1170:, the National Union was a moribund party, created by a governmental decree rather than by political activists, and which was "dominated by the administration, put to sleep and reawakened in accordance with the situation at the time". He describes the party as "an empty, undermined space into which were formally sent those who wanted to join the regime and which, once full, was closed". Pinto notes that the army was kept away from public life, and political activity was prohibited outside public life. This included the National Union, which lacked any kind of political activism. Therefore the party lacked an ideology, and did not mobilize the masses. Pinto argues that it was the opposite, as "in fact demotivation was openly encouraged". He concludes that the party had a "non-fascist nature" and argues that it "neither reached power at all nor, once created, fulfilled functions of control and monopoly of access to power or mobilization of the masses, which, in general, the fascists did."
1347:
49:
1279:
was nominated Vice
President. The first Central Commission was composed by Bissaia Barreto, João Amaral, a judge and an integralist monarchist, and Nuno Mexia, who had been linked to the Union of Economic Interests (União dos Interesses Económicos) in the 1920s. Appointment to lead the party meant either "retirement" or a prestigious pause from government duties. The absence of youth was a characteristic of the National Union, particularly in the 1930s. At the first Congress, 68% of the delegates were over 40 years old.
1286:, the National Union is an example of extreme weakness among dictatorships with weak single parties. There was no internal party activity until 1933. From 1934 onwards, after the creation of the regime’s new institutions, the National Union embarked on a period of lethargy from which it did not emerge until 1944. This lethargy can be partly explained by the affirmation by the regime that it did not attribute great importance to it beyond its utility as an electoral and legitimating vehicle.
265:
641:
1462:
572:
1301:, the National Union called for national unity and cooperation, arguing that the "foreign institutional system" of the [[First Portiguese Republic "had proved to be incompatible with the necessities, interests, qualities and even flaws of the Portuguese nation". It contrasted the supposed stability of the Estado Novo, as opposed to the pre-1926 republican government which "transformed the country‟s public life into something like a tribal African disorder".
1503:
1070:
1796:
1770:
1734:
1703:
1672:
1646:
1620:
1594:
2256:
2136:
1983:
1876:
1868:
2264:
2225:
2218:
2182:
2175:
2144:
2105:
2098:
2067:
2060:
2029:
2022:
1991:
1952:
1945:
1914:
1907:
1305:
been suppressed during the
Spanish Civil War and World War II in hopes of improving the image of his regime in Western circles. The measures included parliamentary elections, a general political amnesty, restoration of freedom of the press, curtailment of legal repression and a commitment to introduce the right of
1162:
as well as from
Mussolini's corporate state. Unlike fascist parties, the National Union played no role in the government - it only served as a tool for the selection of National Assembly deputies, as well as a way to provide some legitimacy to non-competitive elections that Salazar's regime regularly
1278:
The first leader of the
National Union was the Interior Minister Colonel Lopes Mateus. The composition of the Central Commission indicated that the party was meant to support the regime rather than militate for it. Salazar became president, and Albino dos Reis, a former member of the Cunha Leal ULR,
2808:
However, dictatorships such as
Francisco Franco's Spain and Antonio de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal were not fascist, but authoritarian in the first instance. They lacked the idea of a permanent and national revolution, which propelled fascist movements and regimes, and they clung to the past or the
1271:) and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the
1146:
Once
Salazar assumed the premiership, the National Union became the only party legally allowed to function under the Estado Novo. Salazar announced that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. The NU became an ancillary body, not a source of political power. At no stage did
1242:
period. Officially it was not a political party but an "organization of unity of all the
Portuguese". Salazar in the speech that launched the party, was vague in terms of its role, and he incorporated all the parties supporting the dictatorship, whether republican, monarchic or catholic. Its first
1304:
In 1938 Salazar recognized that
National Union's activities “were successively diminished until they had almost been extinguished”. With World War II's end, the National Union came to life again. In October 1945, Salazar announced a liberalization program designed to restore civil rights that had
1142:
Unlike in most single-party regimes, the
National Union was more of a political arm of the government rather than holding actual power over it. The National Union membership was mostly drawn from local notables: landowners, professionals and businessmen, Catholics, monarchists or conservative
1177:
and the
National Union should be considered fascist or not. Salazar himself criticized the "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as
2846:
Hoping to spare Portugal the pains of class conflict, Dr. Salazar even opposed the industrial development of his country until the 1960s. His regime was not only nonfascist, but "voluntarily nontotalitarian," preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics "live by
2477:
fascist Italy developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were
1246:
The National Union was formed as a subservient umbrella organization to support the regime itself. It was the only party legally allowed under the Estado Novo regime; all other political parties were banned and persecuted, this later included the
1365:
from 1934 to 1973. Opposition candidates were nominally allowed after 1945 but prematurely withdrew in the 1945 and 1973 legislative elections. In 1970, two years after Salazar had been replaced as a leader and prime minister by
3542:
1243:
organic principles expressly declared that “all citizens, regardless of their political or religious beliefs” would be admitted as long as they adhered to the principles of Salazar’s speech of 30 June 1930.
