421:
552:, a scaled-down version of the Mate-Demate Device, and the Orbiter Maintenance and Processing Facility (OMPF) where the Shuttle would be refurbished. When the orbiter was ready, the Orbiter Transport System, a 76-wheel transporter would have been used to transport the shuttle between the North Base facilities and SLC-6 over 17 miles (27 km) of base and public roadways. The route through the hills around the base required that hills be carved away along 2 miles (3.2 km) of the route to accommodate the orbiter’s wingspan. At the launch pad, two buildings, the Shuttle Assembly Building and the Mobile Service Tower would envelop the access tower allowing the spacecraft to be stacked right on the launch pad.
877:
563:
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from SLC-6 occurred on 15 August 1995, involving the
Lockheed-Martin Launch Vehicle I (LMLV-1). Unfortunately, LMLV-1 was terminated in mid-flight after uncontrolled oscillations of the rocket were detected. This resulted in the loss of the vehicle and the payload. The cause of the mishap was later determined to be a guidance system failure coupled with overheating of the booster's first stage steering mechanism. The payload on board was GEMstar 1, a small communications satellite manufactured by CTA, Inc. for the Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA), a non-profit organization.
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29:
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559:. Additional modifications or improvements included liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen storage tanks, a payload preparation room, payload changeout room, a new launch tower with escape system for the shuttle crew members, sound suppression system and water reclamation area and a Shuttle Assembly Building were added to the original complex.
732:
However, on 22 March 1991, HQ USAF reversed itself again by announcing the termination of the Titan IV/Centaur program at SLC-6. The reasons given for the project being canceled was due to "insufficient Titan IV launch requirements from the West Coast to support the construction of a new launch pad."
363:
Vandenberg's southward launch trajectory is advantageous for deploying satellites into high-inclination polar and Sun-synchronous orbits, needed for weather forecasting, Earth observation, and reconnaissance missions as they enable comprehensive and regular global coverage. Launching into such orbits
782:
After another contract was issued in 1994 by the Air Force, modification work began on the existing SLC-6 shuttle launch mount for a small "milkstool" platform to be located over one of the two exhaust ducts originally intended for one of the large solid rocket boosters. The first operational launch
641:
Eventually, on 13 May 1988, Secretary
Aldridge then directed the Air Force to transfer Space Shuttle assets at Vandenberg to other organizations (specifically, the Kennedy Space Center) by 30 September 1989, the end of the fiscal year. The work was completed 10 days early on 20 September, when SLC-6
547:
At SLC-6, the existing 5,500-foot (1,700 m) runway at the North Base was expanded to match the
Shuttle Landing Facility in Florida: 15,000 feet (4,600 m) in length with additional 1,000-foot (300 m) overruns on both ends to accommodate end-of-mission landings. Just off the runway, was
750:
492:
A Senate report summarized: "The Air Force originally justified the expenditure of such SLC-6 funding on the basis of a need to launch high-priority military payloads into polar orbits. After
Defense Department officials testified that polar orbits could not be achieved by launching from Kennedy
454:
In 1972, Vandenberg AFB was chosen as the western launch site for Air Force shuttle launches. Use of SLC-6 was approved in 1975, and re-construction of the former MOL launch facility occurred between
January 1979 and July 1986 as SLC-6 was rebuilt to accommodate the space shuttle.
894:
After sitting on the pad since late-2003 and enduring technical issues with both the booster and the payload, the first of the Delta IV launch vehicles to fly from SLC-6 successfully lifted off at 8:33 p.m. PDT on 27 June 2006.
728:
launch complex—essentially an uprated facility from the original MOL program that would have launched a Titan III vehicle. Site work was scheduled to begin in late-FY 1992 with a planned initial launch capability sometime in FY1996.
906:, into orbit. The payload was successfully deployed approximately 54 minutes later. According to a post-launch Boeing News press release, the mission was the first for the NRO aboard a Delta IV and the second aboard a Delta rocket.
504:
There were significant layout differences between the shuttle launch complexes at KSC and SLC-6 at
Vandenberg, with the facilities at KSC closer together, but with stacking operations taking place right at the launch pad at SLC-6
707:
in 1991. Previously, the orbiters were trucked to
Armstrong Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, about 36 miles (58 km) away, which took about 10 hours. The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was dismantled in 2008.
2752:
711:
The
Orbiter Transport System was sent to KSC where it was used to move orbiters between the Orbiter Processing Facility and the Vehicle Assembly Building. The vehicle was purchased by SpaceX in 2014 for $ 37,075.
451:
and the Air Force looked at different sites for launching the shuttle, finally deciding upon SLC-6, due to its dedicated crewed spaceflight role that was left over from the canceled MOL/Titan program.
