8198:
1330:
8246:
8234:
32:
2894:, agrees with this assessment, concluding that though duration and intensity of the accented syllable are significant, the most reliable cue to accent-location is the pitch of the vowel. In its word-accent, therefore, Turkish "bears a great similarity with other pitch-accent languages such as Japanese, Basque, and Serbo-Croatian". Similarly,
4057:
However, even the negative suffix accent may disappear if the focus is elsewhere. Thus in sentences of the kind "not A but B", the element B is focussed, while A loses its accent. gives a pitch track of the following sentence, in which the only tone on the first word is a rising boundary tone on the
2833:
Turkish words are said to have an accent on one syllable of the word. In most words the accent comes on the last syllable of the word, but there are some words, such as place names, foreign borrowings, words containing certain suffixes, and certain adverbs, where the accent comes earlier in the word.
2435:
In most words, consonants are neutral or transparent and have no effect on vowel harmony. In borrowed vocabulary, however, back vowel harmony can be interrupted by the presence of a "front" (i.e. coronal or labial) consonant, and in rarer cases, front vowel harmony can be reversed by the presence of
5467:
Focus also plays a part in the accentuation of subject and verb. Thus in the first sentence below, the focus (the important information which the speaker wishes to communicate) is on "a man", and only the first word has an accent while the verb is accentless; in the second sentence the focus is on
1072:
is almost completely regular. The maximal syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C). Although
Turkish words can take multiple final consonants, the possibilities are limited. Multi-syllable words are syllabified to have C.CV or V.CV syllable splits, C.V split is disallowed, V.V split is only found in rare
2917:
A non-final accent is generally pronounced with a relatively high pitch followed by a fall in pitch on the following syllable. The syllables preceding the accent may either be slightly lower than the accented syllable or on a plateau with it. In words like
4666:
As with all other words, names which are accented on the penultimate or antepenultimate retain the stress in the same place even when pre-accenting suffixes are added, while those accented on the final syllable behave like other final-accented words:.
2874:('to dip'), there is often a slight rise in pitch, but with some speakers there is no appreciable rise in pitch. The final syllable is also often more intense (louder) than the preceding one. Some scholars consider such words to be unaccented.
2152:
Vowel harmony of grammatical suffixes is realized through "a chameleon-like quality", meaning that the vowels of suffixes change to harmonize with the vowel of the preceding syllable. According to the changeable vowel, there are two patterns:
7129:
2928:('with a word'), where the first and third syllable are louder than the second, it is nonetheless the second syllable which is considered to have the accent, because it is higher in pitch, and followed by a fall in pitch.
2613:
For example, Arabic and French loanwords containing back vowels may nevertheless end in a clear instead of a velarized . Harmonizing suffixes added to such words contain front vowels. The table above gives some examples.
2851:('not to dip'), the accented syllable is higher in pitch than the following ones; it may also have slightly greater intensity (i.e. be louder) than an unaccented syllable in the same position. In longer words, such as
2808:
There is a tendency to eliminate these exceptional consonantal effects and to apply vowel harmony more regularly, especially for frequent words and those whose foreign origin is not apparent. For example, the words
5940:
Gerek Arapça ve Farsça, gerekse Batı dillerinden Türkçe'ye giren kelimeler «ince l (le)» ile biterse, son hecede kalın ünlü bulunsa bile -ki bunlar da ince okunur- eklerdeki ünlüler ince okunur: Hal-i, ihtimal-i,
663:. Between front vowels, it is either silent or realized as , depending on the preceding and following vowels. When not between vowels (that is, word finally and before a consonant), it is generally realized as
1317:
No word-initial geminates - in all other syllables, geminates are allowed only in the onset (hyphenation and syllabification in
Turkish match except for this point; hyphenation splits the geminates)
4111:). According to this rule, place names that have a heavy syllable (CVC) in the antepenultimate position, followed by a light syllable (CV) in penultimate position (that is, those ending with a
3022:
A raised pitch is also used in
Turkish to indicate focus (the word containing the important information being conveyed to the listener). "Intonation ... may override lexical pitch in Turkish".
1140:
to
Turkish), epenthetic vowels in loan words are not usually reflected in spelling. This differs from orthographic conventions of the early 20th century that did reflect this epenthesis.
7226:
7203:
5284:
The accent in phrases where one noun qualifies another is exactly the same as that of compound nouns. That is, the first noun usually retains its accent, and the second one loses it:
6850:
3357:
The following, though written separately, are pronounced as if pre-accenting suffixes, and the stress on the final syllable of the preceding word is more pronounced than usual:
879:
is frequently devoiced word-finally and before a voiceless consonant. According to one source, it is only realized as a modal tap intervocalically. Word-initially, a location
5423:
An indefinite object or focussed definite object followed by a positive verb is also accented exactly like a compound, with an accent on the object only, not the verb:
2974:
If the accented vowel is final, it is often slightly higher in pitch than the preceding syllable; but in some contexts or with some speakers there is no rise in pitch.
7100:
Petrova, Olga; Plapp, Rosemary; Ringen, Ringen; Szentgyörgyi, Szilárd (2006), "Voice and aspiration: Evidence from
Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish",
3228:
Note that since a focus word frequently precedes a verb (see below), causing any following accent to be neutralised, these accents on verbs can often not be heard.
1646:
is phonologically a back vowel, because it patterns with other back vowels in harmonic processes and the alternation of adjacent consonants (see above). The vowel
1128:
a vowel after the first consonant. Although some loanwords add a written vowel in front of them to reflect this breaking of complex onsets (for example the French
2415:('she is a mother'). Also suffixes added to foreign borrowings and proper nouns usually harmonize their vowel with the syllable immediately preceding the suffix:
883:
is restricted from occurring in native words, the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact,
2898:, noting the difference in phonetic realisation between final and non-final accent, proposes that "Final accent in Turkish is not 'stress', but is formally a
6807:
3104:
Non-final accent in
Turkish words is generally caused by the addition of certain suffixes to the word. Some of these (always of two syllables, such as -
7065:
2909:
writes: "Finally stressed words do not behave like accentless words and there is no unequivocal evidence that the language has a pitch-accent system."
129:
4107:
Place names usually follow a different accentual pattern, known in the linguistics literature as "Sezer stress" (after the discoverer of the pattern,
78:
4285:(a) Many foreign place names, as well as some Turkish names of foreign origin, have fixed penultimate stress, even when they have cretic rhythm:
2986:, which is a sharp rise in pitch frequently heard at the end of a phrase, especially on the last syllable of the topic of a sentence. The phrase
7340:
7247:
5671::21–22). Lewis later preferred to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped"
4108:
815:. Between two vowels (with at least one of them, usually the following one, being rounded), it is realized as a voiced bilabial approximant
704:
is phonetically zero (deleted). Before the loss of this sound, Turkish did not allow vowel sequences in native words, and today the letter
3753:
Remaining compounds have Sezer-type accent on whole word. Compound numerals are accented like one word or separately depending on speaker.
5500:
When there are several elements in a
Turkish sentence, the focussed word is often placed before the verb and has the strongest accent:.
8137:
6726:"Türkcede Vurgu-Tonlama-Ölçü-Anlam İlişkisi (The Relationships Between The Stress, Intonation, Meter and Sound in the Turkish Language"
6725:
2996:↑ ('after that,...'), for example, is often pronounced with a rising boundary tone on the last syllable (indicated here by an arrow).
7991:
7602:
1381:, each vowel retains its individual sound (e.g. aile , laik ). In some words, a diphthong in the donor language (e.g. the in Arabic
856:
504:
980:, an initial voiced consonant of a suffix is devoiced when the word it is attached to ends in a voiceless consonant. For example,
868:
585:
545:
470:
1571:
in other Turkic languages. This sound merger started in the 11th century and finished in early
Ottoman era. Most speakers lower
2931:
However, the accent can disappear in certain circumstances; for example, when the word is the second part of a compound, e.g.
7607:
7570:
7216:
7144:
6996:
6749:
2902:." According to this analysis therefore, only words with non-final accent are accented, and all other words are accentless.
1530:
844:
792:
as well as (although to a lesser extent) word-finally after those rounded vowels. In other environments, it is labiodental
553:
462:
7277:
Kaisse, Ellen. (1985). Some theoretical consequences of stress rules in
Turkish. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber et al. (Eds.),
3438:
Suffixes meaning 'is' or 'was' added to nouns, adjectives or participles, and which act like a copula, are pre-accenting:
1076:
Turkish only allows complex onsets in a few recent
English, French and Italian loanwords, making them CCVC(C)(C), such as
2137:
The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features:
894:
393:
1124:. Even in these words, the complex onsets are only pronounced as such in very careful speech. Otherwise, speakers often
7333:
6785:
2227:
1546:
7241:
7018:
4883:
Foreign surnames tend to be accented on the penultimate syllable, regardless of the accent in the original language:
1391:(for the example, the in nöbet ). In some other words, the diphthong becomes a two-syllable form with a semivocalic
7302:. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 19). Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.
7066:"The Foot is not an obligatory constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy: 'stress' in Turkish, French and child English"
7442:
7006:
6984:
886:
622:('necessary'), although the use of this diacritic has become increasingly archaic. An example of a minimal pair is
434:
400:
299:
3965:
When two pre-accenting suffixes are added to a word with a non-final accent, only the first accent is pronounced:
3574:
Often at the end of a sentence the verb is unaccented, with all the syllables on the same pitch. Suffixes such as
823:, whereas before or after a rounded vowel (but not between vowels), it is realized as a voiced bilabial fricative
574:
are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of
7828:
7815:
7369:
7154:
6838:
1956:
1677:
1586:
795:
386:
111:
1557:
are phonetically mid . For simplicity, this article omits the relative diacritic even in phonetic transcription.
