Tribal sovereignty in the United States

2242:, to tribal members brought before tribal courts. Still, the court concluded, "it is pure fiction to say that the Indian courts functioning in the Fort Belknap Indian community are not in part, at least, arms of the federal government. Originally they were created by federal executive and imposed upon the Indian community, and to this day the federal government still maintains a partial control over them." In the end however, the Ninth Circuit limited its decision to the particular reservation in question and stated, "it does not follow from our decision that the tribal court must comply with every constitutional restriction that is applicable to federal or state courts." 555: 58: 184: 6384: 849: 816:

into modest parcels to be distributed to Indian families, and those remaining were auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farmland and became "civilized" were made American citizens. But the Act itself proved disastrous for Indians, as much tribal land was lost, and cultural traditions destroyed. Whites benefited the most; for example, when the government made 2 million acres (8,100 km) of Indian lands available in Oklahoma, 50,000 white settlers poured in almost instantly to claim it all (in a period of one day, April 22, 1889).

2319: (1990), the Supreme Court held that a tribal court does not have criminal jurisdiction over a non-member Indian, but that tribes "also possess their traditional and undisputed power to exclude persons who they deem to be undesirable from tribal lands. ... Tribal law enforcement authorities have the power if necessary, to eject them. Where jurisdiction to try and punish an offender rests outside the tribe, tribal officers may exercise their power to detain and transport him to the proper authorities." In response to this decision, Congress passed the ' 2412: 2723:(EPA). In 1974, the EPA became the first U.S. federal agency to release an Indian Policy, which established the model of environmental federalism operational today. Under this model, the federal EPA sets water, air, and waste disposal standards, but delegates enforcement authority and the opportunity to design stricter environmental regulations to each state. Enforcement authority over Native American territory, however, remains under federal EPA jurisdiction, unless a given tribe applies for and is granted Treatment as State (TAS) status. 2420: 2552:. However, most Native American land is held in trust by the United States, and federal law still regulates the economic rights of tribal governments and political rights. Tribal jurisdiction over persons and things within tribal borders are often at issue. While tribal criminal jurisdiction over Native Americans is reasonably well settled, tribes are still striving to achieve criminal jurisdiction over non-Native persons who commit crimes in Indian Country. This is largely due to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1978 in 696: 505: 2213:. This opinion stated that sovereign powers inhered in Indian tribes except for where they were restricted by Congress. The opinion stated that "Conquest has brought the Indian tribes under the control of Congress, but except as Congress has expressly restricted or limited the internal powers of sovereignty vested in the Indian tribes such powers are still vested in the respective tribes and may be exercised by their duly constituted organs of government." 547: 2876:(1974) also known as the Boldt Decision (concerning off-reservation fishing rights: holding that Indians had an easement to go through private property to their fishing locations, that the state could not charge Indians a fee to fish, that the state could not discriminate against the tribes in the method of fishing allowed, and that the Indians had a right to a fair and equitable share of the harvest) 2615:. Chief Justice Marshall found that "England had treated the tribes as sovereign and negotiated treaties of alliance with them. The United States followed suit, thus continuing the practice of recognizing tribal sovereignty. When the United States assumed the role of protector of the tribes, it neither denied nor destroyed their sovereignty." As determined in the Supreme Court case 2598:

to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes". This determined that Indian tribes were separate from the federal or state governments and that the states did not have power to regulate commerce with the tribes, much less regulate the tribes. The states and tribal nations have clashed over many issues such as

2634:(Creek) Nation in 1997 for rape and that the case should have been tried in federal court since Congress had never officially dissolved the reservation in question. The ruling's expansion of jurisdiction sovereignty also opened the possibility for Native Americans to obtain more power in alcohol regulation and casino gambling. 801:

Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."

