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States
Continental Scientific Drilling Program in order to analyze the chemistry of geothermal fluids and the presence of a vapor-dominated cap in the Sulphur Springs region. The maximum bottom hole temperature measured during drilling was 295 °C. Overall, the geothermal reservoir at Valles Caldera is liquid-dominated rather than vapor-dominated and has a neutral-chloride fluid chemistry with a maximum temperature below 300 °C.
31:
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704:. The Trust combined private-sector practices with federal land management protocol. Under the terms of the Valles Caldera Preservation Act, the preserve was to become financially self-sustaining by 2015. The experiment was controversial. In 2010, the Trust admitted that it would be unable to achieve financial self-sustainability, having raised only about $ 850,000 of the $ 3 million needed to manage the property each year.
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734:, which transferred administrative jurisdiction of the preserve from the Valles Caldera Trust to the National Park Service. After a brief transition period, the National Park Service assumed day-to-day management on October 1, 2015. On October 10, the preserve held an official dedication with dignitaries including U.S. Secretary of the Interior
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maintained by frequent fire before sheep and cattle grazing. Although the grass appears abundant, it is a limited resource. Its growing season is short. Through the VCNP's limited grazing program, it feeds hundreds of cattle in the summer and thousands more of elk in the warm seasons and in drought
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A number of recreational and/or historical uses take place in Valles
Caldera. Many of these uses involve trails. Over two dozen official hiking and biking trails of varying length are available. Maps and trail descriptions may be found in "Hiking Trails in Valles Caldera National Preserve," by Coco
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and the Union Oil
Company of California. Despite measuring a maximum temperature of 342 °C and having a likely production capacity of 20 MWe, the geothermal field was too small to be economic. Three scientific cores were drilled in Valles Caldera during the mid-1980s as part of the United
864:
caldera, the formation of which was first developed by C.S. Ross, R.L. Smith, and R.A. Bailey during field work at Valles in the 1960s. After the initial caldera-forming eruption at Valles, the
Redondo Peak resurgent dome was uplifted beginning around 1.2 million years ago. Eruption of moat
884:
flow during the youngest eruption of Valles
Caldera, at 68,900 ± 1,000 years ago. The caldera and surrounding area continue to be shaped by ongoing volcanic activity. Seismic investigations show that a low-velocity zone lies beneath the caldera, suggesting the presence of partial melt within a
933:
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discharged from the nearby caldera resulted in hydrothermal alteration of the rocks at depth, weakening the sealed nature of the reservoir. The Fenton Hill HDR experiment was finally abandoned in 1998. The experiments demonstrated that a potential EGS reservoir must be characterized by low
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reservoir, approximately 3 km west of Valles caldera. Originally, the Fenton Hill site was chosen as an EGS laboratory in hopes that the proximity to Valles caldera would increase the temperature of the bedrock, thus requiring shallower drill depths. However, the abundance of
578:
The land was purchased by the
Dunigan family from Abilene, Texas in 1963. Pat Dunigan did not obtain the timber rights, however, and the New Mexico Lumber Company logged the property very heavily, leaving the land scarred with roads and removing significant amounts of old-growth
731:
849:. The younger Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff was formed during the Valles Caldera eruption 1.23 million years ago. The now eroded and exposed orange-tan, light-colored Bandelier Tuff from these events creates the stunning
4079:
Information., Los Alamos
National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. United States. Department of Energy. Geothermal Division. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical (1993).
837:, is older than the Toledo Caldera. The Toledo and Valles Calderas formed during eruptions 1.61 million and 1.25 million years ago, respectively. The caldera-forming Toledo eruption emplaced the Otowi member of the
3757:
Self, Stephen; Goff, Fraser; Gardner, Jamie N.; Wright, John V.; Kite, William M. (1986). "Explosive rhyolitic volcanism in the Jemez
Mountains: Vent locations, caldera development and relation to regional structure".
654:, which borders the property to the northeast. These include the headwaters of Santa Clara Creek, which is sacred to the pueblo. On the southwest corner of the land, 300 acres (1.2 km) were to be ceded to
615:
on July 25, 2000, created the Valles
Caldera National Preserve (VCNP). The legislation provided for the federal purchase of this historical ranch nestled inside a volcanic caldera, with funds coming from the
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3816:
3642:
Doell, Richard R.; Dalrymple, G. Brent; Smith, Robert L.; Bailey, Roy A. (1968), "Paleomagnetism, Potassium-Argon Ages, and
Geology of Rhyolites and Associated Rocks of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico",
571:. Since then, the land has been through a string of exchanges between private owners and business enterprises. Most notably, it was owned by Frank Bond in the 1930s. Bond, a businessman based in nearby
2913:
Rae. Valles Caldera has many miles of ranch roads, livestock and game trails. These include a network of trails currently designated for horse riding. Historically, Valles Caldera was a location for
700:
The Valles Caldera Preservation Act of 2000 also created the Valles Caldera Trust, an experimental management organization consisting of nine board members, including seven appointed by the
2887:
From 1959 to 1983, approximately 40 exploratory geothermal wells were drilled into the Redondo Creek Graben as part of the Baca geothermal field, a joint operation by the United States
515:), the only one accessible by a paved road. In 1975, Valles Caldera was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service with much of the caldera being within the
3962:
Goff, Fraser; Janik, Cathy J. (2002). "Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems".
567:, in northeastern New Mexico. The family was given several other parcels by the US Government as well, including one in Arizona. This area, 100,000 acres (40,000 ha), was called
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and supplying aquifers is unknown as experiences from other past geothermal projects proved that production of reservoir fluids had dramatic impacts to the surface thermal features.
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5205:
3232:"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and volumetric investigation of volcanism and resurgence following eruption of the Tshirege Member, Bandelier Tuff, at the Valles caldera"
976:(Dfc), with cold winters and mild summers. The caldera is subject to strong temperature inversions, causing very cold nights year round and high diurnal temperature variation.