8130:
8026:
7394:
5022:
On the other hand, many other foreign words follow the Sezer rules. So words with a dactylic or cretic ending (
3856:
have penultimate accent unless they end in a cretic (– u x) rhythm, thus following the Sezer rule (see below):
3613:
This accentual pattern can disambiguate homographic words containing possessive suffixes or the plural suffix:
1578:
2982:
In addition to the accent on words, intonational tones can also be heard in Turkish. One of these is a rising
2882:
Although most treatments of Turkish refer to the word-accent as "stress", some scholars consider it a kind of
7986:
7951:
7592:
7384:
7326:
7234:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
6925:
Kılıç, Mehmet Akif; Öğüt, Fatih (2004). "A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel?".
3725:
Some compounds, however, are accented on the final, for example those of the form verb-verb or subject-verb:
2759:('war', nom. and acc.). Some combinations of consonants give rise to vowel insertion, and in these cases the
2149:, resulting in eight possible combinations, each corresponding to one Turkish vowel, as shown in the table.
1538:
527:
441:
347:
7029:
1664:) are lowered to in environments variously described as "final open syllable of a phrase" and "word-final".
8197:
7582:
7535:
7379:
5256:
The accent on these last is not fixed, but moves to the end when non-preaccenting suffixes are added, e.g.
2040:
1992:
1625:
1499:
810:
783:
427:
5632:
5624:
4960:
The majority of foreign words in Turkish, especially most of those from Arabic, have normal final stress:
4534:(d) Names formed from common words which already have a fixed accent retain the accent in the same place:
2223:
2219:
2191:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2123:
2107:
2099:
1881:
1876:
1855:
1850:
1829:
1824:
1803:
1798:
1778:
1773:
1749:
1744:
1723:
1718:
1697:
1692:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1619:
1595:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1516:
1392:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1183:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
956:
948:
944:
922:
915:
906:
902:
880:
876:
862:
850:
838:
834:
804:
789:
777:
766:
758:
736:
732:
718:
709:
701:
672:
656:
652:
590:
are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels and . This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a
575:
559:
539:
535:
523:
125:
121:
8277:
7291:
Lightner, Theodore. (1978). The main stress rule in Turkish. In M. A. Jazayery, E. Polomé et al. (Eds.),
3667:
Compound nouns are usually accented on the first element only. Any accent on the second element is lost:
1968:
1450:
936:
818:
411:
7137:
Advances in Turkish Linguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Turkish Linguistics
2890:
writes that stress in Turkish "is actually pitch accent rather than dynamic stress." An acoustic study,
1306:
Two adjacent plosives and fricatives must share voicing, even when not in the same syllable, except for
933:. It may be fronted even further after front vowels, then tending towards a voiceless palatal fricative
7964:
7510:
7465:
7399:
7374:
2016:
2004:
1522:
1464:
692:
477:
285:
7288:. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 6). Indiana University Publications.
6898:
8272:
8123:
7683:
7612:
7470:
7455:
3019:('Are these apples fresh?'). This tone tends to be much higher in pitch than the normal word-accent.
3000:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1584:
1576:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1485:
1457:
1191:
934:
928:
926:
892:
884:
866:
854:
842:
826:
824:
816:
808:
793:
781:
724:
690:
682:
583:
551:
543:
307:
8212:
7996:
7688:
7622:
7587:
4028:
In the following pair also, the accent shifts from the object to the position before the negative:
2028:
1471:
977:
726:
721:
only occurs in loanwords. It's often, but not always, replaced with when it occurs word-initially.
684:
579:
485:
292:
57:
2822:
2664:
8217:
7840:
7733:
7703:
7668:
7460:
7404:
7389:
1492:
1377:
in Turkish and when two vowels are adjacent in the spelling of a word, which only occurs in some
333:
315:
7318:
951:('to do, to make') is pronounced . (This is reflected in the orthography, so that it is spelled
8094:
7881:
7698:
7597:
1506:
909:
are often also voiceless in the same environments (word-final and before voiceless consonants).
667:, lengthening the preceding vowel, or as a slight if preceded by a front vowel. According to
355:
216:
148:
107:
74:
5684:
There are several other compounding auxiliaries in Turkish, such as -i ver-, -a gel-, -a yaz-.
2356:, 'city') unless it is specifically derived that way. Vowel harmony does not usually apply to
7715:
7708:
7617:
7530:
7525:
7274:. (1994). Exceptional stress-attracting suffixes in Turkish: Representations vs. the grammar.
5649:, are equally subject to this phonological process but have invariant orthographic rendering.
5266:('steamboats'). However, words with non-final accent keep the accent in the same place, e.g.
2883:
770:
455:
340:
244:
8084:
7946:
7856:
7835:
7745:
7738:
7482:
4561:(e) Compounds (other than those listed above) are generally accented on the first element:
2126:
only occur in the initial syllable. Native Turkish grammar books call the backness harmony
1638:, because of the vowel harmony. For simplicity, this article uses the diacriticless symbol
363:
2861:('you would not get angry'), the syllables preceding the accent can also be high pitched.
8:
8074:
7981:
7959:
7916:
7901:
7866:
7810:
7755:
7750:
7629:
7515:
7492:
7437:
6140::90) "Some speakers show only a plateau between the pre-accented and accented syllables."
3491:
Copular suffixes are also pre-accenting when added to the following participles: future (
1165:
in any words (some non-standard dialects do have word-initially but only as reflexes of
660:
373:
272:
251:
6740:
Comrie, Bernard (1997). "Turkish Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S.; Daniel, Peter T. (eds.).
8175:
7971:
7780:
7725:
7720:
7675:
7634:
7427:
7353:
7117:
7088:
7052:
6972:
6873:
6830:
6515:
1173:
762:
211:
83:
7871:
6760:
8099:
8049:
8033:
8021:
8006:
7976:
7936:
7906:
7886:
7876:
7820:
7800:
7790:
7775:
7760:
7655:
7650:
7577:
7547:
7542:
7520:
7502:
7497:
7487:
7477:
7237:
7212:
7140:
7092:
7014:
6992:
6976:
6885:
6781:
6745:
4770:
When the speaker is calling someone by their name, the accent may sometimes move up:
3113:) are accented themselves; others put an accent on the syllable which precedes them.
2999:
Another intonational tone, heard in yes–no questions, is a high tone or intonational
420:
326:
267:
231:
221:
7121:
7056:
6877:
6834:
6174:
1172:
No long vowel followed by syllable-final voiced consonant (this essentially forbids
8160:
8146:
8079:
8011:
8001:
7941:
7931:
7926:
7911:
7896:
7891:
7805:
7795:
7663:
7557:
7450:
7432:
7422:
7109:
7080:
7044:
6964:
6934:
6865:
6822:
6150:
5589:
743:
531:
206:
201:
166:
144:
138:
20:
7128:
Revithiadou, Anthi; Kaili, Hasan; Prokou, Sophia; Tiliopoulou, Maria-Anna (2006),
8250:
8180:
8165:
8089:
8069:
8054:
8016:
7921:
7861:
7785:
7770:
7765:
7565:
7552:
7192:
6938:
6537:
5667:
For the terms "twofold" and "fourfold", as well as the superscript notation, see
5594:
4121:
2194:): Both backness and rounding are preserved. For example, the genitive suffix is
1419:
238:
226:
185:
or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels.
7186:, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 7–21
5218:
Some have irregular stress, though still either penultimate or antepenultimate:
8185:
8104:
8059:
7271:
6803:
6526:
2317:
2253:
2138:
496:
7048:
6968:
6955:
Levi, Susannah V. (2005). "Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish".
6869:
6826:
6371:
6276:
19:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Turkish for Knowledge articles, see
8266:
8238:
6911:
2983:
2899:
2743:
Front-vowel suffixes are also used with many Arabic monosyllables containing
2091:
1426:
739:
in many dialects in eastern and southeastern Turkey, including Hatay dialect.
379:
278:
182:
170:
47:
7130:"Turkish accentuation revisited: Α compositional approach to Turkish stress"
2400:
There are a few native Turkish words that do not have vowel harmony such as
947:
are devoiced to word- and morpheme-finally, as well as before a consonant:
7182:
Underhill, Rorbert (1986), "Turkish", in Slobin, Dan; Zimmer, Karl (eds.),
2747:
followed by two consonants, the second of which is a front consonant: e.g.
2373:('may' or 'can'), only the first vowel undergoes vowel harmony. The suffix
2146:
1616:'both', which are pronounced with by some people and with by some others.
1145:
1069:
664:
67:
7084:
6548:
1604:'somersault' is pronounced . There are a limited number of words, such as
562:. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters
7113:
6890:
Second Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL52).
3058:
When a non-preaccenting suffix is added, the accent moves to the suffix:
2406:('mother'). In such words, suffixes harmonize with the final vowel as in
2142:
2103:
1914:
1682:
1444:
1406:
1388:
174:
4996:
The same is true of some more recent borrowings from western languages:
2706:
2252:
Some examples illustrating the use of vowel harmony in Turkish with the
1592:
1187:
2760:
2095:
1919:
1479:
1411:
1374:
1125:
1024:
591:
178:
2821:('art') take back-vowel suffixes, even though they derive from Arabic
2626:
2622:
1329:
7349:
6465:
1341:
The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order,
162:
158:
7279:
Papers from the general session of the Twenty-first regional meeting
6744:. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 883–898.
6196:
3030:
As stated above, word-final accent is the usual pattern in Turkish:
2172:
appears following a back vowel. For example, the locative suffix is
678:
Word-finally and preconsonantally, it lengthens the preceding vowel.