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specifically taken from them by treaty or Congressional Act". This means American Indians do not have exactly the same rights of citizenship as other American citizens. The court cited case law from a pre-1924 case that said, "when Indians are prepared to exercise the privileges and bear the burdens of"

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as stratified by socioeconomic status; EO 13007 ordered the protection of Native American cultural sites. Since the passage of EO 12898 and EO 13007, tribal prosecutors have litigated extensively against the federal government and industry polluters over land use and jurisdiction with varying degrees

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The evolution of the relationship between tribal governments and federal governments has been glued together through partnerships and agreements. Also running into problems of course such as finances which also led to not being able to have a stable social and political structure at the helm of these

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Another dispute over American Indian government is its sovereignty versus that of the states. The federal U.S. government has always been the government that makes treaties with Indian tribes – not individual states. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power

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regarding land and natural resource sovereignty has been posed by the modern real estate market. While Native Nations have made substantial progress in land and resource sovereignty, such authority is limited to land classified as 'Native American owned.' In the private real estate market, however,

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The idea that tribes have an inherent right to govern themselves is at the foundation of their constitutional status – the power is not delegated by congressional acts. Congress can, however, limit tribal sovereignty. Unless a treaty or federal statute removes a power, however, the tribe is assumed

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Tribal and pueblo governments today launch far-reaching economic ventures, operate growing law enforcement agencies, and adopt codes to govern conduct within their jurisdiction, while the United States retains control over the scope of tribal law making. Laws adopted by Native American governments

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On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil

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Passed by Congress in 1887, the "Dawes Act" was named for Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee. It came as another crucial step in attacking the tribal aspect of the Indians of the time. In essence, the act broke up the land of most all tribes

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That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or

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While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations. In the

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established a trust relationship between the United States and tribal territories. This gave the U.S. federal government primary jurisdictional authority over tribal land use, while maintaining tribal members' rights to reside on their land and access its resources. Similarly, in 1841, a treaty

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in 1968, it was ruled that "the establishment of a reservation by treaty, statute or agreement includes an implied right of Indians to hunt and fish on that reservation free of regulation by the state". States have tried to extend their power over the tribes in many other instances, but federal

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had two significant sections. First, the Act ended United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations and prohibited additional treaties. Thus, it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through

2372:, i.e. of one's own right and not under the power of someone else, "the tribal relation may be dissolved and the national guardianship brought to an end, but it rests with Congress to determine when and how this shall be done, and whether the emancipation shall be complete or only partial" ( 800:

over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the U.S.

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against many lawsuits, unless a plaintiff is granted a waiver by the tribe or by congressional abrogation. The sovereignty extends to tribal enterprises and tribal casinos or gaming commissions. The Indian Civil Rights Act does not allow actions against an Indian tribe in federal court for

633:, "There were Indians, also, in several, and probably in most, of the states at that period, who were not treated as citizens, and yet, who did not form a part of independent communities or tribes, exercising general sovereignty and powers of government within the boundaries of the states." 2365:

defendants convicted of adultery under tribal laws, and another challenging a tax from the tribe, were not exempted from the tribal justice system because they had been granted U.S. citizenship. It found that tribes "still possess their inherent sovereignty excepting only when it has been

2928:, 236 Wis. 2d 384 (2000) (holding that tribal courts deserve full faith and credit since they are the court of an independent sovereign; however, in order to end confusion, cases that are filed in state and tribal courts require consultation of both courts before they are decided.) 2602:, fishing, and hunting. American Indians believed that they had treaties between their ancestors and the United States government, protecting their right to fish, while non-Indians believed the states were responsible for regulating commercial and sports fishing. In the case 3855:

Green, Michael D. and Perdue, Theda. However, England ceased to exist as a sovereign entity in 1707 to be replaced by Great Britain. Chief Justice Marshall's incorrect use of terminology appears to weaken the argument. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. Viking,

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of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states, and foreign nations;

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over Indians." The court held that, "the granting of citizenship in itself did not destroy ... jurisdiction of the Indian tribal courts and ... there was no intention on the part of Congress to do so." The adultery conviction and the power of tribal courts were upheld.

