United States nationality law

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authority, Congress has determined when inhabitants can become nationals and what their status is at any given time. Prior to 1898, all persons born in U.S. possessions were treated as having been born in the United States, and upon acquisition, provisions were made for collective naturalization. After that date, possessions have been selectively judged to foreign localities and not subject to the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Because of that determination, all persons in the U.S. outlying possessions were considered U.S. nationals, non-citizens, until Congress chose to convey full rights of citizenship. This included inhabitants of American Samoa, Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Non-citizen nationals do not have full protection of their rights, though they may reside in the United States and gain entry without a visa. Likewise, territorial citizens do not have the ability for full participation in national politics.

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relinquish nationality, but advised each case was to be reviewed in context. Nationals were advised to write a statement advising that their actions were not an intent to give up their nationality and file it with an embassy or consulate official. In 1990, Section 1481 was revised again, to reflect a new policy of the State Department to presume that an individual did not intend to give up nationality, if the person performed a potentially expatriating act. Based on a consular memorandum, this meant that, for example, acquisition of nationality in another nation which included a routine declaration of allegiance, or accepting foreign employment in a non-policy position of another nation, should result in the assumption that the person had no intention of relinquishing their nationality through their actions. From that time, the United States effectively has allowed nationals to acquire new nationality while remaining a U.S. national, thereby holding

686:' opinion in the case was that men do not establish a legal tie to a child except by choice; whereas, a woman's legal tie is established by biology. In essence, a woman's tie with her child is legal when birth occurs and cannot be severed without legally terminating her parental rights, but a man can choose to walk away or establish a tie. The ruling meant that mothers were able to pass on their nationality at the birth of an illegitimate child born abroad, if the mother had lived for a continuous period of one year prior to the child's birth in the United States or a U.S. territory. For an unmarried man to pass nationality to an illegitimate child born abroad, before the child's eighteenth birthday, a blood relationship must be proved in court, the child must be recognized and legitimized, and the father's nationality at the time of birth must be confirmed. On the basis of 651:

citizenship. In 1982, Congress enacted provisions for children born between 1950 and 1982 to facilitate immigration for children of U.S. national fathers. Intended to assist children born in areas where the U.S. had been militarily active, it applied to children born in Kampuchea, Korea, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. The special provisions did not give children nationality, but loosened the requirements for legitimization and financial support for children born abroad, removed scrutiny of the father's marital status, requiring only that the Attorney General establish that a presumed father was a citizen and that a sponsor agreed to take legal custody and support a child under the age of eighteen. In 1987, the Amerasian Homecoming Act facilitated resettlement of immigrant Vietnamese mothers and their children born between 1962 and 1972 to U.S. military personnel.

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U.S. national are eligible for a reduced residency period of three years with half of it requiring physical presence. For the period immediately preceding application, persons must have three months residence established in the jurisdiction in which they are filing and must remain continuously in residence until completion of the granting of nationality. Non-citizen nationals of U.S. possessions are eligible for naturalization upon establishing residency in a state. The territory of the United States, for the purposes of determining a person's period of residence, includes the fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, specifically excluding residence in American Samoa, except for American Samoans seeking naturalization.

1121:. The questions are publicly available on the web and require the applicant to answer ten out of one hundred possible questions. Most applicants must also have a working knowledge of the English language, demonstrated by testing their basic ability in reading and writing, rather than fluency. Long-term permanent residents are exempt from the language test. For example, a person who is over age fifty with twenty years of residency or over fifty-five with fifteen years of residency can opt to take the civics test in their original language. Persons over age sixty-five with twenty years residency may be given a shorter list of questions and those with physical or mental disadvantages are exempt from either the language or civics examinations. Granting of nationality is contingent upon taking an 889: 843: 1268:, or legal expatriation, includes the voluntary relinquishment of a national identity and all rights and privileges associated with it. It is accomplished by making a formal declaration, which is sworn before a designated authority in the United States during a time of war, or abroad at any time to a consular officer. Evidence which clearly establishes the intent to expatriate must be approved and if there is doubt, such as in the case where a declarant would become stateless, the Department of State may be reluctant to accept the declaration. After an interview and counseling on the consequences of renunciation, if the applicant wishes to proceed, a fee is paid, the declaration is made, and a renunciation ceremony, in which the applicant signs a 608:, retroactively removed the nationality of Asian men, automatically revoking their wives' nationality. If a U.S. woman married to a man of Asian descent left the country, she could not be readmitted to the United States. Husbands could petition for an exception allowing their foreign-born wives to lawfully immigrate, but wives were unable to petition for their husbands. Immediately after passage of the 1924 Act, the Department of Labor Secretary, James Davis, recommended extending its provisions to immigrants from Mexico and other countries in the Americas. Every year from 1926 to 1930, Congress considered bills evaluating imposing quotas for immigration from the other nations in the western hemisphere. In June 1924, the 1071: 855: 3699: 1144: 3752: 624:

mother. Their nationality was dependent on whether the mother had resided in the United States before the child was born. As the law was not retroactive, children born before 1934 were typically prevented from deriving citizenship from their mother. The statute also provided preferential naturalization for any foreign spouse married to a U.S. national. It stated that eligible foreigners, who met all other requirements of naturalization, could naturalize under reduced requirements forgoing a declaration of intent and needing only three years of continuous residency within the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico.

1041: 950: 1106: 1316:, 377 U.S. 163 (1964), it found that persons who have been naturalized in the United States have the right to return to their native countries and to resume a former nationality while remaining a U.S. national. This applies even if they never return to the United States. Since 1990, the State Department has allowed multiple nationalities. Official policy is one of recognition that such a status exists, but the U.S. government does not endorse a policy of having multiple nationalities, though it is permitted. Dual nationality may run counter to expectations of government agencies in matters of 998:. Each of these sections confer nationality on persons living in these territories as of a certain date, and usually confer native-born status on persons born in incorporated territories after that date. Specified effective dates in the territories include April 11, 1899, for Guam and Puerto Rico; January 17, 1917, for the U.S. Virgin Islands; and November 4, 1986, for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Since passage of the Nationality Act of 1952, people born in these territories acquire nationality at birth. 281: 49: 851:

for any length of time in the United States or its possessions. Section 301(g) establishes that to attain automatic nationality for a child born abroad to a citizen and a foreign national, residency in the United States or its possessions is also required. Time served as active military service was considered equivalent to residence in the U.S. For children with one national parent, requirements vary, depending on when they were born, and whether the parents were married.

473:, or the assumption that a woman's loyalty and obligations to her spouse were more important than her loyalty and obligation to the nation. While the Nationality Act did not forbid a woman to have her own nationality, judicial rulings and custom on domestic matters established that infants, slaves, and women were unable to participate in public life, as a result of the belief that they lacked critical judgment and had no right to exercise free will or control property. 10143: 824:

section 301(a). Regardless of the status of the parent, unless they are in the employ of a foreign government, birth within the territory confers nationality. The Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled whether children born in the United States to unauthorized migrants present in the country are birthright nationals, but it is generally presumed they are. Birth certificates from U.S. jurisdictions are typically acceptable proof of nationality.

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husband's. A wife who married a foreign husband in this period was assumed to have suspended her nationality in favor of his. She was able to repatriate upon termination of the marriage and resumption of residence in the United States. While the 1855 Act specified that foreign wives gained U.S. nationality, the law created confusion as to whether it required American women who married aliens to take the nationality of the spouse. For example,

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on residence and her husband's eligibility to naturalize; if she lived abroad, her nationality on re-entry to U.S. territory was therefore subject to the restrictions of the Quota Act. However, because the Cable Act was worded to specifically state that "women citizens" who married ineligible foreigners lost their nationality, it did not apply to American Samoan women, as they were non-citizen nationals.

690:(486 U.S. 456, 1988), no similar requirement applies for a married man. However, for both married men and unmarried men, the statute "required the U.S.-born parent to have ten years' physical presence in the United States prior to the child's birth, 'at least five of which were after attaining' age 14". In 2001, the Supreme Court again upheld the unequal regulations in the case of 1310:, 343 U.S. 717 (1952) that dual nationality is a long-recognized status in the law and that "a person may have and exercise rights of nationality in two countries and be subject to the responsibilities of both. The mere fact he asserts the rights of one nationality does not, without more, mean that he renounces the other". In 520:. The language of the Amendment was race-neutral and granted nationality to anyone born in the United States who had no allegiance to a foreign power, but specifically excluded all Native Americans who adhered to tribal governance. It did not extend nationality to Native Americans or to women of any race. In 1340:

Because the status of the parents was irrelevant, except if they were in the employ as part of the military or diplomatic corps of a foreign government or Native American, U.S.-born women could pass on their nationality to their children born in the United States, as could parents who themselves were

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If the child was born between November 14, 1986, and June 11, 2017, to a U.S. mother who had resided in the United States or its possessions for one year, or to a U.S. father who had resided in the United States or its possessions five years before the child's birth, with two of them after the age of

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If the birth occurred between January 13, 1941, and December 23, 1952, to a U.S. mother who had at any time resided in the United States or its possessions, or to a U.S. father who had legitimized the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years,

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of paternity prior to a child reaching the age of majority for derivative nationality from the father. The 1940 Act also allowed all women who had previously lost their citizenship because of marriage to repatriate without regard to their marital status, by swearing the oath of allegiance, as opposed

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Removing these items from the potential means of forfeiting U.S. nationality, the Nationality Act retained as possible causes of denaturalization, treason, sedition, or conspiring against the United States; employment as an official with policy-making authority of a foreign government; and voluntary

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The United States has a lengthy history of involuntary expatriation (loss of nationality). From 1907, naturalized persons who returned to their country of origin for two or more years could be expatriated, as could native-born nationals who moved abroad and took allegiance to another nation. Married

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Some exemptions from permanent residency exist for certain qualifying naturalization applicants. For example, since 1940, an immigrant who honorably served in the U.S. military during a designated period of hostility may naturalize without having first been a permanent resident. During peace time, a

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of the United States, and have had a status of a legal permanent resident in the United States for five years before applying. A minimum physical presence in the territory for two and a half years is required, and absences of over six months reset the time frame. Persons married to and living with a

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For children born abroad, a Consular Report of Birth Abroad may be requested to confirm entitlement as a national. Section 301(c) of the Nationality Act of 1952 extends automatic nationality at birth to children born abroad to two parents who are U.S. nationals, as long as one of the parents resided

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of 1917, conferred nationality with citizenship rights upon all inhabitants of Puerto Rico, regardless of when their birth occurred in the territory. In 1927, U.S. nationals of the U.S. Virgin Islands were granted citizenship rights. American Samoa became a U.S. territory in 1929 and its inhabitants

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were subject to ten years of continued taxation on their U.S.-source income, to prevent ex-nationals from taking advantage of special tax incentives offered to foreigners investing in the United States. Since 2008, these provisions no longer apply; instead, ex-citizens who meet certain asset or tax

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Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." The language has been codified in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952,

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was passed, declaring that an American woman could not be denied the right to naturalize because she was married. It established procedures for women, who had previously lost their citizenship because of marriage, to repatriate as naturalized (not birthright) citizens. A wife's nationality depended