8115:
6903:
Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Turkish Linguistics
3885:
Some kinship terms are irregularly accented on the first syllable:
3586:
are not pre-accenting if they are added directly to the verb stem:
2357:
1378:
985:
960:
117:
7312:
5891:
5889:
1321:
Rural dialects regularize many of the exceptions described above.
708:
serves largely to indicate vowel length and vowel sequences where
550:
next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized
7348:
7127:
7030:"Prosodic faithfulness to foot edges: the case of Turkish stress"
6377:
6282:
659:. Between back vowels, it may be silent or sound like a bilabial
5703:
5701:
5343:
The same is true when an adjective or numeral qualifies a noun:
2222:
does not occur in grammatical suffixes. In the isolated case of
6430:
5886:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5815:
5077:
Those with other patterns accordingly have penultimate accent:
4738:
Turkish personal names, unlike place names, have final accent:
4112:
1227:
651:, which only occurs after a vowel. It is sometimes transcribed
169:. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish is a system of
7099:
6630:
6628:
6300:
6218:
6216:
5842:
3749:('lamb served on aubergine purée', lit. 'the sultan liked it')
2379:('belonging to ...') is mostly invariant, except in the words
2320:
do not undergo vowel harmony in their constituent words as in
2249:
stuck because it derived from a former compounding "-i yorı".
2090:
With some exceptions, native Turkish words follow a system of
681:
Between front vowels it is an approximant, either front-velar
6761:"Türkiye Türkçesinde Vurgu (Stress in the Turkish of Turkey)"
6327:
6288:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5698:
4786:
Ordinary words also have a different accent in the vocative:
6499:
6497:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6317:
6315:
5854:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
7236:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,
6676:
6640:
6625:
6565:
6252:
6213:
5906:
5904:
7293:
Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald Hill
6383:
5832:
5830:
5798:
5762:
4282:
Some exceptions to the Sezer stress rule have been noted:
955:). When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic
646:
7281:(pp. 199–209). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
6919:
3rd Conference on Tone & Intonation in Europe, Lisbon
6886:"Refin(d)ing Turkish stress as a multifaceted phenomenon"
6700:
6652:
6613:
6494:
6470:
6442:
6361:
6359:
6339:
6312:
6264:
6228:
5959:
5876:
5874:
5786:
5725:
2905:
However, not all researchers agree with this conclusion.
1200:
and some contrasting single-syllable words, for example:
899:(which can be mistaken for or by non-Turkish speakers).
6851:"The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish"
6688:
5901:
5713:
4205:
Most other place names have a fixed penultimate stress:
5827:
3696:
The same is true of compound and intensive adjectives:
3287:
However, in the aorist tense the negative is stressed:
2237:
it is immutable, breaking the vowel harmony such as in
967:(see below); this is also reflected in the orthography.
6589:
6356:
6240:
6201:
6071:
5947:
5871:
6664:
6577:
6553:
6482:
6059:
6049:
6047:
5995:
5448:('I have (lit. feed) a dog'), with deaccentuation of
4413:
and some others have regular final (unfixed) stress:
4073:('They weren't getting tired, they were having fun').
1551:) that occurs in the final open syllable of a phrase.
1268:
The first consonant is either a voiceless fricative (
3756:
3099:
1286:
The second consonant is either a voiceless plosive (
116:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5971:
5916:
3268:The pre-accenting is also seen in combination with
2621:usually take front-vowel suffixes if the origin is
2094:, meaning that they incorporate either exclusively
1179:
No complex onsets (except for the exceptions above)
6418:
6107:
6083:
6044:
5983:
5774:
2841:shows that when a word has non-final accent, e.g.
637:In addition, there is a debatable phoneme, called
6957:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
831:. Some speakers have only one bilabial allophone.
73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
8264:
7139:, Dokuz Eylül Yayınları, İzmir, pp. 37–50,
5562:('who?') is placed immediately before the verb:
5382:The same is also true of prepositional phrases:
2971:. In this case only the first word is accented.
130:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5658:Some dialects simplify it further into (C)V(C).
5613:Most monosyllabic words ending in orthographic
3960:
3398:Less commonly found pre-accenting suffixes are
2701:derived from the Arabic feminine plural ending
2360:roots and some invariant suffixes, such as and
7295:(Vol. 2, pp. 267–270). The Hague: Mouton.
6896:
6775:
6634:
6333:
5895:
5865:
5848:
5821:
5809:
5768:
4129:rhythm), have a fixed antepenultimate stress:
2912:
2274:('it is Turkey') – with an apostrophe because
925:may be fronted to a voiceless velar fricative
173:that causes vowels in most words to be either
8131:
7334:
7313:Forvo pronouncing dictionary of Turkish words
6909:
6389:
5938:
5644:
5618:
5566:
5557:
5556:For the same reason, a question-word such as
5527:
5504:
5484:
5472:
5449:
5439:
5427:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5369:
5357:
5347:
5320:
5310:
5298:
5288:
5267:
5257:
5243:
5232:
5222:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5163:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5121:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5009:
5000:
4983:
4974:
4964:
4943:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4887:
4871:
4861:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4800:
4790:
4774:
4742:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4646:
4629:
4615:
4592:
4565:
4548:
4538:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4493:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4408:
4391:
4381:
4372:
4359:
4345:
4335:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4289:
4255:
4232:
4209:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4164:
4153:
4143:
4133:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4068:
4059:
4044:
4032:
4015:
4003:
3994:
3981:
3969:
3947:
3937:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3889:
3872:
3860:
3851:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3741:
3729:
3712:
3700:
3683:
3671:
3649:
3639:
3627:
3617:
3601:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3385:
3379:
3367:
3361:
3344:
3338:
3326:
3320:
3308:
3302:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3215:
3205:
3193:
3183:
3171:
3157:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3105:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3045:
3034:
3010:
3004:
2987:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2919:
2865:
2852:
2842:
2816:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2731:
2725:
2710:
2683:
2668:
2645:
2630:
2597:
2590:
2577:
2570:
2553:
2546:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2502:
2489:
2482:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2305:
2294:
2283:
2275:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2117:
2111:
1886:
1860:
1834:
1808:
1783:
1754:
1728:
1702:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1050:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1011:
1005:
995:
989:
638:
629:
623:
614:
604:
595:
522:In native Turkic words, the velar consonants
6802:
6793:
6735:(in Turkish), vol. 12, pp. 187–207
6646:
6571:
6436:
6294:
6222:
3999:may take precedence over an earlier accent:
2797:
2776:
2716:
2709:take the expected back-vowel suffixes: e.g.
2689:
2674:
2651:
2636:
2130:, and the combined backness and lip harmony
1382:
1194:), except for some recent loanwords such as
1129:
7224:
7197:(in Turkish). Vol. 3. Sermet Matbaası.
5792:
5756:
5707:
3993:However, the accent preceding the negative
2625:, but back-vowel suffixes if the origin is
1519:has been variously described as close back
1334:
891:; the same happens in word-final position:
668:
8138:
8124:
7341:
7327:
7201:
6905:, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
6848:
6758:
6706:
6682:
6658:
6619:
6503:
6476:
6453:
6350:
6321:
6306:
6270:
6258:
6234:
5836:
7181:
7172:
6924:
6912:"Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers"
6794:Halbout, Dominique; Güzey, Gönen (2001).
6034:
6018:
5880:
5627:, but nearly all polysyllabic nouns with
3231:
2887:
971:
788:when it occurs before the rounded vowels
7286:The phonology of Modern Standard Turkish
6910:Kamali, Beste; Samuels, Bridget (2008),
6733:Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi
2210:after rounded back vowels. The notation
1650:plays the role as the "front" analog of
1622:has been variously described as central
1328:
7063:
7027:
6948:Türkiye Türkçesi Grameri: Şekil Bilgisi
6945:
6897:Kamali, Beste; İkizoğlu, Didem (2012),
6723:
6694:
6670:
6595:
6488:
6365:
6246:
6207:
6065:
6001:
5910:
5468:"came", which has the stronger accent:
4083:, the highest pitch is on the syllable
2895:
1150:No diphthongs in the standard dialect (
194:Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish
8265:
6950:(in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
6776:Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),
6739:
5780:
4024:('needing not to become Europeanised')
3236:Among the pre-accenting suffixes are:
2430:
8119:
7322:
7300:A reference grammar of Modern Turkish
7190:
7152:
7005:
6983:
6899:"Against compound stress in Turkish""
6883:
6607:
6583:
6559:
6424:
6412:
6401:
6185:
6162:
6125:
6101:
6014:
5977:
5965:
5953:
5934:
5922:
5719:
5672:
5668:
5636:
5030:) often have antepenultimate accent:
4813:Some surnames have non-final stress:
3761:Certain adverbs take initial accent:
2977:
2906:
8145:
6954:
6137:
6113:
6089:
6077:
6053:
6038:
6022:
5989:
3116:
3003:on the syllable before the particle
2891:
2838:
2763:vowel may also be front vowel: e.g.
2736:('purpose', nom. and acc. from مقصد
2168:appears following a front vowel and
750:("not") is pronounced rather than .
558:next to the central and back vowels
534:) when adjacent to the front vowels
120:. For the distinction between ,
25:
7225:Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),
7211:, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,
7202:Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),
6849:Kabak, Barış; Vogel, Irene (2001),
3433:
2877:
2798:
2777:
2717:
2690:
2675:
2652:
2637:
2164:): Backness is preserved, that is,
1383:
13:
7265:
5319:('Lithuania(n) restaurant') (from
4012:('needing to become Europeanised')
2961:('Lithuania(n) restaurant'), from
1642:, even in phonetic transcription.