555:
In all, over $ 4 billion were spent on the modifying SLC-6 for the Space
Shuttle. The original Mobile Service Tower (MST) was lowered in height and two new flame ducts were added for the shuttle's
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Some of the
Shuttle-specific components at SLC-6 were removed, such as the mobile Payload Changeout Room, but the Assembly Building, Mobile Service Tower, Launch Tower,
408:(MOL). After significant construction work was completed, the MOL program was cancelled on 10 June 1969, so further work on SLC-6 stopped as the facility was placed in
4989:
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launches. SpaceX expects to begin Falcon 9 launches from SLC-6 in 2025 and Falcon Heavy launches in 2026. Since then, SpaceX has started reconfiguring the launch pad.
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were launched from SLC-6. After purchase of south base, the Air Force started construction of the SLC-6 facility on 12 March 1966, to support launches of a modified
1967:
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The Air Force officially terminated the Space Shuttle program at Vandenberg on 26 December 1989. The estimated cost for the discontinued program was $ 4 billion.
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333:, however, these projects were terminated before SLC-6's completion. Between 1979 and 1986 the facilities received extensive modifications to accommodate the
2902:
2885:
337:. However, budgetary constraints, safety considerations, and political factors ultimately led to the cancellation of Shuttle operations from the West Coast.
2219:
352:, which conducted ten successful missions between 2006 and 2022. In 2023, SpaceX secured a lease agreement for SLC-6, with plans to modify the facility for
765:
began studies on the prospect of a new family of small launch vehicles for commercial and other users. Lockheed eventually approved the development of the
2781:
322:. Construction at the site began in 1966, but the first launch didn't occur until 1995 due to program cancellations and subsequent repurposing efforts.
3524:
794:
satellite into orbit from SLC-6 on 22 August 1997. Part of NASA's Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) and "Mission to Planet Earth" program.
597:. SLC-6 was declared operational during acceptance ceremonies held on 15 October 1985. However, much additional work and testing was still required.
2993:
2554:
873:
cargo vessel that docked just south of SLC-6 at the same location originally constructed for receiving and offloading space shuttle external tanks.
625:
of 28 January 1986 grounded the Shuttle fleet as efforts were concentrated on recovery and returning the program to flight after a two-year hiatus.
3195:
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632:, announced that Vandenberg's Space Shuttle program would be placed in "operational caretaker status", six months after the Space Shuttle
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61:
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The contract with LSOC was closed out several months later. Instead, USAF continued flying military polar orbit satellites using the
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3913:
2723:"National Reconnaissance Office Mission Successfully Launches on World's Largest Rocket, the United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy"
1290:
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Blast protection of nearby occupied buildings was unsatisfactory and more construction would have been required to safeguard them
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On 6 July 1990, Lockheed Space Operations Company (LSOC) was awarded an Air Force ground system contract to modify SLC-6 into a
443:
No Space shuttles were launched from SLC-6. With plans of launching civilian and military equatorial space shuttle flights from
4920:
4835:
4350:
3608:
2096:"Federal Consistency Determination Titan IV/Centaur Launch Complex Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, California"
656:
SLC-6 would have generated more contaminated waste water than originally envisioned, necessitating an expensive treatment plant
594:
1847:
854:
and some other shuttle-oriented equipment were retained and made compatible for the new Delta IV rocket. The launch vehicle's
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disaster) would have been more problematic than in Florida, and it was unclear how well SLC-6 facilities would handle that
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4372:
1953:
762:
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1995:. Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session. 29 October 1986
556:
1989:
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659:
Further study showed more sound suppression water would have been needed, requiring upgraded water supply facilities
3511:
690:
2015:
344:
rockets between 1995 and 1999 with minimal modifications. Subsequently, it underwent modifications to support the
4686:
4517:
4424:
4407:
4075:
3181:
3034:
2294:
372:
SLC-6, part of Vandenberg's "South Base," was originally part of the Sudden Ranch, prior to its purchase by the
4402:
4334:
4176:
3114:
2506:
903:
676:, the more confined SLC-6 launch area raised concerns of entrapped gaseous hydrogen causing a fire or explosion
4813:
4681:
3084:
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1958:
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3852:
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638:
accident. A few months later, however, SLC-6 was placed in "minimum caretaker status" on 20 February 1987.
2095:
1873:
364:
from the East Coast of the United States presents significant challenges due to geographical constraints.
4830:
4614:
4561:
4414:
4207:
4181:
4144:
2894:
1963:
1219:
938:
On 24 September 2022, ULA launched the last Delta IV Heavy from the pad, concluding their use of SLC-6.
521:
470:
315:
49:
2070:
1671:
682:
Independent audits found significant construction quality problems that would have been expensive to fix
4948:
4790:
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4217:
839:
received a lease from the Air Force on 1 September 1999, to modify SLC-6 once again to launch Boeing's
541:
405:
330:
935:
rocket. The launch was conducted by ULA and was the first flight of a Delta IV Heavy from Vandenberg.
