.

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The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the

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to effect a recall. The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (59% no).

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Carter Center's Executive Summary of Comprehensive Report: 2004 Venezuela Elections

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A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.

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The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution:

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Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report.

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Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.

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wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the

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Luhnow, David. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim in Chavez Election.

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from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the

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Venezuelan opposition seeks revenge as audits confirm Chavez’s victory

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The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.

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On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General

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USNews.com: The National Interest: Exit polls in Venezuela (8/20/04)

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In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by

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and Roberto Rigobon, reaffirming the center's original conclusions.

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More votes against Chávez than the number who voted for him in the

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Weisbrot, Mark; Rosnick, David; Tucker, Todd (20 September 2004).

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found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June. On 11 August,

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For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions:

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Coordinadora Democrática rechaza resultados oficiales del CNE

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The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate:

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vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example,

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U.S. Urges Venezuela to Choose "Peaceful Path" to Democracy

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Special Section: Revisiting the 2004 Venezuelan Referendum

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A rally in favor of the recall referendum in the capital,

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Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum

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was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.

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The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the

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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

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Preliminary Report: The Presidential Recall Referendum.

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Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum

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United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.

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Weisbrot M, Rosnick D, Tucker T (20 September 2004).

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Refendum in Venezuela to recall President Hugo Chávez

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Cordero, Maria M. Febres; Márquez, Bernardo (2006).

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commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of

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Daily Press Briefing for August 17– Transcript

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Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos

2514:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum" 2309:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum" 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1968:"Venezuela: Divisions harden after Chávez victory" 2935: 2933: 5584: 2563: 2333:Chávez ganará revocatorio según encuesta de EEUU 2079: 2077: 1759:the computer hub on election day. According to 2288: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1945: 1943: 1920: 1918: 1895:"Observer teams endorse Venezuela vote results" 2982:Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres (2011), 2930: 2479:. El Universal. 15 August 2004. Archived from 2345:"Are the Polls Credible in Venezuela? Vote NO" 2041: 1486:At 3:50pm local time on 15 August, CNE rector 5145: 5131: 4696: 3850: 3201: 2714:"Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal" 2312:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research 2074: 2011:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research 1656: 1180: 1024: 3123:CNE's Official Results for Recall Referendum 3033:Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas (2011), 2927:(7 September 2004). Retrieved 8 August 2006. 2641: 2639: 2393: 1987: 1940: 1915: 5504:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 4966:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 2347:. Narcosphere.narconews.com. Archived from 2258: 1889: 1887: 1542:The final results showed 59% had voted no. 1390:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5202:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) 5138: 5124: 4703: 4689: 3857: 3843: 3208: 3194: 3114:announced on national radio and television 2832:Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004). 2745:"Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines" 2569:"U.S. poll firm in hot water in Venezuela" 1031: 1017: 5276:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis 2636: 2492: 2490: 1844:2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1839:2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1410:Learn how and when to remove this message 1336:by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004; 328:Learn how and when to remove this message 263:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 5244:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations 5005:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century 3100:Head-to-head: Should Chávez leave power? 2885: 2539:"Pollsters predicting recall under fire" 1884: 1295: 305:of all important aspects of the article. 3180:Center for Economic and Policy Research 2808:STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR JOHN F. MAISTO. 2425: 2419: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2128: 2108:"Capturan "paramilitares" en Venezuela" 1780:Center for Economic and Policy Research 1726:, U.S. Permanent Representative to the 1715:"concluded the results were accurate." 1697: 1520:Center for Economic and Policy Research 1326:Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (GQR) 1109: 14: 5585: 5336:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4877:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4857:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4847:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 4252: 3864: 3224:Elections and referendums in Venezuela 3127:National Electoral Council (Venezuela) 2881:from the original on 27 February 2008. 2487: 2212: 2153: 1457:More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes. 301:Please consider expanding the lead to 199:Please improve this article by adding 5119: 4684: 3838: 3189: 2531: 1965: 1630: 1619: 1608: 1597: 1549: 1156:Republic until the term is completed. 5464:National Center for Foreign Commerce 2692:May 2005, accessed 19 December 2008. 2657: 2206: 2178: 1860: 1858: 1388:adding citations to reliable sources 1355: 1260: 274: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 18:Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004 5613:August 2004 events in South America 4811:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 4244:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) 2396:"Venezuelan audit confirms victory" 2188:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 2147: 2129:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 2122: 2100: 1481: 212:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum" 110:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum" 24: 2730:Carter Center, 17 September 2004, 2724: 2394:Staff writer (21 September 2004). 2060:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.tb00301.x 1765:, a computer-science professor at 25: 5629: 5207:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni 5025:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 4821:Constitutional referendum of 2009 4816:Constitutional referendum of 2007 3166:an analysis by Michael Barone of 3087: 1855: 1495:was attributed to it by the CNE. 1461: 343:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 45:This article has multiple issues. 