872:
occurred from approximately 1.16 million years ago at Cerro del Medio to 0.07 million years ago at Banco Bonito, along a structural ring fracture zone. The El Cajete
750:, National Park Service Intermountain Region Director Sue Masica, and the first National Park Service Superintendent of Valles Caldera National Preserve, Jorge Silva-Bañuelos.
3708:
Steck, Lee K.; Thurber, Clifford H.; Fehler, Michael C.; Lutter, William J.; Roberts, Peter M.; Baldridge, W. Scott; Stafford, Darrik G.; Sessions, Robert (October 10, 1998).
539:, used for spear and arrow points. Obsidian from the caldera was traded by tribes across much of the Southwest. Eventually, Spanish and later Mexican settlers as well as the
2847:
energy. However, some people oppose the development of geothermal energy, considering it destructive to its scenic beauty, recreational and grazing use. Its impact on the
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940:
3599:
Gardner, Jamie N.; Goff, Fraser; Garcia, Sammy; Hagan, Roland C. (1986). "Stratigraphic relations and lithologic variations in the Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico".
4447:
575:, ran up to 30,000 sheep in the calderas, significantly overgrazing the land and causing damage from which the watersheds of the property are still recovering.
4287:
3056:. Some of these locations include exterior sets, such as the weathered "ranch house" that can be seen from the highway in Valle Grande, and a small "town".
543:
and other tribes came to the caldera seasonally for grazing with periodic clashes and raids. Later, as the United States acquired New Mexico as part of the
802:
rim of the caldera measures 13.7 miles (22.0 km) in diameter. The caldera and surrounding volcanic structures are one of the most thoroughly studied
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dominating the bottoms of the calderas. Extreme cold in winter prevents tree growth in the bottoms of the calderas. The grasslands were native perennial
67:
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in recognizing volcanic features, such as ash flow tuffs, pumice air falls, and rhyolite domes. Notable geologist instructors included Roy Bailey.
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4280:
4344:
3500:
Clark, Carol A. (October 9, 2015). "Interior Secretary Jewell Celebrates Valles Caldera's Addition To National Park Service". Los Alamos Post.
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Throughout the caldera, the grass valleys appear groomed: there are few saplings and mature trees lack lower branches. This is due to heavy
3925:
Brown, Donald W.; Duchane, David V.; Heiken, Grant; Hriscu, Vivi Thomas (2012), "The Enormous Potential for Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy",
3710:"Crust and upper mantlePwave velocity structure beneath Valles Caldera, New Mexico: Results from the Jemez teleseismic tomography experiment"
3397:
726:. The 2011 bill was supported by the VCNP trustees and a majority of New Mexico's Congressional delegation. On December 19, 2014, President
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2917:. After establishment of VCNP, the first race in the caldera was held in 2009. The largest grass valley, Valle Grande, is a venue for
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Information., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical (1982).
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110:
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2921:. Activities are open to the public, though some require reservations. Customer service and concierge services are provided by the
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762:, started by a power line on nearby private land, burned 30,000 acres (120 km) of the Valles Caldera National Preserve. The
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Use of Valles Caldera dates back to the prehistoric times: spear points dating to 11,000 years ago have been discovered. Several
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714:(R) insisted on the experimental approach as a condition for his support for public purchase. Beginning in 2010, US Senator
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had lobbied for the more inclusive protections of national park status instead of the Trust model, but then-Senator
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587:. Dunigan bought out the timber rights in the 1970s and slowed the logging. He negotiated unsuccessfully with the
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resting in Valle Jaramillo during an endurance race; trees in the background lack lower branches due to browsing.
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Valles Caldera is the younger of two calderas known at this location, having collapsed over and buried the older
880:
were emplaced in a single eruptive event 74,200 ± 1,100 years ago, followed by the eruption of the Banco Bonito
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were a wealthy family given the land as compensation for the termination of a grant given to their family near
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551:. Around the same time, the caldera and its forest began to be used commercially for ranching and logging.
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3513:"Volcanic Ash Beds: Recorders of Upper Cenozoic Silicic Pyroclastic Volcanism in the Western United States"
60:
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3647:, Geological Society of America Memoirs, vol. 116, Geological Society of America, pp. 211–248,
3581:, Geological Society of America Memoirs, vol. 116, Geological Society of America, pp. 613–662,
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4218:: "No matter your interest in the Valles Caldera, you’ll learn something new in Fraser Goff’s new book."
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for $ 101 million. As some sites of the Baca Ranch are sacred and of cultural significance to the
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Climate data for Hidden Valley (Valles Caldera), New Mexico (2011–2023): 8,470 ft (2,580 m)
280:
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4803:
4481:
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Environmental News Network Staff (2000-07-17). "New Mexico's Baca Ranch soon to be public land". CNN.
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and because of frequent grass fires of human and natural origin which kill the lower branches on the
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Self, S.; Kircher, D. E.; Wolff, J. A. (1988). "The El Cajete Series, Valles Caldera, New Mexico".
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used the caldera in October to November 1964 and again in September 1966 to geologically train the
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The volcanic properties of Valles Caldera make it a likely source for renewable and nonpolluting
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Climate data for Wolfcanyon, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, 1912–2020 extremes: 8220ft (2505m)
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complexes in the United States. Research studies have concerned the fundamental processes of
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deposition. Nearly 40 deep cores have been examined, resulting in extensive subsurface data.
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A GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF THE BACA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, VALLES CALDERA, NEW MEXICO
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825:, which in turn may have collapsed over yet older calderas. The associated Cerros del Rio
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4104:"Valles Caldera National Preserve (2004) Stewardship Register: Interim Equestrian Program"
3372:"More than a scenic mountain landscape: Valles Caldera National Preserve land use history"
8:
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917:. The volcanic activity here is related to the tectonic movements of this intersection.
