54:. This VDR/RXR heterodimer complex binds to the specific VDRE in the promoters of genes which it regulates. A variety of additional proteins called coactivators complex with the activated VDR/RXR heterodimers either to form a bridge from the VDR/RXR complex binding to the VDRE to the proteins responsible for transcription such as RNA polymerase II binding to the transcription start site or to help unravel the chromatin at the site of the gene via recruitment of
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typically consist of two conserved hexameric half-sites separated by a three nucleotide spacer, referred to as a DR3 (for direct repeat spaced by 3 type element). The sequence of a VDRE can have a strong influence on the degree of protein binding, particularly at the fifth position in the half-site,
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De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert MO, Bikle D (2014).
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The VDR is widely distributed in tissues, and is not restricted to those tissues considered the classic targets of vitamin D. The VDR upon binding to 1,25(OH)
77:"A Novel SNP in a Vitamin D Response Element of the CYP24A1 Promoter Reduces Protein Binding, Transactivation, and Gene Expression"
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and many studies have focused on synthetic variations of response elements and not naturally occurring sequences.
170:"Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors"
128:"Human vitamin D receptor-dependent transactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires retinoid X receptor"
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D heterodimerizes with other nuclear hormone receptors, in particular the family of
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D), the active form of vitamin D, and so regulates the expression of many genes.
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Umesono K, Murakami KK, Thompson CC, Evans RM (June 1991).
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