2231:, which gave some states extensive jurisdiction over the criminal and civil controversies involving Indians on Indian lands. Many, especially Indians, continue to believe the law unfair because it imposed a system of laws on the tribal nations without their approval. 2523:

taxed. In Article I Section 8, Clause 3, Congress is empowered to "regulate commerce with foreign nations…states…and with the Indian tribes." Technically, Congress has no more power over Indian nations than it does over individual states. In the 1970s,

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filed a dissenting opinion). But the case left unanswered some questions, including whether tribal courts could use criminal contempt powers against non-Indians to maintain decorum in the courtroom, or whether tribal courts could subpoena non-Indians.

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announced that as territorial governments they have protected the Yurok-Tolowa-Dee-ni' Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area of 700 square miles (1,800 km) of ocean waters and coastline reaching from Oregon to just south of Trinidad in the

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591 U.S. ___ (2020) (holding that if Congress did not expressly disestablish a reservation, the state wherein the reservation lies has no jurisdiction to prosecute crimes involving Indian defendants or Indian victims under the Major Crimes

2890:, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) (holding that Indian tribal courts do not have inherent criminal jurisdiction to try and to punish non-Indians, and hence may not assume such jurisdiction unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress.) 779:

interim, as a trustee charged with protecting their interests and property, the federal government was legally entrusted with ownership and administration of the assets, land, water, and treaty rights of the tribal nations.

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revisited The Declaration and declared that the U.S. government now supported it; however, as of December 2022, the requirements of The Declaration have still not been adopted into U.S. law. As recently as 2015, the

5088: 2581:); the Choctaw have never exercised their right to do so since they were given the power and the Cherokee had not done so until appointing a delegate in 2019, though this delegate has not been accepted by Congress. 2201:. Though the Act did not specifically recognize the Courts of Indian Offenses, 1934 is widely considered to be the year when tribal authority, rather than United States authority, gave the tribal courts legitimacy. 2898:, 455 U.S. 130 (1982) (holding that Indian Nations have the power to tax Non-Native Americans based on their power as a nation and treaty rights to exclude others; this right can be curtailed only by Congress.) 3998:

Mandleco, Sarah (2002). "Surviving a State's Challenge to the EPA's Grant of Treatment as State Status under the Clean Water Act: One Tribe's Story State of Wisconsin v. EPA and Sokaogon Chippewa Community".

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and the need for weapons testing sites, for which the U.S. federal government often selected former and current tribal territories in the southwestern deserts. Uranium mines were constructed upstream of

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Further, the court held that whilst no law had directly established tribal courts, federal funding "including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts" implied that they were legitimate courts.

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Other cases of those years precluded states from interfering with tribal nations' sovereignty. Tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the federal government, not states, under

2862:, 197 U.S. 488 (1905) (holding that Congress has the power to place the Indians under state law if it chooses, and the ban on selling liquor does not apply to Indians subject to the Allotment acts) 623: 2253:. In the modern legal era, the courts and Congress have, however, further refined the often competing jurisdictions of tribal nations, states and the United States in regard to Indian law. 592:

forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. In the

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reservations in Arizona and Nevada, measurably contaminating Native American water supply through the 1940s and 1950s with lasting impacts to this day. The Nevada desert was also a common

6765: 4951: 3631: 6116: 6045: 3057: 1804: 603:" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. The U.S. recognizes 574 tribal nations, 229 of which are in Alaska. The 533: 4761: 760:

The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States.

728:(1832), which laid out the relationship between tribes and the state and federal governments, stating that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations. 2519:

address the handling of "Indians not taxed" in the apportionment of the seats of the House of Representatives according to population and in so doing suggest that Indians need not

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lands within its reservation when their "conduct threatens or has some direct effect on the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the tribe."

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with state courts, the nations still have no direct access to U.S. courts. When an Indian nation files suit against a state in U.S. court, they do so with the approval of the

4237: 2197:, codified as Title 25, Section 476 of the U.S. Code, allowed Indian nations to select from a catalogue of constitutional documents that enumerated powers for tribes and for 3751: 2795:

have made a practice of buying out individual landowners in Native American residential areas, subsequently using that land to build mines or factories which increase local

2175:), granted all non-citizen resident Indians citizenship. Thus the Revenue Act declared that there were no longer any "Indians, not taxed" to be not counted for purposes of 5197: 914: 636: 3899: 2507:

as inadequate to allow them to perform necessary judicial functions, such as hiring officials trained in law, and prosecuting cases neglected by the federal government.

