Cheating in chess - Knowledge

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other players as well. I watched W.S. and noticed that he played a number of moves very rapidly and then disappeared in the toilet. I followed him and could hear no sound coming from the stall. I looked under the door and saw that his feet were pointing sideways, so that he could not have been using the toilet. So I entered the neighbouring stall, stood on the toilet bowl and looked over the dividing wall. I saw W.S. standing there with a handheld PC which displayed a running chess program. He was using a stylus to operate it. I immediately disqualified the player. When confronted he claimed that he was only checking his emails, so I asked him to show me the computer, which he refused to do. There are witnesses for my investigation in the toilet, and we will ask the chess federation of our state to ban the player from playing in other tournaments.

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to broker a resolution regarding many problems in the RCF, including Crișan's rating. Crișan then was arrested and imprisoned on fraud charges relating to his management of the company Urex Rovinari and disappeared from chess, thus failing to fulfill the conditions of the resolution and so activating the above recommendations regarding title revocation. FIDE did not fully update its online information until August 2015, when all his titles were removed and his rating adjusted downwards to 2132. When writing about the Crișan case, Ian Rogers alleges that Andrei Makarov (at the time a FIDE vice-president and Russian chess federation president) had arranged an IM title for himself through nonexistent tournaments in 1994.

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he said something like, "Oh, first the exchange, of course." put his bishop back, took my rook, and the game continued. I don't know what should have been done differently in this situation—in Azmai's place, some might have resigned immediately, and in my place, some would have demanded that he make a move with his bishop but I didn't want to ruin the logical development of the duel, so I didn't object when Azmai made a different move: the mistake was obviously nothing to do with chess! When we signed the score sheets, Azmai suggested to me that we consider the game a draw. After the game I was left with an unpleasant aftertaste, but that was due mainly to my own play."

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published rules for that event expressly prohibited. Directors suspected that he was receiving moves over the phone from an accomplice elsewhere in the building. His results were expunged from the tournament and an ethics complaint lodged. Six weeks later, the same player entered the World Open and tied for first through third place in the Under-2200 section, pocketing $ 5,833. An attempt was made to eject him midway through that event, when the organizers belatedly learned about the earlier incident in Minnesota. But, lacking any specific allegation that he was cheating in the World Open, they backtracked and re-admitted him after he threatened legal action.

863:-enabled device which had been sewn into his cap. His accomplices were outside the building, and were relaying moves from a computer simulation. Officials became suspicious after Sharma had made unusually large gains in rating points during the previous 18 months, even qualifying for the national championship. Umakant began the year with an average rating of 1933, and in 64 games gained over 500 points to attain a rating of 2484. Officials received multiple written complaints alleging that Umakant's moves were in exactly the same sequence suggested by the chess computer. Eventually, in the seventh round of the tournament, 567:, and with little time left on both players' clocks, Inarkiev made an illegal move by failing to remove Carlsen's preceding check. Instead, he checked Carlsen's king. Carlsen automatically moved his king out of check, but Inarkiev then claimed that Carlsen had made an illegal move, and that Carlsen's only legal play had been to point out Inarkiev's illegal move. The deputy arbiter agreed with Inarkiev's interpretation of the rules and awarded him the win. The decision was appealed and the initial ruling was overturned, with the new ruling to resume play. Inarkiev received criticism for 552:

but they only apply when the illegal move is noticed. Normally, illegal moves are simple mistakes from time pressure, but if made intentionally are considered cheating. Intentional use of an illegal move is rare in high level games. In all but the fastest matches, sufficiently skilled chess players have a strong mental picture of the board state such that a manipulation is obvious, and the penalties from making an illegal move mean that it is rarely worthwhile if the cheating player is caught.

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suggestions, essentially letting the program play for them. Electronic communication with an accomplice during face-to-face competitive chess is a similar type of cheating; the accomplice can either be using a computer program or else simply be a much better player than their associate. Modern chess websites will analyze games after the fact to give a probabilistic determination on whether a player received surreptitious help as part of an effort to detect and discourage such behaviors.

405: 398: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 343: 893:. On the screen, the current position of the game was shown. The arbiter declared the game lost and informed the Dutch Federation about the incident. The competition manager communicated a heavy penalty: the player was banned from playing in the Dutch League and Cup matches, not only for that season, but also for the next two seasons. The competition manager applied article 20.3 of the Federation's competition regulations. 231:, it must be moved if it has a legal move. In addition, if a piece is picked up and released on another square, the move must stand if it is a legal move. If an opponent's piece is touched, it must be captured if it is legal to do so. These rules are often difficult to enforce when the only witnesses are the two players themselves. Nevertheless, violations of these rules are considered to be cheating. 655:, to make a certain move. Sébastien Feller was given a two-year and nine months suspension, Cyril Marzolo was given a one-year and six-month suspension, and Arnaud Hauchard was given a three-year suspension by the FIDE Ethics Commission. Unlike other cases, each player involved was a legitimate Grandmaster or International Master. None of the other players on the team knew of this or were involved. 5623: 969:. In April 2016 he received a two-year ban on domestic competition from the Central Board of the Norwegian Chess Federation (NSF). Bjørnsen's appeal to the federation's rules committee was turned down in September 2016. Bjørnsen returned in 2018 after serving the ban. In March that year he was caught with a Bluetooth earpiece taped to his hand during a club tournament in 667:

Ivanov's rude behavior toward his accusers. After various interludes, he was banned permanently by the Bulgarian Chess Federation. The incidents were significant as they were one of the first times that statistical methods were used to analyze move-matching with computer programs, even though in the end such evidence was never used in a formal legal procedure.

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disqualified from the event. In the same event, Eugene Varshavsky was also accused of cheating due to his unusually good performance for a low-ranked player and his moves matching up with the commercially-available chess engine Shredder, although no cheating device or transmitter was found either on his person or in the bathroom stall he had been occupying.

183:, Soviet players were accused of colluding with each other as if they were playing for the same team—setting up easy draws with each other so that they could focus their attention and preparation on matches against non-Soviet players, or outright resignations if a favored player played a lesser player. The most famous alleged instance was at the 953:

incidents, the player was using the chess engine disguised as using eNotate, which is one of two electronic chess notation programs permitted to be used at USCF tournaments. While the player only admitted to using the chess engine in that one match, his results suggested he had been using the program for several tournaments.