1147:
it appear that Salazar wished it to fulfill the central role the fascist party had acquired in Mussolini's Italy; in fact, it was meant to be a platform of conservatism, not a revolutionary vanguard.
1267:
broke into factions, some going into exile while the majority ended up joining the National Union. Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" (meaning German
3478:
1163:
held. The National Union was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to mobilize it, and ministers, diplomats and civil servants were never compelled to join the party.
2307:
CRUZ, Manuel Braga da. «National Union», in ROSAS, Fernando; BRITO, JM Brandão de (right). New State History Dictionary. Venda Nova : Bertrand Editora, 1996, vol. II, p. 989-991.
3255:
2506:
Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49.
2497:
Eccleshall, Robert; Geoghegan, Vincent; Jay, Richard; Kenny, Michael; Mackenzie, Iain; Wilford, Rick (1994). Political Ideologies: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 208.
1399:
criticized the National Union in 1945 as a “grouping of moderates of all parties, bourgeois without soul or faith in the national and revolutionary imperatives of our time”.
63:
3622:
1293:
also created state bodies for propaganda, youth and labour, but they were not connected with the party. In 1931, the official newspaper of the National Union,
1222:
express the same view, writing that Salazar's regime was "not only nonfascist, but voluntarily nontotalitarian". On the other hand, Portuguese scholars like
3248:
3512:
765:
3673:
3502:
3036:
3668:
3663:
3241:
1319:. Initially, the moderate opposition controlled the MUD, but it soon became strongly influenced by the Communist Party, which controlled its
1098:
602:
3552:
3557:
3642:
3567:
2291:
Os atestados de bom comportamento moral e civil até ao 25 de Abril de 1974. Exposição 'Documento do Mês' do Arquivo Municipal de Silves
1358:
was legal between 1945 and 1948, but even then, the political system was so heavily rigged that it had no realistic chance of winning.
842:
662:
3468:
973:
3627:
3637:
3390:
3718:
3708:
3693:
3527:
3458:
3678:
3497:
3264:
2801:
2594:
2527:
1780:
1749:
1713:
1682:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1573:
280:
2794:
Fascism without Borders: Transnational Connections and Cooperation between Movements and Regimes in Europe from 1918 to 1945
2289:
3713:
3582:
3547:
3473:
3385:
3360:
2546:
2236:
2193:
2155:
2116:
2078:
2040:
2002:
1963:
1925:
1887:
1843:
1381:
3602:
3522:
3405:
2486:(1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
1407:
1362:
852:
837:
815:
772:
957:
870:
3612:
3224:
3200:
3176:
3072:
2559:
963:
3688:
3116:
2839:
2659:
2463:
2372:
1091:
595:
944:
17:
3517:
3434:
3355:
3326:
1392:
1264:
1260:
1248:
792:
2789:
2717:
Pinto, António Costa (2002). "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships".
1199:
1150:
The National Union's ideology was corporatism, and it took as many inspirations from Catholic encyclicals such as
3698:
3683:
3507:
3272:
3152:
1018:
905:
3617:
3607:
3587:
3562:
3094:
1060:
1037:
3085:(1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.).
1848:
1470:
1136:
466:
85:
2333:
Sardica, José Miguel (2011). "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century".
1377:
1002:
981:
519:
68:
3139:
892:
3453:
3321:
1355:
1312:
1084:
1022:
1006:
919:
747:
717:
620:
588:
167:
1384:. However, the conduct of this election was little different from past contests, with the ANP winning all
1178:
fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the Estado Novo. Scholars such as
3632:
3592:
3415:
3410:
3365:
3306:
887:
742:
710:
545:
315:
1461:
3577:
3532:
3311:
3048:
1316:
822:
667:
181:
3537:
3346:
3296:
2978:
1026:
968:
877:
857:
1687:
1014:
672:
358:
335:
1396:
1256:
1252:
3104:
3082:
3058:
1183:
931:
383:
3444:
3316:
3190:
2967:
2826:
2542:
1290:
1215:
1211:
1174:
1128:
925:
832:
782:
3162:
3135:
2785:
2756:
1346:
1283:
1203:
1191:
1167:
3572:
3375:
3062:
2517:
2419:
2395:
1044:
1010:
882:
373:
353:
285:
194:
3703:
3395:
2761:"The Salazar "New State" and European Fascism: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation"
2611:
Portugal's First Domino: ‘Pluricontinentalism’ and Colonial War in Guiné-Bissau, 1963–1974.