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685:, New Mexico's largest herd. The preserve is encircled by federal lands, including the
669:. At the time of the purchase, the ranch was home to 40 miles (64 km) of pristine
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3339:"National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)"
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The Baca Ranch, also known as Baca Location No. 1, had possessed a mixed range of
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Climate data for Los Alamos 13 W, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals: 8716ft (2657m)
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Panoramic view of the Valles Caldera, from the south east rim; in the distance
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exists today. These calderas and associated volcanic structures lie within the
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677:, 17 endangered plant and animal species, and 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of
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KERR, R. A. (November 12, 1982). "Extracting Geothermal Energy Can Be Hard".
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3425:. Valles Caldera National Preserve Official Website. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
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3912:. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
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Continental Scientific Drilling Program : Valles Caldera, New Mexico
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located entirely within the caldera. Also within the caldera are several
4135:"Hiking - Valles Caldera National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)"
3652:
3586:
3040:
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Valles caldera was home to the first experiments into development of an
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Cowboys, Mobsters, and Concierge Doctors; Markee Mag; October 27, 2012.
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in 1848, the caldera became the backdrop for the Indian wars with the
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winters, and during most of the year. Its nutritional value is low.
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tribes frequented the caldera, often seasonally, for hunting and for
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dot the caldera floor landscape. The highest point in the caldera is
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at between 5 and 15 km depth. An active geothermal system with
30:
3383:
2925:. The valley floor is above 8,000 ft (2,400 m) altitude.
952:
914:
881:
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763:
718:(D) introduced legislation that would transfer the property to the
628:
536:
424:
36:
35:
Cerro la Jara, an approximately 246-foot (75 m) high forested
4242:
The Physics Institute of Brazil's Valles Caldera website (English)
3230:
Nasholds, Morgan W. M.; Zimmerer, Matthew J. (November 1, 2022).
910:
803:
639:
408:
405:
181:
5206:
New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources
3577:
Smith, Robert L.; Bailey, Roy A. (1968), "Resurgent Cauldrons",
650:, 5,000 acres (20 km) of the purchase were obtained by the
620:
derived from royalties the US government receives from offshore
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873:
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3404:. Valles Caldera National Preserve. Retrieved on 2013-04-04.
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3436:"S.3452 - Valles Caldera National Preserve Management Act"
3641:
3454:"S.564 - Valles Caldera National Preserve Management Act"
3004:
815:
682:
480:
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3707:
3326:
CNN.com "New Mexico's Baca Ranch soon to be public land"
4172:, La Ventana en los Valles, volume 1, number 2, page 3.
3927:
Mining the Earth's Heat: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy
3817:"Los Alamos 13 W, New Mexico 1991–2020 Monthly Normals"
901:. This volcanic field lies at the intersection of the
635:
of 95,000 acres (380 km) and seven-eighths of the
559:
The caldera became part of the Baca Ranch in 1876. The
3598:
611:
The Valles Caldera Preservation Act of 2000 signed by
3756:
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905:, which runs north–south through New Mexico, and the
841:
1.61 million years ago, which can be seen along
766:
burned a total of 158,000 acres (640 km) in the
504:
489:
3910:"Geothermal Potential of Valles Caldera, New Mexico"
492:
483:
463:
4223:"Hiking Trails in Valles Caldera National Preserve"
3863:"Wolf Canyon, New Mexico 1991–2020 Monthly Normals"
2300:Source 2: XMACIS2 (records & monthly max/mins)
1601:Source 2: XMACIS2 (records & monthly max/mins)
606:
477:
460:
4157:Valle Grande: A History of the Baca Location No. 1
2862:(HDR) geothermal system, beginning in 1974 by the
4455:
3865:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3843:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3803:Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts
5219:
4812:List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico
3664:
3229:
595:for possible sale of the property in the 1980s.
3552:Dethier, David P.; Kampf, Stephanie K. (2007).
3324:Environmental News Network Staff (2000-07-17).
786:Cerro la Jara (right) in Valle Grande in winter
3964:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3929:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 17–40,
3370:Anscheutz, Kurt F. and Merlan, Thomas (2007).
3236:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4441:
4288:
3558:. Ne Mexico Geological Society. p. 499 p
958:of Cerro la Jara are visible on the far left.
631:. The Dunigan family sold the entire surface
16:Volcanic caldera in New Mexico, United States
4078:
4004:
3714:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
3551:
3576:
2967:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2880:, crystalline basement rock with no active
469:
5273:Landforms of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico
4448:
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860:Valles Caldera is the type locality for a
673:streams, 66,118 acres (26,757 ha) of
4225:. 2020. The complete trail guide to VCNP.
4200:. 2009, University of New Mexico Press.
4109:. Valles Caldera National Preserve. 2004.
4009:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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3071:Peter Lundy and the Medicine Hat Stallion
2987:Learn how and when to remove this message
2928:
5278:Landforms of Sandoval County, New Mexico
5263:National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico
3300:United States Department of the Interior
3039:
2899:
845:walls west of Valles Caldera, including
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4304:National Preserves of the United States
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732:2015 National Defense Authorization Act
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3395:"Public Law 106–248 - 106th Congress"
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3023:that populate the uplands around the
2923:Public Lands Interpretive Association
404:) is a 13.7-mile (22.0 km) wide
4170:See Us on the Silver Screen (Again!)
4145:from the original on March 20, 2021.
4027:
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3048:Valles Caldera has provided several
2965:adding citations to reliable sources
2932:
4123:. Valles Caldera National Preserve.
3472:"Public Law 113-291 (Section 3043)"
3407:
3328:. CNN.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
3291:Geographic Names Information System
3044:Exterior "town" set in Valle Grande
13:
4198:Valles Caldera: A Geologic History
4190:
4084:. United States. Dept. of Energy.
3950:
3915:
3570:
3388:
3313:
3286:"Valles Caldera National Preserve"
2839:Geothermal energy source potential
909:, which extends from southeastern
602:Elk Calf in the Valle Grande, 2012
14:
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4229:
3805:. NASA SP -2015-626. p. 221.