5192:Assassination of Danilo Anderson 5099: 5098: 4772: 4767: 4373:Ecological Movement of Venezuela 3217: 3108:claims of electoral fraud by CNE 3073:and Roberto I. Rigobón (2011), " 2941:International Statistical Review 2806:Maisto, John F. (24 June 2004). 2048:International Statistical Review 1966:Jones, Bart (3 September 2004). 1360: 1311: 1264: 1217:Venezuelan Workers Confederation 1106:20% of the national electorate. 991: 542: 517: 432: 416: 348: 279: 177: 75: 34: 4710: 3064: 3044: 3027: 3010: 2993: 2976: 2956: 2908: 2856: 2843: 2813: 2800: 2781: 2768: 2755: 2737: 2706: 2695: 2613: 2587: 2557: 2506: 2465: 2447: 2387: 2370:Robert Jensen, 11 August 2004, 2364: 2337: 2317: 2301: 2237: 2219:Contexto y Balance de Situación 2160:Contexto y Balance de Situación 1728:Organization of American States 1498: 293:may be too short to adequately 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 5331:2009 constitutional referendum 5326:2007 constitutional referendum 5012:El ocaso del socialismo mágico 3935:Restorative Liberal Revolution 2035: 1751:MIT Sloan School of Management 303:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 5476:Socialism of the 21st century 5261:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 4938:Socialism of the 21st century 4826:Presidential election of 2012 4806:Presidential election of 2006 4754:Presidential election of 1998 2666:"What to Do about Venezuela?" 2501:U.S. News & World Report. 2457:. August 2004. Archived from 1786:Javier Corrales wrote in the 201:secondary or tertiary sources 5481:Venezuelan communal councils 5249:South American Energy Summit 5069:Venezuela Information Office 5059:The Silence and the Scorpion 4943:Venezuelan communal councils 3169:U.S. News & World Report 2619:Consejo Nacional Electoral. 2543:Inland Valley Daily Bulletin 2032:. Retrieved 20 February 2010 1687:U.S. News & World Report 1045:Venezuelan recall referendum 7: 5316:2005 parliamentary election 5299:2000 trade union referendum 5042:Public image of Hugo Chávez 4309:Democratic Unity Roundtable 4298:People's Electoral Movement 4232:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 2853:(7 September 2004) pg. A18. 2734:, accessed 20 February 2010 2431:"Nothingland—or Venezuela?" 2296:Latin American Perspectives 2268:Venezuelan State Television 1822: 1749:and Roberto Rigobón of the 1736: 1651: 1256: 1161: 1096: 924:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 723:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 10: 5634: 5341:2012 presidential election 5321:2006 presidential election 4005:2017 constitutional crisis 2840:. Retrieved 6 August 2006. 2690:Center for Security Policy 2498:"Exit polls in Venezuela". 2455:"Independent Media Center" 2429:(September–October 2004). 1973:National Catholic Reporter 1663:Penn, Schoen & Berland 1657:Electoral fraud complaints 1508:Penn, Schoen & Berland 1452:2000 presidential election 1181:Signature collection drive 1174:National Electoral Council 1165: 1065:National Electoral Council 5618:Opposition to Hugo Chávez 5526:Con mis hijos no te metas 5517: 5489: 5349: 5284: 5157: 5077: 4984: 4951: 4885: 4852:Recall referendum of 2004 4834: 4781: 4765: 4731: 4718: 4642: 4563: 4490: 4481: 4402: 4393: 4346: 4306: 4278:Movement We Are Venezuela 4261: 4134:Human rights in Venezuela 4119: 4110: 4041: 4032: 3980:1992 coup d'état attempts 3915:Revolution of the Reforms 3885: 3876: 3771: 3635: 3594: 3531: 3323: 3230: 3106:indymedia global newswire 3094:Recall Referendum Q&A 2774:U.S. Department of State 1953:Accessed 25 January 2006. 1641: 1631:Registered voters/turnout 1593: 1582: 1571: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1533: 1432:Translated into English: 1351: 1242: 516: 507: 492:Registered voters/turnout 410: 407: 398: 393: 385: 361: 347: 5608:Referendums in Venezuela 5542:2002–2003 general strike 5227:2013 Uribana prison riot 4801:General election of 2000 4151:Administrative divisions 4010:2019 presidential crisis 3990:2002 coup d'état attempt 3925:Revindicating Revolution 2965:and Bruno Sansó (2011), 2920:4 September 2006 at the 2898:22 November 2016 at the 2473:"Referéndum Revocatorio" 2377:16 November 2005 at the 2314:. Accessed 30 June 2006] 2013:. Retrieved 7 July 2012. 1849: 1829:2004 Venezuelan protests 1767:Johns Hopkins University 1720:U.S. Department of State 1504:Coordinadora Democrática 1203:Venezuelan Supreme Court 1168:2004 Venezuelan protests 1076:Coordinadora Democrática 1047:of 15 August 2004 was a 5537:Plaza Altamira military 5217:Death of Franklin Brito 4759:Death and state funeral 4124:Corruption in Venezuela 3325:Parliamentary elections 3164:Exit polls in Venezuela 2999:Isbelia Martin (2011), 2851:The Wall Street Journal 2797:Retrieved 6 August 2006 2778:Retrieved 5 August 2006 2765:Retrieved 5 August 2006 2361:View full user profile. 1949:Carter Center (2005). 1834:Plaza Altamira military 1788:Foreign Policy Magazine 1762:the Wall Street Journal 1691:The Wall Street Journal 1685:told Michael Barone at 1317:before the referendum. 1215:. The president of the 1086:to evaluate a study by 980:Chávez's foreign policy 579:Constitutions of States 463:Invalid or blank votes 5304:2004 recall referendum 5271:Los Maniceros massacre 5255:¿Por qué no te callas? 