4883:
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4460:
4444:
4439:
4434:
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4319:
3580:
3334:
2753:"United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NROL-45 Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office"
2533:"Historic launch pad faces uncertain future after final West Coast Delta 4 mission – Spaceflight Now"
959:
590:
525:
384:
was based there, which in 1967 was replaced by an automated light. There was also the Point Arguello
140:
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4691:
4619:
4571:
4511:
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851:
633:
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436:
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hangars where it was refurbished. When the orbiter was ready, it was towed across the road to the
4899:
4729:
4706:
4624:
4285:
4271:
4222:
702:
629:
609:
549:
430:
4867:
4278:
4257:
4137:
4025:
2756:
2726:
2696:
2142:
1762:
917:
891:(EELV) program. EELV was intended to cut launch costs and simplify satellite launch processes.
775:
758:
725:
341:
2431:
2320:
1726:
1606:
887:
Boeing developed the Delta IV class of vehicles as its entrant in the Department of Defense's
4927:
4914:
4825:
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100:
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444:
381:
218:
110:
8:
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3797:
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3714:
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3629:
855:
619:
537:
155:
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1793:
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517:
409:
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2700:
1149:
791:
533:
496:
3495:
2796:
2555:"ULA's Delta 4 prepares for final West Coast launch as Vandenberg seeks new tenants"
2244:
462:
Florida shuttle launches to polar orbit would have entailed a large payload penalty;
4875:
4764:
859:
4739:
4719:
4609:
3948:
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3669:
2193:
1654:
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1510:
1474:
1308:
847:
832:
770:
439:
905, flies over SLC-6 in November 1984, for testing of infrastructure at the base
2269:
2058:"Orbiter Mate and Demate to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) at Display Sites"
4714:
3674:
3664:
3539:
3451:
1562:
1528:
1042:
939:
932:
615:
488:
facilities at SLC-6 would reduce building costs for the shuttle launch complex.
466:
377:
373:
349:
263:
214:
33:
2863:
4978:
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4845:
4171:
3719:
3709:
3654:
3476:
3256:
2848:
2835:
1930:
1261:
867:
835:
were launched from SLC-6. With the advent of the Delta IV in the late 1990s,
804:
425:
334:
276:
117:
96:
76:
63:
28:
2667:
493:
Space Center in Florida, the Congress initiated construction of ... SLC-6."
3679:
3659:
3471:
3286:
1058:
971:
357:
242:
2807:
1818:
858:
and associated flight hardware was transported from the Boeing factory in
3878:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3281:
3266:
3246:
3213:
3173:
2693:"United Launch Alliance Launches First West Coast Delta IV Heavy Mission"
4129:
815:) was successfully placed into a polar orbit using an Athena 2 booster.
4051:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3276:
3271:
3261:
2622:"SpaceX Yearly Launch Rate at Vandenberg SFB Could Soar to 100 by 2025"
1195:
Payload fairing failed to separate and satellite did not achieve orbit
326:
319:
311:
284:
280:
4734:
3694:
3441:
3415:
3251:
1206:
1173:
1026:
734:
653:
disaster made it clear that sole dependency on the shuttle was unwise
485:
465:
Florida shuttle launches to polar orbit would necessitate overflying
401:
397:
255:
2792:
Boeing Corporation's Delta IV Space Launch Complex Six photo gallery
1701:"Declassified: US Military's Secret Cold War Space Project Revealed"
749:
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601:
353:
345:
288:
259:
251:
238:
197:
2580:"SPACE LAUNCH DELTA 30 TO LEASE SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 6 TO SPACE X"
2507:"Delta IV Heavy launches on debut West Coast launch with NRO L-49"
4752:
4588:
4056:
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3329:
3324:
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1401:
1366:
1331:
947:
928:
909:
Another Delta IV Medium vehicle flew a mission for the Air Force
881:
863:
769:(LLV) program in January 1993. After the merger of Lockheed with
761:
missions flew from SLC-6, from 1995 to 1999. In the early 1990s,
593:
configuration for a series of fit checks like those conducted at
2811:
753:
Athena 1 sits atop a "milkstool" platform at SLC-6, August 1997.
4757:
4747:
4020:
3983:
2818:
1657:, Ars Technica Senior Space Editor Eric Berger, 20 August 2020.
1614:
1214:
1181:
963:
836:
812:
799:
786:
After some hardware redesign and testing, a newly rechristened
512:
airport either by gliding in from space or piggybacking on the
478:
474:
2016:"From Shuttles to Rockets: Long History for Calif. Launch Pad"
4774:
4212:
3978:
3973:
1256:
544:
allowed payloads to be loaded into the cargo bay on the pad.