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eliminated the uncertainty created in 1855, definitively stating that marriage solely determined all women's nationality. The law immediately revoked the nationality of married women, regardless of whether they were born in the United States or naturalized, if they were married to a non-citizen. It

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For people born in U.S. territories or possessions, nationality hinges upon whether they were born prior to the area being covered by U.S. sovereignty, during a period of U.S. sovereignty, or after U.S. sovereignty was terminated. Separate sections of the Nationality Act of 1952 handle territories

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The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 provided that a minor child born abroad to a U.S.-national parent who had not satisfied the residency requirements for nationality at birth could qualify for special naturalization. In lieu of the parent, a child may also qualify under this process if the child's

941:, effective for children under eighteen or born on or after February 27, 2001, foreign adoptees of U.S. nationals, brought to the United States by a legal custodial parent in their minority, automatically derive nationality upon legal entry to the country and finalization of the adoption process. 751:

was modified to include language that persons born in the Canal Zone or in Panama itself, on or after February 26, 1904, to a parent who was, or formerly was, a United States national derived U.S. birthright citizenship. In 1906, Congress passed legislation to allow persons born in unincorporated

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Under the terms of the 1924 act, also known as the Asian Exclusion Act, Asians were not allowed to enter the country and were excluded from naturalization. It stated that an American-born woman whose nationality was lost because of marriage, regardless of whether that marriage had terminated, was

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were passed by Congress to address the concern that white authority was declining. The 1921 Act, known as the Emergency Quota Act, restricted immigration from various countries. The limits applied to foreign husbands and children of U.S.-born women, but provided an exemption for foreign wives and

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white culture. From 1802, only fathers were able to pass on their nationality to their children. The Naturalization Act of 1804 confirmed that a woman's nationality was dependent upon her marital status and the Naturalization Act of 1855 tied a wife's nationality, and that of her children, to her

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If the child was born between December 24, 1952, and November 13, 1986, to a U.S. mother who had resided in the United States or its possessions for one year, or to a U.S. father who had legitimized the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten

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signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, legally reserving limitations for domestic legislative review. The Equal Nationality Act of 1934 was the first statute that allowed derivative nationality for children born abroad to pass from their

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issued a partial list of actions such as paying taxes or recording a will in the United States, which would indicate intent to retain a national identity, or using a foreign passport when entering the United States or registering with a foreign political party, which might indicate an intent to

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of the Constitution gave Congress authority to regulate on behalf of United States territories and possessions. Using that power, Congress made distinctions for those territories which were to be incorporated eventually as states, and those that were not on a path of statehood. Because of this

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Until 1972, the Nationality Laws of the United States required that children born abroad to U.S. nationals complete a five-year residency by establishing a continuous domicile in the territory prior to their twenty-third birthday. Failure to establish a residence nullified U.S. nationality and

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policy that provides that the citizenship provisions of the Constitution do not apply to persons born in American Samoa violates the 14th Amendment." Government attorneys had argued that "Such a novel holding would be contrary to the decisions of every court of appeals to have considered the

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Amendments to the Cable Act and nationality laws continued until 1940, when married women were granted their own nationality without restriction. That year, Congress amended the Nationality Act, distinguishing for the first time different rules for derivative nationality for legitimate and

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has been able to prove that the naturalization was obtained by concealing their involvement in war crimes committed during World War II. They cannot be tried for crimes committed elsewhere, thus are denaturalized for immigration violations, and once they become aliens, ordered deported.

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If a birth abroad occurred after December 24, 1952, but prior to November 13, 1986, the U.S. national parent must have been the legal and genetic or gestational parent, and have resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of

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In a series of Acts, the United States conveyed nationality upon outlying territories not destined for statehood. Inhabitants became neither aliens, eligible for naturalization, nor citizens with full rights. In 1900, legislation defined inhabitants in Puerto Rico as both

928:(137 S. Ct. 1678, 2017), the Supreme Court struck down the unequal residence requirement for unmarried parents to pass on nationality to their children born abroad, ruling that the equal but longer term of five years residency should apply until Congress amended the law. 576:. According to the decision, those born in insular possessions or unincorporated territories were not eligible for citizenship, though they were considered nationals and could hold a U.S. passport and gain diplomatic protection from the United States. Passage of the 658:(721 F. Supp. 243, N.C. Cal 1989) confirmed that a child born abroad prior to 1934 to a U.S.-born woman could obtain derivative nationality. As the case was not a class-action lawsuit, it did not impact others in similar situations; however, the 1993 ruling in 936:

Prior to 2000, adoptees had to be naturalized and could be subject to deportation in later life for various offenses. Adopted children born on or before February 26, 1983, are subject to the law in effect at the time they were adopted. With passage of the

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in 1952. Though it ended utilizing race as a criterion for admission to the country of nationalization, continued use of quotas to restrict immigration from Asian countries did not end racial exclusion. Until immigration laws were reformed by the

780:, were admitted as a territory, and inhabitants were conferred U.S. nationality with the rights of citizens. Co-administration of Panama and the Canal Zone commenced on October 1, 1979, and thereafter, U.S. nationality could not be acquired. 353:, various laws, and international agreements. Citizenship is established as a right under the Constitution, not as a privilege, for those born in the United States under its jurisdiction and those who have been "naturalized". While the words 905:

the child during its minority and who had resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of sixteen, as long as the child resided in the United States for five years prior to the age of

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grandparent has satisfied the five-year residency in the United States with two of those years occurring after the child reached the age of 14. Eligible children are not required to meet any other requirements for naturalization.

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are distinct and the United States recognizes the distinction between those who are entitled or not entitled to rights, its statutes typically use the words "citizen" and "citizenship" instead of "national" and "nationality". The

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women were automatically expatriated upon marriage to foreign men or men who were unable to qualify for naturalization. From 1940, reasons for involuntary termination of nationality included service to a foreign government or in

6739: 1292:, a 1996 law, bars former nationals as inadmissible to the United States if the Attorney General finds that they renounced citizenship for purposes of avoiding taxes; however, it has never been enforced. Proposals such as the 696:(533 U.S. 53 2001) confirming that in the case of nationality, the inequality is present, which serves governmental objectives, to establish both a biological tie and a customary relationship between the child and parent. 6120: 900:

Effective 90 days after October 14, 1940 (whether born before or after this date), if the birth occurred to a U.S. mother who had at any time resided in the United States or its possessions, or to a U.S. father who had

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question, inconsistent with over a century of historical practice by all three branches of the United States government, and conflict with the strong objection of the local government of American Samoa." Waddoups

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The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they

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If a birth abroad occurred after May 24, 1934, but prior to December 23, 1952, the U.S. national parent must have resided in the United States or its possessions for ten years, with five of them after the age of

6088: 3479: 660: 302: 5612: 408:, where individuals are typically non-citizen U.S. nationals at birth. Foreign nationals living in any state or qualified territory may naturalize after going through the legal process of qualifying as 1156:, voting in a foreign election, military desertion, treason, or evidence of dual nationality, except for possession of a passport. The Supreme Court's interpretation of expatriation was made clear in 879:

If the birth occurred on or after November 14, 1986, the U.S. national must have resided in the United States for five years, two of them after the age of fourteen, previous to the birth of the child.

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and U.S. nationals. In 1902, similar legislation to that passed for Puerto Rico came in to force concerning the Philippines. The United States established special rules for people working in the

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allow unauthorized immigrants who were brought to the United States as children to enlist in the military as a pathway to naturalization. Enlistment requires verification of immigration status.

1225: 1184:, 387 U.S. 253, which found that for a person's voluntary action to initiate a loss of nationality, an inference of abandonment by the action must have been present. By 1978, the decision in 7600: 8107: 7537: 6598: 4369: 1288:

liability thresholds pay a capital gains tax on a deemed sale of their U.S. and non-U.S. assets, including retirement accounts, regardless of their reasons for giving up citizenship. The

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fourteen. In addition, the father had to prove a biological relationship, agree to financially support the child, and formally legitimize the child prior to its majority (18 years old).

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to the previous policy of repatriation by naturalization. Racial exclusions for derivative naturalization of husbands of U.S.-citizen wives remained in place until passage of the

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American Citizenship Rights of Women: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, Seventy-second Congress, Second Session...March 2, 1933

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became non-citizen nationals. Since passage of the Nationality Act of 1940, non-citizen nationals may transmit their non-citizen U.S. nationality to children born abroad. The

9493: 9398: 8724: 6995: 924: 6280: 5052: 8739: 6568: 1168: 469:. It limited those who were eligible to be nationals as free, white persons. Following the practices of English common law, the legal system of the United States absorbed 8077: 4418: 4140: 7610: 7494: 7294: 7226: 8062: 6418: 5358: 5354: 1247: 7480: 6096: 3950: 1138: 9408: 9226: 8258: 7465: 7455: 6712: 6652: 721: 8097: 9533: 7475: 7470: 7460: 7450: 6746: 6657: 6647: 5478: 5077: 4313: 309: 4559: 9523: 7430: 6637: 1246:. Juries are typically not present and the defendant may be compelled to testify. Failure to testify may result in a presumption of guilt, though defendants can 1117:

and pay requisite fees. They must demonstrate good moral character, evidenced by a lack of a criminal history, and must pass a test on United States history and

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program may naturalize without first having been a permanent resident. Similarly, an immigrant who has made extraordinary contributions, such as scientists or

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foreigner's honorable military service reduces the residency requirement to one year. A legal but not permanent immigrant who successfully completed the

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ineligible for naturalization and was considered to have been "born in the country of which a citizen or subject". The Supreme Court ruling of 1923, in

1009:, who are granted the status of non-citizen-nationals. A December 12, 2019, ruling by U.S. District Judge Clark Waddoups struck down the special status 8657: 8087: 7982: 7350: 7330: 7320: 7056: 6261: 1114: 165: 5165: 7792: 7360: 7355: 7340: 7335: 7325: 7315: 6610: 6365: 5350: 4687: 3970: 1220:

renunciation. Fraud, committed in conjunction with an application for naturalization can also make nationality voidable. Typically, prominent former

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There are various ways a person can acquire United States nationality, either at birth by naturalization or through court decisions and treaties.

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of the United States, which were not on a path toward statehood, had limited applicability of the U.S. Constitution. At the time, these included

553: 103: 4359: 1324:. The State Department issued a memorandum in 2016, advising agencies of proper evaluation procedures to weigh the risks of plural nationality. 1087:, can be exempted from residency as well as the physical presence requirement and prohibitions for support of totalitarianism and or communism. 9168: 8668: 7274: 7269: 7021: 6950: 6884: 1347:(169 U.S. 649, 1898) that children born in the United States to immigrants, who were not eligible for naturalization, were birthright citizens. 1080: 5500: 668:

declared section 1993, which denied a woman's ability to transmit nationality to her children born before 1934, unconstitutional. In the case

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The process of denaturalization is a legal procedure which results in nullifying nationality. Based upon the 1943 Supreme Court decision of

9912: 8475: 7527: 5401: 4521:. 110th Congress, First Session, House of Representatives, Document No. 110-50. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 4284: 1283:. Originally, under the Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966, people determined to be giving up their nationality for the purpose of avoiding 777: 713: 5126: 4203: 3997: 9908: 8188: 7987: 7123: 6761: 6734: 6554: 1265: 1204: 814: 705: 428:

defines the legal relationship between a person and a state or nation, specifying who is a member or subject of a particular nation. The

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in 1950, the Court ruled that not knowing the consequences of one's actions was equally voluntary expatriation. The 1958 decision in

10174: 7962: 7932: 7718: 7683: 7663: 7163: 6955: 5826: 4445: 3707: 442: 149: 6526: 5458: 1178:, which upheld denaturalization for foreign voting, marked a turning point, and the decision was reversed in 1967 in the ruling for 9222: 7967: 6945: 6707: 6033: 5988: 5617: 4309:"Born in the U.S.A., But Not Natural Born: How Congressional Territorial Policy Bars Native-Born Puerto Ricans from the Presidency" 717: 202: 170: 98: 5339:

Smith, Marian L. (Summer 1998). "'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...': Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940".