1502:
1406:. It has never been revived, and no party claiming to be its heir has won any seats in the
1403:
951:
802:
752:
687:
534:
275:
186:
172:
117:
2975:
PORTUGAL - Assembly of the Republic - Historical Archive Of Parliamentary Election Results
476:
8:
2445:
1315:(MUD), which ranged from ultra-Catholics and fringe elements of the extreme right to the
1116:
997:
629:
368:
210:
198:
48:
3380:
3233:
3041:
3020:
1340:
3370:
3030:
2423:
2415:
1754:
1718:
1385:
1049:
737:
692:
657:
436:
378:
214:
205:
3425:
3400:
3331:
3286:
3220:
3196:
3172:
3171:. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY.
3166:
3148:
3147:. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY.
3112:
3090:
3068:
2835:
2797:
2655:
2590:
2523:
2459:
2427:
2368:
1311:. The opposition to Salazar started to organize itself around a broad coalition, the
1239:
1158:
913:
827:
787:
732:
539:
509:
491:
388:
224:
176:
3543:
Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right
2547:
Portugal’s Colonial Complex: From Colonial Lusotropicalism to Postcolonial Lusophony
1187:
481:
421:
3210:
2726:
2614:
2449:
2407:
2342:
1207:
1179:
727:
650:
551:
461:
451:
441:
89:
2411:
1578:
1380:"). Subsequent to Salazar's retirement, the party faced formal competition in the
1143:
republicans. The National Union was never a militant or very active organization.
3214:
3016:
2831:
2649:
2453:
2198:
1511:
1367:
1124:
1074:
576:
529:
190:
1332:
1324:
3291:
2760:
2441:
2384:
Stéphane Giocanti, Maurras – Le chaos et l'ordre, éd. Flammarion, 2006, p. 500.
1223:
486:
2730:
2618:
1336:
446:
431:
3657:
3186:
2821:
1402:
As a result of its lack of ideology, it disappeared in short order after the
1328:
1307:
1219:
1195:
1152:
797:
777:
2317:
3597:
1320:
1230:
and Raquel Varela think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist.
847:
471:
426:
320:
264:
80:
3336:
1227:
640:
299:
1391:
The party had no real philosophy apart from support for the regime. The
571:
2346:
722:
416:
393:
330:
325:
3192:
Latin fascist elites : the Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar regimes
2396:"The Political and Ideological Origins of the Estado Novo in Portugal"
1255:, who were originally supporters. In 1934 Salazar arrested and exiled
3301:
2364:
682:
677:
411:
3488:
3281:
1132:
514:
363:
3479:
Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat - Revolutionary Brigades
1268:
697:
556:
137:
3168:
Ruling Elites and Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships
2913:
2911:
2909:
2872:
2870:
2482:
in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian
524:
456:
250:
243:
2784:
2394:
Ernesto Castro Leal; Correll, Translated by Richard (2016).
237:
2993:
2935:
2923:
2906:
2882:
2867:
2861:
Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada
2673:
2671:
2440:
2393:
3263:
2737:
1323:. In the leadership were several communists, among them
3141:
The Blue Shirts - Portuguese Fascists and the New State
2700:
2698:
2683:
2668:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2560:"O luso-tropicalismo e o colonialismo português tardio"
1297:. Its first issue was published on 4 April 1931. Using
3216:
Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience
2536:
1350:
Logo of the People's National Action, in use from 1970
2774:(12). Florence: European University Institute: 57–58.
2695:
2624:
1214:conservative authoritarian and not fascist. In his
3623:Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization
2613:Contemporary European History, 8(2), pp. 209-230.
2894:
3655:
3067:. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99.
2515:
3219:(First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press.
2455:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
3513:Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist–Leninist)
3109:Salazar : the dictator who refused to die
2858:
2654:. Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd. p. 133.
1807:
1259:as a part of a purge of the leadership of the
1226:, Manuel Villaverde Cabral, Manuel de Lucena,
3249:
2406:(2). Translated By Richard Correll: 128–148.
