381:(1982) in the context of political elections. Their findings suggest that exposure to polls depicting a candidate as having a dominant position did not evoke positive feelings towards the underdog but instead created a negative reaction towards the dominant candidate. This negative reaction could be indicative of a form of schadenfreude, where individuals derive satisfaction from seeing the dominant figure falter. When participants were shown the leading contender in the polls, they tended to move away from supporting them, possibly due to a subconscious pleasure in witnessing their potential downfall. However, when presented with information indicating a shift in the polls towards the underdog, participants shifted their support back to the leading contender. This shift in support suggests that the pleasure derived from the underdog's potential victory may not necessarily stem from genuine support for the underdog but rather from the satisfaction of seeing the leading candidate lose their position of power. This highlights how opposition reactivity, possibly driven by schadenfreude towards the leading candidate, influences shifts in support towards the underdog during electoral contests.
207:
3092:
442:, complicating rather than clarifying their distinction. This suggests that the emotions associated with supporting underdogs and experiencing schadenfreude may be more intertwined than previously recognized, posing difficulties for researchers seeking to isolate and comprehend each theory independently. Further investigation into the complex interplay between underdog support and schadenfreude is necessary to unravel their intricate dynamics fully.
36:
132:
77:
352:. This study examined how individuals and groups manage shared resources. The results revealed differences in resource allocation and outcomes based on group size. These findings shed light on our innate preference to fairness and equality, as how individuals and groups allocate and utilise these resources reflects principles of fairness and equality.
556:" teams which manage to win a major tournament. There was an official sports award that was introduced by the Soviet sports weekly "Sportivnaya Moskva" in the 1970s and 1980s for football and hockey top competitions awarded to teams that managed to take away the biggest number of points from the last season top-three placed teams.
465:, the terms Cinderella, "Cinderella story", and Cinderella team are used to refer to situations in which competitors achieve far greater success than would reasonably have been best expected. Cinderella stories tend to gain much media and fan attention as they move closer to the tournament final game.
372:
who argue that resentment towards high-status individuals can fuel
Schadenfreude when they experience a downfall. Heider suggests there is tendency to root against the "top dog," or those perceived as riding high, indicating a pleasure from watching them fail, thus we support the underdog. The
500:
story, the media will debate whether the given "Cinderella" team or player will "turn into a pumpkin", i.e. fail to win the prize and then return to its former obscurity. In the fairy tale, it was the carriage that turned into a pumpkin at midnight, not
Cinderella herself. Another popular term is
347:
as we align ourselves with those fighting against the odds. It reinforces the belief that individuals can overcome adversity and effect positive change, promoting a sense of hope and optimism for social justice efforts. Humans naturally support social justice, as seen in a study publicised by the
393:
Studies supporting the underdog effect often face challenges in accurately assessing its implications. Despite efforts to create realistic scenarios, limitations persist in capturing the emotional nuances and social dynamics present in real-life situations where underdog support is observed. For
384:
Both underdog support and
Schadenfreude are influenced by perceptions of deserving and fairness within competitive contexts. The interplay between these two phenomena sheds light on the complex motivations underlying individuals' reactions to competitive situations, where notions of justice,
474:, which embodies a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward, when the title character's life of poverty is suddenly changed to one of remarkable fortune. In a sporting context the term has been used at least since 1939, but came into widespread usage in 1950, when
429:
may manifest differently. Future research could mitigate these limitations by employing diverse methodological approaches and exploring underdog and schadenfreude dynamics across various contexts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena.