3216:
794:Satellite image of Valles Caldera
4267:Valles Caldera National Preserve
4261:
4236:Valles Caldera National Preserve
3378:Rocky Mountain Research Center,
3256:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107624
2937:
932:
770:, including most of neighboring
753:
618:Land and Water Conservation Fund
607:Valles Caldera National Preserve
517:Valles Caldera National Preserve
456:
435:, an 11,253-foot (3,430 m)
390:Valles Caldera National Preserve
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274:Valles Caldera National Preserve
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4096:
4072:
4021:
3998:
3889:Western Regional Climate Center
3885:"Hidden Valley (VC) New Mexico"
3877:
3794:
3760:Journal of Geophysical Research
3750:
3701:
3667:Journal of Geophysical Research
3658:
3635:
3601:Journal of Geophysical Research
3592:
3545:
3517:Journal of Geophysical Research
3504:
3464:
3446:
3428:
3296:United States Geological Survey
3555:Geology of the Jemez Region II
3376:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3331:
3278:
2864:Los Alamos National Laboratory
702:President of the United States
691:Jemez National Recreation Area
247:U.S. National Natural Landmark
1:
5112:Living Desert Zoo and Gardens
4761:Fort Stanton–Snowy River Cave
4609:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4251:American Geological Institute
3984:10.1016/s0377-0273(02)00222-6
2895:
2225:Average snowfall inches (cm)
970:Köppen climate classification
554:
363:89,766 acres (363.27 km)
55:11,253 ft (3,430 m)
4784:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks
4269:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4050:10.1126/science.218.4573.668
39:lava dome within the caldera
7:
4748:National Conservation Areas
3935:10.1007/978-3-540-68910-2_2
3154:
2784:Average precipitation days
2570:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
2430:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
1941:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1801:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
1312:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1172:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
772:Bandelier National Monument
695:Bandelier National Monument
656:Bandelier National Monument
545:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
144:Sandoval County, New Mexico
10:
5294:
4804:National Natural Landmarks
2915:equestrian endurance races
2856:Enhanced geothermal system
2830:
2310:
2299:
2294:
1611:
1600:
1595:
982:
963:
829:, which forms the eastern
526:
447:, the largest of which is
5200:
5019:
4981:
4838:
4820:
4802:
4769:
4746:
4695:National Wildlife Refuges
4693:
4675:
4627:
4599:
4578:National Recreation Areas
4576:
4518:
4492:National Historical Parks
4490:
4467:
4310:
3801:Phinney, William (2015).
3106:Last Stand at Saber River
2783:
2709:
2639:
2569:
2499:
2429:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2224:
2150:
2080:
2010:
1940:
1870:
1800:
1730:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1521:
1451:
1381:
1311:
1241:
1171:
1101:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
385:
375:
367:
359:
322:
312:
290:
278:
273:
265:
261:
253:
244:
240:
226:
221:
208:
187:
172:
167:
153:
139:
103:
98:
59:
49:
44:
28:
23:
5268:Santa Fe National Forest
5157:Rio Grande Nature Center
4159:, All Season Publishing.
3908:Goff, Fraser (2002-12).
3198:Global Volcanism Program
3171:
3161:Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico
3052:, most for films in the
687:Santa Fe National Forest
665:species and significant
569:Baca Location number one
427:, natural gas seeps and
5243:Volcanoes of New Mexico
4779:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
4568:Salinas Pueblo Missions
4258:, advocacy organization
4121:"Trail Riding Overview"
3780:10.1029/jb091ib02p01779
3687:10.1029/jb093ib06p06113
3621:10.1029/jb091ib02p01763
3538:10.1029/JB086iB11p10200
3511:Izett, Glen A. (1981).
3203:Smithsonian Institution
972:, Valles Caldera has a
235:New Mexico State Road 4
5248:Calderas of New Mexico
4983:Wild and Scenic Rivers
4771:BLM National Monuments
4168:Hephner, Tracy (2006)
4155:Martin, Craig (2003).
3645:Studies in Volcanology
3579:Studies in Volcanology
3045:
2929:Wildlife and livestock
2909:
795:
787:
746:, former U.S. Senator
603:
317:Los Alamos, New Mexico
130:Location in New Mexico
5122:Mesilla Valley Bosque
4991:East Fork Jemez River
4789:Prehistoric Trackways
4247:Geologic travel guide
3442:. September 27, 2010.
3354:Year designated: 1975
3043:
2903:
2011:Mean minimum °F (°C)
1731:Mean maximum °F (°C)
1382:Mean minimum °F (°C)
1102:Mean maximum °F (°C)
913:northeast to western
793:
785:
720:National Park Service
601:
589:National Park Service
380:National Park Service
214:68,900 ± 1,000 years
5258:Pleistocene calderas
4794:Rio Grande del Norte
4558:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4415:Yukon–Charley Rivers
3720:(B10): 24301–24320.
3523:(B11): 10200–10222.
3148:Longmire (TV series)
2961:improve this section
2889:Department of Energy
2360:Record high °F (°C)
1661:Record high °F (°C)
1032:Record high °F (°C)
899:Jemez Volcanic Field
876:and Battleship Rock
521:National Park System
5142:Oliver Lee Memorial
5087:Elephant Butte Lake
4677:National Grasslands
4370:Little River Canyon
4345:Gates of the Arctic
4335:Craters of the Moon
4215:New Mexico Magazine
4042:1982Sci...218..668K
3976:2002JVGR..116..299G
3772:1986JGR....91.1779S
3726:1998JGR...10324301S
3679:1988JGR....93.6113S
3653:10.1130/mem116-p211
3613:1986JGR....91.1763G
3587:10.1130/mem116-p613
3529:1981JGR....8610200I
3248:2022JVGR..43107624N
3134:(Hindi/Indian Film)
2873:hydrothermal fluids
2640:Record low °F (°C)
2500:Daily mean °F (°C)
2081:Record low °F (°C)
1871:Daily mean °F (°C)
1452:Record low °F (°C)
1242:Daily mean °F (°C)
778:Geology and science
437:resurgent lava dome
376:Governing body
340: /
79: /
4893:Chama River Canyon
4822:National Preserves
4520:National monuments
4410:Wrangell–St. Elias
4320:Bering Land Bridge
4238:, official website
3481:. January 11, 2018
3400:2013-02-22 at the
3046:
3036:In popular culture
2910:
796:
788:
758:In July 2011, the
652:Santa Clara Pueblo
644:federal government
604:
83:35.900°N 106.533°W
45:Highest point
5253:Complex volcanoes
5215:
5214:
5117:Manzano Mountains
4878:Capitan Mountains
4873:Bosque del Apache
4708:Bosque del Apache
4637:Apache–Sitgreaves
4614:Old Spanish Trail
4505:Manhattan Project
4423:
4422:
4395:Tallgrass Prairie
4206:978-0-8263-4590-5
4036:(4573): 668–669.