385:
272:
2373:"Delta Mariner drops anchor at Vandenberg to deliver rocket"
1819:"Space Shuttle West Coast Launch Site SLC-6, Vandenberg AFB"
618:
as commander, was planned for 15 October 1986. However, the
520:. From there, it was towed a short distance to one of three
3968:
3963:
3953:
3933:
3898:
2607:"SpaceX wins approval to add fifth U.S. rocket launch site"
2065:
920:(ULA) when ULA was formed as a joint venture of Boeing and
899:
797:
Another launch, on 24 September 1999, was successful as an
448:
1648:
https://twitter.com/SciGuySpace/status/1296462155559186436
532:. From there, the vehicle was taken to one of two pads at
3481:
1899:"40 Years Ago: Space Shuttle Enterprise rolls to the Pad"
1727:"The Space Shuttle Decision: Chapter 9: Nixon's Decision"
1075:
2346:"Delta Mariner offloads launch components at Vandenberg"
916:
The Delta IV and the lease on SLC-6 were turned over to
447:(KSC) and military polar orbit flights from Vandenberg,
2050:
1945:
2668:"New era of rocket launches begins at California base"
2424:"Boeing Completes First Delta IV West Coast Launch"
2824:Vandenberg Space Force Base Space Launch Complex 6
4990:Launch complexes of the United States Space Force
2613:
2321:"Boeing building new launch pad for 21st century"
693:where the orbiters were built and refurbished in
575:at SLC-6 in launch configuration in February 1985
500:SLC-6 site layout in shuttle launch configuration
4976:
2455:"First West Coast Delta IV Launch is Successful"
2893:
2782:Boeing Media Kit for Delta IV Launch of NROL-22
2113:"Topic: Alternate Joint NASA/USAF "STS" System"
2033:
1670:. NASA Human Spaceflight Office. Archived from
1586:Final flight of a Delta rocket from Vandenberg
942:, Delta IV Heavy's successor, will launch from
4567:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
1917:
484:Use of the existing and partially constructed
325:The site was originally envisioned to support
4145:
3189:
2879:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1641:
689:The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was relocated to
600:The inaugural polar-orbit flight, designated
2598:
1346:First Delta IV Heavy launch from Vandenberg
628:On 31 July 1986, Secretary of the Air Force
458:There were several reasons for using SLC-6:
415:
1816:
927:On 20 January 2011, at 1:10 p.m. PST,
4152:
4138:
3203:
3196:
3182:
2886:
2872:
2802:Space Shuttle SLC-6 Chronology (in French)
2665:
1990:"Investigation of the Challenger Accident"
1780:
388:station, de-established 31 December 1979.
179:Inactive, pending modifications for SpaceX
27:
4725:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
4159:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2101:. Environmental Solutions, Inc. May 1990.
1845:
898:The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) rocket lofted
589:was mated with External Tank and SRBs in
314:and associated support infrastructure at
2604:
1954:"Vandeberg opens new space shuttle base"
1871:
1724:
913:, orbiting DMSP-17, on 4 November 2006.
911:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
875:
822:
748:
662:Vehicle icing (which contributed to the
579:Between November 1984 and May 1985, the
561:
495:
419:
36:lifts off from SLC-6 in August 2013
2687:
2685:
2043:was invoked but never defined (see the
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
962:announced that it was leasing SLC-6 to
818:
715:
4977:
4921:Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation
2797:LighthouseFriends.com - Point Arguello
2619:
2504:
2295:"Launch Details - IKONOS 2 - Athena-2"
2130:
1923:
1874:"Space: New Pad for the Space Shuttle"
1482:Final flight of Delta IV Medium+(5,2)
1269:First Delta IV launch from Vandenberg
880:Delta IV Heavy launch from SLC-6 with
4963:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions
4133:
3177:
3155:Point Arguello Warning Area Drop Zone
2867:
2552:
2530:
2191:
1951:
1848:"The Space Shuttle in the Atmosphere"
1846:Behringer, Ashley S. (9 April 2020).
1841:
1839:
1798:. USAF 45th Space Wing History Office
1795:Military Space Operations - 1971-1992
1698:
953:
744:
2787:History/Chronology of Vandenberg AFB
2715:
2682:
2531:Clark, Stephen (23 September 2002).
2452:
2147:Air Force Space & Missile Museum
1924:Scully, Janene (29 September 2005).
1872:Toufexis, Anastasia (5 March 1984).
1744:
1381:First Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) launch
902:-22, a classified satellite for the
645:Several factors accounted for this:
391:
4942:Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space
2808:Vandenberg Space Shuttle Operations
2553:Erwin, Sandra (23 September 2022).
2505:Graham, William (20 January 2011).
2478:
2370:
2318:
2217:
2038:
2013:
1699:David, Leonard (30 December 2015).
763:Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
508:At KSC, the Shuttle arrived at the
340:SLC-6 facilitated four launches of
13:
2620:Scully, Janene (4 December 2023).
1836:
1791:
741:rockets from SLC-4 at Vandenberg.
516:and then being unloaded using the
376:in the mid-1960s under the law of
14:
5001:
2810:- featuring space photography of
2775:
2699:. 20 January 2011. Archived from
1970:from the original on 4 April 2023
977:
946:at Vandenberg, currently used by
889:Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
304:Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6
3494:
2817:
2729:. 28 August 2013. Archived from
2605:Roulette, Joey (24 April 2023).
2479:Hoy, Raymond (6 November 2006).
