227:
446:
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1090:
154:
492:. Rainfall totals on other islands are unknown but are likely similar to those in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The precipitation led to flooding on several islands. One person was killed during the storm after being electrocuted by a downed power line on a flooded road. Public works crews worked throughout the storm to keep roads clear; however, one road that was under construction became a "sea of mud" as crews could not clear the flood waters fast enough. The towns of
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27:
296:
481:, nine emergency shelters were opened, mainly in schools. On September 5, an emergency meeting was held by disaster officials in Puerto Rico about the threat of flooding from Christine. All residents were urged by government officials to have their disaster kits ready and be prepared to evacuate if told to do so. Firefighters, on and off-duty, were advised about the possibility of evacuations and would be pulled into work if needed.
306:
316:
521:. No major damage was reported on any of the affected islands in the wake of Christine. Residents in the drought-stricken regions of Florida were hoping for increased rainfall from the remnant wave of Christine; however, the system did not reach the United States before dissipating. The storm's remnants only produced squally weather in Florida on September 7 and 8.
201:
on August 30. Turning slightly northward, Christine gradually intensified, attaining its peak strength on
September 2. At that time, the storm had winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (hPa; 29.41 inHg), just below hurricane status. Shortly after,
370:
data. It was determined that
Christine had become a tropical storm by this time after receiving reports of gale-force winds from a German cargo ship in the vicinity of the storm. The first advisory from the NHC came after a reconnaissance plane found sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and
217:
Although
Christine had weakened to a tropical depression by the time it passed through the Leeward Islands, heavy rains from the storm, peaking at 11.74 in (298 mm), caused flooding in Puerto Rico. Over 600 homes were flooded and dozens of families had to be evacuated from several towns.
512:
sustained flood damage from the storm. In
Yabucoa, 40 families were evacuated as 25 homes were damaged. The most substantial flooding took place in Humacao where 60 families were evacuated and 500 homes sustained damage. Six bridges, four sewer systems and 14 homes were damaged in Maunabo. An
436:
project. During this project, active and passive microwave satellite imagery was used for the first time to determine the wind speed within a tropical cyclone. This was accomplished after the removal of regions of heavy rain from the data, a factor that gives inaccurate wind readings.
473:. After Christine weakened to a tropical depression, the NHC discontinued all watches and warnings for the Leeward Islands. Schools were closed in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands as a precaution. Six scientists had to be evacuated from the small island of
411:
ahead of
Christine would determine the future of the storm. This trough would either merge with the storm and allow significant intensification, or remain separate and cause Christine to dissipate. By September 3, the low-level circulation had been displaced from all
196:
on August 25, 1973, the system tracked nearly due west for several days before intensifying into a tropical storm on August 28. However, the
National Hurricane Center did not issue their first advisory on the system until its intensity was confirmed by a
391:
ahead of the system would hamper significant development. Continuing on this track, Christine gradually intensified and on
September 2, the storm attained its peak intensity just below hurricane-status while situated roughly 300 mi (500 km) east of
516:
Numerous calls were made to police in the United States Virgin
Islands about downed power lines throughout the passage of the depression. High winds, gusting up to 40 mph (65 km/h) left roughly 500 people without telephone service on
396:. At this time, a reconnaissance aircraft recorded sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (hPa; 29.41 inHg). Shortly after Christine attained this intensity, increasing
218:
One person died from electrocution after stepping on a downed wire on a flooded street. Minor damage was recorded in the Virgin
Islands, mainly downed power lines which left roughly 500 people without telephone service.
354:
This was unlike most cyclone producing waves which travel several hundred miles over water before spawning a depression. Tracking nearly due west, the depression moved over water several hours later and bypassed the
386:
By August 31, the storm began to slow and turn towards the west-northwest. The NHC noted that they did not have a firm grip on the storm and were unsure of its future track and intensity. Below average
513:
additional 21 people were evacuated from Las
Piedras and 41 homes were damaged and in Carolinas, 23 more homes were damaged. Although there was extensive property damage, no monetary value is available.
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938:
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with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The following day, the system degenerated into a tropical wave near the northeastern coast of the
206:
caused the system to quickly weaken. By September 4, Christine had been downgraded to a tropical depression as it tracked through the
1284:
1431:
1224:
555:– the rare phenomenon when tropical cyclones form, intensify or hold their intensity for exceptionally long time periods while inland
189:
484:
As it passed through the Leeward Islands, Christine produced torrential rainfall, peaking at 11.74 in (298 mm) in eastern
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1398:
1308:
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424:. The remnants of Christine were monitored by the NHC for several days before dissipating near the trough on September 6.