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illegitimate children. Under the provisions, children born out of wedlock passed from mother to child automatically, but required

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To become naturalized in the United States, an applicant must be at least eighteen years of age at the time of filing, a legal

888: 765: 7952: 5014:"The Supreme Court Strikes Down a Nationality Law That Treated Fathers Differently Than Mothers Based on Outdated Stereotypes" 9916: 8490: 7580: 7575: 7502: 7153: 7106: 6537:

U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7: Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions

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A person who was not born a United States national may acquire U.S. nationality through a process known as naturalization.

4053: 3629: 3553:"'She Was Surprised and Furious': Expatriation, Suffrage, Immigration, and the Fragility of Women's Citizenship,1907–1940" 9067: 8599: 8218: 7810: 7080: 6970: 6910: 6675: 5732: 1063: 604: 4605:"The Restraints of Schneider v. Rusk upon the Foreign Policy Powers of the Political Branches: How Meaningful Are They?" 1001:

Congress has conferred birthright nationality, through legislation, to persons born in all inhabited territories except

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was retroactive and did not require a wife's consent, leaving many women unaware that they had lost their nationality.

527: 119: 4785:"American Samoa or Eastern Samoa? The Potential for American Samoa to Become Freely Associated with the United States" 9960: 9879: 9550: 8198: 7560: 7235: 6756: 4593: 4539: 4308: 4088: 4042: 3688: 3428: 1216:, and has ceased seeking records of newly nationalized persons abroad to evaluate their potential denationalization. 1208: 1195: 1011: 991: 983: 975: 967: 959: 953:

Message in the passport of an American Samoan stating that the passport holder is a national, not citizen, of the U.S

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are defined by this relationship, as well as the protections to which nationals are entitled. Though nationality and

350: 68: 1070: 540:(112 U.S. 94, 1884) confirmed that Native Americans did not have birthright nationality in United States territory. 8703: 8698: 8042: 7111: 5695: 4908: 4271: 429: 397: 129: 63: 31: 6384: 5929: 3931: 10007: 9889: 9648: 9002: 8842: 8047: 8032: 7148: 6874: 6625: 6358: 5681: 5595: 4618: 3866: 3579: 1255: 5583:. Vol. 2: January 1944 to August 1947. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 778–782. 4727: 9037: 9017: 8917: 8765: 8454: 7143: 6915: 6783: 5021: 3853: 3802: 3680: 3617: 1147:

A Certificate of Loss of Nationality, signifying that the bearer has relinquished or renounced U.S. nationality

1028:

his ruling on December 13 pending appellate review, so it did not take immediate effect. On June 15, 2021, the

17: 6136: 4784: 1166:'s conduct, choosing to marry a non-national, was a voluntary acceptance to be denationalized. In the case of 854: 9468: 9353: 9032: 8877: 8228: 8168: 7757: 7168: 6975: 5416: 5141: 3946: 1343: 1284: 1234: 949: 938: 269: 218: 9774: 6246: 10125: 9478: 9438: 9203: 8837: 8718: 8516: 7947: 7820: 7625: 7507: 7307: 5284: 3783: 1289: 1243: 665: 517: 6521: 3972:

A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties

1143: 9995: 9950: 9869: 9864: 9844: 9789: 9779: 9744: 9473: 9393: 9328: 9125: 9012: 8962: 8832: 8732: 8636: 8594: 8589: 7992: 7678: 7643: 7075: 6980: 4398: 3674: 3655: 1478: 761: 496:, reacquired her U.S. nationality in 1898 by an Act of Congress, after a divorce from a British husband. 88: 30:

This article is about laws for acquiring U.S. nationality. For rights and privileges of citizenship, see

6192: 1125:; however since 2000 an exception has been made for people with diminished physical or mental capacity. 764:

became effective in 1946, and thereafter, Filipinos did not have U.S. nationality. The residents of the

9945: 9922: 9859: 9839: 9799: 9683: 9658: 9653: 9483: 9458: 9363: 9298: 9288: 9278: 9268: 9208: 9193: 9188: 9163: 9145: 9077: 9007: 8977: 8867: 8686: 8133: 8102: 7825: 7590: 7585: 6940: 6905: 5671: 5626: 5508: 4801: 4496: 4059:(Report). Washington, D. C.: Committee on Resources, House of Representatives. B-271897. Archived from 3803:"The U.S. Tax Consequences of Expatriation: Is It a Tax Planning Opportunity or a Trap for the Unwary?" 3716: 466: 207: 4920: 4579: 4515: 3998:"Though Ordered Deported, Suspected Nazi War Criminals Never Left U.S.; Other Nations Won't Take Them" 9814: 9698: 9673: 9628: 9623: 9573: 9498: 9448: 9423: 9418: 9388: 9343: 9333: 9293: 9263: 9253: 9243: 9158: 9135: 9110: 9047: 8967: 8892: 8857: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8758: 8434: 8314: 8113: 7845: 7668: 7545: 7391: 7041: 6729: 5184:

Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery: The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866

1378: 1306: 6464: 10146: 9899: 9769: 9759: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9688: 9598: 9578: 9563: 9413: 9383: 9338: 9323: 9283: 9273: 9248: 9178: 9173: 9120: 9115: 9105: 9057: 9052: 9042: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8972: 8952: 8947: 8937: 8907: 8897: 8887: 8882: 8872: 8852: 8812: 8802: 8403: 8273: 8137: 7997: 7916: 7762: 7752: 7620: 6724: 6719: 6702: 6257: 5211:"Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States" 4792: 736: 577: 573: 509: 212: 93: 5930:"Human Rights Law and the Taxation Consequences for Renouncing Citizenship Renouncing Citizenship" 896:

Automatic nationality is extended based upon the law applicable at the time of the child's birth:

867:

Automatic nationality is extended based upon the law applicable at the time of the child's birth:

9874: 9854: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9794: 9764: 9708: 9703: 9663: 9643: 9638: 9603: 9583: 9568: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9428: 9403: 9378: 9368: 9348: 9258: 9183: 9072: 9062: 8997: 8932: 8922: 8912: 8902: 8847: 8807: 8193: 8141: 8067: 7895: 7772: 7767: 7703: 7673: 7615: 6685: 6620: 6334: 6310: 5881: 5188: 5070:"The Citizenship Clause, Original Meaning, and the Egalitarian Unity of the Fourteenth Amendment" 4868: 4002: 3976: 3912: 3862: 3813: 1296:

to rewrite the Reed Amendment and make it enforceable failed in committee in both 2012 and 2013.

589: 531: 264: 229: 10112: 9894: 9884: 9849: 9749: 9693: 9678: 9613: 9608: 9593: 9488: 9463: 9433: 9358: 9318: 9150: 9022: 8957: 8942: 8927: 8356: 7875: 7800: 7747: 7698: 7522: 7116: 6843: 6690: 6536: 5733:"Divesting Citizenship: On Asian American History and the Loss of Citizenship through Marriage" 5491: 4188: 4011: 1321: 1258:

and the Supreme Court. Once the legal process has concluded, the Department of State issues a

1239: 1040: 756: 609: 479: 446: 224: 139: 6006: 5978: 5810: 5774: 5576: 5390: 4841: 4759: 4711: 4673: 4490: 4189:"Supreme Court of the United States: Syllabus – Sessions, Attorney General v. Morales-Santana" 4028: 682:

in the treatment of women and men passing their nationality to illegitimate children. Justice

9955: 9713: 9668: 9633: 9618: 9588: 9443: 9373: 9130: 8563: 7942: 7910: 7741: 7570: 7517: 6965: 6778: 6511: 6472: 5589: 5395:. Vol. 17: June 1979 – February 1981. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 5215: 5182: 5106: 5047: 4957: 4735: 4678: 4462: 3906: 3775: 3649: 484: 5866: 4846:

The Greatest and the Grandest Act: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 from Reconstruction to Today

743:

in 1903, under the terms of the Panamanian-U.S. Canal Convention. Under its provisions, the

10076: 10049: 9940: 9503: 8708: 8263: 7977: 7972: 7927: 7900: 7850: 7595: 5527: 5382: 5273:"Contested Citizenship: National Identity and the Mexican Immigration Debates of the 1920s" 4609: 3526:"US Court Clears Path for Fast-Track Citizenship for Foreign-Born Military Service Members" 2686: 1484: 1238:, clear and convincing evidence must be evaluated in processing a denaturalization action. 1213: 1100: 616: 285: 134: 4436:"Citizenship for Military Service? California Democrat Renews Bill to Let Dreamers Enlist" 4435: 1105: 8: 10066: 9985: 9528: 8691: 8480: 8208: 8072: 7860: 7805: 7708: 7565: 6285: 4279: 4184: 4136: 3567: 3492:(1). Charlottesville, Virginia: John Bassett Moore Society of International Law: 93–139. 3475: 3419: 2779: 2777: 1153: 1025: 773: 615:

In 1933, the United States delegation to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference,

585: 522: 465:

The first statute to define nationality and naturalization in the United States was the

9965: 8393: 8377: 8238: 8052: 8027: 8012: 7922: 7890: 7880: 7840: 7830: 7188: 7064: 6864: 6828: 6493: 6335:"Policy Manual: Chapter 4 – Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)" 6216: 6153: 6144: 6053: 5909: 5749: 5686: 5654: 5320: 5304: 5252: 4977: 4765: 4243: 4097: 3886: 3744: 3700:"Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the "Gift" of U.S. Citizenship" 3448: 2840: 1317: 1254:, but rather clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence. Decisions may be appealed in 810: 727: 670: 505: 450: 245: 5529: 5528:

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women; Chinkin, Christine (June 2003).