2218:Day, Dwayne (11 February 2013).
2039:Cite error: The named reference
1817:Hartenstein, William G. (2005).
1763:"Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6)"
827:Aerial view of SLC-6 circa 2006.
691:United States Air Force Plant 42
679:Large construction cost overruns
380:. In addition to the ranch, the
4687:Spartan Packet Radio Experiment
2745:
2659:
2641:
2572:
2546:
2524:
2498:
2472:
2446:
2416:
2390:
2371:Ray, Justin (9 November 2014).
2364:
2338:
2312:
2287:
2262:
2237:
2211:
2185:
2160:
2105:
2088:
2014:Ray, Justin (19 January 2011).
2007:
1982:
1891:
1865:
1810:
642:was placed in mothball status.
310:, pronounced "Slick Six") is a
4956:Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
4335:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
2485:30th Space Wing Public Affairs
2430:. 27 June 2006. Archived from
2192:Canan, James (1 August 1988).
1952:Fulks, Tom (16 October 1985).
1718:
1692:
1686:"Loran Station Point Arguello"
1678:
1660:
1622:
1599:
931:(NROL-49) was launched atop a
904:National Reconnaissance Office
1:
4911:(2020 documentary miniseries)
4682:Inflatable Antenna Experiment
2453:Cain, Fraser (28 June 2006).
1618:. September 2021. p. 11.
1592:
1307:First Delta IV launch into a
790:successfully launched NASA's
697:, before the delivery of the
360:launches commencing in 2025.
4908:Challenger: The Final Flight
4809:Space Shuttle design process
4651:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit
4646:Extravehicular Mobility Unit
2481:"Delta IV launch successful"
2398:"Delta IV launch successful"
2319:Ray, Justin (3 March 2000).
2069:. 1 May 2012. Archived from
1629:. U.S. Space Force. May 2023
528:where it was stacked atop a
7:
4985:Vandenberg Space Force Base
4831:International Space Station
4615:Journalist in Space Project
4562:Orbiter Processing Facility
2895:Vandenberg Space Force Base
2666:Justin Ray (27 June 2006).
2584:Vandenberg Space Force Base
1978:– via Newspapers.com.
1964:San Luis Obispo, California
1959:The County-Telegram Tribune
866:, to Vandenberg aboard the
522:Orbiter Processing Facility
316:Vandenberg Space Force Base
50:Vandenberg Space Force Base
10:
5006:
4949:Space Shuttle Mission 2007
4489:Approach and Landing Tests
4218:Orbital Maneuvering System
2168:"Titan Missile Facilities"
542:Rotating Service Structure
406:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
367:
331:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
4884:Columbia: The Tragic Loss
4801:
4783:
4705:
4669:
4661:Advanced Crew Escape Suit
4638:
4597:
4584:Shuttle Training Aircraft
4534:
4497:
4453:
4445:Shuttle Training Aircraft
4440:Shuttle Mission Simulator
4435:Rendezvous pitch maneuver
4393:
4343:
4325:Remote Controlled Orbiter
4320:Extended Duration Orbiter
4296:
4241:
4228:Thermal protection system
4190:
4167:
4074:
4034:
4003:
3996:
3926:
3861:
3813:
3806:
3790:
3739:
3732:
3617:
3579:
3561:
3538:
3510:
3503:
3492:
3464:
3429:
3368:
3302:
3295:
3239:
3232:
3209:
3142:
3017:
2961:
2910:
2901:
1926:"New era dawns for SLC-6"
1407:Reconnaissance satellite
960:United States Space Force
848:flame deflection trenches
540:. At the launch pad, the
526:Vehicle Assembly Building
416:Space Shuttle (1972–1989)
225:
208:
191:
183:
175:
170:
166:
154:
146:
141:United States Space Force
136:
128:
107:
92:
55:
45:
41:
26:
4692:Shuttle pallet satellite
4620:Teacher in Space Project
4572:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
4552:Mobile Launcher Platform
4378:Shuttle Landing Facility
4233:Booster separation motor
2143:"Space Launch Complex 6"
1130:First launch from SLC-6
852:sound suppression system
530:mobile launcher platform
514:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
510:Shuttle Landing Facility
437:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
4900:The Challenger Disaster
4223:Reaction control system
2245:"GemStar 1 (VITASat 1)"
767:Lockheed Launch Vehicle
630:Edward C. Aldridge, Jr.