3735:10.1029/98jb00750
3050:filming locations
2997:
2996:
2989:
2835:
2834:
2304:
2303:
1605:
1604:
974:subarctic climate
968:According to the
925:Apollo Astronauts
724:national preserve
708:Environmentalists
613:President Clinton
593:US Forest Service
395:
394:
313:Nearest city
269:
268:
5285:
5032:Bottomless Lakes
4923:Manzano Mountain
4883:Carlsbad Caverns
4629:National Forests
4477:Carlsbad Caverns
4450:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4355:Great Sand Dunes
4297:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3970:(3–4): 299–323.
3959:
3948:
3947:
3922:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3193:"Valles Caldera"
3189:
3013:Engelmann spruce
2992:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2941:
2933:
2919:ski orienteering
2787:
2308:
2307:
1609:
1608:
980:
979:
936:
855:Pajarito Plateau
847:San Diego Canyon
831:Pajarito Plateau
760:Las Conchas Fire
681:grazed by 8,000
648:Native Americans
519:, a unit of the
511:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
455:
355:
354:
352:
351:
350:
345:
344:35.9°N 106.533°W
341:
338:
337:
336:
333:
283:
271:
270:
230:
157:
120:
119:
113:
94:
93:
91:
90:
89:
88:35.900; -106.533
84:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
33:
21:
20:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5238:Jemez Mountains
5228:VEI-7 volcanoes
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5196:
5177:Sugarite Canyon
5167:Santa Rosa Lake
5077:Eagle Nest Lake
5052:Cimarron Canyon
5047:Cerrillos Hills
5015:
4977:
4953:Sandia Mountain
4948:San Pedro Parks
4898:Columbine–Hondo
4863:Bisti/De-Na-Zin
4834:
4816:
4798:
4765:
4742:
4689:
4671:
4623:
4601:National Trails
4595:
4572:
4538:Capulin Volcano
4514:
4486:
4463:
4457:Protected areas
4454:
4424:
4419:
4380:New River Gorge
4306:
4301:
4232:
4193:
4191:Further reading
4188:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4077:
4073:
4026:
4022:
4003:
3999:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3923:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3799:
3795:
3755:
3751:
3706:
3702:
3663:
3659:
3640:
3636:
3597:
3593:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3460:. May 11, 2011.
3452:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3369:
3360:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3228:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3174:
3157:
3140:The Lone Ranger
3038:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2958:
2942:
2931:
2898:
2841:
2836:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2305:
2295:Source 1: NOAA
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1606:
1596:Source 1: NOAA
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
966:
961:
960:
959:
942:
937:
907:Jemez Lineament
903:Rio Grande Rift
780:
768:Jemez Mountains
756:
744:Martin Heinrich
742:, U.S. Senator
738:, U.S. Senator
609:
557:
533:Native American
529:
509:
505:
476:
459:
453:
452:
413:Jemez Mountains
348:
346:
342:
339:
334:
331:
329:
327:
326:
286:
249:
228:
203:Rio Grande Rift
199:Jemez Lineament
162:Jemez Mountains
155:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
121:
87:
85:
81:
78:
73:
70:
68:
66:
65:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5291:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Rift volcanoes
5230:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Bluewater Lake
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4968:White Mountain
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4830:Valles Caldera
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4619:Santa Fe Trail
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4469:National Parks
4465:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Valles Caldera
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4256:Caldera Action
4253:
4244:
4239:
4231:
4230:External links
4228:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4126:
4112:
4095:
4071:
4020:
3997:
3949:
3943:
3914:
3901:
3876:
3854:
3829:
3808:
3793:
3749:
3700:
3657:
3634:
3591:
3569:
3544:
3503:
3492:
3463:
3445:
3427:
3415:
3406:
3387:
3358:
3330:
3312:
3277:
3215:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3126:
3123:Seraphim Falls
3118:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3037:
3034:
3021:Ponderosa pine
2995:
2994:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2897:
2894:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
978:
965:
962:
949:resurgent dome
939:
938:
931:
930:
929:
862:resurgent dome
839:Bandelier Tuff
827:volcanic field
823:Toledo Caldera
779:
776:
755:
752:
675:conifer forest
642:estate to the
608:
605:
585:ponderosa pine
556:
553:
528:
525:
429:volcanic domes
398:Valles Caldera
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
357:
356:
349:35.9; -106.533
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
292:
288:
287:
285:Valles Caldera
284:
276:
275:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
224:
223:
219:
218:
212:
206:
205:
196:
185:
184:
176:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
129:
124:Valles Caldera
123:
122:
115:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:
63:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
24:Valles Caldera
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5290:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Hyde Memorial
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:City of Rocks
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Brantley Lake
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Chaco Culture
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:Fraser Goff,
4195:
4194:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3944:9783540673163
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3869:September 24,
3864:
3858:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3818:
3812:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3496:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:Buffalo Girls
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:Troublemakers
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:Western genre
3051:
3042:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2946:This section
2944:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2831:Source: WRCC
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2712:precipitation
2708:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:precipitation
2149:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1615:
1610:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1524:precipitation
1520:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
986:
981:
977:
975:
971:
957:
954:
950:
946:
941:
935:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:magma chamber
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
814:systems, and
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:The circular
792:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:2011 wildfire
751:
749:
748:Jeff Bingaman
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Jeff Bingaman
713:
712:Pete Domenici
709:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
614:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
500:
450:
446:
442:
441:grass valleys
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:Jemez Caldera
399:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:July 25, 2000
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:United States
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
282:
277:
272:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
229:Easiest route
225:
220:
217:
213:
211:
210:Last eruption
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
186:
183:
180:
177:
175:
174:Mountain type
171:
166:
163:
160:
158:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
112:
102:
97:
92:
64:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5204:
5172:Storrie Lake
5147:Pancho Villa
5107:Leasburg Dam
5082:El Vado Lake
5072:Coyote Creek
5067:Conchas Lake
5062:Clayton Lake
5042:Caballo Lake
4963:Wheeler Peak
4958:West Malpais
4903:Cruces Basin
4848:Aldo Leopold
4829:
4738:Valle de Oro
4390:Oregon Caves
4213:
4197:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4138:
4129:
4115:
4098:
4081:
4074:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4006:
4000:
3967:
3963:
3926:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:November 11,
3845:. Retrieved
3822:November 11,
3820:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3796:
3766:(B2): 1779.