4081:"The Uncertain Role of Innocence in United StatesEfforts to Deport Nazi War Criminals" 2792: 2774: 2673: 2671: 902: 776:, were conferred the rights of citizenship. In 1976, the Trust Territories became the 772:, but it was not included as a territory at that time. U.S. nationals of Guam, by the 10107: 10059: 8713: 8459: 8444: 8424: 8298: 8173: 8152: 8124: 7728: 7555: 6920: 6546: 6449: 6165: 6157: 6069: 6061: 6045: 6029: 6002: 5992: 5953: 5945: 5913: 5901: 5893: 5846: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5761: 5753: 5707: 5699: 5658: 5646: 5638: 5599: 5548: 5540: 5486:. 7th Conference of American Republics, Montevideo, December 1933. Washington, D.C.: 5450: 5370: 5362: 5341: 5324: 5312: 5296: 5256: 5244: 5236: 5224: 5210: 5192: 5098: 5090: 4985: 4969: 4912: 4853: 4813: 4805: 4769: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4622: 4589: 4551: 4543: 4500: 4472: 4410: 4402: 4334: 4326: 4288: 4251: 4235: 4160: 4152: 4109: 4101: 4038: 3980: 3916: 3878: 3817: 3787: 3748: 3736: 3728: 3684: 3659: 3621: 3571: 3501: 3493: 3456: 3440: 1312: 1294:

Expatriation Prevention by Abolishing Tax-Related Incentives for Offshore Tenancy Act

1186: 1174: 740: 683: 7204: 5827:"Protecting Sex: Sexual Disincentives and Sex-Based Discrimination in Nguyen v. INS" 3168: 2621: 2619: 1019:

of American Samoans as non-citizen nationals as unconstitutional, holding that "any

9990: 8335: 8082: 7957: 7885: 7870: 7605: 7550: 7512: 7158: 7128: 7046: 6695: 6680: 6485: 6290: 6037: 5885: 5838: 5775:"Citizenship in U.S. Territories: Constitutional Right or Congressional Privilege?" 5630: 5501:"The US Has Come a Long Way Since Its First, Highly Restrictive Naturalization Law" 5288: 5228: 4961: 4486: 3870: 3720: 3598: 3530: 3432: 2668: 1280: 1251: 1199: 1190:

made it clear that a specific intent to expatriate must exist to lose nationality.

1020: 1015: 620: 493: 393: 2827: 2825: 2807: 2749: 2747: 1670: 674:(523 U.S. 420 1998), the court upheld discriminatory regulations set out in Title 10071: 8781: 8620: 8568: 8449: 8408: 8319: 8243: 8147: 8129: 7865: 7835: 7693: 6833: 6808: 6531: 6443: 6226: 6137:"American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism" 5982: 5740: 5412: 5206: 5137: 4575: 4440: 3942: 3908:

The Founders on Citizenship and Immigration: Principles and Challenges in America

2616: 1207:

must exist when performing a voluntary act for loss of nationality to occur. The

1180: 995: 987: 979: 971: 963: 858:

A State Department certification of report of birth, issued between 1990 and 2010

748: 679: 327: 5539:. New York, New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 4940: 4528:"Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department" 4080: 838:

Birth certificate § Consular reports of birth for individuals born overseas

10102: 10002: 8558: 8537: 8521: 8485: 8429: 8398: 8213: 7070: 7036: 6990: 6221: 5786: 5386: 5232: 4728:"Demanding their Rights: The Latino Struggle for Educational Access and Equity" 4585: 4387:"What Was Taney Thinking? American Indian Citizenship in the Era of Dred Scott" 4360:"Opinion Analysis: Court Rejects Gender-Based Distinctions in Citizenship Laws" 4060: 4034: 3776:"Justice for All? Marriage and Deprivation of Citizenship in the United States" 3602: 2822: 2744: 1293: 1242:

for the district in which a defendant resides bring suit in the jurisdiction's

1002: 769: 536: 483:(60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 1857) were only eligible to become naturalized if they 405: 331: 6169: 5957: 5905: 5802: 5711: 5650: 5634: 5316: 5248: 5102: 4989: 4703: 4581:

No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship

4555: 4338: 4255: 4164: 4113: 3740: 3724: 3460: 10163: 10132: 10081: 10013: 9555: 8663: 8584: 8542: 8511: 8439: 8361: 8233: 8203: 8119: 8022: 7733: 7688: 7178: 7173: 7101: 6869: 6161: 6065: 6049: 5949: 5897: 5850: 5794: 5765: 5757: 5703: 5642: 5552: 5544: 5474: 5454: 5374: 5366: 5300: 5240: 5166:"American Samoans' Citizenship Status Still in Limbo After Judge Issues Stay" 5094: 4973: 4916: 4809: 4695: 4626: 4547: 4414: 4406: 4330: 4292: 4239: 4156: 4105: 3984: 3882: 3844: 3821: 3771: 3732: 3625: 3575: 3497: 3444: 1084: 1006: 833: 692: 549: 477:

were considered to be subjects of foreign governments and per decisions like

346: 6217:"Convention on the Nationality of Women (Inter-American); December 26, 1933" 5889: 5842: 4817: 3505: 457:, there was no other language in the Constitution dealing with nationality. 48: 10028: 7138: 6879: 6813: 6073: 5603: 1762: 1203:

was amended based on these court decisions to affirm that the intention to

629: 557: 489: 2658: 2656: 768:

came under U.S. jurisdiction in 1947, pursuant to an arrangement with the

612:

granted Native Americans, unilaterally, nationality in the United States.

10086: 10044: 8615: 8495: 4755: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2557: 892:

A State Department consular report of birth abroad, issued beginning 2011

569: 565: 433: 425: 382: 342: 6541: 5308: 5272: 4247: 4223: 1135:

List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality

8340: 6516: 6497: 6281:"Former Nazi Camp Guard, 94, Who Lived in US for Years, to Be Deported" 6057: 6015: 4981: 4637: 4364: 3988: 3890: 3848: 3516: 3480:"Gendered States: A Comparative Construction of Citizenship and Nation" 3452: 3414: 2653: 1485:

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women & Chinkin 2003

409: 389: 83: 4495:. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: 4224:"Married Women's Nationality in the International Context (1918–1935)" 2634: 2545: 846:

A State Department certification of birth abroad, issued prior to 1990

8248: 5837:(1). New York, New York: Columbia University School of Law: 222–273. 5292: 4647:"'I'm An American' Radio Show Promoted Inclusion Before World War II" 3676:

A Nationality of her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship

2592: 1361: 594: 470: 6489: 6041: 5587: 4965: 3874: 3436: 1676: 1341:

part of a restricted group. For example, the Supreme Court ruled in

1109:

Questions and answers for the civics portion of the citizenship test

1074:

A person holding up his certificate of derivative citizenship (2010)

10054: 10020: 8750: 7183: 7133: 6774:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

6095:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of State. 2014. Archived from 5445: 2001: 1798: 1583: 818: 793: 401: 322: 4141:"Sexual Equality Under the Fourteenth and Equal Rights Amendments" 3849:"Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830–1934" 2229: 2193: 1224:

officers who acquired U.S. nationality have had it revoked if the

8283: 7713: 6113:"Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship at Birth by a Child Born Abroad" 6089:"Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship at Birth by a Child Born Abroad" 5581:

Administrative Decisions Under Immigration & Nationality Laws

5392:

Administrative Decisions Under Immigration & Nationality Laws

5043:"Two Senators Want to Stop Facebook's Saverin from Dodging Taxes" 4007: 2285: 2283: 2132: 2130: 1534: 1532: 827: 5981:. In Davis, Michael H.; Rizzo, Danielle M.; Vrapi, Olsi (eds.). 3390: 3318: 3234: 1495: 1493: 543: 7193: 6191: 5874:

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

2449: 2355: 1768: 1118: 645: 6532:

U.S. regulations regarding loss and restoration of citizenship

4516:"The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended" 2991: 2989: 2987: 2437: 2280: 2241: 2205: 2181: 2127: 1881: 1529: 958:

that the United States has acquired over time, such as Alaska

499: 349:, nationality is typically obtained through provisions in the 2604: 2497: 2413: 1490: 341:

details the conditions in which a person holds United States

3212: 3210: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3117: 3115: 2533: 2159: 2157: 1740: 1738: 1571: 449:

the authority to establish a naturalization law. Before the

4513: 4234:(1: Gender and the Citizen). Paris: Éditions Belin: 73–94. 3905:

Erler, Edward J.; West, Thomas G.; Marini, John A. (2007).

3342: 2984: 2563: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1786: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1607: 1549: 1547: 1221: 561: 412:

and meeting a residence requirement (normally five years).

6527:

U.S. Citizenship Laws & Policy (U.S. State Department)

6111: 6087: 4272:"When Saying "I Do" Meant Giving Up Your U.S. Citizenship" 2662: 2647: 2076: 1723: 1442: 1139:

List of denaturalized former citizens of the United States

5169: 4651: 4051: 3801:

Buss, David; Hryck, David; Granwell, Alan (August 2007).

3354: 3306: 3294: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3139: 3112: 3100: 2270: 2268: 2154: 1929: 1905: 1750: 1735: 1430: 752:

territories to be naturalized, under special provisions.

722:

United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality

441:

did not define either nationality or citizenship, but in

6747:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

5613:"US Territorial Citizenship Today: Four Interpretations" 5577:"In the Matter of W: In Exclusion Proceedings A-6391576" 5287:

for the Immigration & Ethnic History Society: 3–35.

5078:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

4894:"Unreformed: Towards Gender Equality in Immigration Law" 4875:. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of State. 4368:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. 4314:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

4054:

U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution

3330: 3052: 2880:"US court overturns American Samoa citizenship decision" 2509: 2425: 2379: 2367: 1842: 1840: 1706: 1544: 4866: 4026: 3282: 3258: 2974: 2972: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2551: 2331: 2217: 2115: 2093: 2091: 2040: 2018: 2016: 2007: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1279:

People giving up U.S. nationality may be subject to an

330:

receiving his Certificate of Naturalization from Judge

6576: 6441: 5441:"Why Americans Abroad Are Giving Up Their Citizenship" 3560:

Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties

3366: 3042: 3040: 2957: 2933: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2295: 2265: 2253: 2103: 2064: 1682: 1559: 1058:

Ideological restrictions on naturalization in U.S. law

514:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

7234: 6119:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of State. 2017. 3378: 3270: 3246: 3222: 3127: 3088: 3076: 2762: 2307: 2052: 1989: 1917: 1893: 1837: 1815: 1813: 1774: 1624: 1622: 1517: 1505: 365:

is a broader legal term, such that a person can be a

6311:"Policy Manual: Chapter 2 – Becoming a U.S. Citizen" 6247:"Dual Citizenship – Security Clearance Implications" 5867:"The Value of Citizenship and Service to the Nation" 5381: 4869:"The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)" 3969:

Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929).

3156: 2969: 2945: 2921: 2898: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2701: 2461: 2169: 2088: 2028: 2013: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1869: 1852: 1825: 1804: 1694: 1646: 1595: 1589: 1418: 1030:

United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

974:, both incorporated, and unincorporated Puerto Rico 699: 593:

children of birthright male nationals. In 1922, the

6752:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

6390:. Washington, D.C.: US Congress. October 14, 1940. 6279: 6245: 4027:Gansallo, Ayodele; Bernstein-Baker, Judith (2016). 3396: 3174: 3064: 3037: 3025: 3001: 2569: 2521: 2485: 2473: 2396: 2343: 2319: 1658: 1634: 1454: 914:

years, with five of them after the age of fourteen.