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in 1942. The Revenue Act was applicable to incomes for 1924. The bottom rate, on income under $ 4,000, fell from 1.5% to 1.125% (both rates are after reduction by the "

675:, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects. 6607: 5973: 4642: 3270: 2815: 3876: 6815: 6697: 2558:

that tribes lack the inherent authority to arrest, try and convict non-Natives who commit crimes on their lands (see below for additional discussion on this point.)

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These constitutional provisions, and subsequent interpretations by the Supreme Court (see below), are today often summarized in three principles of U.S. Indian law:

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explains, "Native peoples and governments have inherent rights and a political relationship with the U.S. government that does not derive from race or ethnicity."

681:: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty. 6244: 2977: 3963:

Teodoro, Manuel P.; Haider, Mellie; Switzer, David (October 24, 2016). "U.S. Environmental Policy Implementation on Tribal Lands: Trust, Neglect, and Justice".

6239: 4903: 2516: 2022: 1109: 643: 526: 6772: 4939: 3636: 3611: 3074: 2334: 2309: 703:

The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations.

627: 2868:, 129 F. Supp. 15 (1955) (holding that tribes have power to create and change their court system and that power is limited only by Congress, not the courts) 6650: 6591: 5330: 4714: 4594: 3233: 2480: 2235: 974: 4354: 6572: 6322: 5217: 4915: 4570: 191: 2669:

Following industrialization, the 1800s brought many challenges to tribal sovereignty over tribal members' occupied lands in the United States. In 1831,

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Originally, the United States had recognized the Indian Tribes as independent nations, but after the Civil War, the U.S. suddenly changed its approach.

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which serves as drinking water for the Navajo and Hopi downstream. The federal EPA appropriated $ 156,000 in reparations for Gold King Mine, while the

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expanded the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence that occur in Indian Country when the victim is Indian.

2012: 1885: 6251: 6178: 2856:, 152 U.S. 570 (1894) (holding that lager beer is not spiritous liquor nor wine within the meaning of those terms as used in Revised Statutes § 2139) 2029: 1953: 1870: 519: 2323:

Fix', which recognizes the power of tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction within their reservations over all Indians, including non-members. The

6273: 5938: 5139: 5121: 4926: 4666: 4430: 4275:

Hays, Joel Stanford. "Twisting the Law: Legal Inconsistencies in Andrew Jackson's Treatment of Native-American Sovereignty and State Sovereignty."

2044: 1880: 1860: 858: 237: 4992: 3945: 2747: 3713:

Light, Steven Andrew, and Kathryn R.L. Rand. Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise. University Press of Kansas, 2005. (19)

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promoted the ability of tribes to self-govern and make decisions concerning their people. In dealing with Indian policy, a separate agency, the

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Map of states with US federally recognized tribes marked in yellow. Hawaii and the states that removed all of their tribes are marked in gray.

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ceding extensive lands to the U.S., but maintaining usufructuary rights to fishing, hunting, and gathering in perpetuity on all ceded land.

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While tribal nations do not enjoy direct access to U.S. courts to bring cases against individual states, as sovereign nations they do enjoy

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that tribes have no jurisdiction over non-Indians. Tribal courts maintain much criminal jurisdiction over their members, and because of the

6615: 6268: 6261: 6198: 6161: 6050: 5413: 4956: 4931: 4650: 3316:

Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)

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The United States Constitution specifically mentions American Indians three times. Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 and the Section 2 of the

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states that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... excluding Indians not taxed." According to

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Some tribal lands, most commonly in Oklahoma, are held by the tribe according to the original patent deed and thus are not trust property.

