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would give displacements of about 10 mm, which is visible. As the frequency is increased, the displacement decreases, and the acceleration increases. As the vibration becomes inaudible at 20 kHz or so, the vibration displacements are in the tens of micrometers, and motors have been built
90:
is often used in contact, and the ultrasonic vibration induced in the stator is used both to impart motion to the rotor and to modulate the frictional forces present at the interface. The friction modulation allows bulk motion of the rotor (i.e., for farther than one vibration cycle); without this
111:
made use of traveling-wave vibration to obtain bi-directional motion, and found that this arrangement offered better efficiency and less contact interface wear. An exceptionally high-torque 'hybrid transducer' ultrasonic motor uses circumferentially-poled and axially-poled piezoelectric elements
140:
More generally, there are two types of motors, contact and non-contact, the latter of which is rare and requires a working fluid to transmit the ultrasonic vibrations of the stator toward the rotor. Most versions use air, such as some of the earliest versions by Hu Junhui. Research in this area
102:
vibration. Some of the earliest versions of practical motors in the 1970s, by
Sashida, for example, used standing-wave vibration in combination with fins placed at an angle to the contact surface to form a motor, albeit one that rotated in a single direction. Later designs by Sashida and
67:
to amplify the vibration of the stator in contact with the rotor in ultrasonic motors. Ultrasonic motors also offer arbitrarily large rotation or sliding distances, while piezoelectric actuators are limited by the static
127:
within a structure. Many engineering materials suitable for vibration permit a peak vibration velocity of around 1 m/s. At low frequencies — 50 Hz, say — a vibration velocity of 1 m/s in a
75:
One common application of ultrasonic motors is in camera lenses where they are used to move lens elements as part of the auto-focus system. Ultrasonic motors replace the noisier and often slower
293:
Koyama, D.; Takeshi, Ide; Friend, J.R.; Nakamura, K.; Ueha, S. (September 2005), "An ultrasonically levitated non-contact sliding table with the traveling vibrations on fine-ceramic beams",
112:
together to combine axial and torsional vibration along the contact interface, representing a driving technique that lies somewhere between the standing and traveling-wave driving methods.
137:(SAW) that have vibrations of only a few nanometers in magnitude. Such devices require care in construction to meet the necessary precision to make use of these motions within the stator.
142:
344:
V. Snitka, V. Mizariene and D. Zukauskas The status of ultrasonic motors in the former Soviet Union, Ultrasonics, Volume 34, Issues 2–5, June 1996, Pages 247-250
169:, and other industrial concerns since the early 1980s. Canon has not only included an ultrasonic motor (USM) in their DSLR lenses, but also in the
115:
A key observation in the study of ultrasonic motors is that the peak vibration that may be induced in structures occurs at a relatively constant
278:
Hu, Junhui; Nakamura, Kentaro; Ueha, Sadauki (May 1997), "An analysis of a noncontact ultrasonic motor with an ultrasonically levitated rotor",
76:
683:
427:
263:
Hu, Junhui; Li, Guorong; Lai Wah Chan, Helen; Loong Choy, Chung (May 2001), "A standing wave-type noncontact linear ultrasonic motor",
375:
177:. The ultrasonic motor is now used in many consumer and office electronics requiring precision rotations over long periods of time.
157:
Canon was one of the pioneers of the ultrasonic motor, and made the "USM" famous in the late 1980s by incorporating it into its
400:
352:
329:
Certificate of authorship #217509 "Electric Engine", Lavrinenko V., Necrasov M., application #1006424 from 10 May 1965.
233:
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or slider depending on the scheme of operation (rotation or linear translation). Ultrasonic motors differ from other
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248:
Shigematsu, T.; Kurosawa, M.K.; Asai, K. (April 2003), "Nanometer stepping drives of surface acoustic wave motor",
420:
812:
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Micro/Nano
Physics Research Laboratory, with research on ultrasonic piezoelectric actuators by Dr James Friend
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146:
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Two different ways are generally available to control the friction along the stator-rotor contact interface,
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The technology has been applied to photographic lenses by a variety of companies under different names.
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of the vibration displacement in a structure, and is not (directly) related to the speed of the
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165:. Numerous patents on ultrasonic motors have been filed by Canon, its chief lensmaking rival
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149:, which suspends the object at half to several wavelengths away from the vibrating object.)
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in several ways, though both typically use some form of piezoelectric material, most often
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Design and performances of high torque ultrasonic motor for application of automobile
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Piezoelectric motors. Lavrinenko V., Kartashev I., Vishnevskyi V., "Energiya" 1980.