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of 1007 mbar (hPa; 29.74 inHg). At that time, Christine was located roughly 1000 mi (1,500 km) east of
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478:
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The following day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm; however, advisories were not issued by the
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164:
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over Africa in late-August. As it neared the Atlantic Ocean, the wave spawned a tropical depression inland at
489:
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and Christine weakened to a tropical depression. Several hours after weakening, the depression passed over
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81:
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On September 2, the National Hurricane Center issued gale warnings and hurricane watches for
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367:
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379:. Although the storm was relatively disorganized by this point, satellite imagery showed large
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319:
52:
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Rainfall from Tropical Storm Christine in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands
8:
636:
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309:
153:
469:. Later that day, the gale warnings were expanded southward to include islands north of
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421:
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230:
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
177:
401:
207:
138:
114:
185:
775:
Benedict, Howard (September 1, 1973). "Astronauts keeping tabs on Christine".
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331:
211:
110:
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Throughout its existence, Christine was monitored by astronauts in the
397:
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26:
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376:
964:
Andrew A. Yemma (United Press International) (September 6, 1973).
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The formation of this depression was farther east than any other
601:
366:(NHC) on the system until August 30 because of the lack of
31:
Satellite image of Tropical Storm Christine on September 1, 1973
991:
Gree, Simon D. (September 6, 1973). "Heat Comes Boiling Back".
339:
214:, the cyclone's remnants fully dissipated on September 6.
193:
705:
764:. United Press International. September 2, 1973. p. 4.
712:. Environmental Data Service, National Climatic Data Center
254:
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
249:
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
657:
634:
488:. A maximum of 3.16 in (80 mm) also fell in the
322:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
274:
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
269:
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
383:
extending hundreds of miles (kilometres) from the storm.
264:
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
259:
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
192:. Forming as a tropical depression over the country of
891:"Tropical Depression Christine - September 2–6, 1973"
602:
Paul J. Hebert and Neil L. Frank (January 28, 1974).
528:
279:
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
1413:
919:. Associated Press. September 5, 1973. p. 8
870:. Associated Press. September 5, 1973. p. 8
738:. Associated Press. September 3, 1973. p. 1
1028:
931:
905:
856:
692:. Associated Press. August 31, 1973. p. 2.
1442:Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands
1009:
658:United Press International (August 31, 1973).
549:– followed a path similar to that of Christine
1063:
888:
830:
812:"Flood Warning Closes Schools, Govt. Offices"
724:
838:"Civil Defense Sets Up 9 Emergency Shelters"
760:"Christine Runs Into Struggle With Trough".
651:
400:caused the storm to weaken as it neared the
330:Tropical Storm Christine originated from a
1319:
1314:
1070:
1056:
477:once the storm posed a threat to them. On
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152:
25:
806:
804:
221:
1437:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands
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893:. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
768:
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593:
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864:"Puerto Rico Alerted To Flood Warning"
801:
755:
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706:United States. Weather Bureau (1973).
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635:Hurricane Specialists Unit (2009).
604:"Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1973"
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732:"Storm Is Nearing Hurricane Force"
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14:
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1432:Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands
1307:
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660:"Tropical storm gaining strength"
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1012:Skylab: America's space station
792:
637:"Easy to Read HURDAT 1851-2008"
16:Atlantic tropical storm in 1973
1427:1973 Atlantic hurricane season
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1218:
1080:1973 Atlantic hurricane season
945:. September 5, 1973. p. 8
844:. September 5, 1973. p. 3
818:. September 5, 1973. p. 1
783:
779:. Associated Press. p. 5.
709:Climatological data, Volume 60
427:
165:1973 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
966:"Delia Threatens Grain Crops"
943:The Virgin Islands Daily News
917:The Virgin Islands Daily News
868:The Virgin Islands Daily News
842:The Virgin Islands Daily News
816:The Virgin Islands Daily News
688:"Tropical Storm Is Watched".