584:. This almost never happens in tournaments, but can happen in casual games where there is essentially no penalty for getting caught. A few "chess hustlers" playing casual games of speed chess for money in public parks have been caught using such techniques, although it is agreed that most hustlers do not cheat. 1093:

used the trick against eight leading British chess players in his television show. In most simultaneous exhibitions, the player giving the exhibition always plays the same color (by convention white) in all matches, rendering this trick ineffective; even with a mixed group, attempting to use this in

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rating list. A committee overseeing the matter recommended his rating be erased and his Grandmaster title revoked. While the Romanian Chess Federation initially favored action against Crișan, eventually he became the RCF president and changed the policy, creating such a situation that FIDE intervened

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rating system in this way; at his peak in 1996 his USCF rating was in excess of 2700, the second highest in the country at the time. As a long-term prison inmate, he was necessarily restricted in the range of opponents available to him. The USCF suspected that he had deliberately inflated the ratings

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In the Philadelphia World Open 2006, Steve Rosenberg, who was playing in a lower section, was leading before the final round. A victory would have been worth about $ 18,000. He was confronted by a tournament director and found to be using a wireless transmitter and receiver called a "Phonito". He was

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officials searched the players on the top eight boards with a metal detector and found that Umakant was the only player who was cheating. Umakant's ten-year ban was imposed by the All India Chess Federation (AICF) after reviewing evidence presented by Umakant himself and the electronic devices seized

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In the HB Global Chess Challenge 2005 (in Minneapolis, Minnesota), a player in the Under-2000 section exited the event under suspicion of cheating, while his final-round game was under way. According to tournament officials, he was caught repeatedly talking on his cell phone during his game—which the

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Technology has been used by chess cheaters in several ways. The most common way is to use a chess program while playing chess remotely, such as on the Internet or in correspondence chess. Rather than play the game directly, the cheater simply inputs the moves so far into the program and follows its

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in a blitz match. Noritsyn was in a good position but was extremely low on time, having less than ten seconds left. He moved a pawn to the eighth rank to promote, and FIDE rules require that pawns are replaced by their promoted piece before the move is complete and the clock can be pressed. Sambuev

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A dishonest player can make an illegal move and hope their opponent does not notice. The rules of chess have had differing penalties for making an illegal move over time, varying from outright loss of the game on the spot to backing the game up and adding additional time to the other player's clock,

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in 1994 after momentarily letting go of a piece. Kasparov went on to win the game. The tournament officials had video records proving that his hand left the piece, but refused to release the evidence. A factor counting against Polgár was that she waited a whole day before complaining, and such claims

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At the 2013 Cork Congress Chess Open, a 16-year-old player was found to be using a chess program on a smartphone when his opponent confronted him in the toilets by kicking down the cubicle door and physically hauling him out. The opponent received a ten-month ban for violent conduct. The 16-year-old

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In the sixth round a player came to me and said he suspected his opponent, W.S. from L., was using illicit aids during the game. He often left the board for protracted periods of time to go to the toilet, even when (especially when) it was his turn to play. He had done this in earlier rounds against

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Sandbagging involves deliberately losing rated games in order to lower one's rating so that one is eligible to enter the lower-rated section of a tournament with substantial prize money. This is most common in the United States, where the prize money for large open tournaments can be over $ 10,000,

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had the black queen concealed in his hand, and the arbiters had not made any spare queens available. Pressed for time, Noritsyn opted to use an upside-down rook to indicate he wanted a queen, rather than pause the game to complain that the queen was missing from the supply and ask for a spare. The

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Both grandmasters were fighting for the lead, and the encounter had huge sporting significance. In an ending that was favourable to him, Azmai picked up the bishop, intending to make a move with it instead of first exchanging rooks. Malakhov recalled: "Seeing that the rooks were still on the board,

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was alleged to have rigged the results of the Strumica tournament of 1995 to allow him to reach the chess elite. In 2003, Sveshnikov referred to these high-profile Crișan and Azmaiparashvili incidents as "open secrets", at a time when both purported culprits were heavily involved in FIDE politics.

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In January 2016, the blind Norwegian player Stein Bjørnsen was accused of cheating after playing games that showed a very high correlation with computer analysis. Due to his disability, Bjørnsen had been allowed to keep a record of his moves with a recorder coupled to an ear plug. The ear plug was

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aspect came after the arbiters paused; rather than inform the arbiter that he had the queen in his hand and had forgotten to place it with the other previously captured pieces by accident, Sambuev quietly put the queen back with the others, and let the arbiters come to the conclusion that Noritsyn

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of reneging on a deal to draw the game, with Grundy instead trying to play for a win. A newspaper article contemporary to the event stated, "Ware's avowal of his right to sell a game in a tourney was a novelty in chess ethics ... Ware's veracity has not been questioned, only his obliquity of moral

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during its most prosperous period), a loud-mouthed chess "unbeatable champion" (who mostly depends on winning by cheating) takes advantage of the emperor's sleep due to boredom and starts shouting along with followers (who have accompanied him from an opponent kingdom), successfully convincing the

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Rumors of rigged tournaments are not unheard of in the chess world. For instance, in 2005, FIDE refused to ratify norms from the Alushta (Ukraine) tournaments, claiming that the games did not meet ethical expectations. A number of players involved protested over the matter. A different Ukrainian

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An extreme example of illegal moves is to outright manipulate the board such as by adjusting pieces on the border to the wrong square, removing opponent's pieces, or adding extra pieces to the cheater's own position, perhaps while the opponent is not at the board to observe or via sleight-of-hand

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with childish taunts. Chess.com found that Petrosian and by extension, his team, the Armenia Eagles, had violated fair play regulations. The team was disqualified and the Saint Louis Arch Bishops were subsequently crowned champions. Chess.com and the PRO Chess League both issued lifetime bans to

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in the chess world in 2012 and 2013, with cheating first being alleged at the Zadar Open, and then in Kyustendil. He was banned for four months by the Bulgarian Chess Federation, though this ban was overturned due to procedural defects, and was not based upon the cheating allegations, but rather

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laws of chess states: "The players shall take no action that will bring the game of chess into disrepute." (This was article 12.1 in an earlier edition.) For example, while deliberately sneaking a captured piece back onto the board may be construed as an illegal move that is sanctioned by a time

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in online play is a potential area for exploitation. Many chess programs attempt to make it so that a player's clock only starts running once they receive their opponent's move, to ensure fairness when two distant players are matched with each other. This allowed a number of stratagems if the

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At the 2012 Virginia Scholastic and Collegiate Championships, a player was caught using a chess engine running on a PDA. The player was disqualified from the tournament, had his membership to the Virginia Chess Federation suspended, and had an ethics complaint filed to the USCF. Unlike other

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In the Subroto Mukerjee memorial international rating chess tournament 2006, an Indian chess player was banned from playing competitive chess for ten years due to cheating. During the tournament at Subroto Park, Umakant Sharma was caught receiving instructions from an accomplice using a

622:, which would essentially put extra time on the cheater's clock. For example, the cheater might take 5 seconds to make a move after seeing their opponent's move, but their software would claim only 4 seconds were taken to the server - a significant advantage in rapidly paced games. 647:, three French players were caught in a scheme to use a computer program to decide moves. Their plan involved one player, Cyril Marzolo, following the tournament at home and using the computer program to decide the best moves. He would send the moves by SMS to the team coach, 126:

In contrast to the modern methods of cheating by playing moves calculated by machines, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the public were hoaxed by the opposite deception in which machines played moves of hidden humans. The first and most famous of the chess automaton hoaxes was

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A limited pool of players who rarely or never play against players from outside of that pool can cause distortions in the Elo rating system, especially if one or more of the players is significantly stronger than the others, or if the results are deliberately manipulated.