8658:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 6542:Free Online U.S. Citizenship Practice Test (USCIS) 6135: 5979:"Renouncing U.S. Citizenship Through Expatriation" 5492:Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements 4754: 2846: 2598: 2142: 1810: 1619: 1466: 1115:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 1113:Applicants must apply for naturalization with the 642:, the restrictive quota system remained in place. 6417:. Washington, D.C.: US House of Representatives. 5682:"American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship" 5351:U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 4688:University of California, Berkeley, School of Law 3800: 3324: 3013: 2855: 2732: 2720: 1396: 1051: 804: 10161: 6713:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 6364:. Washington, D.C.: US Congress. June 27, 1952. 5865:Wong, Cara; Bonaguro, Jonathan (November 2020). 5610: 2455: 2361: 944: 922:In 2017, in a unanimous decision in the case of 5124: 3904: 3474: 2610: 2539: 2443: 2289: 2247: 2235: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2136: 1356:Though bills have been introduced, neither the 797:A judge swears in a new citizen. New York, 1910 104:Deportation of Americans from the United States 27:History and regulations of American citizenship 8669:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 6383: 6357: 6333: 6309: 6215: 5438: 4489:(1999). Appleby, Joyce; Ball, Terence (eds.). 4052:General Accounting Office (November 7, 1997). 3968: 3778:. In Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas R. (eds.). 3348: 2831: 2813: 2798: 2783: 2753: 2692: 2677: 2625: 2419: 2082: 1081:Military Accessions Vital to National Interest 828:Through birth abroad to United States citizens 400:are United States citizens (and nationals) by 8766: 7220: 7027:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 6562: 5588:U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration (1933). 4758:; Forte, David F.; Spalding, Matthew (2005). 4532:University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 4514:Joint Committee on Printing (July 25, 2007). 4221: 3780:Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory 1448: 1094: 788: 661:Wauchope v. United States Department of State 544:Restrictions and interpretations 1900 to 1965 460: 303: 9913:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 6411:"Title 8, Chapter 12, USC 1101: Definitions" 5864: 5575:United States Department of Justice (1950). 4285:National Archives and Records Administration 2995: 778:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 714:Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality 646:Refinements and interpretations 1966 to 2001 420: 7124:Democratic backsliding in the United States 6762:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 5611:Venator-Santiago, Charles R. (March 2017). 5040: 4655:. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. 3336: 910:with five of them after the age of sixteen. 815:Birthright citizenship in the United States 706:American Samoan citizenship and nationality 500:Expansions and interpretations 1866 to 1900 79:Effects of immigration to the United States 8773: 8759: 7227: 7213: 6569: 6555: 6465:"Our Non-Citizen Nationals, Who Are They?" 5402:"Report on Citizenship Law: United States" 5180: 5136:. Translated by Rubio Grundell, Lucrecia. 4030:Understanding Immigration Law and Practice 3672: 3651:Multiple Nationality And International Law 3603:"Citizenship in the American Constitution" 3412: 3240: 2163: 1935: 1717: 1613: 1553: 656:Elias v. United States Department of State 310: 296: 260:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 5067: 4725: 4485: 4464:Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America 4078: 3708:Studies in American Political Development 3216: 3201: 3189: 3150: 1899: 1756: 1744: 1677:U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration 1933 1577: 42:United States citizenship and immigration 8725:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 6462: 6034:Center for Migration Studies of New York 5989:American Immigration Lawyers Association 5679: 5498: 5439:Stcherbatcheff, Barbara (July 1, 2014). 5270: 4891: 4460: 4183: 4135: 3697: 3566:(Special Issue). Palo Alto, California: 2515: 2503: 2431: 2390: 2373: 2313: 2070: 2058: 2046: 1792: 1780: 1652: 1565: 1142: 1104: 1069: 1039: 948: 887: 883: 853: 841: 792: 718:Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality 321: 6769:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 6725:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 6409: 6339:US Citizenship and Immigration Services 6315:US Citizenship and Immigration Services 5976: 5927: 5824: 5562:from the original on September 21, 2020 5473: 4938: 4562:from the original on September 21, 2020 3995: 3929: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3162: 2951: 2301: 2274: 2259: 2109: 1499: 1460: 1436: 640:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 251:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 74:Immigration policy of the United States 14: 10162: 7006:United States Virgin Islands residents 6463:McGovney, Dudley O. (September 1934). 6321:from the original on February 22, 2021 6267:from the original on December 31, 2020 6233:from the original on December 27, 2020 6203:from the original on December 23, 2018 5574: 5426:from the original on December 13, 2019 5205: 5125:Rodríguez Serna, Nicolás (June 2016). 5028:from the original on November 12, 2020 4879:from the original on November 16, 2019 4839: 4782: 4761:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 4644: 4602: 4574: 4448:from the original on November 19, 2020 4421:from the original on November 25, 2020 4345:from the original on September 4, 2020 4269: 4222:Guerry, Linda; Rundell, Ethan (2016). 4209:from the original on February 24, 2021 3597: 3550: 3523: 3413:Aleinikoff, T. 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 5041:Puzzanghera, Jim (May 18, 2012). 4844:. In Samito, Christian G. (ed.). 4783:Michal, Edward J. (Spring 1992). 4742:from the original on May 27, 2020 4674:"Americans, Almost and Forgotten" 4672:Lin, Tom C. W. (September 2019). 4617:(3). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 4603:Kramer, Daniel C. (Spring 1965). 4540:University of Miami School of Law 4526:Kelly, H. Ansgar (January 1992). 4321:(2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 4089:Cornell International Law Journal 3429:University of Michigan Law School 3415:"Theories of Loss of Citizenship" 1035: 783: 700:U.S. outlying territorial history 654:In 1989, a ruling in the case of 439:Constitution of the United States 69:Emigration from the United States 10175:United States constitutional law 10142: 10141: 8863:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7639:Convention to propose amendments 7164:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 7081:Women's poll tax repeal movement 5977:Worster, William Thomas (2012). 5696:Fordham University School of Law 5223:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: 4909:Chapman University School of Law 4867:Office of the Historian (2020). 4145:Washington University Law Review 3715:(1). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 2872: 2599:Meese, Forte & Spalding 2005 2564:Joint Committee on Printing 2007 1350: 1248:plead against self-incrimination 1226:Office of Special Investigations 279: 84:Permanent Residency (Green Card) 64:Immigration to the United States 47: 32:Citizenship of the United States 10008:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 6708:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 6626:Privileges or Immunities Clause 6512:Immigration and Nationality Act 6442:Robert James McWhirter (2007). 6293:. March 6, 2020. Archived from 6199:. Kansas City, Missouri. 2016. 6152:(6). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6014:Yang, Philip Q. (Autumn 1994). 5825:Weinrib, Laura (January 2003). 5596:U.S. Government Printing Office 5499:Taparata, Evan (July 4, 2016). 5271:Sheridan, Clare (Spring 2002). 4842:"The Janus of Civil Rights Law" 4619:Temple University School of Law 4467:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 3867:American Historical Association 3405: 3325:Buss, Hryck & Granwell 2007 2663:Bureau of Consular Affairs 2014 2648:Bureau of Consular Affairs 2017 1334: 1250:. The standard of proof is not 512:and later that year passed the 9845:Federated States of Micronesia 9209:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 8254:Separation of church and state 6986:District of Columbia residents 6916:Multiple non-transferable vote 6839:Voter registration in the U.S. 6784:Election Assistance Commission 6604:Congressional Elections Clause 5984:The Consular Practice Handbook 5748:(2). Los Angeles, California: 5579:. In Sharon, Joel Paul (ed.). 5022:American Civil Liberties Union 5012:Park, Sandra (June 13, 2017). 4840:Miller, Darrell A. H. (2018). 4307:Hein, John R. (January 2009). 3996:Forliti, Amy (July 30, 2013). 3930:Escobar, Cristina (May 2015). 3854:The American Historical Review 3698:Bruyneel, Kevin (April 2004). 3681:University of California Press 3618:James E. Rogers College of Law 1408: 1052:Eligibility for naturalization 805:Birth within the United States 443:Article 1, section 8, clause 4 13: 1: 10170:United States nationality law 7758:Virginia Ratifying Convention 7169:National Voting Rights Museum 6779:Help America Vote Act of 2002 6156:: 1680–1703. April 10, 2017. 5417:European University Institute 5400:Spiro, Peter J. (July 2015). 5142:European University Institute 4941:"The Citizenship Act of 1934" 4492:Jefferson: Political Writings 3947:European University Institute 3648:Boll, Alfred Michael (2007). 2611:Erler, West & Marini 2007 1385: 1344:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1235:Schneiderman v. United States 1162:in 1915 with the ruling that 945:Birth in outlying possessions 939:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 339:United States nationality law 270:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 219:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 187:United States nationality law 145:Relinquishment of nationality 10126:British Overseas Territories 8719:National Constitution Center 8517:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 7816:Assemble and Petition Clause 7032:Timeline of women's suffrage 6448:. American Bar Association. 5285:University of Illinois Press 4538:(2). Coral Gables, Florida: 4434:Irby, Kate (June 20, 2019). 3810:International Tax Strategies 3784:University of Michigan Press 3551:Batlan, Felice (July 2020). 2008:Office of the Historian 2020 1390: 931: 666:9th Circuit Court of Appeals 7: 9996:Renunciation of citizenship 8590:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 7644:State ratifying conventions 7581:Equal Opportunity to Govern 7576:Electoral College abolition 7503:Congressional Apportionment 7086:History of direct democracy 7076:Selma to Montgomery marches 6819:Initiatives and referendums 6522:U.S. Naturalization (USCIS) 5773:Weare, Neil (Spring 2017). 5181:Rutherglen, George (2013). 5051:. Los Angeles, California. 4732:American Latino Theme Study 4686:(4). Berkeley, California: 4399:Chicago-Kent College of Law 4358:Howe, Amy (June 12, 2017). 4270:Hacker, Meg (Spring 2014). 3656:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1371: 1304:The Supreme Court ruled in 1266:Renunciation of nationality 925:Sessions v. Morales-Santana 762:Philippine Independence Act 534:did not apply to women and 10: 10191: 6906:First-past-the-post voting 6676:U.S. Department of Justice 6341:. Washington, D. C. 2021. 6317:. Washington, D. C. 2021. 6225:. New Haven, Connecticut: 6193:"Civil Rights Act of 1866" 6117:Bureau of Consular Affairs 6093:Bureau of Consular Affairs 5940:(1). St. Louis, Missouri: 5627:Cambridge University Press 5509:Public Radio International 5507:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: 5283:(3). Champaign, Illinois: 5233:10.1177/003232928401300101 4802:University of Hawaii Press 4497:Cambridge University Press 4202:. 137 S. Ct. 1678 (2017). 