807:is a voiced labiodental fricative
63:for transliterated languages, and
43:of its non-English content, using
14:
8289:
7306:
6765:Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
5579:('Who will solve this question?')
4733:
3757:Other words with non-final accent
3100:Non-final accent in Turkish words
2366:('while ...-ing'). In the suffix
2206:after unrounded back vowels, and
2180:after back vowels. The notation
2122:('due to their thoughtfulness').
2110:), as, for example, in the words
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1399:Istanbul Turkish vowel phonemes
1154:is always treated as a consonant)
503:
484:
476:
469:
461:
440:
433:
426:
410:
399:
392:
385:
362:
354:
346:
339:
332:
314:
306:
298:
291:
284:
250:
243:
16:Phonology of the Turkish language
8245:
8244:
8232:
8196:
7205:Turkish Phonology and Morphology
7155:"On non-final stress in Turkish"
6798:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
6778:Turkish: a comprehensive grammar
5279:
4955:
2864:When the accent is final, as in
2667:take front-vowel suffixes: e.g.
2214:can be this pattern's shorthand.
1903:
542:is realized as a clear or light
30:
6716:
6601:
6542:
6531:
6520:
6509:
6459:
6406:
6395:
6190:
6179:
6168:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6095:
6028:
6007:
5928:
5678:
5661:
5652:
5607:
5548:. ('My father came from Ankara
5462:
3025:
1063:
671:, who transcribe this sound as
634:(with palatalized ) ('profit').
112:International Phonetic Alphabet
7184:Studies in Turkish Linguistics
6991:. English Universities Press.
6742:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
5623:('quite'), are phonologically
4102:
4070:Yorulmuyorlar↑, eğleniyorlardı
2828:
2198:after unrounded front vowels,
2184:is shorthand for this pattern.
2116:('they were in the dark') and
1290:) or the voiceless fricatives
79:multilingual support templates
1:
6806:; Orgun, Cemil Orhan (2003).
5691:
5639::10). Proper nouns ending in
4377:have antepenultimate stress:
4368:('Moscow') has Sezer stress.
4089:and the accent on the suffix
3534:('you used to hide yourself')
3297:('it will never extinguish').
3121:These include the following:
1543:with a near-close allophone (
865:is palatalized post-alveolar
188:
6939:10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001
6635:Kamali & İkizoğlu (2012)
6334:Kamali & İkizoğlu (2012)
5896:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5866:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5849:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5822:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5810:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5769:Göksel & Kerslake (2005)
5524:came from Ankara yesterday')
4857:Others have regular stress:
4099:almost entirely disappears.
3961:Two accents in the same word
3662:
3284:('he/she/it does not come').
2705:or from devoicing of Arabic
2202:after rounded front vowels,
582:. In particular, and clear
7:
7571:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
7194:Yabancılara Türk dilbilgisi
7191:Uysal, Sermet Sami (1980).
7177:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7173:Underhill, Rorbert (1976).
7013:. Oxford University Press.
6390:Kamali & Samuels (2008)
5583:
3648:('they are children'), vs.
3343:('that which belongs to'):
2913:Pronunciation of the accent
2617:Arabic loanwords ending in
538:. Similarly, the consonant
165:, particularly of Istanbul
10:
8294:
7162:Journal of Turkish Studies
6808:"Turkish stress: A review"
6759:Dursunoğlu, Halit (2006),
6647:Inkelas & Orgun (2003)
6572:Inkelas & Orgun (2003)
6437:Inkelas & Orgun (2003)
6295:Halbout & Güzey (2001)
6223:Inkelas & Orgun (2003)
6175:Forvo: Bu elmalar taze mi?
3850:Certain adverbs ending in
2064:Fourfold (Complex system)
769:vary between bilabial and
142:
136:
18:
8226:
8205:
8194:
8153:
8042:
7849:
7643:
7415:
7360:
7049:10.1017/S0952675714000128
6969:10.1017/S0025100305001921
6870:10.1017/S0952675701004201
6827:10.1017/s0952675703004482
6724:Börekçi, Muhsine (2005),
6378:Revithiadou et al. (2006)
6283:Revithiadou et al. (2006)
5793:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
5757:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
5708:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
5297:('shepherd salad') (from
4410:-hane, -istan, -lar, -mez
4053:('Ali didn't play cards')
3214:('suddenly', 'quickly'):
2941:('shepherd salad'), from
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2051:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1669:Example words for vowels
1410:
1405:
1403:
1324:
1192:Final-obstruent devoicing
1049:('horse') has diminutive
669:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
495:
454:
425:
372:
266:
237:
198:
7298:Swift, Lloyd B. (1963).
6946:Korkmaz, Zeynep (2017).
6659:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6504:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6477:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6454:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6322:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6307:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6271:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6259:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
6235:Kabak & Vogel (2001)
5837:Yavuz & Balcı (2011)
5600:
5419:('as on every occasion')
2715:('literature' acc. from
2635:('perception' acc. from
2049:Twofold (Simple system)
1373:. There are no phonemic
1335:Zimmer & Orgun (1999
1333:Vowels of Turkish. From
700:Otherwise, intervocalic
8218:Turkish language reform
7603:Regional North American
5881:Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
3317:('with anger, angrily')
2659:). Loanwords ending in
2176:after front vowels and
1527:, near-close near-back
643:('soft g') and written
108:phonetic transcriptions
8027:Dialects and varieties
7598:Received Pronunciation
7443:American Sign Language
7284:Lees, Robert. (1961).
7064:Özcelik, Öner (2016).
7028:Özcelik, Öner (2014).
6989:Teach Yourself Turkish
5939:
5645:
5619:
5567:
5558:
5528:
5505:
5485:
5473:
5450:
5440:
5428:
5411:
5399:
5387:
5370:
5358:
5356:('the red bag') (from
5348:
5321:
5311:
5299:
5289:
5268:
5258:
5244:
5233:
5223:
5206:
5196:
5186:
5176:
5164:
5154:
5144:
5134:
5122:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5065:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5010:
5001:
4984:
4975:
4965:
4944:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4888:
4872:
4862:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4801:
4791:
4782:('Ahmet, come here!').
4775:
4743:
4721:
4719:('from Işıklar') >
4711:
4701:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4647:
4642:(f) Other exceptions:
4630:
4616:
4593:
4566:
4549:
4539:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4494:
4479:
4469:
4460:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4409:
4392:
4382:
4373:
4360:
4346:
4336:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4290:
4256:
4233:
4210:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4165:
4154:
4144:
4134:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4060:
4045:
4033:
4016:
4004:
3995:
3982:
3970:
3948:
3938:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3890:
3873:
3861:
3852:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3742:
3730:
3713:
3701:
3684:
3672:
3650:
3640:
3628:
3618:
3602:
3591:
3582:
3576:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3422:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3386:
3380:
3368:
3362:
3345:
3339:
3327:
3321:
3309:
3303:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3255:('don't be afraid!'),
3247:
3241:
3232:Pre-accenting suffixes
3224:('he will quickly go')
3216:
3206:
3194:
3184:
3172:
3158:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3106:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3046:
3035:
3011:
3005:
2988:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2920:
2866:
2853:
2843:
2817:
2811:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2711:
2684:
2669:
2646:
2631:
2598:
2591:
2578:
2571:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2503:
2490:
2483:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2306:
2295:
2284:
2276:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2118:
2112:
1911:Turkish Vowel Harmony
1887:
1861:
1835:
1809:
1784:
1755:
1729:
1703:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1338:
1280:); or the approximant
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1073:specific occurrences.
1051:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1012:
1006:
996:
990:
972:Consonant assimilation
918:are usually aspirated.
803:The main allophone of
776:Some speakers realize
639:
630:
624:
615:
605:
596:
149:Common Turkic Alphabet
105:This article contains
7153:Sezer, Engin (1981),
7102:The Linguistic Review
7085:10.1515/tlr-2016-0008
7073:The Linguistic Review
6884:Kabak, Barış (2016),
5339:('the Galata bridge')
5194:('college faculty'),
4688:('from Ankara') >
4628:('Kandilli street'),
3487:('if I am a student')
3463:('they are children')
3451:('he/she/it was ill')
2391:('yesterday's'), and
1332:
1144:All syllables have a
1043:('little name'), but
953:⟨etmek⟩
594:over the vowel: e.g.
7114:10.1515/TLR.2006.001
6927:Speech Communication
6892:, Indiana University
6309:, pp. 333, 339.
5968:, pp. 9–10, 18.
5722:, pp. 3–4, 6–7.
5395:('towards the door')
4799:('My teacher...!'),
4407:(c) Names ending in
4371:(b) Names ending in
4077:In the second word,
4041:('Ali played cards')
3989:('he was in Ankara')
3946:('brother/sister'),
3936:('paternal uncle'),
3927:('maternal uncle'),
3570:('they ought to go')
3265:('I did not come').
3154:('they were coming')
2837:A phonetic study by
2663:derived from Arabic
2436:a "back" consonant.
2119:düşünceliliklerinden
1687:English translation
1010:(chef) has locative
1004:(on the slope), but
841:is velarized dental
155:phonology of Turkish
41:specify the language
39:This article should
7952:Proto-Indo-European
7608:White South African
6151:Forvo: arkadaşlarım
5710:, pp. 154–155.
5631:are phonologically
5436:('they telephoned')
5378:('a hundred years')
3917:('paternal aunt'),
3907:('maternal aunt'),
3503:), and obligation (
3083:('from the houses')
2775:('time' acc.) from
2697:). Words ending in
2650:('top' acc. from ←
2431:Consonantal effects
2397:( 'because that').
2313:('it is the coat').