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wrote that "prearrangement of results is extremely commonplace, even at the highest levels of chess. This especially holds true for draws... There is a bit of a code of silence at the top levels of chess." The subject had been partially broached (in the U.S. context) by

990:. The website banned Kamath's account for violating its fair play policy. The incident led to heavy criticism and discussion on social media after which Kamath confessed to using analysts and computers during his game and responded by apologising for "causing confusion". 34:

or other behaviour that is intended to give an unfair advantage to a player or team. Cheating can occur in many forms and can take place before, during, or after a game. Commonly cited instances of cheating include: collusion with spectators or other players, use of

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an in-person circle is rather obvious due to more delayed moves than usual, as the player must always look at a given board, not make a move immediately, mirror the move seen on the opposite board, wait for the reply, then send the reply back to the original board.

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In the 2009 Norths Chess Club Centenary Year Under 1600 Tournament, a 14-year-old boy was caught using what the arbiter called a "hand-held machine" in the toilets. The game was declared lost and the boy was expelled from the tournament. He was using the program

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for the 1963 World Chess Championship, where the three top-finishing Soviet players finished with draws in all their matches against each other. Journalist Nicholas Gilmore thought that Western Bloc accusations of Soviet collusion (especially by American

827:. This player was wearing headphones during the tournament, and had a suspicious bulge in his pocket that buzzed during certain moments of the game. He was disqualified when the tournament director found that he lacked even a basic understanding of chess. 204:

a few years earlier, saying "It's no secret how people act when facing a last-round situation when a draw gives no prize ... People will just dump games, period." Concerning an incident involving 2006 US Championship qualification, Shahade blamed the

743:, obtaining over 90% accuracy. Rozman identified a pattern of cheating and reported Dadang's account. The Indonesian media claimed that Dadang was a legitimate player, inciting an online firestorm against Rozman. Dadang's subsequent match against IM 766:

alleged that Niemann had cheated in over 100 online games, including prize money events. The report found evidence of Niemann toggling to a different screen during moves, as well as concluding that Niemann had cheated against top players, including

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Hooper and Whyld, p. 252, says "...he played in the Sousse Interzonal in which, after a little cheating (see j'adoube), he came ninth." p. 185 (the "j'adoube" entry) says: "...withdrew a losing move saying "Ich spreche j'doube"; this ruse went

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by replicating the moves made by one of his white opponents in a match against a black opponent, and vice versa; the opponents in effect play each other rather than the giver of the simul. This may be considered cheating in some events such as

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In February 2016, Sergey Aslanov was expelled from the Moscow Open, for a smartphone in the toilet, hidden under a loose tile behind a drainpipe. He declared himself to be guilty of error but not a crime, and was only suspended for one

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must be made during the game. The videotape revealed that Kasparov did let go of the piece for one-quarter of a second. Cognitive psychologist Robert Solso stated that it is too short a time to make a conscious decision.

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bonus to the opponent and a reinstatement of the last legal position, the rule forbidding actions that bring chess into disrepute may also be invoked to hand down a more severe sanction such as the loss of the game.

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was caught cheating in the Strasbourg Open, using a mobile phone in the bathroom. He admitted to having cheated, and announced his retirement from chess. He was stripped of his Grandmaster title in December of that

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had simply erred in taking a rook. The arbiters ruled that the rook promotion stood. Sambuev went on to win the game, and Noritsyn's appeal after video showing Sambuev holding then replacing the queen was denied.

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At the 2014 Iasi Open, Wesley Vermeulen was caught cheating by consulting a mobile phone in the toilet, admitted his offense, and was eventually banned for one year by both the Dutch chess federation and

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vision ..." Six prior allegations of similar collusion and bribery, including another against Ware, were listed from 1876 to 1880 in that article on the Ware-Grundy affair, which was published in the

1758:"When the man in the street hears of someone cheating at chess...usually involve a violation of article 7 of the Laws of Chess, usually called the 'touch-move' rule.", Lombardy & Daniels, p. 102 791:, and was banned from the platform. In October 2022, Niemann filed a $ 100 million lawsuit against Magnus Carlsen and Chess.com, accusing them of defamation. The lawsuit was dismissed in June 2023. 876:

did not receive such lengthy suspensions. When officials were asked about the suspension they stated, "We wanted to be frank and send a stern message to all players. It is like cheating on exams."

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tournament in 2005 was found to be completely fake. Usually the strongest players are not involved in these, as they are more for careerist players to gain title norms or small rating gains, but

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in the 1960s, a number of attempts have been made to manipulate the rating system, either to deliberately inflate one's rating or to disguise one's strength by deliberately losing rating points.

930:. It was the first example of a chess player getting caught while using an electronic device in Australia, and so it quickly became a big story in the relatively small Australian chess community. 3305: 3148: 1036:

of his opponents; Bloodgood denied this, attributing his inflated rating to a quirk in the rating system resulting from his regularly playing against a limited pool of much weaker players.

62:. Use of electronic devices by players is strictly forbidden. Further, the FIDE Arbiter's manual contains detailed anti-cheating guidelines for arbiters. Online play is covered separately. 2274: 630:

Due to the great multiplication of technological cheating incidents, the following examples concentrate only on those that are either at a high level, or are of historical significance.

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Opinions differ over how effective collusion may be. For example, if a leading player draws his game, it may allow his rivals to gain ground on him by winning their games. During the

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A rare possible example of physical piece manipulation at the grandmaster level involved removing captured off-the-board pieces. At the 2017 Canadian Championship in Montreal, GM

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received 1.25 million live viewers on YouTube, a historic record for a chess stream. Dadang lost three consecutive matches to Sukandar, with an accuracy of less than 40%.