4147:(1). St. Louis, Missouri: 3717:Cambridge University Press 3427:(7). Ann Arbor, Michigan: 2420:Flournoy & Hudson 1929 1270:Statement of Understanding 1169:Savorgnan v. United States 1132: 1098: 1095:Process for naturalization 1055: 982:, the U.S. Virgin Islands 831: 808: 789:Acquisition of nationality 703: 554:unincorporated territories 467:Naturalization Act of 1790 461:Nationality laws 1790–1866 415: 208:Naturalization Act of 1790 29: 10121: 10095: 10037: 9978: 9931: 9832: 9722: 9549: 9542: 9311: 9236: 9093: 9086: 8795: 8788: 8677: 8649: 8629: 8608: 8577: 8551: 8530: 8504: 8468: 8417: 8386: 8370: 8349: 8328: 8307: 8291: 8282: 8161: 8043:Privileges and Immunities 7856:Congressional enforcement 7791: 7778:Rhode Island ratification 7669:Articles of Confederation 7656: 7634: 7611:Parental Rights amendment 7536: 7493: 7418: 7390: 7369: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7242: 7094: 7042:Woman Suffrage Procession 7014: 6933: 6898: 6852: 6801: 6794: 6730:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6666: 6584: 6445:The citizenship flowchart 6028:(3). New York, New York: 5880:(3). New York, New York: 5785:(1). New York, New York: 5694:(4). New York, New York: 5635:10.1017/S1049096516003103 5625:(2). New York, New York: 4907:(2). Orange, California: 4873:Foreign Service Institute 4006:. Jacksonville, Florida. 3861:(5). New York, New York: 3725:10.1017/S0898588X04000021 1449:Guerry & Rundell 2016 1379:United States v. Matheson 1307:Kawakita v. United States 526:(21 Wall 162, 1875), the 421:Constitutional foundation 130:U.S. citizens / nationals 8843:Central African Republic 8274:Unitary executive theory 8048:Privileges or Immunities 7763:New York Circular Letter 7753:Massachusetts Compromise 6981:American Samoa residents 6720:Civil Rights Act of 1960 6703:Civil Rights Act of 1957 6258:U.S. Department of State 4956:(1). Chicago, Illinois: 4848:. Carbondale, Illinois: 4793:The Contemporary Pacific 4461:Isenberg, Nancy (1998). 4397:(1). Chicago, Illinois: 3913:Rowman & Littlefield 3679:. Berkeley, California: 3397:Department of State 2016 2996:Wong & Bonaguro 2020 2698:, pp. 236, 238–239. 1890:, pp. 319–320, 324. 1541:, pp. xxiii, 11–12. 1327: 1256:federal appellate courts 586:Immigration Acts of 1921 578:Expatriation Act of 1907 510:Civil Rights Act of 1866 504:In the aftermath of the 492:, daughter of President 404:. The sole exception is 396:or almost any inhabited 286:United States portal 213:Civil Rights Act of 1866 203:Colonial nationality law 94:Diversity Immigrant Visa 9941:Commonwealth of Nations 8194:Dormant Commerce Clause 8038:Presidential succession 7773:Fayetteville Convention 7768:Hillsborough Convention 7704:Three-fifths Compromise 7684:Philadelphia Convention 7674:Mount Vernon Conference 7561:Campaign finance reform 6686:Enforcement Act of 1870 6621:Equal Protection Clause 5890:10.7758/rsf.2020.6.3.05 5882:Russell Sage Foundation 5843:10.7916/cjgl.v12i1.2449 5675:(subscription required) 5385:; Milhollan, David L.; 5349:(2). Washington, D.C.: 5189:Oxford University Press 4800:(1). Honolulu, Hawaii: 4444:. Modesto, California. 4391:Chicago-Kent Law Review 4096:(2). Ithaca, New York: 4003:The Florida Times-Union 3977:Oxford University Press 3863:Oxford University Press 3814:Commerce Clearing House 3782:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: 1240:United States Attorneys 737:citizens of Puerto Rico 508:, Congress enacted the 381:who have the status of 265:Immigration Act of 1990 230:Nationality Act of 1940 9755:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8357:William Samuel Johnson 8229:Nondelegation doctrine 7801:Admission to the Union 7748:Anti-Federalist Papers 7699:Connecticut Compromise 6691:Second Enforcement Act 5670: – via 5216:Politics & Society 5187:. New York, New York: 5020:. New York, New York: 4033:. New York, New York: 3975:. New York, New York: 3616:(2). Tucson, Arizona: 1502:, p. 61, Part II. 1322:classified information 1244:Federal District Court 1214:multiple nationalities 1205:relinquish nationality 1148: 1110: 1075: 1045: 954: 893: 859: 847: 798: 610:Indian Citizenship Act 480:Dred Scott v. Sandford 335: 225:Indian Citizenship Act 125:Birthright citizenship 10138:Partially recognized. 9003:São Tomé and Príncipe 8564:Richard Dobbs Spaight 8033:Presidential Electors 8008:Original Jurisdiction 7948:Full Faith and Credit 7821:Assistance of Counsel 7742:The Federalist Papers 7571:Crittenden Compromise 7144:Elections in the U.S. 7001:Puerto Rico residents 6740:covered jurisdictions 6473:California Law Review 6229:. December 26, 1933. 5594:. Washington, D. C.: 5477:(November 28, 1933). 5383:Smith, William French 5048:The Los Angeles Times 4958:University of Chicago 4736:National Park Service 4734:. Washington, D. C.: 4679:California Law Review 4283:. Washington, D. C.: 3812:. Chicago, Illinois: 3243:, pp. 1475–1476. 2506:, pp. 1710–1711. 2456:Venator-Santiago 2017 2362:Venator-Santiago 2017 1914:, pp. 1466–1468. 1146: 1108: 1073: 1043: 1032:reversed the ruling. 952: 891: 884:Illegitimate children 857: 845: 796: 325: 10077:Second-class citizen 10050:Multiple citizenship 9519:United Arab Emirates 9153:(Kingdom of Denmark) 8733:A More Perfect Union 8709:Constitution Gardens 8630:Convention Secretary 8292:Convention President 8264:Symmetric federalism 8259:Separation of powers 7993:Necessary and Proper 7988:Natural-born citizen 7933:Freedom of the Press 7871:Copyright and Patent 7861:Contingent Elections 7679:Annapolis Convention 6256:. Washington, D.C.: 5987:. Washington, D.C.: 5731:Volpp, Leti (2005). 5537:Women2000 and Beyond 5168:. Washington, D.C.: 4852:. pp. 233–264. 4764:. Washington, D.C.: 4610:Temple Law Quarterly 4499:. pp. 219–220. 4198:. Washington, D.C.: 4185:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 4137:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 4008:Gannett News Service 3911:. Lanham, Maryland: 3599:Bickel, Alexander M. 3476:Augustine-Adams, Kif 2540:Rodríguez Serna 2016 2444:Rodríguez Serna 2016 2290:Augustine-Adams 2001 2248:Augustine-Adams 2001 2236:Augustine-Adams 2001 2212:Augustine-Adams 2001 2200:Augustine-Adams 2001 2188:Augustine-Adams 2001 2137:Augustine-Adams 2001 1732:, pp. 244, 265. 1274:Oath of Renunciation 1154:foreign armed forces 1101:American Civics Test 621:Joshua Butler Wright 617:Alexander W. Weddell 574:Spanish–American War 455:Fourteenth Amendment 453:and adoption of the 394:District of Columbia 238:Relevant legislation 150:Honorary citizenship 10067:Permanent residency 9986:Loss of citizenship 9961:Caribbean Community 9214:Trinidad and Tobago 9199:St. Kitts and Nevis 9101:Antigua and Barbuda 8740:Worldwide influence 8481:Gunning Bedford Jr. 8209:Executive privilege 8189:Criminal sentencing 8112:Title of Nobility ( 8103:Taxing and Spending 8003:Oath or Affirmation 7963:House Apportionment 7826:Case or Controversy 7709:Committee of Detail 7601:"Liberty" amendment 7566:Christian amendment 6297:on February 2, 2021 6286:The Times of Israel 5461:on January 20, 2021 4171:on December 6, 2020 3568:Stanford Law School 3534:. Washington, D.C. 3420:Michigan Law Review 3363:, pp. 429–430. 3349:Stcherbatcheff 2014 3176:The Times of Israel 3124:, pp. 444–445. 3109:, pp. 442–444. 2804:, pp. 236–237. 2789:, pp. 236–238. 2601:, pp. 385–389. 2340:, pp. 434–436. 2238:, pp. 101–102. 2202:, pp. 137–138. 2083:Avalon Project 1933 1795:, pp. 162–163. 1580:, pp. 219–220. 1129:Loss of nationality 863:Legitimate children 774:Organic Act of 1950 635:McCarran-Walter Act 558:insular possessions 523:Minor v. Happersett 410:permanent residents 89:Refugees and asylum 9141:Dominican Republic 8394:William Livingston 8378:Alexander Hamilton 8184:Criminal procedure 8179:Constitutional law 8114:Foreign Emoluments 8078:State of the Union 8063:Self-Incrimination 8053:Recess appointment 7846:Compulsory Process 7508:Titles of Nobility 7189:Voter registration 7065:Give Us the Ballot 6961:Transgender people 6865:Grandfather clause 6829:Provisional ballot 6154:Harvard Law School 6145:Harvard Law Review 5750:UCLA School of Law 5687:Fordham Law Review 4926:on August 14, 2020 4901:Chapman Law Review 4766:Regnery Publishing 4098:Cornell Law School 3786:. pp. 77–98. 3610:Arizona Law Review 2848:Harvard Law Review 1439:, p. Part II. 1318:security clearance 1149: 1123:Oath of Allegiance 1111: 1076: 1064:permanent resident 1046: 955: 894: 860: 848: 811:Citizenship Clause 799: 757:Jones–Shafroth Act 728:Territorial Clause 671:Miller v. Albright 451:American Civil War 336: 246:Citizenship Clause 120:Oath of Allegiance 99:Illegal immigrants 10157: 10156: 10131:Open border with 9974: 9973: 9828: 9827: 9307: 9306: 9227:US Virgin Islands 9154: 8878:Equatorial Guinea 8748: 8747: 8714:Constitution Week 8699:Independence Mall 8687:National Archives 8645: 8644: 8460:Gouverneur Morris 8445:Thomas Fitzsimons 8425:Benjamin Franklin 8299:George Washington 8199:Enumerated powers 8174:Concurrent powers 8169:Balance of powers 7998:No Religious Test 7938:Freedom of Speech 7729:Independence Hall 7652: 7651: 7556:Bricker amendment 7489: 7488: 7202: 7201: 7149:Electoral College 6971:African Americans 6929: 6928: 6921:One man, one vote 6890:Voter suppression 6455:978-1-59031-921-5 6260:. February 2016. 6254:careers.state.gov 6099:on March 28, 2015 6030:SAGE Publications 5998:978-1-57370-308-6 5342:Prologue Magazine 5225:SAGE Publications 5198:978-0-19-973970-7 4859:978-0-8093-3652-4 4775:978-1-59698-001-3 4506:978-0-521-64841-7 4487:Jefferson, Thomas 4478:978-0-8078-4746-6 4014:on August 5, 2020 3922:978-0-7425-5855-7 3847:(December 1998). 3793:978-0-472-02368-4 3665:978-90-04-14838-3 3315:, pp. 87–88. 3303:, pp. 85–86. 3061:, pp. 58–59. 2226:, pp. 43–44. 2124:, pp. 60–61. 1616:, pp. 18–19. 1313:Schneider v. Rusk 1187:Vance v. Terrazas 1175:Perez v. Brownell 1159:Mackenzie v. Hare 741:Panama Canal Zone 684:John Paul Stevens 351:U.S. Constitution 320: 319: 16:(Redirected from 10182: 10145: 10144: 9991:Denaturalization 9880:Papua New Guinea 9865:Marshall Islands 9547: 9546: 9152: 9091: 9090: 8793: 8792: 8782:Nationality laws 8775: 8768: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8704:Constitution Day 8595:Charles Pinckney 8404:William Paterson 8336:Nathaniel Gorham 8289: 8288: 8068:Speech or Debate 7896:Equal Protection 7606:Ludlow amendment 7591:Flag Desecration 7586:Federal Marriage 7551:Blaine amendment 7513:Corwin Amendment 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7159:Electoral system 7154:Electoral reform 7129:Disfranchisement 7117:Native Americans 7107:Campaign finance 7052:U.S. suffragists 7047:Silent Sentinels 6976:Native Americans 6799: 6798: 6696:Ku Klux Klan Act 6681:Enforcement Acts 6571: 6564: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6501: 6469: 6459: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6389: 6385:"Public Law 853" 6380: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6359:"Public Law 414" 6354: 6352: 6350: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6291:Associated Press 6276: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6251: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6010: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5924: 5922: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5769: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5607: 5584: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5495: 5485: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5457:. Archived from 5435: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5406: 5396: 5378: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5293:10.2307/27502846 5267: 5265: 5263: 5207:Sapiro, Virginia 5202: 5177: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5112:on July 15, 2011 5111: 5105:. Archived from 5074: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4925: 4919:. Archived from 4898: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4863: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4789: 4779: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4599: 4576:Kerber, Linda K. 4571: 4569: 4567: 4522: 4520: 4510: 4482: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4196:SupremeCourt.gov 4193: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167:. Archived from 4139:(January 1979). 