1092:
596:
3064:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation
3035:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1361:The party won all seats in elections to the
3558:Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy
3161:
3134:
2999:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2888:
2876:
2519:Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview
27:Former ruling party of Portugal (1932–1974)
3256:
3242:
2957:(History Magazine) – Number 8 (New Series)
1099:
1085:
603:
589:
3103:
3081:
3057:
2743:
2689:
2677:
2647:
2522:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. xiii.
2509:
1543:
1238:The party was founded in 1930 during the
3674:Political parties disestablished in 1974
2863:(in Portuguese). Edições Tinta-da-China.
2651:An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism
2328:
2326:
1345:
1173:Scholarly opinion varies on whether the
1135:, founded in July 1930 and dominated by
3638:Workers Politics Communist Organisation
3046:
3015:
2584:
2557:
2551:
2332:
1744:President elected by National Assembly
1370:, the name of the party was changed to
14:
3656:
3568:Marxist–Leninist Committee of Portugal
3459:Movement of National Antifascist Unity
3209:
2820:
2458:. SAGE Publications (published 2011).
3669:Political parties established in 1930
3664:Defunct political parties in Portugal
3469:Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Committee
3265:Defunct political parties in Portugal
3237:
3185:
2852:
2755:
2716:
2704:
2635:
2323:
3548:Independent Social Democratic Action
3474:Portuguese National Liberation Front
3361:Democratic Leftwing Republican Party
2566:(in Portuguese, English, and French)
1538:
3125:
3111:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
2900:
24:
3613:Portuguese Democratic Labour Party
2589:. London: Routledge. p. 118.
1568:President elected by popular vote
159:
25:
3730:
3553:Internationalist Communist League
3053:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2558:Castelo, Cláudia (5 March 2013).
838:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
3518:Democratic Party of the Atlantic
2262:
2255:
2254:
2223:
2216:
2180:
2173:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2103:
2096:
2065:
2058:
2027:
2020:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1950:
1943:
1912:
1905:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1794:
1768:
1732:
1701:
1670:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1501:
1460:
1265:Portuguese National Syndicalists
1261:Portuguese National Syndicalists
1068:
958:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
793:War of the Portuguese Succession
639:
570:
263:
47:
3508:Communist Party (Reconstructed)
3089:. Routledge. pp. 157–173.
3047:Egerton, F. Clement C. (1943).
3025:. New York: Campion Books, Ltd.
2960:
2953:Rosas, Fernando (dir.) (1995).
2947:
2814:
2778:
2749:
2710:
2641:
2603:
2578:
2500:
2361:A history of fascism, 1914-1945
3618:Portuguese Democratic Movement
3050:Salazar, Rebuilder of Portugal
2491:
2434:
2387:
2378:
2353:
2310:
2301:
2283:
2263:
2224:
2217:
2181:
2174:
2143:
2104:
2097:
2066:
2059:
2028:
2021:
1990:
1951:
1944:
1913:
1906:
1421:
1139:during most of its existence.
13:
1:
3709:National conservative parties
3694:Political history of Portugal
3628:Revolutionary Socialist Party
2719:Contemporary European History
2420:10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128
2412:10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128
2335:Journal of Portuguese History
2298:supplement, April 2018, p. 5.
2276:
1413:
1404:Portuguese Revolution of 1974
1363:National Assembly of Portugal
520:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
3679:Parties of one-party systems
3643:Workers' Revolutionary Party
3454:Movement of Democratic Unity
3391:Nationalist Republican Party
3017:Derrick, Michael; R.J. Stove
1356:Movement of Democratic Unity
1313:Movement of Democratic Unity
920:Portugal during World War II
748:Portuguese House of Burgundy
718:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
3719:António de Oliveira Salazar
3714:Social conservative parties
3528:Democratic Republican Party
3416:Union of Economic Interests
3307:Portuguese Republican Party
3130:. New York: Hawthorn Books.
3128:Salazar and Modern Portugal
2790:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz
2648:Griffiths, Richard (2000).
2452:, eds. (7 September 2011).
1808:National Assembly elections
1527:5 years, 210 days
1486:38 years, 59 days
1471:António de Oliveira Salazar
1137:António de Oliveira Salazar
888:Portugal during World War I
546:Preussentum und Sozialismus
86:António de Oliveira Salazar
10:
3735:
3578:Movement of Socialist Left
3533:Hope for Portugal Movement
3498:Christian Democratic Party
3312:Portuguese Socialist Party
3087:Fascists and Conservatives
3009:
2359:Payne, Stanley G. (2001).