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Cheating at chess is almost as old as the game itself, and may even have caused chess-related deaths. According to one legend, a dispute over cheating at chess led King

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for creating perverse incentives. Frederic Friedel reported that the PCA had considered running a series of open tournaments in 1990s, but for similar reasons given by

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Open 2008, M. Sadatnajafi, an untitled Iranian player (rated 2288 at the time), was disqualified from the tournament after he was caught receiving suggested moves by

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In the Lampertheim Open Tournament 2002 the arbiter announced the disqualification of a player before round seven. Markus Keller explained what had happened:

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There was widespread reporting of anomalous Burmese (Myanmar) rating movements in the late 1990s, with Milan Novkovic giving an analysis of manipulation in

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In a Dutch League 2C 2007 match between Bergen op Zoom and AAS, the arbiter caught the team captain of AAS (who was playing on board 6) using a

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Over the years, there have been many accusations of collusion, either of players deliberately losing (often to help a friend or teammate get a

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during a game. He was later stripped of his grandmaster title and banned from competition for three years, though he was allowed to keep his

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FIDE has covered the use of electronic devices and manipulating competitions in its Anti-Cheating Regulations, which must be enforced by the

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by the tournament organizers. The penalty was considered harsh, especially considering that those in other sports who have been found to be

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ultimately declined, saying that deliberately losing games was "very real in the many open tournaments that are staged all over the world."

914:. The game was being relayed live over the Internet and it was alleged that his friends were following it and guiding him using a computer. 3085: 2885: 2422: 2394: 5403: 2953: 2138: 889:. The player was outside the playing hall, with permission, to get some fresh air. The arbiter had followed him and caught him using 4960: 723:(coincidentally, Nigalidze's opponent during the latter's 2015 incident), of cheating in his semi-final and final games during the 184: 5418: 5378: 3595: 5398: 2448: 2237: 3270: 2688: 5393: 3822: 2654: 2317: 1862: 1055:, who allegedly falsified tournament reports to gain a Grandmaster title and was ranked 33rd in the world on the April 2001 571:

for attempting to use his own illegal move as a way to win, and Carlsen took the win after Inarkiev refused to resume play.

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in 1967. Matulović played a losing move but then took it back after saying "J'adoube" ("I adjust"—which should be announced

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Smart Chip From St Petersburg (and other tales from a bygone chess area), published by New in Chess, June 2014,

5363: 5353: 5348: 4016: 3978: 3306:"Chess platform bans Zerodha co-founder Nikhil Kamath for cheating in charity match against Vishwanathan Anand" 3224: 1148: 1136: 1032: 1013: 556: 17: 1328: 5498: 5408: 5343: 4924: 4686: 4237: 3757: 2216: 255: 4762: 4242: 3113: 2801: 3402: 5512: 5461: 5171: 3695:"Evgeny Sveshnikov: "Only fools learn from their mistakes. It seems I am one of them..." - chess-news.ru" 2860: 1737: 802: 168: 1979: 1712: 227:

In chess, the "touch-move" rule states that if a player (whose turn it is to move) touches one of their

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Ashley catches the hustler trying to cheat by taking two of Ashley's knights with one pawn in one move.

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In March 2021, an Indonesian player identified as Dadang Subur played a computer-assisted game against

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but the modified move was allowed to stand. This incident earned Matulović the nickname "J'adoubović".

3672: 2689:"Hans Niemann Files $ 100 Million Lawsuit Against Magnus Carlsen, Chess.com Over Cheating Allegations" 5517: 5451: 5301: 5196: 5045: 2576: 936: 86:, which involves a ruse to allow a weak player to beat a much stronger one, using messages passed on 1899: 5493: 5466: 5308: 5030: 4423: 4418: 4375: 4274: 3338:"Zerodha's Nikhil Kamath banned from Chess.com for cheating against Viswanathan Anand, says report" 3062: 2928: 4109: 731:. So was rated the eighth-highest player in the world at the time. Petrosian responded to So on 5658: 5602: 5132: 4797: 2344:"Уличённый в читерстве на Moscow Open Сергей Асланов отделался мягким наказанием - chess-news.ru" 1016:

has included minimum ratings based on previous ratings or money winnings to minimize the effect.

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Even if an arguably unethical action is not covered explicitly by the rules, article 11.1 of the

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How to Cheat at Chess: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Chess, But Were Afraid to Ask

911: 3582:, download and compare Crișan's rating between the July 2015 and August 2015 (FIDE ID 1201271) 3556: 5318: 5241: 5127: 4827: 4822: 4509: 4232: 4191: 3973: 1362: 1065: 614: 270: 3647: 1954: 1900:"New York Chess Hustler Talks a Lot of Trash, Doesn't Realize His Opponent Is a Grandmaster" 1274: 684:

was banned from the Dubai Open Chess Tournament after officials discovered him consulting a

277:, who eventually finished first and second respectively in the event. According to the book 5035: 4972: 4931: 4892: 4674: 4664: 4594: 4408: 4339: 4264: 4149: 3948: 2957: 927: 697: 136: 2628: 8: 5483: 5263: 5015: 4902: 4872: 4842: 4814: 4787: 4730: 4631: 4599: 4559: 4514: 4227: 4169: 4044: 3992: 3987: 3914: 3872: 1161: 978:

In June 2021, the Indian billionaire Nikhil Kamath cheated against former world champion

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even in the lower-rated sections. Sandbagging is very difficult to detect and prove, so

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FIDE: Dubai bans Georgian Chess Champion Caught Cheating at Dubai Open Chess Tournament

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later found to be incompatible with the recorder, but capable of receiving messages by

780: 772: 663: 619: 3780: 3031: 2979: 2757: 2655:"Chess Investigation Finds That U.S. Grandmaster 'Likely Cheated' More Than 100 Times" 247: 5573: 5446: 5258: 5216: 5147: 5099: 5082: 5062: 4914: 4852: 4792: 4767: 4614: 4579: 4574: 4554: 4542: 4385: 4353: 4319: 4136: 4130: 4091: 3958: 3844: 3818: 3603: 3506: 2662: 1825: 1577: 1538: 1235: 1140: 1128: 979: 768: 675: 152: 93:. Television shows have engaged the plot of cheating in chess, including episodes of 1886: 947:. Natsidis admitted that he had cheated, and was disqualified from the championship. 618:

client-side timing could be compromised, such as via pretending to have a very slow

5568: 5441: 5283: 5226: 5137: 5087: 4936: 4882: 4877: 4867: 4782: 4703: 4693: 4669: 4636: 4208: 4122: 3896: 3832: 2740:"Hans Niemann's $ 100 Million Lawsuit Over Chess Cheating Allegations Is Dismissed" 1663:"The United States Chess Federation - Greg on Chess: the Trouble with Round-Robins" 1621: 1115: 1028: 864: 806: 728: 592: 560: 201: 156: 110: 87: 75: 71: 3837: 3370:"Chess, charity, cheat… Twitter ablaze after GM Viswanathan Anand unfairly beaten" 2321: 2019: 830:

The 1998 Böblingen Open saw Clemens Allwermann latterly accused of cheating using

801:

One of the earliest known cases of using technology to cheat occurred in the 1993

5533: 5507: 5328: 5323: 5273: 5211: 5020: 4995: 4980: 4777: 4735: 4718: 4619: 4537: 4499: 4477: 4462: 4393: 4370: 4329: 4324: 4203: 4186: 4026: 3374: 2304: 2281: 2196: 1662: 1610:"Did the Soviets collude? A statistical analysis of championship chess 1940-1978" 1120: 1051:

The most notable international example of ratings manipulation involves Romanian

681: 659: 648: 644: 222: 128: 59: 40: 4802: 4713: 2715:"Hans Niemann sues Magnus Carlsen for $ 100 million, accusing him of defamation" 251: 239: 5632: 5548: 5296: 5142: 5005: 5000: 4837: 4832: 4698: 4656: 4626: 4455: 4398: 4286: 4254: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4159: 4154: 4081: 4076: 3921: 3865: 1846: 1625: 1087: 869: 856: 776: 751: 689: 597: 581: 564: 235: 90: 83: 31: 3732: 3465: 3432: 3415: 2827: 5647: 5607: 5597: 5580: 5253: 5236: 5163: 5052: 5010: 4990: 4772: 4754: 4745: 4708: 4641: 4564: 4549: 4504: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4304: 4066: 4004: 3310: 2666: 2427: 2423:"Chess grandmaster allegedly caught cheating on the toilet during tournament" 788: 588: 555:

A rare example where a high level player was accused of this was at the 2017

282: 189: 1352:"CHAPTER 3: ANTI-CHEATING GUIDELINES (B06 ANNEX 6)" in FIDE Arbiter's manual 1248: 1211: 5627: 5553: 5538: 5268: 5094: 5077: 4985: 4919: 4862: 4857: 4589: 4584: 4524: 4467: 4358: 4314: 4086: 4071: 4061: 3997: 3963: 3936: 3904: 2453: 2449:

Chess grandmaster admits to cheating with phone on toilet during tournament

1090: 1083: 907: 903: 890: 873: 831: 784: 755: 708: 651:, who would then stand or sit at various tables as a signal to the player, 568: 196: 164: 78:

to murder a Danish nobleman. One of the most anthologized chess stories is

36: 3577: 3175:"Chess union to investigate cheating row between players - Independent.ie" 1842:"Magnus Carlsen vs. Ernesto Inarkiev, World Blitz Championship 2017, rd 1" 1275:"FIDE Handbook A. Administrative Subjects / 09. Anti-Cheating Regulations" 4907: 4897: 4646: 4609: 4492: 4103: 4098: 4056: 3909: 3275: 2399: 1000: 922: 740: 228: 148: 106: 1863:"Magnus Carlsen overcomes Ernesto Inarkiev controversy to win in Riyadh" 1460: 5543: 4604: 4440: 4430: 4363: 4347: 4039: 2078:"bTV Репортерите: Борислав Иванов - виновен до доказване на противното" 2003: 1487: 1433: 940: 685: 4110: 2558:"Cheating Controversy Results In Most-Watched Chess Stream In History" 2139:""Серийният измамник" Борислав Иванов е изключен от българския шахмат" 2116: 1640:"Cheating in world chess championships is nothing new, study suggests" 805:. An unrated player using the name "John von Neumann" (not related to 5558: 4887: 4847: 4450: 4445: 4334: 4309: 4034: 3785: 3342: 3035: 2890: 2004:

How to Cheat at Chess: A Security Analysis of the Internet Chess Club

987: 966: 860: 763: 724: 716: 210: 5436: 5246: 4294: 693: 180: 3694: 2368: 2343: 1564:. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006 1525:. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006 262:

adjusting pieces on their square). His opponent complained to the

3968: 732: 2297:

Allegations of Cheating against GM Nigalidze in Dubai Open, 2015

4435: 2602:"Magnus Carlsen publicly accuses Hans Niemann of more cheating" 2577:"Carlsen Makes Statement: 'I Believe Niemann Has Cheated More'" 1077:

A player with no knowledge of chess can achieve a 50% score in

970: 823:

out of 9 games in the Open Section, including a draw against a

101: 3248:"Jukset mot niåring – nå er han ekskludert fra sjakkforbundet" 2161:"Open Letter from Kenneth W. Regan on cheating at chess - ACP" 2034:"FIDE Ethics Commission suspends Hauchard, Feller and Marzolo" 3888: 3032:"Wesley So wins Dubai Open, player disqualified for cheating" 1887:

What Is Chess Hustling & How Much Do Chess Hustlers Make?

1597:

King of the Board: The Soviet Collusion Against Bobby Fischer

899: 269:

The 2003 European Championship saw a "takeback game" between

132: 44: 3271:"Billionaire admits cheating against Anand in charity simul" 3149:"Good news for Limerick chess player at centre of cheat row" 1488:"Cheers - Indoor Fun with Sammy and Robby (TV Episode 1990)" 3953: 3733:"GrandMaster Square >>> Letter from GM Sveshnikov" 2475: 1492: 1465: 1438: 1056: 51: 1267: 3196:

Aaserud, Mikal; Christiansen, Anders K. (25 April 2016).

2369:"Виновен в ошибках, но не в преступлении - chess-news.ru" 2318:"Sergej betrügt mit Smartphone auf der Toilette (German)" 2109:"Съдът оневини благоевградския шахматист Борислав Иванов" 1983: 1434:"Mission: Impossible - A Game of Chess (TV Episode 1968)" 1086:. This can be used against any even number of opponents. 5622: 3857: 3527:"Alexandru Crișan, condamnat la patru ani de închisoare" 3493:. 22 May 2004. Archived from the original on 22 May 2004 1713:"Cheating Heart Attack - The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog" 939:

2011, FM Christoph Natsidis used a chess program on his

39:

during play, rating manipulation, and violations of the

3758:"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!" 3464:. London Chess Centre. 7 September 2001. Archived from 2104: 3128:"Teen caught in chess cheat row is banned - Herald.ie" 2758:"Minutes of the Chess Cheating conference in New York" 2574: 2102: 1212:"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018" 3433:"Top 100 Players April 2001 FIDE Top players archive" 2653:

Robinson, Andrew Beaton and Joshua (4 October 2022).