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At the dawn of the 21st century, the powers of tribal courts across the United States varied, depending on whether the tribe was in a

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wrote the solicitor's opinion, "Powers of Indian Tribes" which was issued October 25, 1934, and commented on the wording of the

6717: 6472: 6136: 4343: 2932: 2638: 2266:, concluded that tribal courts do not have jurisdiction over non-Indians (the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at that time, 1918: 720:(1831), holding the Cherokee nation dependent, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian". 6338: 6156: 5983: 5928: 5891: 5830: 5418: 5192: 5130: 4972: 4897: 4873: 4443: 3788: 3011: 2962: 2787: 2772: 1938: 1855: 1705: 1620: 1595: 1563: 1139: 909: 839: 604: 245: 3865:

Lemont, Eric D. American Indian Constitutional Reform and the Rebuilding of Native Nations. University of Texas Press, 2006.

2882:, 393 F. Supp. 719 (holding that tribal law and not state law governs the custody of children domiciled on reservation land) 2284:, clarified that tribal nations possess inherent power over their internal affairs, and civil authority over non-members on 6564: 6100: 5845: 5114: 4554: 4423: 3032: 3006: 1784: 1635: 1039: 476: 418: 3922: 3330: 6672: 6537: 6501: 6256: 5998: 4861: 4522: 3593:

Robert J. McCarthy, Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years, 34 IDAHO LAW REVIEW 465 (1998).

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Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p 189. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

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30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) (established trust relationship between Native American lands and the U.S. federal government)

6361: 6193: 6173: 6019: 6014: 5254: 5081: 4909: 3837:

Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p151. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

3574: 3037: 2886: 2799:. There is not regulation or legislation in place to sufficiently curb this practice at the rate necessary to preserve 2554: 2525: 2450: 2258: 1968: 1948: 1745: 1740: 68: 3387: 6518: 6234: 6188: 5943: 5294: 5279: 5031: 4626: 4490: 4383: 4067: 2894: 2017: 1963: 1558: 1009: 994: 616: 426: 3723: 6291: 6131: 5299: 4578: 3069: 2922:, 272 F.2d 131 (holding that the First Amendment does not apply to Indian nations unless it is applied by Congress) 2820: 2604: 2574: 2504: 2473: 1913: 1014: 447: 315: 294: 224: 220: 6219: 5107: 4416: 2394: 2357: 2164: 2109: 2002: 949: 848: 6707: 6677: 6444: 6224: 6093: 5677: 5274: 5157: 5015: 4618: 3606: 3021: 2796: 2642: 2147: 2121: 2007: 1933: 1405: 989: 879: 750:

impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.

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recognizes this sovereignty and stresses the government-to-government relations between the United States and

741: 593: 6692: 6450: 6141: 6126: 5988: 5786: 4849: 3155: 1923: 1908: 1710: 1518: 672: 378: 320: 277: 6810: 6712: 5886: 5635: 5609: 5325: 5036: 4891: 4730: 4439: 2850:, 70 U.S. 407 (1866) (holding that a congressional ban on selling liquor to the Indians was constitutional) 1548: 1361: 1335: 1034: 929: 17: 3526: 2400: 5978: 5315: 5046: 4831: 3294:

Conference of Western Attorneys General, American Indian Law Deskbook, University Press of Colorado, 2004

3257: 2989: 2904:, 551 F. Supp. 1020 (1982) (holding that federal, not state courts have jurisdiction over tribal members) 2872: 2549: 1700: 1660: 769: 468: 286: 3582: 6687: 6489: 6367: 5918: 5741: 5511: 5506: 5222: 4466: 3357: 3042: 2839: 2701: 2671: 2462: 2202: 2151: 2096: 1590: 1473: 1231: 1226: 716: 554: 257: 253: 57: 4397: 2499:

With crime twice as high on Indian lands, federal funding of tribal courts has been criticized by the

6753: 6432: 5840: 5563: 5264: 4825: 4752: 4610: 4390: (archived 2013-01-10) – details racism and attack on tribal sovereignty regarding eagle feathers 4020:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge Policy Considerations for Abandoned Uranium Mines on Navajo Nation" 2529: 2222: 2210: 2193: 2135: 1640: 1287: 979: 576:

recognized American Indian tribes as independent nations and came to policy agreements with them via