3763:
3759:
3752:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3673:(B6): 6113.
3670:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3637:
3607:(B2): 1763.
3604:
3600:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3554:
3547:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3478:
3466:
3458:Congress.gov
3457:
3448:
3440:Congress.gov
3439:
3430:
3423:"About VCNP"
3418:
3409:
3390:
3380:Fort Collins
3353:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3305:December 22,
3303:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3239:
3235:
3206:. Retrieved
3196:
3146:
3138:
3131:Kites (film)
3129:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3061:
3047:
2998:
2983:
2974:
2959:Please help
2947:
2911:
2886:
2878:permeability
2860:Hot-dry-rock
2853:
2842:
2714:inches (mm)
2155:inches (mm)
1526:inches (mm)
967:
945:Redondo Peak
919:
859:
835:Caja del Rio
822:
820:
812:hydrothermal
797:
757:
736:Sally Jewell
728:Barack Obama
706:
699:
667:biodiversity
660:
610:
577:
568:
558:
530:
516:
449:Valle Grande
448:
444:
433:Redondo Peak
415:of northern
401:
397:
396:
156:Parent range
18:
5182:Sumner Lake
5132:Navajo Lake
5127:Morphy Lake
5092:Fenton Lake
5020:State Parks
4996:Pecos River
4703:Bitter Lake
4528:Aztec Ruins
4482:White Sands
4350:Glacier Bay
4330:Big Thicket
4325:Big Cypress
4139:www.nps.gov
3894:January 18,
3562:November 6,
3485:January 11,
3479:gpoinfo.gov
3343:www.nps.gov
3166:Valle Vidal
3115:The Missing
3080:The Gambler
3029:bunch grass
3017:Douglas-fir
2884:or joints.
2868:Fenton Hill
2849:hot springs
2786:(≥ 0.01 in)
891:hot springs
800:topographic
730:signed the
626:natural gas
581:douglas fir
423:, streams,
421:Hot springs
368:Established
347: /
335:106°31′59″W
323:Coordinates
86: /
61:Coordinates
5222:Categories
5192:Villanueva
5152:Percha Dam
5097:Heron Lake
5011:Rio Grande
4973:Withington
4943:Salt Creek
4918:Latir Peak
4868:Blue Range
4853:Apache Kid
4840:Wilderness
4756:El Malpais
4728:San Andres
4563:Petroglyph
4553:Fort Union
4543:El Malpais
4461:New Mexico
4365:Lake Clark
4221:Coco Rae,
3242:: 107624.
3145:2012–2017
3025:grasslands
2977:March 2023
2896:Recreation
2845:geothermal
951:) and the
885:remaining
878:Ignimbrite
870:lava domes
637:geothermal
555:Baca Ranch
417:New Mexico
332:35°54′00″N
303:New Mexico
301:counties,
299:Rio Arriba
254:Designated
5162:Rockhound
5006:Rio Chama
5001:Red River
4858:Bandelier
4733:Sevilleta
4718:Las Vegas
4533:Bandelier
4315:Aniakchak
4090:727333478
4058:0036-8075
4015:727182004
3992:0377-0273
3788:0148-0227
3744:0148-0227
3695:0148-0227
3629:0148-0227
3348:March 25,
3272:251076136
3264:0377-0273
3063:Shoot Out
2948:does not
2858:(EGS) or
2290:(283.26)
956:lava dome
895:fumaroles
867:rhyolitic
808:magmatism
740:Tom Udall
679:grassland
622:petroleum
565:Las Vegas
549:U.S. Army
454:locally
425:fumaroles
188:Volcanic
99:Geography
51:Elevation
5187:Ute Lake
4938:Sabinoso
4667:Santa Fe
4652:Coronado
4548:El Morro
4400:Timucuan
4143:Archived
4066:17791580
3841:"xmACIS"
3398:Archived
3208:June 28,
3155:See also
3001:browsing
2710:Average
2705:(−39.8)
2700:(−39.8)
2695:(−28.8)
2690:(−25.9)
2685:(−13.5)
2670:(−13.1)
2665:(−18.4)
2660:(−19.1)
2655:(−30.6)
2650:(−39.4)
2645:(−39.8)
2630:(−18.4)
2625:(−13.1)
2585:(−10.2)
2580:(−16.5)
2575:(−19.7)
2151:Average
2076:(−25.3)
2071:(−22.9)
2066:(−17.7)
2061:(−10.2)
2031:(−11.8)
2026:(−17.6)
2021:(−21.1)
2016:(−22.9)
2001:(−12.2)
1951:(−10.7)
1946:(−12.6)
1522:Average
1447:(−28.0)
1442:(−24.8)
1437:(−18.1)