5167:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 5037:¿Por qué no te callas? 4791:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 4724:President of Venezuela 4449:Science and technology 4363:Movement for Socialism 4273:United Socialist Party 3995:2002–03 general strike 3636:Constituent Assemblies 3232:Presidential elections 2793:16 August 2006 at the 2248:Venezuela's referendum 2110:. BBC News. 9 May 2004 2097:, 26(4), November 2011 1669:Constitutional lawyer 1305: 1172:In February 2003, the 1057:President of Venezuela 945:Diplomatic missions of 188:relies excessively on 5444:Bolivarian Revolution 5294:2000 general election 5239:Rodrigo Granda affair 4999:Bolivarian propaganda 4913:Bolivarian Revolution 4732:Early life and career 3016:Raúl Jiménez (2011), 2246:, 11 September 2003, 2028:, 17 September 2004, 1299: 1051:to determine whether 535:Politics of Venezuela 5532:Coup attempt of 2002 5234:Daktari Ranch affair 4842:Coup attempt of 2002 4749:Coup attempt of 1992 4349:Agreement for Change 4288:For Social Democracy 4264:Great Patriotic Pole 4129:Torture in Venezuela 4098:World Heritage Sites 4073:Environmental issues 3051:Alicia L. Carriquiry 2688:Occasional Papers 6 2259:Hugo Chavez (2004), 2190:"War on Hugo Chávez" 2131:"War on Hugo Chávez" 2089:28 July 2012 at the 2005:24 July 2014 at the 1936:on 5 September 2004. 1817:Alicia L. Carriquiry 1698:Process endorsements 1454:(3.76 million). 1384:improve this section 1110:Constitutional basis 1103:Constituent Assembly 998:Venezuela portal 704:since 5 January 2021 95:improve this article 5372:Bolivarian missions 4908:Bolivarian missions 4535:List of Venezuelans 4358:Progressive Advance 4146:Crisis in Venezuela 3900:War of Independence 3596:Municipal elections 3118:Venezuela Analitica 3079:Statistical Science 3059:Statistical Science 3039:Statistical Science 3022:Statistical Science 3005:Statistical Science 2988:Statistical Science 2971:Statistical Science 2950:7 June 2011 at the 2891:Corrales, Javier. 2821:Wall Street Journal 2663:J. Michael Waller, 2629:27 May 2010 at the 2095:Statistical Science 1813:Newcomb-Benford law 1805:Statistical Science 1609:Invalid/blank votes 1546: 1250:José Vicente Rangel 344: 5367:Bolivarian Circles 5266:Operation Emmanuel 4903:Bolivarian Circles 4525:Indigenous peoples 4459:Telecommunications 4056:metropolitan areas 3533:Regional elections 2905:(19 October 2009). 2651:, 16 August 2004, 2216:(September 2004). 2157:(September 2004). 1747:Harvard University 1545: 1306: 1276:. You can help by 1219:was quoted by the 618:Capital punishment 342: 5593:2004 in Venezuela 5580: 5579: 5499:Bank of the South 5350:Domestic policies 5172:Plan Bolívar 2000 5113: 5112: 4961:Bank of the South 4933:Plan Bolívar 2000 4796:1999 Constitution 4678: 4677: 4638: 4637: 4477: 4476: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4333:Democratic Action 4198:National Assembly 4178:Foreign relations 4106: 4105: 4028: 4027: 3895:Captaincy General 3832: 3831: 3112:referendum result 2633:, 16 August 2004. 2601:on 24 August 2004 2461:on 13 March 2005. 2351:on 10 August 2004 2225:. pp. 11, 16 2166:. pp. 11, 16 1649: 1648: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1294: 1293: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1069:1999 Constitution 1041: 1040: 967:Visa requirements 917:Foreign relations 799:Recent elections 795:Political parties 736:Federal divisions 685:National Assembly 528: 527: 503: 502: 376: 375: 338: 337: 330: 320: 319: 273: 272: 265: 247: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 5625: 5603:2004 referendums 5598:Recall elections 5222:Yare prison riot 5140: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5102: 5101: 5090:Nicolás Maduro → 5083:← Rafael Caldera 5064:Venezuelanalysis 5019:El pueblo soy yo 4835:Political events 4776: 4771: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4658: 4651: 4488: 4487: 4400: 4399: 4351: 4311: 4266: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4117: 4116: 4039: 4038: 3955:1958 coup d'état 3950:El Trienio Adeco 3883: 3882: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182:, September 2004 3082: 3071:Ricardo Hausmann 3068: 3062: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3014: 3008: 2997: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2937: 2928: 2912: 2906: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2678:on 30 June 2007. 2677: 2671:. 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However, the 1501: 1488:Jorge Rodríguez 1484: 1464: 1416: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1381: 1365: 1354: 1314: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1274:needs expansion 1259: 1245: 1233:Health Minister 1183: 1170: 1164: 1112: 1099: 1074:The opposition 1037: 1008: 1004:Other countries 992: 990: 985: 984: 976: 957:Nationality law 953: 941: 930:Felix Plasencia 919: 909: 908: 903: 886: 869: 852: 835: 824:Parliamentary: 818: 790: 780: 779: 738: 728: 727: 718: 710: 709: 702:Jorge Rodríguez 695:Dinorah Figuera 689: 680: 672: 671: 660:Delcy Rodríguez 633: 625: 624: 567: 566: 537: 524: 510: 509: 508: 491: 433: 417: 405: 389: 379: 378: 377: 355: 354: 353: 334: 323: 322: 321: 316: 310: 307: 300: 288:This article's 284: 269: 258: 252: 249: 206: 204: 198: 194:primary sources 182: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5631: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5491:Foreign policy 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Vargas tragedy 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5048:¿¡Revolución!? 