2132:minor vowel harmony
2128:major vowel harmony
1670:
1400:
1387:) is replaced by a
1265:In a complex coda:
1174:trimoraic syllables
1161:in native words or
735:before back vowels
731:is an allophone of
195:
157:deals with current
8278:Turkic phonologies
8206:History and reform
6439:, p. 142–152.
6080:, pp. 85, 95.
5824:, pp. 5, 7–9.
3680:('prime minister')
3598:('he/she/it went')
3430:(without coming).
3420:(in the evening),
3366:('also', 'even'):
3144:('he is coming'),
2978:Intonational tones
2699:⟨at⟩
2688:('trip' dat. from
2673:('hour' dat. from
2661:⟨at⟩
2421:('in Amsterdam'),
2302:('it is the door')
1668:
1535:and close central
1398:
1339:
1314:, which are exempt
193:
8260:
8259:
8239:Turkey portal
8113:
8112:
7613:Standard Canadian
7354:world's languages
7218:978-975-06-0964-0
7146:978-975-6981-79-5
6998:978-0-340-49231-4
6751:978-1-57506-019-4
6707:Dursunoğlu (2006)
6697:, pp. 19–20.
6685:, pp. 273–4.
6683:Dursunoğlu (2006)
6620:Dursunoğlu (2006)
6351:Dursunoğlu (2006)
6297:, pp. 56–58.
6261:, pp. 330–1.
5956:, pp. 17–18.
5913:, pp. 69–71.
5898:, pp. 10–11.
5641:⟨k⟩
5629:⟨k⟩
5615:⟨k⟩
5184:('screwdriver'),
4779:hmet, gel buraya!
4729:('from Işıklar?')
4638:('the Black Sea')
3626:('it's me'), vs.
3522:('they would go')
3384:(interrogative):
3245:(negative), e.g.
3202:('when he comes')
3117:Accented suffixes
2753:('letter' acc.),
2745:⟨a⟩
2619:⟨k⟩
2611:
2610:
2344:('capital'; from
2291:('it is the day')
2280:is a proper noun.
2243:(' is walking').
2143:rounded/unrounded
2102:) or exclusively
2088:
2087:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1901:
1900:
1640:⟨a⟩
1513:
1512:
1371:⟨ü⟩
1367:⟨u⟩
1363:⟨ö⟩
1359:⟨o⟩
1355:⟨i⟩
1351:⟨ı⟩
1347:⟨e⟩
1343:⟨a⟩
1059:('little horse').
965:⟨ğ⟩
914:Syllable-initial
706:⟨ğ⟩
592:circumflex accent
572:⟨l⟩
568:⟨g⟩
564:⟨k⟩
519:
518:
101:
100:
81:may also be used.
8285:
8273:Turkish language
8248:
8247:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8200:
8147:Turkish language
8140:
8133:
8126:
8117:
8116:
7965:Kerkrade dialect
7588:General American
7343:
7336:
7329:
7320:
7319:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7252:
7246:, archived from
7231:
7221:
7210:
7198:
7187:
7178:
7169:
7159:
7149:
7134:
7124:
7096:
7070:
7060:
7034:
7024:
7002:
6980:
6951:
6942:
6933:(1–2): 143–154.
6921:
6916:
6906:
6893:
6880:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6837:. Archived from
6812:
6799:
6790:
6772:
6755:
6736:
6730:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6586:, pp. 65–6.
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6562:, pp. 64–5.
6557:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6354:
6348:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6042:
6037::11), quoted in
6032:
6026:
6019:Underhill (1976)
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5899:
5893:
5884:
5878:
5869:
5863:
5852:
5851:, pp. 9–11.
5846:
5840:
5834:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5685:
5682:
5676:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5611:
5590:Turkish alphabet
5578:
5561:
5547:
5519:
5496:('the man came')
5495:
5480:
5457:
5447:
5435:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5377:
5365:
5355:
5328:
5318:
5306:
5296:
5275:
5265:
5251:
5239:
5230:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5129:
5119:
5109:
5099:
5090:('restaurant'),
5089:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4991:
4981:
4972:
4951:
4939:
4929:
4920:('Eisenhower'),
4919:
4907:
4879:
4869:
4852:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4808:
4798:
4781:
4765:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4697:('from Ankara?')
4696:
4687:
4678:
4662:
4637:
4627:
4612:
4581:
4556:
4546:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4475:
4466:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4412:
4403:
4389:
4376:
4367:
4353:
4343:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4301:
4278:
4252:
4229:
4201:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4127:
4118:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4072:
4063:
4052:
4046:Ali iskambil oyn
4040:
4023:
4011:
3998:
3988:
3978:('Turkish also')
3977:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3880:
3869:('economically')
3868:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3826:('afterwards'),
3825:
3815:
3803:
3793:
3783:
3773:
3748:
3738:('sleep-walker')
3737:
3720:
3708:
3692:('capital city')
3691:
3679:
3657:
3647:
3635:
3625:
3608:
3597:
3585:
3579:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3475:('it's Mustafa')
3474:
3462:
3450:
3434:Copular suffixes
3429:
3419:
3410:(without), e.g.
3409:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3375:
3365:
3352:
3342:
3334:
3324:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3223:
3213:
3201:
3191:
3179:
3169:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3112:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3053:
3041:
3018:
3008:
2995:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2927:
2888:Underhill (1986)
2878:Stress or pitch?
2873:
2860:
2850:
2820:
2815:('comfort') and
2814:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2620:
2601:
2594:
2581:
2574:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2528:
2513:
2506:
2493:
2486:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2301:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2193:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2113:karanlıktaydılar
2109:
2101:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1699:
1694:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1232:(city name) vs.
1231:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1185:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:No word-initial
1153:
1139:
1134:was borrowed as
1133:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1058:
1048:
1042:
1032:
1019:
1009:
1003:
993:
966:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
932:
924:
917:
908:
904:
898:
890:
882:
878:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
830:
822:
814:
806:
799:
791:
787:
779:
768:
760:
754:Phonetic notes:
744:delateralisation
738:
734:
730:
720:
711:
707:
703:
696:
688:
674:
658:
654:
650:
642:
633:
627:
621:
612:
602:
589:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
541:
537:
530:to (similar to
525:
507:
488:
480:
473:
465:
444:
437:
430:
423:
414:
403:
396:
389:
382:
366:
358:
350:
343:
336:
329:
318:
310:
302:
295:
288:
281:
254:
247:
196:
192:
145:Turkish alphabet
139:Turkish language
127:
123:
96:
93:
87:
72:
66:
62:
56:
52:
46:
34:
33:
26:
21:Help:IPA/Turkish
8293:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8233:
8231:
8222:
8213:Ottoman Turkish
8201:
8192:
8149:
8144:
8114:
8109:
8038:
7992:Scottish Gaelic
7845:
7699:Standard Modern
7639:
7451:Modern Standard
7411:
7356:
7347:
7309:
7272:Inkelas, Sharon
7268:
7266:Further reading
7263:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7229:
7219:
7208:
7175:Turkish grammar
7157:
7147:
7132:
7068:
7032:
7021:
7011:Turkish Grammar
7007:Lewis, Geoffrey
6999:
6985:Lewis, Geoffrey
6914:
6853:
6841:
6810:
6804:Inkelas, Sharon
6788:
6752:
6728:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6452:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6340:
6332:
6328:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6169:
6160:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6045:
6035:Underhill (1986
6033:
6029:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5640:
5628:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5595:Turkish grammar
5586:
5465:
5282:
5240:('one wonders')
5063:('Chevrolet'),
5029:
5026:¯ ˘ *
5025:
5008:('photocopy'),
4992:('comfortable')
4958:
4940:('Mendelssohn')
4736:
4128:
4126:¯ ˘ ˘
4125:
4119:
4117:¯ ˘ ¯
4116:
4105:
3963:
3784:('where to?'),
3759:
3665:
3436:
3376:('even apples')
3234:
3119:
3102:
3028:
2980:
2915:
2880:
2831:
2744:
2698:
2660:
2618:
2561:
2539:
2473:
2465:
2454:
2446:
2433:
2350:, 'prime', and
2326:('today'; from
2266:
2192:/i/~/y/~/ɯ/~/u/
1906:
1639:
1563:corresponds to
1437:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1327:
1066:
974:
964:
952:
746:- for example,
705:
644:
613:('condemned'),
571:
567:
563:
419:
378:
325:
277:
271:
210:
191:
151:
141:
135:
134:
133:
97:
91:
88:
82:
70:
64:
60:
58:transliteration
54:
50:
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8291:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8242:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8143:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7997:Serbo-Croatian
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7346:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7308:
7307:External links
7305:
7304:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7242:
7222:
7217:
7199:
7188:
7179:
7170:
7150:
7145:
7125:
7097:
7079:(1): 229–269.
7061:
7043:(2): 229–269.
7025:
7019:
7003:
6997:
6981:
6952:
6943:
6922:
6907:
6894:
6881:
6864:(3): 315–360,
6846:
6844:on 2018-04-01.
6821:(1): 139–161.
6800:
6791:
6787:978-0415114943
6786:
6773:
6767:(in Turkish),
6756:
6750:
6737:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:, p. 274.
6699:
6695:Özcelik (2016)
6687:
6675:
6671:Özcelik (2016)
6663:
6661:, p. 338.
6651:
6649:, p. 141.
6639:
6624:
6622:, p. 273.
6612:
6600:
6598:, p. 231.
6596:Özcelik (2014)
6588:
6576:
6574:, p. 143.
6564:
6552:
6549:Forvo: Atatürk
6541:
6530:
6527:Forvo: Erbakan
6519:
6516:Forvo: Erdoğan
6508:
6506:, p. 316.
6493:
6489:Özcelik (2016)
6481:
6479:, p. 337.
6469:
6466:Forvo: Anadolu
6458:
6456:, p. 325.