1432:(−10.5)
1402:(−12.2)
1397:(−17.3)
1392:(−22.5)
1387:(−24.8)
1372:(−12.8)
1322:(−11.1)
1317:(−12.9)
953:rhyolite
915:Oklahoma
882:obsidian
833:and the
764:wildfire
629:drilling
591:and the
573:Española
537:obsidian
406:volcanic
295:Sandoval
291:Location
222:Climbing
140:Location
74:106°32′W
37:rhyolite
4888:Cebolla
4723:Maxwell
4662:Lincoln
4038:Bibcode
4030:Science
3972:Bibcode
3768:Bibcode
3722:Bibcode
3675:Bibcode
3609:Bibcode
3525:Bibcode
3244:Bibcode
2969:removed
2954:sources
2866:at the
2680:(−6.2)
2675:(−6.3)
2635:(−7.9)
2620:(−8.2)
2615:(−1.4)
2600:(−1.3)
2595:(−5.2)
2590:(−7.3)
2560:(−7.6)
2555:(−2.6)
2540:(13.1)
2535:(14.6)
2530:(13.2)
2515:(−0.1)
2510:(−5.3)
2505:(−8.7)
2495:(13.8)
2480:(14.6)
2475:(20.6)
2470:(23.1)
2465:(24.2)
2460:(23.8)
2455:(16.9)
2450:(12.5)
2425:(32.2)
2420:(17.9)
2415:(20.0)
2410:(23.8)
2405:(28.4)
2400:(28.1)
2395:(29.4)
2390:(32.2)
2385:(24.4)
2380:(22.7)
2375:(19.2)
2370:(14.4)
2365:(15.1)
2270:(0.51)
2255:(0.25)
2056:(−4.0)
2041:(−2.6)
2036:(−6.7)
2006:(−3.5)
1996:(−8.0)
1991:(−2.9)
1966:(−1.2)
1961:(−4.4)
1956:(−7.3)
1931:(−4.4)
1916:(11.4)
1911:(14.9)
1906:(15.8)
1901:(13.4)
1881:(−3.1)
1876:(−4.6)
1866:(14.0)
1851:(14.9)
1846:(20.7)
1841:(23.7)
1836:(25.0)
1831:(24.1)
1826:(18.2)
1821:(13.2)
1796:(29.4)
1791:(10.7)
1786:(15.4)
1781:(20.9)
1776:(25.1)
1771:(26.8)
1766:(28.7)
1761:(28.3)
1756:(23.6)
1751:(19.1)
1746:(15.1)
1741:(10.4)
1736:(10.4)
1427:(−3.7)
1412:(−1.6)
1407:(−7.1)
1377:(−3.3)
1367:(−8.4)
1362:(−3.1)
1337:(−0.1)
1332:(−3.7)
1327:(−6.9)
1302:(−5.2)
1297:(−0.4)
1287:(10.3)
1282:(14.0)
1277:(15.2)
1272:(13.1)
1252:(−3.8)
1247:(−5.3)
1237:(12.5)
1222:(13.6)
1217:(18.7)
1212:(21.7)
1207:(23.2)
1202:(22.1)
1197:(16.7)
1192:(11.3)
1167:(27.9)
1162:(11.5)
1157:(16.2)
1152:(20.1)
1147:(23.4)
1142:(25.1)
1137:(27.2)
1132:(27.4)
1127:(22.2)
1122:(18.4)
1117:(14.9)
964:Climate
911:Arizona
853:of the
804:caldera
640:mineral
527:History
411:in the
409:caldera
386:Website
182:Caldera
179:Complex
168:Geology
71:35°54′N
4713:Grulla
4647:Cibola
4642:Carson
4385:Noatak
4375:Mojave
4360:Katmai
4340:Denali
4210:Review
4204:
4088:
4064:
4056:
4013:
3990:
3941:
3786:
3742:
3693:
3627:
3270:
3262:
3009:cattle
2882:faults
2826:115.4
2779:(503)
2749:(102)
2610:(2.8)
2605:(4.0)
2565:(3.4)
2550:(3.2)
2545:(9.7)
2525:(7.6)
2520:(3.8)
2490:(3.4)
2485:(9.2)
2445:(8.9)
2440:(4.7)
2435:(3.3)
2316:Month
2275:(8.9)
2265:(0.0)
2260:(0.0)
2250:(5.6)
2220:(572)
2146:(−41)
2141:(−37)
2136:(−34)
2131:(−19)
2126:(−12)
2111:(−10)
2106:(−15)
2101:(−24)
2096:(−32)
2091:(−41)
2086:(−39)
2051:(1.8)
2046:(2.2)
1986:(2.3)
1981:(6.1)
1976:(6.5)
1971:(2.7)
1936:(5.3)
1926:(0.1)
1921:(6.0)
1896:(8.5)
1891:(4.4)
1886:(0.7)
1861:(3.3)
1856:(8.1)
1816:(8.8)
1811:(4.5)
1806:(3.4)
1617:Month
1591:(646)
1517:(−32)
1512:(−32)
1507:(−23)
1502:(−19)
1477:(−12)
1472:(−17)
1467:(−26)
1462:(−32)
1457:(−31)
1422:(1.8)
1417:(2.9)
1357:(1.9)
1352:(6.3)
1347:(7.2)
1342:(4.1)
1307:(4.6)
1292:(5.2)
1267:(8.3)
1262:(3.8)
1257:(0.0)
1232:(2.4)
1227:(7.5)
1187:(6.9)
1182:(3.4)
1177:(2.3)
1112:(9.8)
1107:(9.3)
988:Month
874:Pumice
843:canyon
693:, and
689:, the
633:estate
541:Navajo
445:valles
5137:Oasis
4933:Pecos
4928:Ojito
4685:Kiowa
4586:Jemez
4510:Pecos
4249:from
4107:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3268:S2CID
3172:Notes
3137:2013
3128:2010
3120:2007
3112:2003
3103:1997
3094:1995
3086:1994
3077:1982
3068:1977
3060:1971
2814:10.6
2811:14.7
2808:16.1
2777:19.82
2774:(23)
2769:(29)
2764:(53)
2759:(64)
2754:(66)