5044: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4993:Aló Presidente 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4953:Foreign policy 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4861:2007 protests 4859: 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President 4217: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4088:National parks 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3985:Vargas tragedy 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3960:Puntofijo Pact 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940:1902–03 crisis 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3537: 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1738: 1735: 1699: 1696: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1535: 1532: 1516:sampling error 1500: 1497: 1483: 1480: 1463: 1462:Referendum day 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1418: 1417: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1313: 1310: 1292: 1291: 1271: 1269: 1258: 1255: 1244: 1241: 1182: 1179: 1166:Main article: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1111: 1108: 1098: 1095: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1000: 987: 986: 983: 982: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 952: 951: 940: 939: 938: 937: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 902: 901: 896: 889: 887: 885: 884: 879: 872: 870: 868: 867: 862: 855: 853: 851: 850: 845: 838: 836: 834: 833: 828: 821: 819: 817: 816: 809: 805:Presidential: 802: 797: 791: 786: 785: 782: 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1784: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713:Carter Center 1709: 1708:César Gaviria 1704: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671:Tulio Álvarez 1667: 1664: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1403: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1369:This section 1367: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:Robert Jensen 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1312:Opinion polls 1309: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1272:This section 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1251: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:Caracas Metro 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1153: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1104: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Carter Center 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 989: 988: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 950: 946: 943: 942: 935: 931: 927: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 913: 912: 900: 897: 895: 892:Referendums: 891: 890: 888: 883: 880: 878: 874: 873: 871: 866: 863: 861: 857: 856: 854: 849: 846: 844: 841:Constituent: 840: 839: 837: 832: 829: 827: 823: 822: 820: 815: 814: 810: 808: 804: 803: 801: 800: 798: 796: 793: 792: 789: 784: 783: 776: 773: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:Constitutions 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 737: 732: 731: 724: 721: 720: 714: 713: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 687: 686: 683: 682: 676: 675: 668: 665: 661: 658: 657: 656: 653: 649: 646: 645: 643: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 592: 589: 587: 584: 580: 577: 576: 575: 574: 573: 570: 569: 562: 559: 558: 554: 553: 550: 549: 545: 541: 540: 536: 532: 531: 520: 515: 506: 498: 495: 490: 489: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 462: 461: 457: 454: 451: 450: 447: 444: 442: 439: 431: 430: 426: 423: 415: 414: 402: 401: 397: 392: 384: 372: 370: 367: 365: 364: 360: 351: 346: 340: 332: 329: 314: 304: 298: 296: 291: 286: 282: 277: 276: 267: 264: 256: 253:November 2022 245: 242: 238: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 214: – 213: 209: 208:Find sources: 202: 196: 195: 191: 186:This article 184: 180: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5524: 5303: 5253: 5212:PDVAL affair 5097: 5088: 5081: 5046: 5029: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4991: 4851: 4623:coat of arms 4500:Demographics 4444:Oil industry 4434:Cooperatives 4323:Popular Will 4168:Constitution 4020:Coups d'état 3970:El Porteñazo 3945:World War II 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Retrieved 2599:the original 2589: 2577:. Retrieved 2572: 2559: 2547:. Retrieved 2542: 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2508: 2500: 2496:Barone, M. 2481:the original 2476: 2467: 2459:the original 2449: 2440: 2434: 2421: 2409:. Retrieved 2399: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2353:. Retrieved 2349:the original 2339: 2330:(in Spanish) 2325:El Universal 2323: 