4132: 4130: 4128: 4122: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4066:on March 4, 2021 4065: 4058: 4048: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010:. Archived from 3992: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3936: 3926: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3830: 3807: 3797: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758:on March 6, 2021 3757: 3751:. Archived from 3704: 3694: 3669: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3607: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3585:on July 15, 2020 3584: 3578:. Archived from 3557: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3531:Voice of America 3520: 3514: 3512: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3337:Puzzanghera 2012 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2699: 2690: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1691:, pp. 9–10. 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1427:, p. 66-67. 1422: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1365: 1354: 1348: 1338: 1300:Dual nationality 1281:expatriation tax 1252:reasonable doubt 1209:State Department 1202: 1085:Olympic athletes 1021:State Department 1018: 532:equal protection 494:Ulysses S. Grant 475:Native Americans 312: 305: 298: 284: 283: 282: 135:Citizenship test 51: 39: 38: 21: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10117: 10091: 10072:Right of return 10033: 9970: 9933: 9927: 9890:Solomon Islands 9824: 9790:Northern Cyprus 9785:North Macedonia 9718: 9553: 9538: 9303: 9232: 9082: 8784: 8779: 8749: 8744: 8679: 8673: 8641: 8637:William Jackson 8625: 8621:Abraham Baldwin 8604: 8573: 8569:Hugh Williamson 8547: 8526: 8500: 8491:Richard Bassett 8464: 8450:Jared Ingersoll 8413: 8409:Jonathan Dayton 8382: 8366: 8345: 8324: 8320:Nicholas Gilman 8303: 8278: 8244:Reserved powers 8224:Judicial review 8157: 7953:General Welfare 7876:Double Jeopardy 7787: 7714:List of Framers 7694:New Jersey Plan 7648: 7630: 7626:Victims' Rights 7546:Balanced budget 7532: 7485: 7414: 7386: 7365: 7289: 7238: 7233: 7203: 7198: 7090: 7010: 6925: 6894: 6860:Electoral fraud 6848: 6844:Voting in space 6834:Recall election 6809:Absentee ballot 6790: 6668: 6662: 6586: 6580: 6575: 6508: 6490:10.2307/3476939 6467: 6456: 6438: 6436:Further reading 6433: 6424: 6422: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6348: 6346: 6324: 6322: 6300: 6298: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6249: 6236: 6234: 6227:Yale Law School 6206: 6204: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6139: 6126: 6124: 6102: 6100: 6078: 6076: 6042:10.2307/2546816 5999: 5967: 5965: 5920: 5869: 5855: 5853: 5815: 5813: 5741:UCLA Law Review 5735: 5721: 5719: 5674: 5663: 5661: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5532: 5518: 5516: 5483: 5464: 5462: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5413:Badia Fiesolana 5404: 5387:Nelson, Alan C. 5329: 5327: 5261: 5259: 5199: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5138:Badia Fiesolana 5129: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5072: 5058: 5056: 5031: 5029: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4966:10.2307/1596298 4943: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4896: 4882: 4880: 4860: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4787: 4776: 4745: 4743: 4716: 4714: 4662: 4660: 4631: 4629: 4596: 4586:Hill & Wang 4565: 4563: 4518: 4507: 4479: 4451: 4449: 4441:The Modesto Bee 4424: 4422: 4375: 4373: 4348: 4346: 4297: 4295: 4274: 4260: 4258: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4191: 4174: 4172: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4083: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4045: 4017: 4015: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3943:Badia Fiesolana 3934: 3923: 3895: 3893: 3875:10.2307/2649963 3834: 3832: 3828: 3805: 3794: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3702: 3691: 3666: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3605: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3555: 3541: 3539: 3510: 3508: 3465: 3463: 3437:10.2307/1288994 3408: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291:, pp. 7–9. 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3267:, pp. 3–4. 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3241:Aleinikoff 1986 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2886:. June 16, 2021 2878: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2856: 2852:, p. 1683. 2845: 2841: 2830: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2797: 2793: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2683:, p. 1139. 2676: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2635: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2530:, p. 1257. 2526: 2522: 2518:, p. 1707. 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494:, p. 1259. 2490: 2486: 2482:, p. 1260. 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2446:, pp. 7–8. 2442: 2438: 2434:, p. 1697. 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410:, p. 1262. 2406: 2397: 2393:, p. 1673. 2389: 2380: 2376:, p. 1676. 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178:, p. 1469. 2174: 2170: 2164:Bredbenner 1998 2162: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037:, p. 1467. 2033: 2029: 2025:, p. 1466. 2021: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962:, p. 1464. 1958: 1954: 1950:, p. 1466. 1946: 1942: 1936:Bredbenner 1998 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1853: 1845: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1759:, p. 1367. 1755: 1751: 1747:, p. 1366. 1743: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1718:Rutherglen 2013 1716: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1614:Bredbenner 1998 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1554:Rutherglen 2013 1552: 1545: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1491: 1487:, pp. 2–3. 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1355: 1351: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1302: 1194: 1181:Afroyim v. Rusk 1164:Ethel Mackenzie 1141: 1131: 1103: 1097: 1060: 1054: 1038: 1010: 947: 934: 886: 865: 840: 830: 821: 809:Main articles: 807: 791: 786: 724: 702: 648: 546: 530:confirmed that 502: 463: 423: 418: 377:is reserved to 328:Albert Einstein 316: 280: 278: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10188: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10139: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10052: 10047: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003:Naturalization 10000: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9956:Nordic Council 9953: 9948: 9946:European Union 9943: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9909:American Samoa 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9820:United Kingdom 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9723:Rest of Europe 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9589:Czech Republic 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9551:European Union 9544: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Western Sahara 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8858:Congo Republic 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8683: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8578:South Carolina 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8559:William Blount 8555: 8553: 8552:North Carolina 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8522:Daniel Carroll 8519: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8486:John Dickinson 8483: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8430:Thomas Mifflin 8427: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8399:David Brearley 8396: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8269:Taxation power 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8214:Implied powers 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8162:Interpretation 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8058:Recommendation 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7943:Fugitive Slave 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7911:Excessive Bail 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7811:Appropriations 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7621:Single subject 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7392:Reconstruction 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7308:Bill of Rights 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071:Freedom Summer 7068: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Suffrage Hikes 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991:Guam residents 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Gerrymandering 6908: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6658:26th Amendment 6655: 6653:24th Amendment 6650: 6648:23rd Amendment 6645: 6643:19th Amendment 6640: 6638:17th Amendment 6635: 6633:15th Amendment 6630: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6616:14th Amendment 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6590: 6588: 6585:Constitutional 6582: 6581: 6574: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6506:External links 6504: 6503: 6502: 6460: 6454: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6407: 6381: 6355: 6331: 6307: 6277: 6243: 6222:Avalon Project 6213: 6189: 6133: 6109: 6085: 6011: 5997: 5974: 5925: 5862: 5822: 5779:Centro Journal 5770: 5728: 5677: 5672:Cambridge Core 5608: 5585: 5572: 5525: 5496: 5475:Stevens, Doris 5471: 5436: 5397: 5379: 5336: 5268: 5209:(March 1984). 5203: 5197: 5178: 5161: 5122: 5065: 5038: 5009: 4936: 4889: 4864: 4858: 4837: 4780: 4774: 4752: 4723: 4669: 4642: 4600: 4594: 4572: 4523: 4511: 4505: 4483: 4477: 4471:. p. 45. 4458: 4431: 4382: 4355: 4304: 4267: 4219: 4181: 4133: 4076: 4049: 4043: 4035:Wolters Kluwer 4024: 3993: 3966: 3927: 3921: 3902: 3845:Cott, Nancy F. 3841: 3798: 3792: 3772:Cott, Nancy F. 3768: 3695: 3689: 3670: 3664: 3645: 3595: 3548: 3521: 3472: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3387:, p. 445. 3377: 3375:, p. 283. 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3231:, p. 444. 3221: 3219:, p. 293. 3217:Getschman 1988 3206: 3204:, p. 292. 3202:Getschman 1988 3194: 3192:, p. 290. 3190:Getschman 1988 3182: 3167: 3155: 3153:, p. 289. 3151:Getschman 1988 3138: 3136:, p. 447. 3126: 3111: 3099: 3097:, p. 441. 3087: 3085:, p. 439. 3075: 3063: 3051: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2983: 2968: 2966:, p. 141. 2956: 2944: 2942:, p. 140. 2932: 2930:, p. 459. 2920: 2897: 2871: 2854: 2839: 2821: 2819:, p. 237. 2815:Public Law 414 2806: 2800:Public Law 414 2791: 2785:Public Law 414 2773: 2771:, p. 148. 2761: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2700: 2694:Public Law 414 2685: 2679:Public Law 853 2667: 2652: 2633: 2631:, p. 236. 2627:Public Law 414 2615: 2603: 2591: 2568: 2556: 2554:, p. 570. 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 149. 2460: 2458:, p. 517. 2448: 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 574. 2412: 2395: 2378: 2366: 2364:, p. 515. 2354: 2352:, p. 443. 2342: 2330: 2328:, p. 433. 2318: 2306: 2304:, p. 257. 2294: 2292:, p. 103. 2279: 2277:, p. 224. 2264: 2262:, p. 263. 2252: 2250:, p. 104. 2240: 2228: 2216: 2214:, p. 138. 2204: 2192: 2190:, p. 137. 2180: 2168: 2166:, p. 244. 2153: 2141: 2139:, p. 102. 2126: 2114: 2112:, p. 110. 2102: 2100:, p. 420. 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2049:, p. 422. 2039: 2027: 2012: 2000: 1998:, p. 780. 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1938:, p. 100. 1928: 1926:, p. 324. 1916: 1904: 1900:MacDonald 2014 1892: 1880: 1868: 1851: 1849:, p. 319. 1836: 1824: 1809: 1807:, p. 201. 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1757:Rodríguez 2009 1749: 1745:Rodríguez 2009 1734: 1722: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1618: 1606: 1604:, p. 330. 1594: 1592:, p. 195. 1582: 1578:Jefferson 1999 1570: 1558: 1543: 1528: 1526:, p. 370. 1516: 1514:, p. 369. 1504: 1489: 1477: 1475:, p. 114. 