1317:Portuguese Communist Party
1233:
1210:, consider the Portuguese
1200:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe
668:Roman conquest of Hispania
182:Authoritarian conservatism
3583:National Solidarity Party
3503:Communist Electoral Front
3487:
3443:
3424:
3386:National Republican Party
3345:
3297:Liberal Regenerator Party
3271:
2979:Inter-Parliamentary Union
2731:10.1017/S0960777302003053
2619:10.1017/S0960777399002027
2516:Stanley G. Payne (1984).
2270:Supermajority government
2231:Supermajority government
2197:
2188:Supermajority government
2150:Supermajority government
2111:Supermajority government
2073:Supermajority government
2035:Supermajority government
1997:Supermajority government
1847:
1753:
1743:
1577:
1567:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1382:1969 legislative election
271:
262:
257:
230:
220:
204:
166:
154:
144:
133:
113:
95:
79:
58:
53:Logo used until the 1960s
46:
34:
3689:20th century in Portugal
3603:Popular Democratic Union
3593:People's Socialist Front
3563:Left Revolutionary Front
3523:Democratic Renewal Party
3406:Republican Liberal Party
3195:. Praeger. p. 187.
1688:Francisco Craveiro Lopes
1408:Assembly of the Republic
1378:People's National Action
673:Romanization of Hispania
336:Structural functionalism
3633:Worker–Peasant Alliance
3273:Constitutional Monarchy
3022:The Portugal of Salazar
2859:Fernando Rosas (2019).
2585:Griffin, Roger (2013).
1282:According to historian
1184:Thomas Gerard Gallagher
964:Transition to democracy
932:Portuguese Colonial War
853:Constitutional Monarchy
833:Great Lisbon earthquake
206:Political position
3699:Portuguese nationalism
3684:Estado Novo (Portugal)
3317:Progressive Dissidence
2827:The Anatomy of Fascism
2543:Miguel Vale de Almeida
1544:Presidential elections
1373:Acção Nacional Popular
1351:
1216:The Anatomy of Fascism
1120:
783:Portuguese Renaissance
195:Lusitanian integralism
120:; 50 years ago
101:; 94 years ago
3573:Movement for the Sick
3435:National Syndicalists
3376:Integralismo Lusitano
3356:Catholic Centre Party
2768:EUI Working Paper HEC
2609:MACQUEEN, N. (1999).
2587:The Nature of Fascism
1397:Francisco Rolão Preto
1349:
1257:Francisco Rolão Preto
1253:Francisco Rolão Preto
1249:National Syndicalists
883:Monarchy of the North
64:Ação Nacional Popular
3396:Reconstitution Party
3189:(30 December 2002).
3163:Costa Pinto, António
3136:Costa Pinto, António
2757:Pinto, António Costa
2446:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
1410:in modern Portugal.
1393:National Syndicalist
952:Carnation Revolution
803:Dutch-Portuguese War
535:Political philosophy
276:Politics of Portugal
187:National Catholicism
173:Integral nationalism
3608:Popular Unity Party
3588:New Democracy Party
1284:António Costa Pinto
1192:António Costa Pinto
1168:António Costa Pinto
1075:Portugal portal
577:Politics portal
199:Pluricontinentalism
3371:Evolutionist Party
3126:Kay, Hugh (1970).
2796:. Berghahn Books.
2400:Portuguese Studies
2347:10.26300/2k33-w151
1352:
1129:Estado Novo regime
773:Imperial expansion
738:County of Portugal
693:Visigothic Kingdom
658:Prehistoric Iberia
118:25 April 1974
3651:
3650:
3426:Ditadura Nacional
3401:Regionalist Party
3332:Regenerator Party
3322:Progressive Party
3287:Constituent Party
3211:Wiarda, Howard J.