2319: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2279:, retrieved 2272:the original 2267: 2254: 2243: 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2218: 2208: 2200:the original 2193: 2168:. Retrieved 2159: 2149: 2141:the original 2134: 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2102: 2094: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2025: 2010: 1977:. Retrieved 1971: 1934:the original 1929: 1905:. Retrieved 1898: 1874:. Retrieved 1872:(in Spanish) 1869: 1809:Raquel Prado 1804: 1802: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1760: 1740: 1732: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1668: 1660: 1541: 1537: 1528:Jimmy Carter 1525: 1502: 1499:Exit polling 1493: 1485: 1476: 1472:Jimmy Carter 1469: 1465: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1406: 1397: 1382:Please help 1370: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1285:January 2009 1282: 1278:adding to it 1273: 1246: 1238: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1171: 1141: 1119: 1113: 1100: 1092: 1073: 1059:, should be 1044: 1042: 949:in Venezuela 812: 775:Dependencies 763:Legislatures 586:Human rights 572:Constitution 560:Constitution 484: 479: 474: 452:Valid votes 445: 440: 368: 339: 324: 311:January 2024 308: 292: 290:lead section 259: 250: 240: 233: 226: 219: 207: 187: 157: 148: 138: 131: 124: 117: 105: 93:Please help 88:verification 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 5509:Petrocaribe 5382:Guaicaipuro 5309:Tascón List 5187:Tascón List 5182:Decree 1011 5151:Hugo Chávez 4976:Petrocaribe 4726:(1999–2013) 4712:Hugo Chávez 4520:Immigration 4407:Agriculture 4068:Earthquakes 3930:1895 crisis 3920:Federal War 3890:New Granada 3772:Referendums 3178:, from the 2682:(75.0 2229:30 December 2170:30 December 1772:correlation 1741:Economists 1724:John Maisto 1683:Doug Schoen 1620:Total votes 1598:Valid votes 1338:Datanálisis 1213:Tascón List 1142:Article 233 1053:Hugo Chávez 972:Visa policy 875:Municipal: 679:Legislature 613:Nationality 591:LGBT rights 496:14,037,900 475:Total votes 5587:Categories 5568:Referendum 5518:Opposition 5471:Snitch Law 5454:Colectivos 5377:Florentino 5147:Presidency 4923:Colectivos 4870:Referendum 4783:Presidency 4739:Early life 4583:Literature 4515:Healthcare 4015:Civil wars 3789:1999 (Dec) 3784:1999 (Apr) 3154:Referendum 3053:. (2011), 2893:Hugo Boss. 2411:5 November 1634:14,037,900 1400:March 2010 1120:Article 72 1049:referendum 928:Minister: 858:Regional: 455:9,789,637 424:3,989,008 223:newspapers 190:references 151:March 2009 121:newspapers 50:improve it 5546:Protests 5392:Identidad 5286:Elections 4550:Squatting 4530:Languages 4510:Education 4469:Transport 4417:Companies 4328:A New Era 4210:President 4203:President 4173:Elections 4034:Geography 3866:Venezuela 2943:, 74(3); 2605:16 August 2355:17 August 1870:Venelogía 1623:9,815,631 1601:9,789,637 1586:9,789,637 1575:5,800,629 1564:3,989,008 1371:does not 1328:Inc. and 788:Elections 753:Governors 717:Judiciary 691:President 638:President 632:Executive 480:9,815,631 441:5,800,629 295:summarize 56:talk page 5449:Chavismo 5417:Robinson 5104:Category 4918:Chavismo 4665:Category 4603:Religion 4545:Refugees 4505:Diaspora 4412:Currency 4293:Tupamaro 4237:In exile 4193:Missions 4188:Military 4112:Politics 3975:Caracazo 3870:articles 2948:Archived 2945:abstract 2918:Archived 2896:Archived 2876:Archived 2872:cepr.net 2791:Archived 2761:Pravda. 2627:Archived 2401:BBC News 2375:Archived 2114:22 April 2087:Archived 2068:10856599 2003:Archived 1979:14 March 1900:NBC News 1823:See also 1737:Analyses 1652:Disputes 1642:Source: 1257:Campaign 1236:policy. 1162:Protests 1128:mandate. 1097:Petition 1061:recalled 962:Passport 603:Abortion 5402:Miranda 5387:Habitat 5197:teleSUR 5054:teleSUR 4649:Outline 4613:Symbols 4578:Cuisine 4565:Culture 4483:Society 4464:Tourism 4395:Economy 4254:Parties 4225:Cabinet 4156:Regions 4063:Climate 4046:Borders 3878:History 2549:11 June 2523:30 June 2298:, 32(8) 1876:11 July 1572:Against 1392:removed 1377:sources 1302:Caracas 1055:, then 743:Regions 667:Cabinet 499:69.92% 485:100.00% 466:25,994 458:99.74% 427:40.75% 394:Results 237:scholar 135:scholar 5437:Zamora 5397:Mercal 5159:Tenure 4670:Portal 4618:anthem 4573:Cinema 4439:Energy 4161:States 4051:Cities 4000:Crisis 3868: 2925:Súmate 2680: 2579:9 June 2281:9 June 2214:PROVEA 2155:PROVEA 2066: 1907:6 July 1626:100.00 1612:25,994 1589:100.00 1550:Choice 1534:Result 1512:Súmate 1352:Ballot 1348:vote. 1243:Timing 1227:, and 1188:Súmate 1084:Súmate 748:States 608:Labour 469:0.26% 446:59.25% 408:Votes 404:Choice 239: 232: 225: 218: 210: 137: 130: 123: 116: 108: 5559:2007 5422:Sucre 5412:Ribas 4985:Image 4656:Index 4608:Sport 4598:Music 4588:Media 4555:Women 4495:Crime 4422:PDVSA 4368:COPEI 4083:Flora 4078:Fauna 3102:(BBC) 3096:(BBC) 3081:26(4) 3061:26(4) 3041:26(4) 3024:26(4) 3007:26(4) 2990:26(4) 2973:26(4) 2879:(PDF) 2868:(PDF) 2676:(PDF) 2669:(PDF) 2517:(PDF) 2443:(29). 2275:(PDF) 2264:(PDF) 2223:(PDF) 2164:(PDF) 2064:S2CID 1850:Notes 1675:CANTV 1637:69.92 1604:99.74 1583:Total 1578:59.25 1567:40.75 1553:Votes 1330:DATOS 388:term? 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