6441:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6368:, p. 191.
6366:Börekçi (2005)
6355:
6353:, p. 272.
6338:
6336:, p. 3.3.
6326:
6324:, p. 339.
6311:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6273:, p. 329.
6263:
6251:
6249:, p. 251.
6247:Özcelik (2014)
6239:
6237:, p. 328.
6227:
6225:, p. 142.
6212:
6210:, p. 232.
6208:Özcelik (2014)
6200:
6197:Forvo: elmalar
6189:
6178:
6167:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6066:Özcelik (2016)
6058:
6043:
6027:
6006:
6002:Özcelik (2014)
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5927:
5915:
5911:Korkmaz (2017)
5900:
5885:
5870:
5853:
5841:
5826:
5814:
5797:
5795:, p. 154.
5785:
5773:
5761:
5759:, p. 155.
5724:
5712:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5677:
5660:
5651:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5554:
5553:
5525:
5509:nkara'dan dün
5498:
5497:
5482:
5481:('a man came')
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5437:
5421:
5420:
5416:r zamanki gibi
5408:
5407:('after that')
5396:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5308:
5281:
5278:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5231:('negative'),
5216:
5215:
5214:('newspaper').
5173:
5131:
5100:('workshop'),
5075:
5074:
5023:
5020:
5019:
4994:
4993:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4909:
4881:
4880:
4855:
4854:
4811:
4810:
4784:
4783:
4768:
4767:
4735:
4734:Personal names
4732:
4731:
4730:
4698:
4664:
4663:
4640:
4639:
4613:
4590:
4559:
4558:
4532:
4531:
4491:
4476:
4457:
4446:('Mongolia'),
4436:('Bulgaria'),
4405:
4404:
4356:
4355:
4333:
4280:
4279:
4253:
4230:
4203:
4202:
4162:
4124:
4115:
4104:
4101:
4080:eğleniyorlardı
4075:
4074:
4058:last syllable
4055:
4054:
4042:
4026:
4025:
4013:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3848:
3847:
3816:('tomorrow'),
3805:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:('milk white')
3694:
3693:
3681:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3637:
3611:
3610:
3609:('if he goes')
3599:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3435:
3432:
3396:
3395:
3377:
3355:
3354:
3336:
3318:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3203:
3181:
3155:
3134:(continuous):
3118:
3115:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3027:
3024:
3012:Bu elmalar taz
2979:
2976:
2914:
2911:
2896:Özcelik (2016)
2879:
2876:
2830:
2827:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2429:
2427:('in Paris').
2332:, 'this', and
2318:Compound words
2315:
2314:
2303:
2292:
2281:
2226:in the verbal
2216:
2215:
2185:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1617:
1558:
1552:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1263:
1224:"holy cross",
1180:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1148:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1021:
973:
970:
969:
968:
942:
919:
912:
911:
910:
900:
832:
801:
774:
752:
751:
740:
722:
715:
714:
713:
712:once occurred.
698:
679:
635:
517:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
501:
499:
493:
492:
490:
481:
474:
467:
458:
452:
451:
449:
447:
445:
438:
431:
424:
416:
415:
408:
406:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
370:
369:
367:
360:
351:
344:
337:
330:
322:
321:
319:
312:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
264:
263:
261:
259:
257:
255:
248:
241:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
204:
199:
190:
187:
137:Main article:
128:⟩, see
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
77:. Knowledge's
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8290:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8253:
8252:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8136:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7841:Luxembourgish
7839:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7829:Maastrichtian
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:Orthographies
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7253:on 2018-07-25
7249:
7245:
7243:0-521-65236-7
7239:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7220:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7020:0-19-870036-9
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6847:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6789:
6783:
6780:, Routledge,
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6673:, p. 20.
6672:
6667:
6660:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6534:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6512:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6491:, p. 17.
6490:
6485:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6462:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6335:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6171:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6116:, p. 80.
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6092:, p. 85.
6091:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6068:, p. 10.
6067:
6062:
6056:, p. 94.
6055:
6050:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6004:, p. 10.
6003:
5998:
5992:, p. 95.
5991:
5986:
5980:, p. 18.
5979:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5941:istiklal-i...
5936:
5931:
5925:, p. 21.
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5892:
5890:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5868:, p. 10.
5867:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5845:
5839:, p. 25.
5838:
5833:
5831:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5794:
5789:
5782:
5781:Comrie (1997)
5777:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5655:
5647:
5638:
5621:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5456:
5454:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5354:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5317:
5316:nya lokantası
5315:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:Phrase-accent
5277:
5274:
5272:
5264:
5262:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5204:('jubilee'),
5202:
5200:
5192:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5172:('chocolate')
5170:
5168:
5160:
5158:
5150:
5148:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5118:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5061:
5059:
5053:('scenery'),
5051:
5049:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5018:('steamboat')
5016:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4956:Foreign words
4950:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4930:('Ptolemy'),
4928:
4926:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4841:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4780:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4694:nkara'dan mı?
4693:
4686:
4684:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:kkale, Kahram
4597:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4352:
4350:
4344:('Scutari'),
4342:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4322:('Belgium'),
4320:
4318:
4310:
4308:
4302:('England'),
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:('by surety')
3879:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:('very blue')
3719:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3404:(during) and
3402:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3180:('by coming')
3178:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3095:('my houses')
3093:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2984:boundary tone
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:nya lokantası
2957:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2900:boundary tone
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2858:nmeyecektiniz
2857:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2790:('idea') and
2788:
2783:
2773:
2769:('time') and
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2338:, 'day') and
2336:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2092:vowel harmony
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:Vowel harmony
1896:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1656:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1380:
1376:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1305:
1288:/p,t,t͡ʃ,k,c/
1285:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:/b,d͡ʒ,d,ɟ,ɡ/
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1000:
992:
987:
983:
982:
981:
979:
962:
945:/b,d,d͡ʒ,ɡ,ɟ/
943:
938:
930:
920:
913:
901:
896:
888:
875:
874:
870:
858:
846:
837:are dental ,
833:
828:
820:
812:
802:
797:
785:
775:
772:
764:
757:
756:
755:
749:
745:
741:
728:
723:
716:
699:
694:
686:
680:
677:
676:
670:
666:
662:
648:
641:
636:
632:
628:('snow') vs.
626:
620:
618:
611:
609:
603:('infidel'),
601:
599:
593:
587:
581:
555:
547:
533:
529:
521:
520:
515:
513:
511:
509:
506:
502:
500:
498:
494:
491:
487:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
450:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
422:
418:
417:
413:
409:
407:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
375:
371:
368:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
274:
269:
265:
262:
260:
258:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
240:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:vowel harmony
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
146:
140:
131:
119:
115:
113:
109:
95:
85:
80:
76:
69:
59:
49:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
8249:
8230:
8170:
8095:West Frisian
8064:
7882:Massachusett
7395:Prepositions
7364:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7255:, retrieved
7248:the original
7233:
7204:
7193:
7183:
7174:
7165:
7161:
7136:
7105:
7101:
7076:
7072:
7040:
7036:
7010:
6988:
6963:(1): 73–97.
6960:
6956:
6947:
6930:
6926:
6918:
6902:
6889:
6861:
6857:
6839:the original
6818:
6814:
6796:Parlons turc
6795:
6777:
6771:(1): 267–276
6768:
6764:
6741:
6732:
6717:Bibliography
6702:
6690:
6678:
6666:
6654:
6642:
6637:, p. ?.
6615:
6608:Kabak (2016)
6603:
6591:
6584:Sezer (1981)
6579:
6567:
6560:Sezer (1981)
6555:
6544:
6538:Forvo: İnönü
6533:
6522:
6511:
6484:
6472:
6461:
6432:
6427:, p. ?.
6425:Sezer (1981)
6420:
6413:Kabak (2016)
6408:
6402:Kabak (2016)
6397:
6392:, p. 4.
6385:
6380:, p. 6.
6373:
6329:
6302:
6290:
6285:, p. 5.
6278:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6203:
6192:
6186:Kabak (2016)
6181:
6170:
6163:Kabak (2016)
6157:
6145:
6133:
6126:Kabak (2016)
6121:
6109:
6102:Kabak (2016)
6097:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6030:
6015:Lewis (2001)
6009:
5997:
5985:
5978:Lewis (2001)
5973:
5966:Lewis (2001)
5961:
5954:Lewis (2001)
5949:
5930:
5923:Lewis (1953)
5918:
5883:, p. ?.
5844:
5817:
5812:, p. 6.
5788:
5783:, p. ?.
5776:
5771:, p. 7.
5764:
5720:Lewis (2001)
5715:
5680:
5663:
5654:
5609:
5571:
5569:
5555:
5549:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5475:
5466:
5463:Focus accent
5452:
5445:k besliyorum
5442:
5430:
5422:
5413:
5401:
5389:
5381:
5372:
5360:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5313:
5301:
5291:
5283:
5276:('tables').