2744:(27)
2739:(23)
2734:(16)
2729:(53)
2724:(18)
2719:(29)
2703:−39.6
2698:−39.6
2693:−19.9
2688:−14.7
2653:−23.1
2648:−39.0
2643:−39.6
2355:Year
2288:111.3
2285:(57)
2280:(29)
2245:(30)
2240:(43)
2235:(51)
2230:(58)
2218:22.58
2215:(48)
2210:(38)
2205:(44)
2200:(54)
2195:(85)
2190:(85)
2185:(23)
2180:(29)
2175:(34)
2170:(42)
2165:(42)
2160:(48)
2121:(−6)
2116:(−8)
2074:−13.6
1726:(37)
1721:(20)
1716:(23)
1711:(27)
1706:(33)
1701:(36)
1696:(37)
1691:(35)
1686:(30)
1681:(26)
1676:(24)
1671:(21)
1666:(17)
1656:Year
1589:25.48
1586:(45)
1581:(41)
1576:(55)
1571:(55)
1566:(93)
1561:(93)
1556:(29)
1551:(35)
1546:(45)
1541:(60)
1536:(50)
1531:(45)
1497:(−7)
1492:(−1)
1482:(−6)
1445:−18.4
1440:−12.6
1385:−12.6
1097:(31)
1092:(15)
1087:(19)
1082:(23)
1077:(28)
1072:(29)
1067:(31)
1062:(31)
1057:(25)
1052:(22)
1047:(18)
1042:(13)
1037:(14)
1027:Year
851:mesas
722:as a
671:trout
561:Bacas
510:GRAHN
443:, or
4913:Gila
4908:Dome
4657:Gila
4590:USFS
4202:ISBN
4086:OCLC
4062:PMID
4054:ISSN
4011:OCLC
3988:ISSN
3939:ISBN
3896:2023
3871:2023
3849:2023
3824:2023
3784:ISSN
3740:ISSN
3691:ISSN
3625:ISSN
3564:2015
3487:2018
3350:2019
3307:2014
3260:ISSN
3210:2021
3109:(TV)
3100:(TV)
3083:(TV)
3074:(TV)
3019:and
3007:and
2952:any
2950:cite
2906:mule
2823:7.7
2820:9.1
2817:9.1
2805:5.8
2802:8.1
2799:7.7
2796:9.9
2793:7.7
2790:8.9
2772:0.91
2767:1.16
2762:2.08
2757:2.50
2752:2.61
2747:4.01
2742:1.07
2737:0.91
2732:0.63
2727:2.10
2722:0.71
2717:1.13
2678:20.9
2673:20.7
2663:−1.1
2658:−2.3
2633:17.8
2628:−1.1
2618:17.3
2613:29.5
2608:37.0
2603:39.2
2598:29.6
2593:22.7
2588:18.9
2583:13.6
2573:−3.5
2563:38.1
2558:18.3
2553:27.4
2548:37.7
2543:49.5
2538:55.6
2533:58.3
2528:55.7
2523:45.7
2518:38.9
2513:31.8
2508:22.4
2503:16.4
2493:56.8
2488:38.2
2483:48.5
2478:58.2
2473:69.1
2468:73.6
2463:75.5
2458:74.9
2453:62.5
2448:54.5
2443:48.0
2438:40.4
2433:37.9
2423:90.0
2418:64.2
2413:68.0
2408:74.8
2403:83.2
2398:82.5
2393:85.0
2388:90.0
2383:76.0
2378:72.9
2373:66.6
2368:57.9
2363:59.1
2352:Dec
2349:Nov
2346:Oct
2343:Sep
2340:Aug
2337:Jul
2334:Jun
2331:May
2328:Apr
2325:Mar
2322:Feb
2319:Jan
2283:22.3
2278:11.4
2243:11.9
2238:16.8
2233:20.1
2228:22.8
2213:1.90
2208:1.51
2203:1.75
2198:2.12
2193:3.35
2188:3.35
2183:0.90
2178:1.15
2173:1.33
2168:1.66
2163:1.67
2158:1.89
2069:−9.3
2059:13.7
2054:24.8
2049:35.3
2044:36.0
2039:27.4
2034:19.9
2029:10.8
2019:−6.0
2014:−9.2
2004:25.7
1999:10.1
1994:17.6
1989:26.7
1984:36.1
1979:42.9
1974:43.7
1969:36.9
1964:29.9
1959:24.0
1954:18.8
1949:12.7
1934:41.5
1929:24.1
1924:32.1
1919:42.8
1914:52.6
1909:58.8
1904:60.4
1899:56.1
1894:47.3
1889:39.9
1884:33.3
1879:26.4
1874:23.7
1864:57.2
1859:38.0
1854:46.6
1849:58.8
1844:69.2
1839:74.7
1834:77.0
1829:75.3
1824:64.7
1819:55.8
1814:47.8
1809:40.1
1804:38.2
1794:85.0
1789:51.2
1784:59.7
1779:69.7
1774:77.1
1769:80.2
1764:83.7
1759:82.9
1754:74.4
1749:66.4
1744:59.2
1739:50.8
1734:50.7
1653:Dec
1650:Nov
1647:Oct
1644:Sep
1641:Aug
1638:Jul
1635:Jun
1632:May
1629:Apr
1626:Mar
1623:Feb
1620:Jan
1584:1.77
1579:1.63
1574:2.17
1569:2.18
1564:3.66
1559:3.68
1554:1.15
1549:1.39
1544:1.76
1539:2.35
1534:1.98
1529:1.76
1487:(0)
1435:−0.5
1430:13.1
1425:25.4
1420:35.2
1415:37.2
1410:29.1
1405:19.2
1400:10.1
1390:−8.5
1375:26.1
1365:16.9
1360:26.4
1355:35.5
1350:43.3
1345:45.0
1340:39.4
1335:31.8
1330:25.4
1325:19.5
1320:12.1
1305:40.3
1300:22.7
1295:31.2
1290:41.4
1285:50.6
1280:57.2
1275:59.3
1270:55.6
1265:46.9
1260:38.9
1255:32.0
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