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concluded that no law had ever extended provisions of the U.S. Constitution, including the right of

6438: 6151: 5993: 5913: 5898: 5689: 4977: 4879: 4855: 4682: 4169:"Engaging Colonial Entanglements: "Treatment as a State" Policy for Indigenous Water Co-Governance" 2936:(U.S. 2003) (holding that tribal sovereignty may override the search and seizure powers of a state) 2811: 2537: 2280: 2250: 1715: 1585: 1570: 1417: 357: 310: 4408: 3461: 2609:

government ruling has continuously ruled in favor of tribal sovereignty. A seminal court case was

596:, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. 6722: 6088: 6024: 5814: 5685: 5575: 5408: 5403: 5383: 5340: 5207: 5026: 4837: 2697: 2469: 2139: 1750: 1413: 1299: 1129: 1124: 1089: 934: 792: 566: 365: 281: 4226:

Examining EPA's Unacceptable Response to Indian Tribes. Congressional Hearing, 2016-04-22, 2016.

3440:"Historical Tribal Sovereignty & Relations | Native American Financial Services Association" 2910:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (1992) (holding that tribes have sovereign immunity against state tort claims) 2734:

released executive orders 12898 (1994) and 13007 (1996). EO 12898 affirmed disparate impacts of

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between the U.S. federal government and the Mole Lake Band of Sokaogon Chippewa resulted in the

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matters. Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts.

6800: 6777: 6743: 6642: 6383: 5908: 5850: 5791: 5041: 4944: 4819: 4698: 4602: 4538: 4498: 3283:

Indian tribes as sovereign governments: a sourcebook on federal-tribal history, law, and policy

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limited tribal punishment to one year in jail and a $ 5,000 fine, but this was expanded by the

2378: 1645: 1580: 1523: 1029: 924: 373: 273: 160: 3778: 3439: 2621:(1916), U.S. citizens are subject to all U.S. laws even if they also have tribal citizenship. 2403: (8th Cir. 1956) ("including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts"). 6510: 5796: 5781: 5776: 5555: 5501: 5388: 5348: 5311: 5212: 5182: 4789: 4706: 4482: 4283:

Macklem, Patrick (1993). "Distributing Sovereignty: Indian Nations and Equality of Peoples".

4242: 3640: 3615: 3503: 2727: 2617: 2338: 2329: 2313: 2246: 1528: 1513: 1508: 1279: 1221: 1094: 1064: 1019: 460: 422: 5605: 4373: 4369: 3752:"The Cherokee Nation Is Entitled to a Delegate in Congress. But Will They Finally Send One?" 3688: 1331: 6820: 5711: 5516: 5476: 5438: 5269: 4474: 2611: 2143: 1821: 1441: 1236: 1196: 1158: 984: 724: 509: 402: 4207: 4102: 8: 6481: 6398: 6062: 5766: 5721: 5623: 5593: 5540: 5451: 5378: 4982: 4458: 4285: 2807: 2092: 1826: 1498: 1453: 1349: 1319: 1262: 1171: 1084: 708: 489: 6307: 6427: 6410: 6404: 6057: 5948: 5903: 5870: 5681: 5669: 5665: 5550: 5320: 5289: 5172: 5021: 5002: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4777: 4744: 4404:

Sovereignty Revisited: International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples

4302: 4190: 4044: 4019: 3643: 3549: 3473: 3180: 2946: 2916:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (holding that tribes have power to recognize and legislate adoptions) 2780: 2626: 2533: 2493: 2411: 2341: 2316: 1814: 1650: 1575: 1409: 1397: 1393: 1274: 1144: 1024: 1004: 939: 894: 589: 581: 241: 233: 3618: 3413: 2630:

that the state of Oklahoma acted outside its jurisdiction when trying a member of the