1307:

Articles 11.3.2.1 and 11.3.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess

3195: 3003:"Dutch chess player banned after using PocketFritz" 2921:"Chess player caught cheating with wireless device" 2859:. Calcutta, India. 12 December 2006. Archived from 2575:Doggers (PeterDoggers), Peter (26 September 2022). 246:Another famous incident occurred in a game between 3836: 1461:"Mission: Impossible - The Pawn (TV Episode 1989)" 159:. One of the earliest evidences is with the Fifth 3416:This Week in Chess 226, section 4 (originally in 2894:. Chennai, India. 6 December 2006. Archived from 1249:"Unusual Events or Are There Still Normal Games?" 1206: 1204: 1202: 546:Black to move after 27.Rxb7+. 27...Ne3+?? 28.Kd3 5645: 3626:"Dear Kirsan Nikolayevich, Alushta is for real!" 3511:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2457:; published 13 July 2019; retrieved 13 July 2019 2251:"Chess grandmaster cheats ... from the bathroom" 1688:"Reality Check - The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog" 1582:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1543:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 303: 3831: 3667: 3665: 3533:(in Romanian). 18 November 2011. Archived from 3458:"FIDE Ruling on Alexandru Crisan (web archive)" 2802:"Scandal in Lampertsheim – cheating in the loo" 2626: 1929:"Controversial Finish to Canadian Championship" 1614:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 973:. The federation expelled Bjørnsen in May 2018. 959:player was banned for four months for cheating. 1264:(see answer to question by J. Roberts on p. 8) 1199: 109:(a real-life personality who lived under king 3873: 2915: 2913: 2627:Team (CHESScom), Chess com (4 October 2022). 1738:"The Bilbao Draw – feedback from our readers" 1310: 3662: 3111: 3026: 3024: 2880: 2878: 2847: 2845: 1386: 1181:"Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too" 2395:"GM Igors Rausis allegedly caught cheating" 1952: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1046: 3880: 3866: 3590: 3588: 3245: 3086:"Christoph Natsidis Punished for Cheating" 2910: 2497:"Cheating controversy at Pro Chess League" 1608:Moul, Charles C.; Nye, John V. C. (2009). 3430: 3400: 3021: 2875: 2842: 2248: 1387:Kling, Joseph; Horwitz, Bernhard (1852). 1162:ChessBase.com: Cheating: What do we know? 1019: 3673:"The fake Heroes of Chernobyl revisited" 3268: 2980:"Cheating Accusations at the World Open" 2948: 2946: 2712: 2652: 2392: 1953:Stapczynski, Colin (20 September 2020). 1791:"Milan Matulovic vs Istvan Bilek (1967)" 1551: 1507: 760:cheating during the 2022 Sinquefield Cup 105:. In televised shows based on humourist 3778: 3585: 3225:"Blind sjakkspiller utestenges i to år" 3198:"Blind sjakkspiller utestengt for juks" 3083: 3056: 3000: 2886:"Player expelled for technology misuse" 2824:"Blockade Chess Cheaters USCF Petition" 2466: 1607: 404: 397: 14: 5646: 2238:FIDE Ethics Commission Decision 6/2014 1860: 1412:"Cheating at Chess and Other Pastimes" 1173: 1126:Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 994: 943:during his last-round game against GM 65: 3861: 3809: 3300: 3298: 3222: 2943: 2853:"Verdict on chess cheating this week" 2442: 1926: 1897: 1380: 1072: 574: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 339: 3114:"The evolution of cheating in chess" 2780:"A history of cheating in chess (3)" 2687:Robinson, Andrew Beaton and Joshua. 2686: 2420: 1632: 1298:Article 12.2.7 in FIDE Laws of Chess 2954:"Umakant Shama banned for 10 years" 2555: 2537:from the original on 3 October 2020 2507:from the original on 8 October 2020 1660: 1246: 300:Carlsen vs. Inarkiev, 2017 (blitz) 121: 24: 3295: 3112:Dave McKenna (12 September 2012). 3001:Doggers, Peter (9 November 2007). 2713:Chappell, Bill (21 October 2022). 2016:"Sanctions confirmées par la FIDE" 1861:Barden, Leonard (5 January 2018). 1109: 750:In September 2022, World Champion 216: 25: 5670: 3779:Daniels, Morgan (29 April 2004). 3382:from the original on 14 June 2021 3350:from the original on 14 June 2021 3318:from the original on 14 June 2021 3283:from the original on 14 June 2021 3057:Doggers, Peter (8 January 2009). 2467:Strydom, F.P. (5 December 2019). 1955:"5 Dirty Tricks Grandmasters Use" 1155: 30:is a deliberate violation of the 5621: 5292:List of strong chess tournaments 3772: 3750: 3725: 3712: 3687: 3640: 3618: 3571: 3557:"Anatoly Karpov speaks his mind" 3269:McGourty, Colin (14 June 2021). 3250:(in Norwegian). Sandefjords blad 3246:Andreassen, Erik (24 May 2018). 3223:Bryne, Lars (9 September 2016). 3005:. ChessVibes.com. Archived from 2956:. Chennai, India. Archived from 2393:McGourty, Colin (12 July 2019). 2107:), Developed by Motion Limited. 1898:Moore, Jack (17 February 2016). 1031:was accused of manipulating the 445: 438: 431: 424: 417: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 341: 294: 4270:Gökyay Association Chess Museum 3549: 3519: 3480: 3450: 3424: 3409: 3394: 3362: 3330: 3262: 3239: 3216: 3189: 3167: 3141: 3120: 3105: 3084:McClain, Dylan (12 June 2011). 3077: 3059:"Is cheating always newsworthy" 3050: 2994: 2972: 2816: 2794: 2772: 2750: 2732: 2706: 2680: 2646: 2620: 2594: 2568: 2549: 2519: 2489: 2460: 2414: 2386: 2361: 2336: 2310: 2287: 2268: 2242: 2231: 2201: 2183: 2153: 2131: 2096: 2070: 2048: 2026: 2008: 1997: 1972: 1946: 1920: 1891: 1880: 1854: 1834: 1818: 1808: 1783: 1774: 1761: 1752: 1730: 1705: 1680: 1654: 1601: 1590: 1559:"The Scandal of 1880, Part Two" 1520:"The Scandal of 1880, Part One" 1480: 1453: 1426: 1404: 1355: 633: 3781:"The magical chess experiment" 3718:Strumica 1995, Azmai's Answer 3648:"The fake Heroes of Chernobyl" 2209:"Nieuwsoverzicht - Schaakbond" 1980:"How To Catch A Chess Cheater" 1422:– via www.bloomberg.com. 1346: 1301: 1292: 1240: 1229: 1006: 557:World Blitz Chess Championship 13: 1: 5390:Computer chess championships 2826:. SeniorChess. Archived from 2056:"Cheating chess champ banned" 1167: 795: 641:2010 FIDE Olympiad Tournament 613:Attempting to compensate for 604: 3061:. ChessVibes. Archived from 2760:. ChessBase. 11 January 2007 625: 142: 7: 5172:Bishop and knight checkmate 2982:. ChessBase. 10 August 2006 2421:Dorn, Sara (13 July 2019). 2249:Holly Yan (13 April 2015). 1927:Klein, Mike (4 July 2017). 1097: 986:charity event organised by 10: 5675: 5335:Other world championships 3462:The Week in Chess Magazine 2165:www.chessprofessionals.org 1626:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.009 999:Since the introduction of 910:while playing Grandmaster 220: 185:1962 Candidates Tournament 155:to help both players in a 118:assembly that he has won. 5616: 5526: 5429: 5282: 5182:Opposite-coloured bishops 5162: 5108: 4971: 4813: 4753: 4744: 4655: 4523: 4384: 4285: 4121: 4025: 3895: 3887: 3835:; Daniels, David (1975). 