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1407: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1349: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1301: 1298: 1290:Reed Amendment 1272:and takes the 1200:§ 1481(a) 1130: 1127: 1096: 1093: 1053: 1050: 1037: 1036:Naturalization 1034: 1016:§ 1408(1) 1003:American Samoa 946: 943: 933: 930: 920: 919: 915: 911: 907: 885: 882: 881: 880: 877: 873: 864: 861: 829: 826: 806: 803: 790: 787: 785: 784:Current scheme 782: 770:United Nations 701: 698: 688:Clark v. Jeter 647: 644: 630:legitimization 545: 542: 537:Elk v. Wilkins 501: 498: 462: 459: 422: 419: 417: 414: 406:American Samoa 332:Phillip Forman 318: 317: 315: 314: 307: 300: 292: 289: 288: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 248: 240: 239: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 215: 210: 205: 197: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 181: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 160: 159: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 114: 113: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 18:U.S. nationals 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10187: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10150: 10149: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10133:Schengen Area 10130: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10082:Statelessness 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10014:Ius sanguinis 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9967: 9966:African Union 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934:organizations 9932:International 9930: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9905:United States 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9649:Liechtenstein 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9556:Schengen Area 9552: 9548: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9219:United States 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:Guinea-Bissau 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8664:Jacob Shallus 8662: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8600:Pierce Butler 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:John Rutledge 8583: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8543:James Madison 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8512:James McHenry 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440:George Clymer 8438: 8436: 8435:Robert Morris 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8362:Roger Sherman 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329:Massachusetts 8327: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308:New Hampshire 8306: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8234:Plenary power 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Equal footing 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Trial by Jury 8123: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7978:Ineligibility 7976: 7974: 7973:Import-Export 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7928:Free Exercise 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7917:Ex Post Facto 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7901:Establishment 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Confrontation 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7734:Syng inkstand 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Virginia Plan 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:School Prayer 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Secret ballot 7177: 7175: 7174:Redistricting 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102:Ballot access 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899:Vote dilution 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Voter ID laws 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Literacy test 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Postal voting 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:1st Amendment 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6420: 6416: 6415:www.uscis.gov 6412: 6408: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6296: 6292: 6289:. Jerusalem. 6288: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698:: 1673–1724. 5697: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:cadmus.eui.eu 5403: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134:cadmus.eui.eu 5128: 5123: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5089:: 1363–1371. 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690:: 1249–1302. 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4595:0-8090-7383-8 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4187:(June 2017). 4186: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4077: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4044:9781454850380 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:cadmus.eui.eu 3933: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869:: 1440–1474. 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690:0-520-20650-9 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3478:(Fall 2001). 3477: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431:: 1471–1503. 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3327:, p. 11. 3326: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2998:, p. 99. 2997: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2981:, p. 14. 2980: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2918:, p. 12. 2917: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2833:Policy Manual 2828: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2755:Policy Manual 2750: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2717:, p. 11. 2716: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2613:, p. 67. 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2589:, p. 10. 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2566:, p. 16. 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2516:Villazor 2017 2512: 2505: 2504:Villazor 2017 2500: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2432:Villazor 2017 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2391:Villazor 2017 2387: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2374:Villazor 2017 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2314:Ginsburg 2017 2310: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2073:, p. 30. 2072: 2071:Bruyneel 2004 2067: 2060: 2059:Sheridan 2002 2055: 2048: 2047:Olivares 2015 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1986:, p. 59. 1985: 1980: 1974:, p. 12. 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1878:, p. 58. 1877: 1872: 1866:, p. 43. 1865: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1834:, p. 10. 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1793:Ginsburg 1979 1789: 1782: 1781:Sheridan 2002 1777: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1720:, p. 22. 1719: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1703:, p. 41. 1702: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1679:, p. 19. 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1653:Taparata 2016 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1568:, p. 45. 1567: 1566:Isenberg 1998 1562: 1556:, p. 21. 1555: 1550: 1548: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1451:, p. 73. 1450: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1320:or access to 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1285:U.S. taxation 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1049: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1007:Swains Island 1004: 999: 997: 993: 992:8 U.S.C. 989: 985: 984:8 U.S.C. 981: 977: 976:8 U.S.C. 973: 969: 968:8 U.S.C. 965: 961: 960:8 U.S.C. 951: 942: 940: 929: 927: 926: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 898: 897: 890: 878: 874: 870: 869: 868: 856: 852: 844: 839: 835: 834:jus sanguinis 825: 820: 816: 812: 802: 795: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 753: 750: 746: 745:8 U.S.C. 742: 738: 732: 729: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 697: 695: 694: 693:Nguyen v. INS 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:8 U.S.C. 673: 672: 667: 663: 662: 657: 652: 643: 641: 636: 631: 625: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 606: 599: 596: 591: 587: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:Insular Cases 541: 539: 538: 533: 529: 528:Supreme Court 525: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 497: 495: 491: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 468: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 431: 427: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:United States 344: 340: 333: 329: 324: 313: 308: 306: 301: 299: 294: 293: 291: 290: 287: 277: 276: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 220: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 194: 193: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 178: 177: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 111: 110: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10147: 10113:Soviet Union 10108:Ancient Rome 10103:Nazi Germany 10029:Repatriation 10019: 10012: 9979:By procedure 9904: 9514:Turkmenistan 9469:Saudi Arabia 9218: 9033:South Africa 9018:Sierra Leone 8823:Burkina Faso 8789:By continent 8731: 8723: 8656: 8455:James Wilson 8418:Pennsylvania 8315:John Langdon 8073:Speedy Trial 7915: 7806:Appointments 7740: 7523:Equal Rights 7419:20th century 7139:Election law 7057:Publications 6966:Young adults 6880:Voter caging 6814:Early voting 6802:Voter access 6669:and agencies 6667:Federal laws 6477: 6471: 6444: 6423:. 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Leiden: 3517:HeinOnline 3461:5544296499 3385:Kelly 1992 3361:Kelly 1992 3229:Kelly 1992 3134:Kelly 1992 3122:Kelly 1992 3107:Kelly 1992 3095:Kelly 1992 3083:Kelly 1992 3071:Spiro 2015 3047:Spiro 2015 3032:Spiro 2015 2979:Spiro 2015 2916:Spiro 2015 2769:Weare 2017 2715:Spiro 2015 2587:Spiro 2015 2468:Weare 2017 2098:Volpp 2005 1820:Spiro 2015 1629:Smith 1998 1602:Hoxie 2006 1386:References 1133:See also: 1099:See also: 1056:See also: 832:See also: 704:See also: 548:Under the 402:birthright 369:but not a 326:Physicist 10038:By result 9840:Australia 9654:Lithuania 9484:Sri Lanka 9474:Singapore 9454:Palestine 9364:Indonesia 9299:Venezuela 9244:Argentina 9204:St. Lucia 9189:Nicaragua 9164:Guatemala 8968:Mauritius 8249:Saxbe fix 8138:Executive 8093:Take Care 8083:Supremacy 7958:Guarantee 7886:Elections 7657:Formation 7370:1795–1804 6594:Article I 6425:March 12, 6349:March 12, 6301:March 13, 6271:March 13, 6162:0017-811X 6079:March 12, 6066:425856564 6050:0197-9183 5968:March 13, 5950:0036-3030 5914:226282857 5898:2377-8253 5851:1062-6220 5795:1538-6279 5766:193654281 5758:0041-5650 5704:0015-704X 5664:March 12, 5659:151942364 5643:1049-0965 5553:614497525 5545:2071-1514 5505:The World 5465:March 13, 5455:0028-9604 5375:208742006 5367:0033-1031 5325:157521905 5301:0278-5927 5257:153555230 5241:0032-3292 5095:1521-2823 5059:March 13, 4974:0041-9494 4917:2381-3245 4831:March 12, 4810:1043-898X 4696:0008-1221 4632:March 13, 4627:0040-2974 4566:March 13, 4548:0884-1756 4452:March 12, 4415:143598229 4407:0009-3599 4331:1521-2823 4293:0033-1031 4287:: 56–61. 4240:2554-3822 4157:2166-7993 4127:March 13, 4106:0010-8812 4018:March 13, 3985:875321407 3883:0002-8762 3822:231356574 3749:145698348 3733:0898-588X 3719:: 30–43. 3626:0004-153X 3576:1553-7951 3542:March 12, 3498:0042-6571 3466:March 13, 3445:0026-2234 3020:Irby 2019 2928:Yang 1994 2867:Romo 2019 2739:Howe 2017 2727:Park 2017 2350:Hein 2009 2338:Hein 2009 2326:Hein 2009 2176:Cott 1998 2035:Cott 1998 2023:Cott 1998 1960:Cott 1998 1948:Cott 2009 1912:Cott 2009 1473:Boll 2007 1425:Boll 2007 1391:Citations 1362:DREAM Act 1193:In 1986, 932:Adoptions 906:majority. 876:fourteen. 872:fourteen. 595:Cable Act 506:Civil War 471:coverture 398:territory 379:nationals 345:. In the 140:Passports 10148:Category 10060:Internal 10055:Passport 10021:Ius soli 9951:Mercosur 9860:Kiribati 9699:Slovenia 9694:Slovakia 9684:Portugal 9574:Bulgaria 9504:Thailand 9449:Pakistan 9424:Mongolia 9419:Malaysia 9344:Cambodia 9289:Suriname 9279:Paraguay 9264:Colombia 9174:Honduras 9136:Dominica 9111:Barbados 9087:Americas 9078:Zimbabwe 9048:Tanzania 8893:Ethiopia 8888:Eswatini 8868:Djibouti 8833:Cameroon 8818:Botswana 8531:Virginia 8505:Maryland 8469:Delaware 8371:New York 8148:Vicinage 8142:Judicial 7866:Contract 7836:Commerce 7724:Printing 7538:Proposed 7250:Preamble 7243:Articles 7184:Suffrage 7134:Election 7022:Timeline 6934:By group 6875:Poll tax 6419:Archived 6401:March 8, 6392:Archived 6375:March 8, 6366:Archived 6343:Archived 6325:March 9, 6319:Archived 6262:Archived 6231:Archived 6201:Archived 6174:Archived 6127:March 8, 6121:Archived 6103:March 8, 6074:12345790 5962:Archived 5918:Archived 5856:March 4, 5816:March 9, 5722:March 9, 5716:Archived 5557:Archived 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