550:Orbiter Lifting Fixture
536:about a mile away by a
4368:Space Launch Complex 6
4026:United Launch Alliance
3204:Thor and Delta rockets
2849:34.58139°N 120.62639°W
2812:William G. Hartenstein
2757:United Launch Alliance
2727:United Launch Alliance
2697:United Launch Alliance
1731:National Space Society
1653:20 August 2020 at the
958:On 24 April 2023, the
918:United Launch Alliance
884:
828:
803:satellite operated by
754:
576:
501:
440:
22:Space Launch Complex 6
4928:Space Shuttle Project
4915:Space Shuttle America
4826:Payload Assist Module
4483:(engine test article)
4161:Space Shuttle program
2826:at Wikimedia Commons
2649:"Reconfiguring SLC 6"
2172:The Military Standard
1607:"Falcon User's Guide"
922:Lockheed Martin Space
879:
826:
752:
614:with Shuttle veteran
565:
557:solid rocket boosters
499:
423:
4821:Inertial Upper Stage
4697:Wake Shield Facility
4677:Freestar experiments
4203:Solid Rocket Booster
3715:Shepherds Grove
3705:North Pickenham
3700:North Luffenham
2911:Space Launch Complex
2854:34.58139; -120.62639
2653:X (Formerly Twitter)
1852:The Unwritten Record
1203:1999-09-24 18:21:08
1170:1999-04-27 18:22:01
1138:1997-08-23 06:51:01
819:Delta IV (1999–2022)
716:Titan IV (1990–1991)
695:Palmdale, California
469:, and the discarded
445:Kennedy Space Center
382:Point Arguello Light
109:• Summer (
77:34.5813°N 120.6266°W
4770:Space Launch System
4542:Crawler-transporter
4383:Abort landing sites
3798:Common Booster Core
3690:Melton Mowbray
2845: /
2434:on 10 November 2006
2274:Gunter's Space Page
2249:Gunter's Space Page
2194:"Recovery in Space"
2117:NASASpaceFlight.com
2076:on 17 February 2013
1725:Heppenheimer, T.A.
1674:on 13 October 1999.
856:Common Booster Core
807:(later acquired by
538:crawler-transporter
156:Orbital inclination
73: /
23:
4895:(2010 documentary)
4887:(2004 documentary)
4879:(1994 documentary)
4863:(1985 documentary)
4860:The Dream Is Alive
4855:(1982 documentary)
4557:NASA recovery ship
4547:Mate-Demate Device
3685:Ludford Magna
3650:Coleby Grange
3162:Western Test Range
2804:- Capcomespace.net
2759:. 10 February 2016
2733:on 7 December 2013
2703:on 7 December 2013
2198:Air Force Magazine
1767:GlobalSecurity.org
1570:USA-338 (NROL-91)
1536:USA-314 (NROL-82)
1502:USA-290 (NROL-71)
1466:USA-281 (NROL-47)
1435:USA-267 (NROL-45)
954:SpaceX (from 2023)
924:in December 2006.
885:
837:The Boeing Company
829:
755:
745:Athena (1994–1999)
577:
518:Mate-Demate Device
502:
441:
82:34.5813; -120.6266
21:
4972:
4971:
4656:Launch Entry Suit
4484:
4476:
4466:
4411:
4351:Launch Complex 39
4316:
4308:
4127:
4126:
4070:
4069:
4016:McDonnell Douglas
3992:
3991:
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3728:
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3490:
3489:
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3171:
3170:
3138:
3137:
2822:Media related to
2670:. Spaceflight Now
2352:. 28 October 2011
1823:Space Photography
1590:
1589:
1559:2022-09-24 22:25
1525:2021-04-26 20:47
1490:2019-01-19 11:10
1454:2018-01-12 22:11
1423:2016-02-10 11:40
1389:2013-08-28 18:03
1354:2012-04-02 23:04
1319:2011-01-20 21:10
1277:2006-11-04 13:53
1237:2006-06-28 03:33
1220:Earth observation
1107:1995-08-15 22:30
773:, it was renamed
534:Launch Complex 39
392:Titan (1966–1969)
301:
300:
297:
296:
212:24 September 2022
192:First launch
4997:
4876:Destiny in Space
4482:
4474:
4464:
4420:Mission timeline
4405:
4314:
4306:
4177:List of missions
4154:
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3670:Full Sutton
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2511:NASA Spaceflight
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2224:The Space Review
2220:"Athena rising?"
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1337:Optical imaging
1090:Type of payload
1066:
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833:Delta IV rockets
700:
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329:rockets and the
209:Last launch
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4814:studied designs
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4740:Shuttle-Centaur
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4610:Getaway Special
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3018:Launch Facility
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2586:. 24 April 2023
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2377:Spaceflight Now
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2041:Discovery Debut
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1655:Wayback Machine
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1121:Communications
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4792:Independence
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4396:and training
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
3807:Upper Stages
3791:First stages
3504:Launch sites
3303:Alphabetical
3287:Thorad-Agena
3224:Delta family
3160:
3153:
3148:Runway 12/30
3146:
2984:LC-576/ABRES
2942:
2816:
2761:. Retrieved
2747:
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2731:the original
2717:
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2701:the original
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2564:25 September
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2464:22 September
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2458:
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2438:26 September
2436:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2427:
2418:
2408:25 September
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
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2350:afspc.af.mil
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2071:the original
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2019:
2009:
1999:27 September
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1905:. 1 May 2019
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1704:
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1059:Falcon Heavy
972:Falcon Heavy
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362:
358:Falcon Heavy
339:
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307:
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302:
268:
247:
243:Falcon Heavy
234:
18:
4903:(2013 film)
4871:(1990 film)
4707:Derivatives
4670:Experiments
4639:Space suits
4625:Shuttle-Mir
4475:(simulator)
4462:Inspiration
4430:Abort modes
4213:Main engine
3563:Tanegashima
3282:Thor DSV-2U
3267:Thor-Burner
3219:Thor family
3214:PGM-17 Thor
2852: /
2840:120°37′35″W
2674:12 December
2428:Archive.org
1084:Serial-no.