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Institute of
Piezomechanics, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
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IEEE Transactions on
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
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IEEE Transactions on
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
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Ueha, S.; Tomikawa, Y.; Kurosawa, M.; Nakamura, N. (December 1993),
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Research Center for
Microsystems and Nanotechnology, KTU, Lithuania
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Principles of construction of piezoelectric motors. V. Lavrinenko,
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16:
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460:
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37:
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regardless of frequency. The vibration velocity is simply the
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Disassembly of a Canon EF lens, revealing an ultrasonic motor
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Ultrasonic
Actuators, Motors and Sensors page, from NASA JPL
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292:
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for this sort of application. (This is different from
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modulation, ultrasonic motors would fail to operate.
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materials. The most obvious difference is the use of
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Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
72:that may be induced in the piezoelectric element.
1063:
277:
421:
428:
414:
282:, vol. 35, Elsevier, pp. 459–467
226:Ultrasonic Motors: Theory and Applications
40:, placed against another component, the
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297:, vol. 3, IEEE, pp. 1538–1541
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267:, vol. 48, IEEE, pp. 699–708
252:, vol. 50, IEEE, pp. 376–385
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409:
376:Design of miniature ultrasonic motors
309:"Canon PowerShot SX1 IS - Cameralabs"
13:
14:
1083:
359:
295:2005 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium
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133:that operate using 50 MHz
813:Timeline of the electric motor
301:
286:
271:
256:
241:
217:
143:near-field acoustic levitation
1:
598:Dahlander pole changing motor
210:
147:far-field acoustic levitation
82:
7:
642:Brushless DC electric motor
338:US Patent #4.400.641, 1982.
335:US Patent #4.453.103, 1982.
332:US Patent #4.019.073, 1975.
183:
141:continues, particularly in
10:
1088:
32:powered by the ultrasonic
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872:
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801:
732:
659:Switched reluctance (SRM)
637:Brushed DC electric motor
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550:
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847:Experimental, futuristic
764:Variable-frequency drive
355:, "Lambert", 2015, 236p.
864:Superconducting machine
502:Coil winding technology
53:lead zirconate titanate
381:Ultrasonic Lens Motor
205:Ultrasonic homogenizer
21:
905:Power-to-weight ratio
769:Direct torque control
135:surface acoustic wave
79:in this application.
19:
900:Open-loop controller
793:Ward Leonard control
517:DC injection braking
36:of a component, the
803:History, education,
449:Alternating current
228:, Clarendon Press,
190:Piezoelectric motor
163:Canon EF lens mount
30:piezoelectric motor
966:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
925:Voltage controller
880:Blocked-rotor test
818:Ball bearing motor
788:Motor soft starter
742:AC-to-AC converter
603:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
565:Electric generator
315:. 2 December 2009.
117:vibration velocity
22:
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1058:
895:Open-circuit test
734:Motor controllers
615:Synchronous motor
437:Electric machines
353:978-3-659-51406-7
55:and occasionally
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910:Two-phase system
890:Electromagnetism
838:Mouse mill motor
805:recreational use
679:Permanent magnet
608:Linear induction
461:Permanent magnet
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26:ultrasonic motor
20:Ultrasonic motor
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588:Induction motor
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195:Linear actuator
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171:Canon PowerShot
161:lenses for the
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121:time derivative
103:researchers at
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57:lithium niobate
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873:Related topics
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360:External links
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175:bridge camera
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100:standing-wave
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153:Applications
139:
116:
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93:
88:Dry friction
86:
74:
25:
23:
828:Lynch motor
593:Shaded-pole
479:accessories
280:Ultrasonics
77:micro-motor
724:Axial flux
714:Ultrasonic
689:Servomotor
669:Doubly fed
664:Reluctance
560:Alternator
552:Generators
522:Field coil
507:Commutator
467:commutated
465:SC - Self-
211:References
105:Matsushita
1041:Steinmetz
956:Davenport
754:Amplidyne
654:Universal
632:Homopolar
620:Repulsion
532:Slip ring
159:autofocus
83:Mechanism
65:resonance
59:or other
34:vibration
1066:Category
1046:Sturgeon
976:Ferraris
961:Davidson
783:Metadyne
699:Traction
647:Unipolar
627:DC motor
583:AC motor
487:Armature
184:See also
1036:Sprague
1031:Siemens
1006:Maxwell
971:Faraday
920:Starter
859:Railgun
854:Coilgun
694:Stepper
542:Winding
324:General
173:SX1 IS
1026:Saxton
1011:Ørsted
996:Jedlik
991:Jacobi
981:Gramme
946:Barlow
934:People
759:Drives
674:Linear
575:Motors
537:Stator
351:
232:
130:woofer
70:strain
49:motors
38:stator
1051:Tesla
1021:Pixii
986:Henry
951:Botto
941:Arago
527:Rotor
497:Brush
459:PM -
453:DC -
447:AC -
167:Nikon
109:Canon
42:rotor
1016:Park
1001:Lenz
719:TEFC
349:ISBN
230:ISBN
24:An
1068::
311:.
429:e
422:t
415:v
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