287:
archetype is often an underdog if they are depicted as the main character. Their apparent ineptitude leads to people underestimating their true abilities, and they are able to succeed against a more powerful, "establishment" villain. An example in film is
539:
Cinderella teams are also referred to as a surprise package or surprise packet, and their success would be termed a fairy-tale run. A related concept is the giant-killer, which refers to a lesser competitor who defeats a favorite, reflecting the story of
449:, highlighting the need to address paternalistic tendencies that may portray underdogs as objects of sympathy rather than active agents. Such portrayals risk overlooking the agency and dignity of individuals marginalised by society, perpetuating symbolic
326:
The underdog is often seen as disadvantaged or less likely to conform to established norms. In this context, society might be more lenient or accept norm violations from underdogs, as their perceived struggles or challenges may evoke
437:
constructs. While the assumption is that both forces operate in the same direction, they may represent interchangeable phenomena rather than distinct processes. Attempts to disentangle them may have inadvertently created a
552:, Groza avtoritetov) that referred to underdog, often a strong mid-table team, of which the dominant teams were afraid. The title is still in use in the post-Soviet period and sometimes is given to "
318:
often dictate that success is reserved for those in privileged or dominant positions; however, the underdog narrative challenges this norm by portraying individuals or groups who are perceived as
368:
plays an essential role in the sympathy gained by the underdog particularly when the dominant party is perceived as undeserving of their success. This phenomenon has received attention from
276:, where someone from a low social class can achieve success through hard work. Sports are another instance where underdogs are highly valorized, reflected in both real events, such as the
280:, and in popular culture depictions of sports. Spectators and commentators are commonly drawn to establishing one side as the underdog, even if both teams are considered evenly matched.
310:
with the effort required to overcome such obstacles, fostering a connection with others who confront similar hardships. This shared understanding may, in turn, contribute to breaking
322:, less powerful, or less likely to succeed. One could argue that individuals or groups perceived as underdogs may face a different set of expectations and allowances within a
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People often root for underdogs for various psychological and cultural reasons; for example, witnessing and experiencing underdog challenges can lead us to
1102:
479:
2975:
722:
Kim, JongHan; Allison, Scott T.; Eylon, Dafna; Goethals, George R.; Markus, Michael J.; Hindle, Sheila M.; McGuire, Heather A. (October 2008).
433:
Furthermore, there are challenges in distinguishing underdog support from schadenfreude, underscoring the intricate relationship between these
1208:
The
Thunder to the Dominant": the main sensations of the Russian Cup in football (Гроза авторитетов: главные сенсации Кубка России по футболу)
492:
where he pretends as the announcer to his own golf fantasy: "Cinderella story. Outta nowhere. A former greenskeeper, now, about to become the
521:
2694:
601:
402:, potentially influencing participants' responses. Such biases could affect the authenticity of participants' expressions of support or
245:
The first recorded uses of the term occurred in the second half of the 19th century; its first meaning was "the beaten dog in a fight".
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544:. In Soviet sport, particularly team sports like football and hockey, there appeared a term Thunder to the Dominant (
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1918:
904:"Schadenfreude or Support for the Underdog?: How Unexpected Sporting Outcomes Influence Retail Investor Behaviour"
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2134:
2126:
2118:
2014:
1806:
940:
Vandello, Joseph A.; Goldschmied, Nadav P.; Richards, David A. R. (December 2007). "The Appeal of the
Underdog".
1591:
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2086:
1998:
1688:
706:
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1103:"The Sweetest 16: Nobody loves a Cinderella story more than a college hoops fan. Here are some of the best."
226:, who is largely expected to lose. The party, team, or individual expected to win is called the favorite or
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482:, the unexpected winners of the NCAA Men's Basketball championship also that year. The term was used by
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of its findings to other domains, such as sports or business competitions, where underdog phenomena and
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like schadenfreude. Additionally, the study's exclusive focus on electoral contexts may limit the
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1966:
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Cowden, Birton J.; Bendickson, Joshua S.; Mathias, Blake D.; Solomon, Shelby J. (December 2022).
870:
596:
422:
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interconnection between rooting for the underdog and
Schadenfreude is illustrated in a study by
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475:
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871:"Jumping on the Bandwagon With the Underdog: The Impact of Attitude Polls on Polling Behavior"
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for candidates depicted in polls, especially in sensitive contexts like political elections.