2803:978-1-78533-469-6
2786:Bauerkämper, Arnd
2596:978-0-415-09661-4
2529:978-0-299-09804-9
2450:Morlino, Leonardo
2274:
2273:
1958:Sole legal party
1920:Sole legal party
1882:Sole legal party
1805:
1804:
1539:Electoral history
1536:
1535:
1521:27 September 1968
1518:
1483:27 September 1968
1477:
1240:Ditadura Nacional
1159:Quadragesimo anno
1109:
1108:
982:COVID-19 pandemic
914:Ditadura Nacional
843:Transfer of Court
828:House of Braganza
788:Portuguese Empire
733:Almoravid dynasty
663:Pre-Roman Peoples
613:
612:
540:Political culture
510:Consociationalism
294:
293:
281:Political parties
225:Roman Catholicism
177:Corporate statism
99:30 July 1930
16:(Redirected from
3726:
3411:Republican Union
3381:Causa Monárquica
3366:Democratic Party
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3206:
3182:
3158:
3146:
3131:
3122:
3100:
3078:
3054:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3003:
3000:Costa Pinto 2000
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2972:
2968:"Portugal, 1969"
2964:
2958:
2955:Revista História
2951:
2945:
2942:Costa Pinto 2000
2939:
2933:
2930:Costa Pinto 2000
2927:
2921:
2918:Costa Pinto 2000
2915:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:Costa Pinto 2000
2886:
2880:
2877:Costa Pinto 2000
2874:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2472:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2287:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2016:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1554:Party candidate
1548:
1547:
1516:
1505:
1475:
1464:
1439:Political party
1433:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1388:in a landslide.
1341:Mário Sacramento
1208:Howard J. Wiarda
1204:Arnd Bauerkämper
1180:Stanley G. Payne
1125:sole legal party
1101:
1094:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1050:Madeiran history
986:
978:
974:Financial crisis
893:1926 coup d'état
766:Age of Discovery
753:1383–1385 Crisis
728:Gharb Al-Andalus
643:
633:
615:
614:
605:
598:
591:
575:
574:
552:Social democracy
504:Related articles
462:Paul the Apostle
302:
296:
295:
267:
249:
242:
236:
184:
161:
128:
126:
121:
109:
107:
102:
90:Marcello Caetano
72:
51:
32:
31:
21:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3483:
3439:
3420:
3341:
3327:Reformist Party
3267:
3262:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3155:
3144:
3119:
3097:
3075:
3028:
3027:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2834:. p. 150.
2832:Alfred A. Knopf
2819:
2815:
2804:
2783:
2779:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2442:Badie, Bertrand
2439:
2435:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2358:
2354:
2331:
2324:
2318:Decree N° 48597
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2251:
2248:
2213:
2210:
2199:Marcelo Caetano
2170:
2167:
2131:
2128:
2093:
2090:
2055:
2052:
2017:
2014:
1978:
1975:
1940:
1937:
1902:
1899:
1863:
1860:
1849:António Salazar
1810:
1799:
1795:
1773:
1769:
1737:
1733:
1706:
1702:
1675:
1671:
1649:
1645:
1623:
1619:
1597:
1593:
1546:
1541:
1515:
1512:Marcelo Caetano
1507:
1506:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1450:Time in office
1431:
1430:
1416:
1368:Marcelo Caetano
1354:The opposition
1299:Diário da Manhã
1295:Diário da Manhã
1236:
1105:
1069:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1045:Azorean history
1040:
1030:
1029:
1000:
990:
989:
984:
976:
947:
937:
936:
908:
906:Second Republic
898:
897:
873:
863:
862:
858:1910 Revolution
823:Restoration War
818:
808:
807:
768:
758:
757:
713:
703:
702:
653:
631:
624:
609:
569:
562:
561:
530:Guild socialism
505:
497:
496:
407:
399:
398:
349:
341:
340:
316:Corporate group
311:
300:
290:
247:
246:
240:
234:
197:
193:
191:Lusotropicalism
189:
185:
180:
179:
175:
149:Diário da Manhã
124:
122:
119:
105:
103:
100:
88:
74:
66:
54:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Humanist Party
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3489:Third Republic
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:National Union
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3347:First Republic
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Historic Party
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3226:978-0870232213
3225:
3207:
3202:978-0275978808
3201:
3183:
3178:978-0880336567
3177:
3159:
3153:
3132:
3123:
3117:
3105:Gallagher, Tom
3101:
3095:
3083:Gallagher, Tom
3079:
3074:978-0719008764
3073:
3059:Gallagher, Tom
3055:
3044:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:, p. 135.
2992:
2959:
2946:
2944:, p. 143.
2934:
2932:, p. 147.
2922:
2920:, p. 145.
2905:
2893:
2891:, p. 185.
2881:
2879:, p. 141.
2866:
2851:
2840:
2822:Paxton, Robert
2813:
2802:
2777:
2748:
2746:, p. 167.
2744:Gallagher 1990
2736:
2709:
2707:, p. 185.
2694:
2690:Gallagher 2020
2682:
2678:Gallagher 2020
2667:
2660:
2640:
2638:, p. 143.