646:, Section 2 amends the apportionment of representatives in Article I, Section 2 above. 5835: 5601: 5567: 4997: 4722: 4634: 4506: 4365: 4321: 4194: 4124: 4049: 3980: 3784: 2994: 2383: 2271: 2263: 1630: 1327: 1291: 712:(1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. 4355:

From Marshall to Marshall: The Supreme Court's Changing Stance on Tribal Sovereignty

4338: 6748: 6727: 6146: 6083: 6078: 5698: 5545: 5496: 5239: 5187: 4294: 4180: 4114: 4039: 4031: 3972: 2578: 2160: 2105: 1928: 1776: 1770: 1428: 1269: 1216: 954: 904: 215: 5089:

United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

4378: 4359: 4035: 3578: 2419: 695: 5707: 5693: 5639: 5491: 5177: 5162: 5009: 4738: 4658: 4562: 4530: 4347: 4328: 4214: 3877:"Supreme Court gives Native Americans jurisdiction over eastern half of Oklahoma" 3304: 3282: 2940: 2180: 1437: 1421: 1365: 1211: 899: 884: 481: 451: 127: 2445:(PL280) state (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin). 6121: 5771: 5466: 5461: 5363: 5234: 5229: 5066: 4843: 4514: 3846:

Canby Jr., William C. American Indian Law. p449. St. Paul, MN: West Group 1998.

3331:"The Most Significant Indian Law Decision in a Century | The Regulatory Review" 2776: 2743: 2735: 2442: 2228: 2206: 2198: 1903: 1875: 1503: 1186: 1181: 944: 585: 344: 550:

Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003

6794: 5932: 5751: 5589: 5571: 5559: 5536: 5481: 5353: 5284: 5167: 5147: 5071: 5056: 4674: 4387: 4128: 4119: 3984: 2751: 2716: 2689: 2658: 2646: 2545: 2485: 2455: 2424: 2304: 2267: 2239: 2124: 1599: 1483: 1315: 1295: 1283: 1258: 1201: 1069: 999: 889: 869: 797: 135: 115: 78: 5627: 3689:"Broken Promises: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans" 3377:

25 U.S.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566

1353: 504: 6422: 5731: 5673: 5152: 4885: 4334:

The Avalon Project: Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans

4053: 3657:

Local IV-302 Int'l Woodworkers Union of Am. v. Menominee Tribal Enterprises

2767: 2731: 2705: 2436: 2362: 1625: 1463: 1401: 874: 5865: 5756: 5597: 5585: 5531: 5521: 5486: 5471: 5446: 5368: 5249: 5099: 4987: 4185: 4168: 3900:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation" 3813:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe" 3052: 2759: 1488: 1323: 1311: 1251: 1241: 1206: 1191: 1166: 964: 658: 3683: 3209: 2645:

maintains three state-level non-voting seats for representatives of the

2295:(1980). Tribes are sovereign over tribal members and tribal land, under 6029: 5726: 5716: 5703: 5661: 5631: 5580: 5456: 5061: 4306: 2584: 2285: 2168: 2113: 1458: 1448: 1433: 1389: 1357: 1306: 1176: 494: 202: 143: 131: 4238:"Tribal Nations Designate First US Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area" 3976: 2510: 546: 6416: 5953: 5860: 5746: 5736: 5656: 5647: 5526: 4813: 4801: 2967: 2755: 2664: 2654: 2368: 1670: 1665: 1655: 1478: 1468: 1384: 1373: 1246: 810: 4298: 2561:

As a result of a pair of treaties in 1830s, two tribal nations (the

2496:

of the Department of Interior through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

5855: 5761: 5651: 5643: 5619: 5614: 5373: 4438: 2709: 2650: 2631: 2589: 2562: 2461:, also over non-member Indians regarding crime on tribal land. The 1675: 1493: 1377: 1369: 1345: 1340: 1079: 661:

and is not granted by the states in which Indian lands are located.