591:boilerplate
80: /
68:120°37′36″W
46:Launch site
4979:Categories
4868:Challenger
4841:Retirement
4630:Hitchhiker
4506:Challenger
4472:Pathfinder
4394:Operations
4266:Challenger
4252:Enterprise
4191:Components
4052:Rocketdyne
3733:Components
3675:Harrington
3665:Folkingham
3581:Vandenberg
3421:Delta 9000
3416:Delta 8000
3411:Delta 7000
3406:Delta 6000
3401:Delta 5000
3396:Delta 4000
3391:Delta 3000
3386:Delta 2000
3381:Delta 1000
3376:Delta 0100
3277:Thor DSV-2
3272:Thor-Delta
3262:Thor-Agena
2903:Facilities
2837:34°34′53″N
2830:Location:
2707:21 January
2633:5 December
2609:. Reuters.
2590:29 October
1593:References
1404:(NROL-65)
1369:(NROL-25)
1334:(NROL-49)
1118:GemStar 1
737:and later
674:Challenger
664:Challenger
651:Challenger
635:Challenger
621:Challenger
604:and using
586:Enterprise
572:Enterprise
327:Titan IIIM
320:California
312:launch pad
285:Titan IIIM
281:Titan IIIC
226:Associated
129:Short name
65:34°34′53″N
16:Launch pad
4836:Criticism
4735:Shuttle-C
4498:Disasters
4425:Rollbacks
4287:Endeavour
4273:Discovery
4119:2020–2024
4114:2010–2019
4109:2000–2009
4104:1990–1999
4099:1980–1989
4094:1970–1979
4089:1960–1969
4084:1957–1959
3762:Castor-4A
3720:Tuddenham
3710:Polebrook
3655:Driffield
3630:Breighton
3512:Canaveral
3442:Delta III
3369:Numerical
3252:Thor-Able
2737:29 August
2559:SpaceNews
2045:help page
2020:space.com
1705:space.com
1289:USA-192 (
1249:USA-184 (
1207:Athena II
1174:Athena II
1072:Date/Time
1027:Athena II
735:Titan 34D
704:Endeavour
611:Discovery
486:Titan III
432:Discovery
402:Titan III
256:Athena II
202:GemStar-1
118:UTC−07:00
97:UTC−08:00
93:Time zone
4784:Replicas
4521:disaster
4519:Columbia
4508:disaster
4465:(design)
4408:canceled
4403:Missions
4330:Spacehab
4312:Canadarm
4304:Spacelab
4280:Atlantis
4259:Columbia
4243:Orbiters
4076:Launches
3874:Ablestar
3757:Castor-4
3752:Castor-1
3747:Castor-1
3740:Boosters
3680:Hemswell
3660:Feltwell
3540:Johnston
3520:(S)LC-17
3447:Delta IV
3437:Delta II
2763:29 March
2627:Noozhawk
1968:Archived
1903:NASA.gov
1651:Archived
1583:Success
1549:Success
1515:Success
1494:Delta IV
1479:Success
1458:Delta IV
1444:Success
1427:Delta IV
1413:Success
1393:Delta IV
1378:Success
1358:Delta IV
1343:Success
1323:Delta IV
1304:Success
1296:Weather
1281:Delta IV
1266:Success
1241:Delta IV
1227:Success
1215:IKONOS 2
1192:Failure
1186:Imaging
1182:IKONOS 1
1160:Success
1154:Science
1142:Athena I
1127:Failure
1111:Athena I
1099:Remarks
1096:Outcome
1087:Payload
1051:Falcon 9
1035:Delta IV
1019:Athena I
968:Falcon 9
868:MV
841:Delta IV
811:to form
809:ORBIMAGE
788:Athena I
739:Titan IV
722:Titan IV
623:disaster
602:STS-62-A
412:status.