5270:
5260:
5255:
5246:
5234:
5225:
5217:
5208:
5198:
5188:
5178:
5166:
5156:
5152:('cinema'),
5146:
5136:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5076:
5073:('bedframe')
5067:
5057:
5047:
5043:('window'),
5037:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4967:
4959:
4946:
4934:
4924:
4914:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4864:
4856:
4847:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4803:
4793:
4785:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:t, Abdurrahm
4749:
4745:
4737:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4632:
4622:
4621:şadası, Kand
4618:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4551:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4496:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4462:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4406:
4398:
4397:diye, Süleym
4394:
4384:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4354:('Pergamon')
4348:
4338:
4326:
4316:
4312:('Mexico'),
4306:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4106:
4093:
4076:
4056:
4047:
4035:
4027:
4018:
4006:
3992:
3983:
3972:
3964:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3897:('mother'),
3891:
3884:
3875:
3863:
3849:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3798:
3788:
3778:
3774:('where?'),
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3743:hünkârbeğend
3732:
3724:
3715:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3674:
3666:
3658:('children')
3652:
3642:
3630:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3593:
3573:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3490:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3437:
3424:
3414:
3397:
3388:
3370:
3356:
3347:
3329:
3311:
3291:
3278:
3259:
3249:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3208:
3196:
3186:
3174:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3037:
3029:
3026:Final accent
3021:
3013:
3001:pitch-accent
2998:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2907:Kabak (2016)
2904:
2884:pitch accent
2881:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2823:tāʼ marbūṭah
2807:
2802:
2796:(acc.) from
2781:
2742:
2737:
2721:
2702:
2694:
2679:
2665:tāʼ marbūṭah
2656:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2475:
2456:
2434:
2418:Amsterdam'da
2410:
2399:
2385:('today's')
2370:
2367:
2316:
2308:
2297:
2286:
2269:
2256:
2251:
2234:
2231:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2104:front vowels
2089:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1811:
1793:'aeroplane'
1785:
1760:
1756:
1731:
1705:
1395:in between.
1340:
1320:
1272:); a nasal (
1075:
1070:phonotactics
1067:
1064:Phonotactics
1053:
1037:
1014:
998:
978:assimilation
975:
853:is alveolar
780:as bilabial
753:
747:
742:can undergo
717:The phoneme
665:vowel length
616:
607:
597:
217:Postalveolar
154:
152:
124:and ⟨
106:
89:
75:ISO 639 code
71:}}
65:{{
61:}}
55:{{
51:}}
45:{{
40:
7825:Limburgish
7716:Greenlandic
7593:New Zealand
7526:Northern Wu
7385:Determiners
7365:Phonologies
7350:Phonologies
6114:Levi (2005)
6090:Levi (2005)
6078:Levi (2005)
6054:Levi (2005)
6021:, cited by
5990:Levi (2005)
5935:Uysal (1980
5673:Lewis (2001
5669:Lewis (1953
5637:Lewis (2001
5252:('factory')
5162:('lever'),
5142:('couch'),
5120:('table'),
5110:('medal'),
4982:('world'),
4908:('Oedipus')
4893:di, Papadop
4796:tmenim,...!
4625:lli caddesi
4602:nmaraş, Diy
4571:rbahçe, Gaz
4426:('India'),
4109:Engin Sezer
4103:Place names
4009:palılaşmalı
3986:nkara'daydı
3497:), aorist (
3494:-ecek/-acak
3394:('apples?')
3335:('Turkish')
2892:Levi (2005)
2839:Levi (2005)
2829:Word-accent
2228:progressive
2096:back vowels
1683:Orthography
1658:/i,y,u,e,œ/
1610:'self' and
1389:monophthong
1276:); a flap (
1256:"fire" vs.
1244:"code" vs.
1218:"Hajj" vs.
1206:"name" vs.
1126:epenthesize
994:(slope) is
976:Because of
835:/n,t,d,s,z/
771:labiodental
689:or palatal
580:contrastive
528:palatalized
456:Approximant
181:and either
8267:Categories
8176:Vocabulary
8085:Vietnamese
7956:Ripuarian
7947:Portuguese
7857:Macedonian
7836:Lithuanian
7746:Hindustani
7583:Australian
7536:Historical
7483:Belarusian
7380:Adjectives
7257:2015-04-12
6610:, fig. 11.
6138:Levi (2005
6039:Levi (2005
6023:Levi (2005
5692:References
5643:, such as
5617:, such as
5568:Bu soruyu
5537:nkara'dan
5337:ta köprüsü
5294:n salatası
4973:('book'),
4853:(compound)
4606:rbakır, Sa
4575:antep, Esk
4501:(but also
4456:('Greece')
4332:('Europe')
4295:ka, İngilt
4034:Ali iskamb
3956:('in-law')
3804:('which?')
3794:('how?'),
3558:('you go')
3546:('I find')
3353:('my one')
3325:('-ish'):
3307:('with'):
3192:('when'):
3071:('apples')
3054:('houses')
2938:n salatası
2761:epenthetic
2756:harp/harbi
2712:edebiyat-ı
2560:G (musical
2218:The vowel
2139:front/back
1598:, so that
1375:diphthongs
1097:propaganda
1033:(name) is
1025:diminutive
861:, whereas
765:, whereas
189:Consonants
143:See also:
8171:Phonology
8075:Ukrainian
7982:Sardinian
7960:Colognian
7917:Old Saxon
7902:Norwegian
7867:Maldivian
7811:Latgalian
7756:Icelandic
7751:Hungarian
7630:Esperanto
7516:Cantonese
7493:Bulgarian
7466:Levantine
7438:Afrikaans
7227:"Turkish"
7093:170302676
7037:Phonology
7009:(2001) .
6977:145460722
6858:Phonology
6815:Phonology
5550:yesterday
5522:My father
5433:n ettiler
5259:istimbotl
4901:ngton, Od
4756:n, Mustaf
4722:Işıklar'd
4712:Işıklar'd
4685:nkara'dan
4514:Sultanahm
4484:r, Söylem
4429:Bulgarist
4219:ncan, Ant
4215:nbul, Erz
4017:Avrupalıl
3996:-ma-/-me-
3846:('again')
3836:('now'),
3663:Compounds
3242:-me-/-ma-
3042:('apple')
2722:adabiyyāt
2685:seyahat-e
2496:situation
2259:(' is'):
2108:/e,i,œ,y/
2100:/a,ɯ,o,u/
1937:unrounded
1927:unrounded
1871:'branch'
1779:/uˈt͡ʃak/
1713:'tongue'
1660:(but not
1630:and back
1596:/m,n,l,r/
1433:unrounded
1420:unrounded
1379:loanwords
1270:/f,s,ʃ,h/
1250:"jeans",
1212:"horse",
916:/p,t,c,k/
790:/y,u,œ,o/
737:/a,ɯ,o,u/
640:yumuşak g
560:/a,ɯ,o,u/
536:/e,i,œ,y/
380:voiceless
374:Fricative
279:voiceless
273:affricate
163:phonetics
159:phonology
92:June 2020
8251:Category
8161:Alphabet
8154:Overview
7972:Romanian
7781:Japanese
7739:Biblical
7726:Hawaiian
7721:Gujarati
7684:Standard
7676:Galician
7664:Parisian
7635:Estonian
7566:Standard
7511:Mandarin
7507:Chinese
7471:Tunisian
7456:Egyptian
7428:Acehnese
7400:Pronouns
7375:Grammars
7122:42712078
7108:: 1–35,
7057:62001024
6987:(1953).
6878:61660704
6835:16215242
6104:fig. 11.
5584:See also
5576:çözecek?
4897:los, Vaş
4809:('Sir!')
4557:'milky')
4524:Mimarsin
4470:Gümüşhan
4461:Kağıthan
4449:Yunanist
4439:Moğolist
4246:cak, Gör
4122:dactylic
4038:l oynadı
3170:('by'):
3151:yordular
2424:Paris'te
2358:loanword
2188:fourfold
2147:high/low
1819:'sound'
1724:/ɟyˈneʃ/
1674:Phoneme
1262:"grass".
1197:psikolog
1137:istasyon
1103:strateji
1068:Turkish
986:locative
959:, it is
949:/edˈmeɟ/
763:bilabial
649:⟩
645:⟨
212:Alveolar
122:/ /
118:Help:IPA
8181:Grammar
8166:Braille
8100:Yiddish
8065:Turkish
8050:Tagalog
8034:Swedish
8022:Spanish
8007:Slovene
7977:Russian
7937:Persian
7907:Occitan
7887:Medumba
7877:Marathi
7821:Latvian
7801:Kurdish
7791:Konkani
7776:Italian
7761:Ingrian
7730:Hebrew
7704:Ancient
7689:Bernese
7680:German
7660:French
7656:Finnish
7651:Faroese
7578:English
7548:Cornish
7543:Chukchi
7521:Hokkien
7503:Catalan
7498:Burmese
7488:Bengali
7478:Avestan
7447:Arabic
7352:of the
7168:: 61–69
6415:fig. 1.
6165:fig. 3.
6128:fig. 3.
5478:m geldi
5404:n sonra
5130:('bag')
5002:fotokop
4656:nalı, R
4652:leli, K
4419:Hindist
4264:drum, B
4260:zmir, B
4242:va, Bak
4238:na, Yal
4223:lya, Ed
4021:şmamalı
3975:rkçe de
3853:-en/-an
3731:uyurgez
3583:-se/-sa
3500:-er/-ir
3322:-ce/-ca
3304:-le/-la
3221:verecek
3009:, e.g.
2993:n sonra
2733:maksadı
2718:أدبيّات
2632:idrak-i
2629:: e.g.