3815:This Crazy World of Chess 3227:(in Norwegian). Dagbladet 1390:Chess Player, Volumes 1-4 1325:FIDE Arbiter's Commission 937:German Chess Championship 580:techniques borrowed from 238:changed his move against 5309:World Chess Championship 4275:World Chess Hall of Fame 3579:FIDE rating list archive 2469:"FIDE Ethics Commission" 2303:22 February 2017 at the 2293:FIDE Ethics commission, 2280:17 November 2015 at the 2036:. chessdom. 30 July 2012 1318:"ARBITERS'S MANUAL 2020" 1047:False tournament reports 234:In one famous instance, 5603:Simultaneous exhibition 5513:Chess newspaper columns 5202:Rook and bishop vs rook 5192:Queen and pawn vs queen 3116:. Grantland.com (ESPN). 1116:Hartson, William Roland 984:simultaneous exhibition 161:American Chess Congress 5058:Richter–Veresov Attack 5046:Queen's Indian Defence 3403:"Frustrated by Floors" 1020:Small pools of players 845: 292: 5319:Candidates Tournament 5207:Rook and pawn vs rook 5177:King and pawn vs king 5128:List of chess gambits 5031:King's Indian Defence 4709:Isolated Queen's Pawn 4233:List of chess players 4175:Top player comparison 3974:Internet chess server 2629:"Hans Niemann Report" 1066:Zurab Azmaiparashvili 840: 287: 271:Zurab Azmaiparashvili 5036:Nimzo-Indian Defence 4932:Scandinavian Defense 4893:Semi-Italian Opening 4798:King's Indian Attack 4687:first-move advantage 4340:Threefold repetition 4265:Bobby Fischer Center 4150:Charlemagne chessmen 4144:Göttingen manuscript 4108: 3949:Correspondence chess 2219:on 14 September 2014 2195:4 March 2016 at the 2105:http://www.motion.bg 928:PlayStation Portable 715:On October 1, 2020, 698:International Master 176:on 8 February 1880. 131:(1770), followed by 5264:Two knights endgame 5016:Bogo-Indian Defence 4903:Two Knights Defense 4843:Nimzowitsch Defence 4533:Artificial castling 4170:Soviet chess school 4045:Dubrovnik chess set 3600:www.auschess.org.au 3537:on 20 November 2018 2863:on 21 February 2007 2659:Wall Street Journal 2608:. 27 September 2022 1661:Shahade, Jennifer. 995:Rating manipulation 945:Sebastian Siebrecht 96:Mission: Impossible 66:History and culture 5494:endgame literature 5041:Old Indian Defense 4951:Accelerated Dragon 4823:Alekhine's Defence 4555:Checkmate patterns 4424:symbols in Unicode 4419:annotation symbols 4182:Geography of chess 4050:Staunton chess set 3760:. 29 February 2012 3091:The New York Times 3009:on 30 January 2011 2782:. 18 December 2011 2503:. 5 October 2020. 2171:on 25 October 2021 2141:. 24 December 2013 1795:www.chessgames.com 1717:www.chessninja.com 1692:www.chessninja.com 1414:. 19 December 2013 1236:FIDE LAWS of CHESS 1185:The New York Times 1124:. United Kingdom: 1104:Cheating in sports 1079:simultaneous chess 1073:Simultaneous games 781:Ian Nepomniachtchi 773:Krikor Mekhitarian 721:Tigran L Petrosian 575:Board manipulation 5654:Cheating in chess 5641: 5640: 5518:Chess periodicals 5447:Chess in the arts 5379:Chess composition 5217:Philidor position 5158: 5157: 5100:Trompowsky Attack 5083:Semi-Slav Defence 4973:Queen's Pawn Game 4853:Four Knights Game 4828:Caro–Kann Defence 4793:Zukertort Opening 4580:Discovered attack 4300:Cheating in chess 4137:Versus de scachis 3833:Lombardy, William 3824:978-1-58042-237-6 3155:on 24 August 2014 2960:on 3 January 2007 2931:on 1 January 2007 2898:on 6 January 2007 2474:(Press release). 2307:, 4 December 2015 2213:www.schaakbond.nl 2119:on 13 August 2021 2084:on 9 October 2017 2058:. connexionfrance 1780:Evans, pp. 284–85 1740:. 6 November 2007 980:Viswanathan Anand 769:Daniel Naroditsky 544: 543: 275:Vladimir Malakhov 256:Sousse Interzonal 153:agreeing to draws 151:), or of players 28:Cheating in chess 16:(Redirected from 5666: 5628:Chess portal 5626: 5625: 5569:Leela Chess Zero 5500:Oxford Companion 5452:early literature 5442:Chess aesthetics 5187:Pawnless endgame 5138:Bongcloud Attack 5116:List of openings 5088:Chigorin Defense 5026:Grünfeld Defence 4937:Sicilian Defence 4883:Ponziani Opening 4878:Philidor Defence 4873:Petrov's Defence 4815:King's Pawn Game 4788:Larsen's Opening 4751: 4750: 4112: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3842: 3828: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737:www.gmsquare.com 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3606:on 14 April 2018 3602:. 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Archived from 1322: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1254:. The Chess Cafe 1253: 1247:Gijssen, Geurt. 1244: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1177: 1139:1st ed. - 1976; 1053:Alexandru Crișan 1029:Claude Bloodgood 865:Indian Air Force 822: 821: 817: 814: 807:John von Neumann 762:. A report from 729:PRO Chess League 658:The scandals of 653:Sébastien Feller 593:Nikolay Noritsyn 561:Ernesto Inarkiev 449: 448: 442: 441: 435: 434: 428: 427: 421: 420: 414: 413: 407: 406: 400: 399: 393: 392: 386: 385: 379: 378: 372: 371: 365: 364: 358: 357: 351: 350: 345: 344: 304: 202:Alex Yermolinsky 122:Automaton hoaxes 111:Krishnadeva Raya 76:North Sea Empire 21: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5620: 5612: 5522: 5508:Chess libraries 5425: 5329:FIDE Grand Prix 5324:Chess World Cup 5278: 5274:Wrong rook pawn 5212:Lucena position 5154: 5104: 5021:Catalan Opening 4996:English Defence 4981:Budapest Gambit 4967: 4925:Austrian Attack 4809: 4778:English Opening 4740: 4736:School of chess 4719:Minority attack 4651: 4620:Queen sacrifice 4519: 4380: 4376:White and Black 4371:Touch-move rule 4330:Perpetual check 4325:Fifty-move rule 4281: 4117: 4114: 4021: 3891: 3886: 3851: 3825: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3431:Administrator. 3429: 3425: 3414: 3410: 3401:Joel Benjamin. 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3375:Hindustan Times 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3177:. 25 April 2013 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3065:on 26 July 2011 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3038:. 17 April 2008 3030: 3029: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2830:on 18 July 2011 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2573: 2569: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2305:Wayback Machine 2292: 2288: 2284:, 14 April 2015 2282:Wayback Machine 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2197:Wayback Machine 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2022:. 29 July 2012. 2014: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1906: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1823: 1819: 1815:unpunished...." 