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2772:
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1982:
1654:
1428:
591:
1181:"Clock Strikes Midnight for Cinderella Team George Mason - WRIC Richmond News and Weather -"
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In the battle between David and
Goliath, David is an archetypal example of an underdog.
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985:"Straight OUTTA Detroit: Embracing Stigma as Part of the Entrepreneurial Narrative"
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by challenging prevailing expectations and disrupting established power dynamics.
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participants' emotional reactions, particularly concerning complex psychological
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1302:"Battle of Britain: IFMAR Electric On-Road World Champs & ISTC World Cups"
496:
champion." Referring somewhat inaccurately to the plot details of the classic
394:
instance, Stephen Ceci and
Edwards Kain's (1982) study may be susceptible to
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1107:
ESPN College
Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game
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2429:
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fairness, and deserving play crucial roles in shaping emotional responses.
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in this way, the more common term for unexpected and dramatic success was
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1000:
798:"Effects of experience on performance in a replenishable resource trap"
672:
Halberstam, J. Jack; Lowe, Lisa (2016). "Everybody Loves an
Underdog".
565:
553:
488:
470:
439:
418:
265:
844:
2485:
289:
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1573:
1244:"IFMAR Electric Worlds: On-Road Upset! Tamiya Takes Touring Worlds"
888:
697:
Snyder, Blake (2005). "Give Me The Same Thing... Only Different!".
653:
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Third Edition, 1983. First use 1887.
501:"strike midnight", when a Cinderella team does finally get beaten.
450:
1024:"ESPN.com: Page 2 : Who are the greatest Cinderella stories?"
1640:
1617:
403:
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982:
699:
Save the Cat!: The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need
615:"Everyone loves a scrappy underdog", as the article observes.
462:
219:
1271:
Spinner, Colin (September 2008). "Interview with a Legend".
1212:
939:
590:
Keinan, Anat; Avery, Jill; Paharia, Neeru (November 2010).
256:, underdogs are highly regarded. This harkens back to core
239:
2671:
Cinderella and the Prince, or The Castle of Heart's Desire
445:
Additionally, underdog narratives can sometimes reinforce
1196:"Clock Strikes Midnight For Cinderella Team George Mason"
468:
The term comes from the well-known European folk tale of
343:. Supporting the underdog gives us a sense of agency and
339:
We also rally round the underdog to satisfy our need for
230:. In the case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an
1334:
Radio Controlled Car International (OnTrack Supplement)
1155:"March Madness 2013: Is Harvard the next 'Cinderella'?"
721:
1328:
Haswell, Mike; McDonagh, Jamie; Emery, Peter (1998).
796:
Allison, Scott T.; Messick, David M. (October 1985).
27:
Participant in a competition that is expected to lose
1327:
1385:"The meaning and origin of the expression: Top dog"
662:
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Third Edition, 1983.
869:Ceci, Stephen J.; Kain, Edward L. (January 1982).
589:
218:is a person or group in a competition, usually in
1050:"Cinderella stories: Battling from the bottom up"
3108:
864:
862:
724:"Rooting for (and Then Abandoning) the Underdog"
935:
933:
795:
671:
388:
1414:
859:
355:
930:
802:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
478:was released that year, and in reference to
350:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
272:. This is also reflected in the idea of the
1241:
1225:Thunder to the Dominant (Гроза авторитетов)
901:
264:, and also ancient British legends such as
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1421:
1407:
942:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
238:on the underdog or outsider for which the
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837:The psychology of interpersonal relations
701:. Michael Wiese Productions. p. 37.
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
1299:
1131:"Soundclip of Bill Murray in Caddyshack"
868:
205:
2438:Cinderella, or the Little Glass Slipper
1279:
1270:
760:
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3109:
2478:I Was a Rat!: or, The Scarlet Slippers
1074:
902:Orujov, Ayan; Jones, Laurence (2023).
834:
696:
2210:The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin
1779:
1449:
1402:
1347:
1100:
592:"Capitalizing on the Underdog Effect"
2786:Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love
1350:"2000 IFMAR Electric On-Road Worlds"
1300:Gonzalez, George M (November 1998).
