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Black literary groups to make an impact as radical in the sense of establishing their own voice distinct from, and sometimes at odds with, the prevailing white literary establishment. The attempt to merge a Black-oriented activist thrust with a primarily artistic orientation produced a classic split
357:, along with Umbra writer Charles Patterson and Charles's brother, William Patterson. Touré joined Jones, Steve Young, and others at BART/S (Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School). Umbra is often cited as a predecessor to the Black Arts Movement, and is discussed in books such as
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in Umbra between those who wanted to be activists and those who thought of themselves as primarily writers, though to some extent all members shared both views. Black writers have always had to face the issue of whether their work was primarily
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and Tom Dent, were produced during the group's life-time, including a 'Richard Wright
Mnemonicon' in the second issue. After the group split and the workshops themselves ended following the assassinations of
217:, which grew out of Friday-night workshops, meetings, and readings on Manhattan's Lower East Side in summer 1962, "and out of the need expressed for it at those meetings". Two issues, edited by
381:. Many members of Umbra took part in Black Arts and post-Black Arts activity, including Ishmael Reed's Before Columbus Foundation in California, David Henderson's involvement with the
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in New York, and Tom Dent's work with The Free
Southern Theatre in New Orleans. (Dent also established the long-running magazine
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Fortune, Angela Joy, "Keeping the
Communal Tradition of the Umbra Poets: Creating Space for Writing",
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473:"Dent, Tom (1932-1998)", in William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster & Trudier Harris (eds),
440:). A longer version of the same essay appears in Joseph Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot (eds),
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All Poets
Welcome: The Lower East Side Poetry Scene in the 1960s
185:, among others. On Guard was active in a famous protest at the
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A Black Arts Poetry
Machine: Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets
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A Black Arts Poetry
Machine: Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets
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and was active in support of the
Congolese liberation leader
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The
Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature
436:), and Volume 24, issue 4, (Fourth Quarter) 1984, 237–254 (
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Oren, Michel, 'A '60s Saga: The Life and Death of Umbra',
425:, University of California Press, 2003, pp. 79–90.
197:. From On Guard, Dent, Johnson, and Brenda Walcott and
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Belief Vs. Theory in Black
American Literary Criticism
432:, Volume 24, issue 3, (Third Quarter) 1984, 167–181 (
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
391:, alongside Charles Henry Rowell and Jerry Ward.)
560:
550:, Vol. 3 Issue 1, January/February 2001, p. 32.
538:Historical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement
165:. Its members included Nannie and Walter Bowe,
16:Collective of young black writers, founded 1962
161:, had been founded on the Lower East Side by
507:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019, pp. 13 and 100.
478:, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 106–07.
349:Askia Touré, a major shaper of "cultural
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
494:, Volume XXXXVII, Number 24, 1 May 1963.
334:(Roland Snellings; also a visual artist)
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444:, Penkevill Publishing Company, 1986.
171:The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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488:"Umbra Poets Read Their Own Poetry"
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524:No. 1 (December 1976), pp. v–vi.
455:No. 4 (October 1978), pp. 53–72.
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144:Umbra was one of the first post-
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34:needs additional citations for
544:"Black Bohemia's Tribal Elder"
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273:Thomas Covington Dent/Tom Dent
211:The Umbra collective produced
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554:"A Black Arts Poetry Machine"
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419:and Lower East Side Poetics"
411:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
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250:, co-edited by Henderson,
236:Umbra Anthology: 1967–1968
191:Bay of Pigs Cuban invasion
189:of the American-sponsored
136:that was founded in 1962.
124:was a collective of young
169:(who was then working on
548:Black Issues Book Review
353:", directly influenced
569:African-American poets
492:Vassar Miscellany News
402:Black History Bulletin
379:Extraordinary Measures
377:and Lorenzo Thomas's
256:Victor Hernandez Cruz
383:Nuyorican Poets Cafe
340:Raymond R. Patterson
159:On Guard for Freedom
43:improve this article
201:established Umbra.
173:, 1967), Tom Dent,
365:, Aldon Nielsen's
247:Umbra Latin / Soul
58:"Umbra" poets
447:Thomas, Lorenzo,
375:The Magic of Juju
311:, musician-writer
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252:Barbara Christian
128:writers based in
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99:December 2013
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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315:Cecil Taylor
309:Archie Shepp
304:Ishmael Reed
268:Steve Cannon
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183:Sarah Wright
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167:Harold Cruse
163:Calvin Hicks
146:civil rights
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
516:Tom Dent, '
430:Freedomways
367:Black Chant
355:LeRoi Jones
351:nationalism
290:Joe Johnson
258:, in 1974.
199:Askia Touré
179:LeRoi Jones
563:Categories
460:References
363:Drumvoices
320:Art Berger
140:Background
69:newspapers
277:Al Haynes
228:Malcolm X
155:aesthetic
151:political
130:Manhattan
522:Callaloo
453:Callaloo
388:Callaloo
175:Rosa Guy
518:Preface
83:scholar
438:Part 2
434:Part 1
181:, and
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417:Umbra
126:black
122:Umbra
90:JSTOR
76:books
254:and
230:and
62:news
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153:or
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