2623:
2602:
2595:
2577:
2550:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2464:
2433:
2386:
2377:
2352:
2322:
2309:
2300:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1854:
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1840:
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1834:
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1802:
1789:
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1478:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1386:constituencies
1235:
1232:
1224:Fernando Rosas
1188:Juan José Linz
1121:União Nacional
1113:National Union
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1001:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
979:
971:
969:Third Republic
966:
961:
954:
948:
945:Third Republic
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
922:
917:
909:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:First Republic
874:
871:First Republic
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:Suebic Kingdom
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
636:
635:
626:
625:
618:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
260:
259:
255:
254:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
208:
202:
201:
170:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
135:
131:
130:
115:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
83:
77:
76:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
40:União Nacional
39:
37:National Union
36:
35:
26:
18:União Nacional
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3731:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3187:Lewis, Paul H
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3118:9781787383883
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2996:
2981:(www.ipu.org)
2980:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2903:, p. 55.
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:1-4000-4094-9
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2692:, p. 44.
2691:
2686:
2680:, p. 43.
2679:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2661:9780715629185
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
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2465:9781483305394
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2047:
2044:
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2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
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1911:
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1845:
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1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:Popular vote
1820:
1818:Party leader
1817:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Américo Tomás
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Américo Tomás
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1694:
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1603:
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1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Óscar Carmona
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:Popular vote
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:25 April 1974
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
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1498:
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1479:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1454:
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1446:
1443:
1442:
1432:(Birth–Death)
1419:
1411:
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1398:
1394:
1389:
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1375:
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1329:Salgado Zenha
1326:
1322:
1318:
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1310:
1309:
1308:habeas corpus
1302:
1300:
1296:
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1266:
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1258:
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1244:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Robert Paxton
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:, as well as
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Roger Griffin
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1166:According to
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
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1153:Rerum novarum
1148:
1144:
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798:Iberian Union
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778:House of Aviz
776:
774:
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375:
374:Nationalistic
372:
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158:20,000 (1933
157:
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139:
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132:
129:
116:
112:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
73:
70:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
33:
30:
19:
3598:Politics XXI
3463:
3215:
3191:
3167:
3140:
3127:
3108:
3086:
3063:
3049:
3021:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2974:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2896:
2884:
2860:
2854:
2845:
2830:. New York:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2793:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2751:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2685:
2650:
2643:
2610:
2605:
2586:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2563:
2553:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2469:. Retrieved
2454:
2436:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2380:
2360:
2355:
2341:(1): 10–17.
2338:
2334:
2312:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2285:
1836:
1791:
1765:
1729:
1698:
1667:
1641:
1615:
1589:
1530:
1510:
1489:
1480:30 July 1930
1469:
1447:Left office
1444:Took office
1401:
1390:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1353:
1333:Mário Soares
1325:Octávio Pato
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1245:
1237:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1112:
1110:
956:
924:
912:
848:Liberal Wars
544:
359:Conservative
321:Body politic
148:
134:Headquarters
62:
29:
3704:Corporatism
3447:(1933–1974)
3445:Estado Novo
3428:(1926–1933)
3349:(1910–1926)
3337:Setembrismo
3275:(1834–1910)
3154:088033-9829
3042:online free
2484:Standestaat
2480:Estado Novo
2471:9 September
2296:Terra Ruiva
1517:(1906–1980)
1476:(1889–1970)
1337:Júlio Pomar
1291:Estado Novo
1273:Estado Novo
1228:Manuel Loff
1212:Estado Novo
1175:Estado Novo
985:(2020–2023)
977:(2010–2014)
926:Estado Novo
743:Reconquista
630:History of
301:Corporatism
67: [
3658:Categories
3096:004940086X
2725:(3): 431.
2705:Lewis 2002
2636:Lewis 2002
2367:. p. 314.
2363:. London:
2277:References
2241:1,393,294
1827:Seats won
1414:Presidents
1321:youth wing
1123:) was the
1117:Portuguese
816:Bragantine
723:Al-Andalus
394:Tripartite
384:Solidarist
331:Solidarity
326:Organicism
258:Party flag
211:Right-wing
155:Membership
140:, Portugal
125:1974-04-25
106:1930-07-30
59:Other name
3302:Miguelist
3031:cite book
2985:8 October
2428:157806821
2365:Routledge
2249:150 / 150
2211:130 / 130
2168:130 / 130
2129:130 / 130
2091:120 / 120
2053:120 / 120
2015:120 / 120
1976:120 / 120
1938:100 / 100
1900:100 / 100
1861:100 / 100
1833:Position
1815:Election
1551:Election
1426:Portrait
1251:, led by
683:Gallaecia
678:Lusitania
452:Mussolini
437:MacIntyre
412:Aristotle
354:Christian
286:Elections
253:(1970–74)
215:far-right
145:Newspaper
114:Dissolved
75:(1970–74)
3282:Cartista
3213:(1977).