1109:. New York: ESPN Books. p. 28.
728:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
125:
70:
29:
1663:Politically Correct Bedtime Stories
1242:Vogel, Greg; Vieira, Peter (2002).
1047:
24:
2857:A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes
1330:"Welcome to OnTrack '98 with RCCi"
1286:Radio Controlled Car International
1021:
604:from the original on 13 April 2021
141:tone or style may not reflect the
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2494:Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister
1377:
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453:rather than genuine empowerment.
334:
45:This article has multiple issues.
3091:
3090:
2258:Cinderella and the Secret Prince
2194:Señorella and the Glass Huarache
740:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00403.x
674:Asian American Sporting Cultures
151:guide to writing better articles
130:
75:
34:
1807:Cinderella or the Glass Slipper
1716:Xuxa em O Mistério de Feiurinha
1218:
1199:
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1123:
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1075:Bonsor, Kevin (17 March 2003).
1068:
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636:from the original on 2016-05-29
504:Prior to the widespread use of
331:or understanding.
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53:or discuss these issues on the
1999:Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale
1689:Black Cinderella Two Goes East
1234:
839:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
789:
767:. Princeton University Press.
761:HENRICH, JOSEPH (2015-10-27).
754:
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583:
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2329:I Was a Rat/Cinderella and Me
1348:Buono, Derek (January 2001).
1280:Haswell, Mike (August 2002).
1052:. The Gazette. Archived from
989:Journal of Management Studies
576:
456:
2401:Descendants: The Rise of Red
1450:
1048:Kim, Suzie (26 March 2004).
7:
3137:Majority–minority relations
2960:Disney's Princess Favorites
559:
389:Limitations of the underdog
364:argues that the concept of
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3153:
1273:Radio Controlled Car Racer
814:10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.943
356:Underdog and schadenfreude
198:
3086:
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2943:
2843:Spread a Little Happiness
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2345:Bawang Merah Bawang Putih
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1732:Ralph Breaks the Internet
1627:
1529:Fair, Brown and Trembling
1511:Bawang Merah Bawang Putih
1501:
1456:
1445:
1159:Christian Science Monitor
1077:"How March Madness Works"
764:The Secret of Our Success
676:. NYU Press. p. 79.
549:
526:Miracle of Coogan's Bluff
260:stories, such as that of
234:. An "underdog bet" is a
201:Underdog (disambiguation)
3054:Cinder Ellen up too Late
2920:C\C (Cinderella\Complex)
2878:It's Midnight Cinderella
2719:The Slipper and the Rose
2055:Another Cinderella Story
1927:The Slipper and the Rose
1592:The Story of Tấm and Cám
1354:Radio Control Car Action
1306:Radio Control Car Action
1248:Radio Control Car Action
954:10.1177/0146167207307488
876:Public Opinion Quarterly
626:"Definition of UNDERDOG"
480:City College of New York
400:social desirability bias
3132:19th-century neologisms
3012:The Cinderella Movement
1696:Cinderella's Stepsister
908:SSRN Electronic Journal
630:www.merriam-webster.com
597:Harvard Business Review
90:for confusing structure
3029:A Coach for Cinderella
2631:(1893 Fitinhof-Schell)
2178:Swing Shift Cinderella
2170:Cinderella Meets Fella
1919:Tři oříšky pro Popelku
1903:Stop! Look! and Laugh!
1675:Stop! Look! and Laugh!
1513:(Malay and Indonesian)
835:Heider, Fritz (1958).
409:Moreover, reliance on
396:demand characteristics
360:Austrian psychologist
242:are generally higher.