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1767:"He stuttered, 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1667:www.uschess.org 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1187:. 8 August 2006 1179: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1158: 1112: 1110:Further reading 1100: 1075: 1049: 1022: 1009: 997: 819: 815: 812: 810: 798: 682:Gaioz Nigalidze 674:In April 2015, 660:Borislav Ivanov 649:Arnaud Hauchard 645:Khanty-Mansiysk 636: 628: 607: 591:was playing IM 577: 549: 548: 547: 451: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 342: 301: 297: 248:Milan Matulović 225: 223:Touch-move rule 219: 217:Touch-move rule 145: 124: 91:throat lozenges 68: 41:touch-move rule 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5672: 5662: 5661: 5659:Rules of chess 5656: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5549:Chess composer 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5404:North American 5401: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5297:Chess Olympiad 5294: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5148:Scholar's mate 5145: 5140: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5063:Queen's Gambit 5060: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Benoni Defence 5001:Indian Defence 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4915:Owen's Defence 4912: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4845: 4840: 4838:Modern Defence 4835: 4833:French Defence 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Bird's Opening 4765: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4699:Pawn structure 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4543:Alekhine's gun 4535: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4456:Half-open file 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4399:Chess notation 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4354:Pawn promotion 4351: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4255:Women in chess 4252: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4165:Hypermodernism 4162: 4160:Romantic chess 4157: 4155:Lewis chessmen 4152: 4147: 4140: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3993:world rankings 3985: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3922:Computer chess 3919: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3839:Chess Panorama 3829: 3823: 3800: 3799: 3771: 3749: 3724: 3722:1996/3, page 5 3711: 3686: 3661: 3639: 3628:. 24 July 2005 3617: 3596:"Chess Column" 3584: 3570: 3548: 3518: 3479: 3449: 3423: 3420:magazine 3/99) 3408: 3393: 3361: 3329: 3294: 3261: 3238: 3215: 3204:(in Norwegian) 3188: 3166: 3140: 3119: 3104: 3076: 3049: 3020: 2993: 2971: 2942: 2909: 2874: 2841: 2815: 2793: 2771: 2749: 2731: 2705: 2679: 2645: 2619: 2593: 2567: 2548: 2518: 2488: 2459: 2441: 2413: 2385: 2360: 2335: 2309: 2286: 2267: 2241: 2230: 2200: 2190:Iasi Open 2014 2182: 2152: 2130: 2095: 2069: 2047: 2025: 2007: 1996: 1971: 1945: 1919: 1890: 1879: 1853: 1847:Chessgames.com 1833: 1817: 1807: 1782: 1773: 1760: 1751: 1729: 1704: 1679: 1653: 1631: 1620:(1–2): 10–21. 1600: 1589: 1550: 1506: 1479: 1452: 1425: 1403: 1379: 1354: 1345: 1334:on 5 July 2020 1309: 1300: 1291: 1266: 1239: 1228: 1198: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1156:External links 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151:2nd ed. - 1994 1133:978-0091261115 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1088:Stage magician 1074: 1071: 1048: 1045: 1021: 1018: 1008: 1005: 996: 993: 992: 991: 975: 974: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 948: 932: 931: 916: 915: 895: 894: 883: 878: 877: 857:chess computer 851: 850: 839: 838: 835: 828: 797: 794: 793: 792: 777:David Paravyan 752:Magnus Carlsen 748: 745:Irene Sukandar 737: 713: 707:In July 2019, 705: 701: 690:chess software 672: 668: 656: 635: 632: 627: 624: 606: 603: 598:angle shooting 582:close-up magic 576: 573: 565:Magnus Carlsen 545: 542: 541: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 511: 508: 504: 503: 500: 496: 495: 492: 488: 487: 484: 480: 479: 476: 472: 471: 468: 464: 463: 460: 456: 455: 452: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 340: 338: 334: 333: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 302: 299: 298: 296: 293: 236:Garry Kasparov 218: 215: 174:Brooklyn Eagle 163:in 1880, when 144: 141: 123: 120: 84:Percival Wilde 67: 64: 32:rules of chess 18:Umakant Sharma 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5671: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5608:Solving chess 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Chess prodigy 5596: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581:Chess problem 5579: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:opening books 5487: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5477:short stories 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430:Art and media 5428: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:triangulation 5240: 5238: 5237:Tarrasch rule 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Queen vs pawn 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:London System 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Modern Benoni 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Dutch Defence 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:King's Gambit 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Grob's Attack 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Dunst Opening 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Benko Opening 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4755:Flank opening 4752: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:Transposition 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4260:Chess museums 4258: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Notable games 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4017:World records 4015: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3988:Rating system 3986: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3852: 3850:0-8019-6078-9 3846: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3759: 3753: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3700: 3699:chess-news.ru 3696: 3690: 3675:. 23 May 2005 3674: 3668: 3666: 3649: 3643: 3627: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3559:. 6 July 2005 3558: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3311:Deccan Herald 3307: 3301: 3299: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3242: 3226: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3176: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2892: 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