410:mothball
404:for the
354:Falcon 9
346:Delta IV
289:Titan IV
260:Delta IV
252:Athena I
239:Falcon 9
198:Athena I
184:Launches
137:Operator
56:Location
4935:Shuttle
4802:Related
4765:Liberty
4730:Jupiter
4598:Special
4589:STS-3xx
4577:flights
4535:Support
4454:Testing
4297:Add-ons
4198:Orbiter
4057:Thiokol
4047:Alliant
4042:Aerojet
4035:Engines
4011:Douglas
3927:Engines
3848:Delta-P
3843:Delta-K
3838:Delta-F
3833:Delta-E
3828:Delta-D
3823:Delta-A
3645:Catfoss
3640:Carnaby
3635:Caistor
3625:Bardney
3530:SLC-37B
3360:Delta N
3355:Delta M
3350:Delta L
3345:Delta J
3340:Delta G
3335:Delta F
3330:Delta E
3325:Delta D
3320:Delta C
3315:Delta B
3310:Delta A
3233:Rockets
2979:LC-4300
2299:FAA.gov
2080:22 July
1974:4 April
1857:25 July
1828:22 July
1402:USA-245
1367:USA-234
1332:USA-224
1283:Medium
1262:Molniya
1251:NROL-22
1211:LM-007
1178:LM-005
1146:LM-002
948:Atlas V
929:USA-224
882:USA-224
860:Decatur
726:Centaur
368:History
248:Retired
228:rockets
219:NROL-91
162:55–145°
4892:Hubble
4720:Magnum
4525:report
4512:report
4021:Boeing
4004:Rocket
3984:TR-201
3949:B-8096
3944:B-8081
3939:B-8048
3914:UM-129
3889:Burner
3884:Altair
3782:GEM-60
3777:GEM-46
3772:GEM-40
3609:SLC-10
3525:LC-18B
3465:Export
3430:Modern
2999:Bomarc
2974:LC-395
2969:LC-394
2953:SLC-10
2402:af.mil
1937:8 June
1615:SpaceX
1496:Heavy
1395:Heavy
1325:Heavy
1093:Orbit
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
964:SpaceX
813:GeoEye
800:Ikonos
776:Athena
759:Athena
479:Russia
475:Canada
398:Titans
342:Athena
235:Future
176:Status
4775:OmegA
4744:Ares
4481:MPTA
4415:Crews
4344:Sites
4315:(CSA)
4307:(ESA)
3979:RS-68
3974:RS-27
3959:LR-79
3904:PAM-D
3894:FW-4D
3879:Agena
3862:Other
3815:Delta
3695:Mepal
3618:Bases
3604:SLC-6
3599:SLC-3
3594:SLC-2
3589:SLC-1
3571:Osaki
3296:Delta
3130:TP-01
3120:PLC-C
3110:LF-26
3105:LF-25
3100:LF-24
3095:LF-23
3090:LF-22
3085:LF-21
3080:LF-10
3075:LF-09
3070:LF-08
3065:LF-07
3060:LF-06
3055:LF-05
3050:LF-04
3045:LF-03
3040:LF-02
3009:HP-06
2989:LC-75
2948:SLC-8
2943:SLC-6
2938:SLC-5
2933:SLC-4
2928:SLC-3
2923:SLC-2
2918:SLC-1
2099:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
2061:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1633:9 May
1610:(PDF)
1311:/SSO
1293:F17)
1257:ELINT
1150:Lewis
1081:Type
944:SLC-3
792:Lewis
757:Four
701:
672:Post-
608:
595:LC-39
583:
569:
481:, and
435:atop
429:
386:LORAN
308:SLC-6
273:OmegA
159:range
132:SLC-6
3969:RL10
3964:R-4D
3954:LE-5
3934:AJ10
3909:Star
3899:IABS
3869:Able
3853:DCSS
3553:LE-2
3548:LE-1
3477:N-II
3247:Thor
3240:Thor
3125:SLTF
3115:OSTF
3035:LE-8
3030:LE-7
3025:LE-6
2994:BMRS
2765:2016
2739:2013
2709:2011
2676:2010
2635:2023
2592:2023
2566:2022
2540:2022
2518:2022
2492:2022
2466:2022
2440:2022
2410:2022
2384:2022
2358:2022
2332:2022
2306:2022
2281:2022
2256:2022
2231:2022
2205:2022
2179:2022
2154:2022
2124:2022
2082:2024
2066:NASA
2027:2022
2001:2022
1976:2023
1939:2017
1911:2022
1885:2022
1878:Time
1859:2024
1830:2024
1804:2022
1774:2022
1738:2022
1712:2022
1635:2023
1567:387
1533:386
1499:382
1463:379
1441:LEO
1432:373
1410:LEO
1398:364
1375:LEO
1363:359
1340:LEO
1328:352
1291:DMSP
1286:320
1246:317
1224:LEO
1189:LEO
1157:LEO
1124:LEO
1115:DLV
1069:No.
1008:2020
1005:2015
1002:2010
999:2005
996:2000
993:1995
970:and
966:for
900:NROL
864:Ala.
850:and
831:Ten
649:The
548:the
477:and
449:NASA
356:and
348:and
4062:TRW
3767:CBC
3482:H-I
3472:N-I
3004:CLF
1579:LEO
1556:14
1545:LEO
1522:13
1511:LEO
1487:12
1475:LEO
1451:11
1420:10
1309:LEO
1300:SSO
1076:UTC
396:No
318:in
122:PDT
111:DST
101:PST
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