211:
3036:A Ride for Cinderella
2773:A Kiss for Cinderella
2679:A Stubborn Cinderella
2297:Cinderella Monogatari
1831:A Kiss for Cinderella
1282:"On-Road Worlds 2002"
512:, as in the "Miracle
209:
2639:(1900 Strauss-Bayer)
2446:Nine Coaches Waiting
2393:Aik Nayee Cinderella
2226:Happily N'Ever After
1823:A Lowland Cinderella
1754:or Boots (Norwegian)
1599:Sumiyoshi Monogatari
1586:The Sharp Grey Sheep
1517:Beauty and Pock Face
916:10.2139/ssrn.4423168
532:" of 1969, and the "
411:self-report measures
199:For other uses, see
2906:Stealing Cinderella
2850:Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo
2510:The Fairy Godmother
1911:More Than a Miracle
1863:Princess Cinderella
1709:Lying to Be Perfect
1669:Disney's characters
1612:The Wonderful Birch
1566:Ochikubo Monogatari
1387:. The Phrase Finder
1358:Wilton, Connecticut
1310:Wilton, Connecticut
1252:Wilton, Connecticut
1101:Forde, Pat (2009).
773:10.2307/j.ctvc77f0d
3127:Sports terminology
3069:Naughty Cinderella
3002:Cinderella complex
2952:A Cinderella Story
2502:Chinese Cinderella
2242:Cinderella the Cat
2047:A Cinderella Story
2036:A Cinderella Story
1553:Kongjwi and Patjwi
1135:MovieSoundsCentral
1001:10.1111/joms.12839
486:in the 1980 movie
212:
94:You can assist by
3104:
3103:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3007:Cinderella effect
2987:(2021 soundtrack)
2979:(2015 soundtrack)
2971:(2013 cast album)
2955:(2004 soundtrack)
2542:Princess of Glass
2526:Bella at Midnight
2518:Phoenix and Ashes
2268:
2267:
1879:The Glass Slipper
1771:
1770:
1767:
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1724:Cinderella's Eyes
1547:Katie Woodencloak
1488:Wicked stepmother
1081:HowStuffWorks.com
948:(12): 1603–1616.
845:10.1037/10628-000
782:978-1-4008-7329-6
734:(10): 2550–2573.
600:(November 2010).
550:Гроза авторитетов
542:David and Goliath
413:in the study may
370:social scientists
262:David and Goliath
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143:encyclopedic tone
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2711:The Penny Friend
2647:(1945 Prokofiev)
2612:(2016 Deutscher)
2454:The Coachman Rat
2281:Hey, Cinderella!
2234:Year of the Fish
2218:The Magic Riddle
2154:Cinderella Blues
2119:Dreams Come True
2071:If the Shoe Fits
2063:Once Upon a Song
2031:
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1967:If the Shoe Fits
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522:Miracle on Grass
476:the Disney movie
423:generalizability
283:In fiction, the
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153:for suggestions.
149:See Knowledge's
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2162:Poor Cinderella
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2127:A Twist in Time
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2433:(1925–1961)
2414:adaptations
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2023:Sneakerella
1895:Cinderfella
1682:Waltz Suite
1658:(2014 film)
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1235:Works cited
1086:28 February
1060:28 February
536:" in 1980.
484:Bill Murray
379:Edward Kain
345:empowerment
270:King Arthur
3111:Categories
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2305:Cinderella
2273:Television
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2015:Cinderella
1991:Cinderella
1975:Ever After
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1191:2013-03-24
1140:2007-02-26
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1504:variation
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924:1556-5068
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748:0021-9029
440:byproduct
419:phenomena
307:empathise
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56:talk page
18:Underdogs
3096:Category
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2929:" (2020)
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2880:" (1996)
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2866:" (1987)
2859:" (1950)
2852:" (1949)
2845:" (1929)
2663:Musicals
2412:Literary
2377:Grazilda
2250:Charming
1758:Fire Boy
1745:versions
1704:(sports)
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1574:Rhodopis
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1451:Universe
1437:and the
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1028:ESPN.com
970:18000097
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634:Archived
608:13 April
602:Archived
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2781:Comics
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1165:10 June
546:Russian
520:, the "
510:Miracle
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404:disdain
329:empathy
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1433:" by
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232:upset
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2007:Rags
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