559:
190:Tropical Storm Ginger in 1967
490:United States Virgin Islands
210:. After degenerating into a
7:
913:"Mud, Rain Hampers Traffic"
639:. National Hurricane Center
609:. National Hurricane Center
524:
96:70 mph (110 km/h)
10:
1463:
1447:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico
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1078:Tropical cyclones of the
364:National Hurricane Center
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1422:Atlantic tropical storms
1029:Saltzman, Barry (1985).
539:Tropical cyclones portal
389:sea surface temperatures
350:Atlantic hurricane basin
174:Tropical Storm Christine
20:Tropical Storm Christine
1010:Shayler, David (2001).
441:Preparations and impact
368:reconnaissance aircraft
199:reconnaissance aircraft
180:to form as far east as
1031:Advances in geophysics
889:David M. Roth (2009).
547:Hurricane Danny (2015)
450:
338:, over the country of
327:
222:Meteorological history
38:Meteorological history
448:
407:The NHC noted that a
342:, on August 25.
320:Extratropical cyclone
229:
970:St. Petersburg Times
762:St. Petersburg Times
241:Saffir–Simpson scale
101:Lowest pressure
1014:. Springer-Praxis.
777:The Free-Lance Star
414:convective activity
373:barometric pressure
359:on August 27.
310:Subtropical cyclone
21:
1033:. Academic Press.
553:Brown ocean effect
451:
422:Dominican Republic
357:Cape Verde Islands
328:
93:Highest winds
78:1-minute sustained
19:
1407:
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993:Ocala Star-Banner
736:Ocala Star-Banner
348:on record in the
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65:September 6, 1973
57:September 4, 1973
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1004:Further reading
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208:Leeward Islands
182:longitude 30° W
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139:Leeward Islands
122:Overall effects
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47:August 25, 1973
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186:Atlantic Ocean
176:was the first
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135:Areas affected
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1021:1-85233-407-X
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995:. p. 32.
994:
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976:September 28,
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974:. Retrieved
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947:. Retrieved
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895:. Retrieved
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872:. Retrieved
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846:. Retrieved
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820:. Retrieved
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714:. Retrieved
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611:. Retrieved
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163:
162:Part of the
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972:. p. 4
666:. p. 2
506:Las Piedras
486:Puerto Rico
428:Observation
381:outer bands
202:increasing
143:Puerto Rico
53:Remnant low
1416:Categories
690:The Ledger
560:References
479:St. Thomas
455:Guadeloupe
398:wind shear
394:Guadeloupe
290:Storm type
204:wind shear
130:1 indirect
127:Fatalities
62:Dissipated
1261:Christine
519:St. Croix
1399:Category
1321:Thirteen
525:See also
510:Carolina
471:Dominica
459:Desirade
434:Skylab 3
377:Trinidad
284:Unknown
939:"Flood"
502:Maunabo
498:Humacao
494:Yabucoa
467:Barbuda
463:Antigua
418:Antigua
234:Map key
184:in the
150:IBTrACS
1285:Eleven
1249:Brenda
1037:
1018:
409:trough
340:Guinea
336:14.0°W
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
194:Guinea
188:since
44:Formed
1357:Gilda
1309:Ellen
1273:Delia
1177:Alice
607:(PDF)
82:SSHWS
1333:Fran
1225:Alfa
1035:ISBN
1016:ISBN
978:2009
951:2009
925:2009
899:2009
876:2009
850:2009
824:2009
744:2009
718:2009
672:2009
645:2009
615:2009
508:and
475:Aves
465:and
141:and
115:inHg
107:mbar
105:996
1165:Two
1129:One
111:hPa
86:NWS
1418::
1381:TD
1376:TD
1369:TD
1364:TD
1352:TS
1345:TD
1340:TD
1316:TD
1297:TD
1292:TD
1280:TD
1268:TS
1256:TS
1237:TD
1232:TD
1220:SS
1213:TD
1208:TD
1201:TD
1196:TD
1189:TD
1184:TD
1160:TD
1153:TD
1148:TD
1141:TD
1136:TD
1124:TD
1117:TD
1112:TD
1105:TD
1100:TD
968:.
941:.
915:.
866:.
840:.
814:.
803:^
752:^
734:.
698:^
680:^
662:.
623:^
568:^
504:,
500:,
496:,
461:,
457:,
404:.
371:a
1328:1
1304:3
1244:1
1172:1
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
1043:.
1024:.
980:.
953:.
927:.
901:.
878:.
852:.
826:.
746:.
720:.
674:.
647:.
617:.
109:(
88:)
84:/
80:(
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