3165:(2010).
3138:(2000).
3107:(2020).
3061:(1983).
3019:(1938).
2901:Kay 1970
2824:(2004).
2809:present.
2792:(2017).
2759:(1991).
2570:15 April
2203:981,263
2160:998,542
2121:973,997
2083:911,618
2045:845,281
2007:927,264
1968:489,133
1930:758,215
1892:694,290
1853:476,706
1723:765,081
1692:761,730
1661:761,730
1635:829,042
1609:653,754
1583:761,730
1395:leader,
1133:Portugal
1061:Timeline
1023:Military
1011:Language
1003:Archives
711:Medieval
632:Portugal
621:a series
619:Part of
422:Durkheim
310:Concepts
221:Religion
168:Ideology
3491:(1974–)
3010:Sources
2847:habit."
2206:87.99%
1792:Elected
1766:Elected
1730:Elected
1726:76.42%
1699:Elected
1668:Elected
1642:Elected
1616:Elected
1590:Elected
1563:Result
1234:History
1127:of the
1038:Regions
1019:Judaism
1007:Economy
651:Ancient
515:Fascism
477:Tönnies
467:Salazar
432:Khaldūn
389:Statist
369:Liberal
364:Fascist
348:Schools
231:Colours
123: (
104: (
96:Founded
81:Leaders
3223:
3199:
3175:
3151:
3115:
3093:
3071:
2838:
2800:
2658:
2593:
2526:
2462:
2426:
2418:
2371:
1837:Result
1788:92.1%
1762:97.7%
1269:Nazism
1263:. The
698:Spania
623:on the
557:Syndic
492:Weaver
482:Vargas
447:Müller
417:Dreher
406:People
379:Social
248:
241:
235:
138:Lisbon
3145:(PDF)
2971:(PDF)
2764:(PDF)
2564:Buala
2424:S2CID
2416:JSTOR
2244:100%
2163:100%
2124:100%
2086:100%
2048:100%
2010:100%
1971:100%
1933:100%
1895:100%
1856:100%
1695:100%
1664:100%
1638:100%
1612:100%
1586:100%
1436:Term
1027:Music
998:Topic
525:Guild
487:Volpi
472:Spann
457:Plato
427:Hegel
251:Green
244:White
71:]
3221:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3037:link
2987:2012
2836:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2572:2022
2524:ISBN
2473:2020
2460:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2316:See
2267:1st
2237:1973
2228:1st
2194:1969
2185:1st
2156:1965
2147:1st
2117:1961
2108:1st
2079:1957
2070:1st
2041:1953
2032:1st
2003:1949
1994:1st
1964:1945
1955:1st
1926:1942
1917:1st
1888:1938
1879:1st
1871:100
1844:1934
1830:+/–
1785:616
1781:1972
1759:556
1750:1965
1714:1958
1683:1951
1657:1949
1631:1942
1605:1935
1574:1928
1429:Name
1339:and
1289:The
1202:and
1156:and
1111:The
1015:LGBT
442:Mill
238:Blue
160:est.
2727:doi
2615:doi
2408:doi
2343:doi
2259:20
2139:10
1986:20
1422:No.
1131:in
213:to
3660::
3033:}}
3029:{{
2977:.
2973:.
2908:^
2869:^
2844:.
2806:.
2788:;
2772:91
2770:.
2766:.
2723:11
2721:.
2697:^
2670:^
2626:^
2562:.
2545:,
2475:.
2448:;
2444:;
2422:.
2414:.
2404:32
2402:.
2398:.
2337:.
2325:^
2294:,
1824:%
1560:%
1531:UN
1490:UN
1376:("
1343:.
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1275:.
1218:,
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1119::
1025:-
1021:-
1017:-
1013:-
1009:-
1005:-
69:pt
3257:e
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2574:.
2532:.
2430:.
2410::
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2345::
2339:9
2320:.
1800:Y
1774:Y
1738:Y
1707:Y
1676:Y
1650:Y
1624:Y
1598:Y
1496:2
1455:1
1115:(
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
604:e
597:t
590:v
162:)
127:)
108:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