2538:closed
2469:meaning
2464:dative
2450:meaning
2445:dative
2382:bugünkü
2341:başkent
2277:Türkiye
2265:Türkiye
2240:yürüyor
2230:suffix
2162:/e/~/a/
2158:twofold
1948:Vowels
1942:rounded
1932:rounded
1768:'warm'
1750:/ɯˈɫɯk/
1601:perende
1591:before
1555:/e,o,œ/
1438:rounded
1427:rounded
1384:نَوْبَة
1238:"dog",
1146:nucleus
1131:station
1091:program
961:lenited
759:/m,p,b/
576:/k,ɡ,l/
532:Russian
268:Plosive
232:Glottal
222:Palatal
183:rounded
167:Turkish
110:in the
84:See why
8186:Copula
8080:Uyghur
8012:Somali
8002:Slovak
7942:Polish
7932:Pashto
7927:Ottawa
7912:Ojibwe
7897:Nepali
7892:Navajo
7806:Kyrgyz
7796:Korean
7734:Modern
7695:Greek
7669:Quebec
7623:Middle
7562:Dutch
7558:Danish
7461:Hejazi
7433:Adyghe
7423:Abkhaz
7240:
7215:
7143:
7120:
7091:
7055:
7017:
6995:
6975:
6876:
6833:
6784:
6748:
5937::9): "
5490:m geld
5349:kırmız
5177:tornav
5028:
5024:
5011:istimb
4913:Ayzınh
4831:rbakan
4822:rdoğan
4748:n, Ahm
4610:mbeyli
4547:(from
4495:Anadol
4272:nya, S
4268:bek, K
4159:nderun
4149:rcimek
4139:rmaris
4113:cretic
3878:ffülen
3706:tbeyaz
3677:şbakan
3651:çocukl
3636:('my')
3563:gitmel
3531:rdınız
3527:saklan
3519:ktiler
3480:öğrenc
3468:Mustaf
3427:ksizin
3417:mleyin
3407:-sizin
3401:-leyin
3281:lmiyor
3262:lmedim
3076:evlerd
2854:sinirl
2848:nmamak
2738:maqṣad
2727:maksat
2695:siyāḥa
2670:saat-e
2647:fevk-ı
2644:) vs.
2565:clear
2540:market
2519:clear
2254:copula
2145:, and
1897:'way'
1882:/ˈjoɫ/
1856:/ˈdaɫ/
1845:'eye'
1830:/ˈɟœz/
1804:/ˈses/
1739:'sun'
1698:/ˈdil/
1325:Vowels
1115:steril
1079:Fransa
921:Final
570:, and
421:voiced
327:voiced
207:Dental
202:Labial
126:
8090:Welsh
8070:Ubykh
8055:Tamil
8017:Sotho
7987:Scots
7922:Oromo
7872:Māori
7862:Malay
7816:Latin
7786:Kiowa
7771:Irish
7766:Inuit
7709:Koine
7553:Czech
7405:Verbs
7390:Nouns
7251:(PDF)
7230:(PDF)
7209:(PDF)
7158:(PDF)
7133:(PDF)
7118:S2CID
7089:S2CID
7069:(PDF)
7053:S2CID
7033:(PDF)
6973:S2CID
6915:(PDF)
6874:S2CID
6854:(PDF)
6842:(PDF)
6831:S2CID
6811:(PDF)
6729:(PDF)
6013:E.g.
5675::18).
5646:İznik
5601:Notes
5545:geldi
5517:geldi
5455:yorum
5429:telef
5392:doğru
5388:kapıy
5375:z yıl
5353:çanta
5273:salar
5228:gatif
5165:çikol
5155:maniv
5070:ryola
5060:vrole
5050:nzara
5040:ncere
4923:Pitol
4760:, Ayş
4744:Hüsey
4726:n mı?
4709:>
4702:Işıkl
4679:>
4676:nkara
4635:deniz
4579:şehir
4480:Işıkl
4365:skova
4199:yseri
4189:rbalı
4179:rkeci
4169:nkara
3862:iktis
3781:reye?
3771:rede?
3718:smavi
3689:şkent
3515:gidec
3506:-meli
3391:r mı?
3387:elmal
3381:mi/mu
3369:elmal
3363:de/da
3271:-iyor
3252:rkma!
3163:rek/-
3088:evler
3064:elmal
3006:mi/mu
2951:, or
2818:sanat
2812:rahat
2799:فِكْر
2793:fikri
2787:fikir
2772:vakti
2766:vakit
2750:harfi
2691:سياحة
2642:idrāk
2638:إدراك
2607:dark
2562:note)
2543:clear
2499:clear
2472:type
2453:type
2394:çünkü
2388:dünkü
2323:bugün
2307:palto
2267:'
2246:-iyor
1915:Front
1662:/o,a/
1636:]
1632:[
1628:]
1624:[
1607:kendi
1589:]
1585:[
1581:]
1577:[
1549:]
1545:[
1541:]
1537:[
1533:]
1529:[
1525:]
1521:[
1445:Close
1407:Front
1337::155)
1298:, or
1274:/m,n/
1190:(see
1109:stres
939:]
935:[
931:]
927:[
897:]
893:[
889:]
885:[
871:]
867:[
859:]
855:[
847:]
843:[
829:]
825:[
821:]
817:[
813:]
809:[
798:]
794:[
786:]
782:[
767:/f,v/
748:değil
729:]
725:[
695:]
691:[
687:]
683:[
661:glide
588:]
584:[
556:]
552:[
548:]
544:[
524:/k,ɡ/
239:Nasal
227:Velar
175:front
114:(IPA)
8105:Zuni
8060:Taos
7238:ISBN
7213:ISBN
7141:ISBN
7015:ISBN
6993:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6746:ISBN
6161:Cf.
6149:Cf.
6041::75)
6025::75)
5625:/kc/
5520:. ('
5451:besl
5312:Litv
5245:fabr
5237:caba
4976:düny
4945:Mand
4937:lson
4933:Mend
4873:Hikm
4850:türk
4840:nönü
4806:ndim
4660:meli
4588:monu
4584:Kast
4550:sütl
4540:Sütl
4508:dolu
4401:niye
4387:niye
4383:Sult
4374:-iye
4358:But
4347:Berg
4315:Belç
4305:Meks
4096:yor-
4061:-lar
4050:madı
3943:rdeş
3866::den
3801:ngi?
3645:klar
3603:gits
3592:gitt
3580:and
3555:rsin
3484:ysem
3460:klar
3444:hast
3423:gelm
3373:r da
3332:rkçe
3290:sönm
2954:Litv
2921:sözc
2867:banm
2803:fikr
2782:waqt
2680:sāʿa
2676:ساعة
2657:fawq
2604:left
2599:sola
2587:dark
2584:raft
2579:sala
2555:sole
2533:hale
2516:role
2511:role
2491:hâle
2466:case
2461:noun
2447:case
2442:noun
2409:anne
2403:anne
2363:-ken
2353:kent
2296:kapı
2257:-dir
2124:/oœ/
1920:Back
1593:coda
1567:and
1480:Open
1412:Back
1310:and
1188:coda
1121:tren
1118:and
1085:plan
1023:the
984:the
905:and
761:are
578:are
526:are
497:Flap
179:back
161:and
153:The
147:and
48:lang
8043:T–Z
7850:M–S
7644:F–L
7618:Old
7531:Old
7416:A–E
7110:doi
7081:doi
7045:doi
6965:doi
6935:doi
6866:doi
6823:doi
5633:/ɡ/
5620:pek
5559:kim
5529:Bab
5511:bab
5441:köp
5400:ond
5363:nta
5333:Gal
5326:nta
5322:lok
5300:sal
5290:çob
5207:gaz
5197:jüb
5191:lte
5187:fak
5145:sin
5135:kan
5127:nta
5107:lya
5103:mad
5097:lye
5087:nta
5083:lok
4985:rah
4966:kit
4905:pus
4889:Ken
4863:Pam
4792:Öğr
4631:Kar
4594:Çan
4567:Fen
4511:),
4393:Ahm
4341:dar
4337:Üsk
4325:Avr
4291:Afr
4276:vas
4227:rne
4211:İst
4155:İsk
4120:or
4005:Avr
3953:yın
3933:mca
3904:yze
3894:nne
3874:tek
3833:mdi
3823:nra
3813:rın
3791:sıl
3641:çoc
3629:ben
3623:nim
3577:-di
3567:ler
3551:gid
3543:rum
3539:bul
3509:):
3472:dır
3456:çoc
3448:ydı
3413:akş
3350:mki
3346:ben
3340:-ki
3314:yle
3310:öfk
3217:gid
3211:ver
3199:nce
3195:gel
3189:nce
3177:rek
3173:gel
3167:rak
3147:gel
3141:yor
3137:gel
3131:yor
3110:yor
3047:evl
3036:elm
3016:mi?
2989:ond
2968:nta
2964:lok
2944:sal
2934:çob
2925:kle
2778:وقت
2740:).
2724:),
2707:dāl
2703:-āt
2682:),
2653:فوق
2627:qāf
2623:kāf
2592:sol
2572:sal
2548:sol
2526:hal
2504:rol
2484:hâl
2474:of
2455:of
2411:dir
2376:-ki
2371:bil
2347:baş
2335:gün
2309:dur
2298:dır
2287:dür
2285:gün
2270:dir
2235:yor
2224:/o/
2220:/œ/
2212:-in
2208:-un
2204:-ın
2200:-ün
2196:-in
2182:-de
2178:-da
2174:-de
2170:/a/
2166:/e/
1877:/o/
1851:/a/
1825:/œ/
1799:/e/
1788:çak
1774:/u/
1745:/ɯ/
1734:neş
1719:/y/
1693:/i/
1678:IPA
1652:/a/
1648:/e/
1644:/a/
1620:/a/
1613:hem
1575:to
1573:/e/
1569:/æ/
1565:/e/
1561:/e/
1517:/ɯ/
1393:/j/
1312:/f/
1308:/h/
1300:/h/
1296:/s/
1292:/f/
1282:/l/
1278:/ɾ/
1247:kot
1241:kod
1221:haç
1215:hac
1186:in
1182:No
1167:/g/
1163:/ɰ/
1159:/ɾ/
1152:/j/
1027:of
1013:şef
1007:şef
997:şev
991:şev
988:of
963:to
957:/ɡ/
923:/h/
907:/l/
903:/ɫ/
895:ɾ̞̊
881:/ɾ/
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