610: 92: 6046:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

5974:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3058:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

2902:

American Indian Agricultural Credit Consortium, Inc. v. Fredericks

2245:

While many modern courts in Indian nations today have established

1696:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5428: 5358: 4762:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

3946:"Passamaquoddy, Penobscot tribes withdraw from Maine Legislature" 3247:

American Indian Policy Center. 2005. St. Paul, MN. 4 October 2008

2880:

Wisconsin Potowatomies of Hannahville Indian Community v. Houston

2566: 1104: 1099: 1074: 139: 3724:"Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies" 3632:

Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.

2571:

non-voting members to the United States House of Representatives

2293:

Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation

790:

The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the U.S. Supreme Court, in

2763: 2677: 2532:

as the official United States policy towards Native Americans.

577: 249: 5321:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

4269:

American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography

3780:

Broken Landscape: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution

804: 569:

to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

3524: 1695: 5198:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

4360:

From War to Self Determination, the Bureau of Indian Affairs

4322:

Tribal Sovereignty and Jurisdiction (It's a Matter of Trust)

3099: 3097: 2730:

movements in the United States through the 1990s, President

2376:, 1916). The court further determined, based on the earlier 2086: 915:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

558:

Reservation lands in the contiguous United States as of 2019

3104: 2693: 2637:

Similar to the promised non-voting tribal delegates in the

2382:

case, that "It is thoroughly established that Congress has

147: 6608:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

4643:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

2816:

Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria

2262:, the Supreme Court, in a 6–2 opinion authored by Justice 6337: 3783:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 333. 3234:

Constitution of the United States of America: Article. I.

3210:"Tribal Nations & the United States: An Introduction" 3094: 2347: 2172: 2131: 2117: 5924:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

3017:

List of federally recognized tribes in the United States

2833:

List of U.S. Supreme Court Cases involving Indian tribes

4142: 3674:, 897 F.Supp. 389 (E.D. Wis. 1995). 3660:, 595 F.Supp. 859 (E.D. Wis. 1984). 3271:

Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

2978:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

4904:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

4868:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

3105:"Frequently Asked Questions, Bureau of Indian Affairs" 1110:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

588:", but the pace of treaty-making grew regardless. The 4364:

NiiSka, Clara, Indian Courts, A Brief History, parts

4208:

UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples

3923:"Brief History of Indian Legislative Representatives" 3075:

United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians

2712:, the closest residents being Navajo Nation members. 2361:, the United States Supreme Court concluded that two 763: 6651:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

6592:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

4715:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

4595:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

3962: 2585:

Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign

2236:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

732: 6573:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

4916:

Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

4571:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

3502:. Nebraskastudies.org. June 2, 1924. Archived from 3466:

Statistics of Income, 1926 - FRASER - St. Louis Fed

2775:contaminated three million gallons of water in the 2511:

Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government

3527:"Indian Affairs: Laws And Treaties. Vol. Iv, Laws" 2665:Tribal sovereignty over land and natural resources 2463:Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 2448:The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1978 decision 2186: 2152: 2097: 690: 599:Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as " 3583:VAWA Reauthorization Act available at www.gpo.gov 3324: 3322: 826: 782: 134:to the 16 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer) 6816:United States tribal sovereign immunity case law 6792: 6274:List of Indian reservations in the United States 5939:Native American recognition in the United States 4667:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield 2783:in 2014 received $ 80 million in federal funds. 2045:List of Indian reservations in the United States 611:Native American sovereignty and the Constitution 4993:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 4398:Tribal justice not always fair, critics contend 4143:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA" 3810: 3770: 3243: 3241: 2920:Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council 2683:Wartime industry of the early 1900s introduced 6546:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 5999:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 4547:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 4217:United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007. 3875:Wolf, Richard; Johnson, Kevin (July 9, 2020). 3319: 2748:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 2661:over issues of tribal sovereignty and rights. 2484:deprivation of substantive rights, except for 1721:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 6323: 5424:Native American identity in the United States 5115: 4424: 4267:Davies, Wade & Clow, Richmond L. (2009). 4236:Hill, Jos; Hayden, Bobby (January 26, 2024). 4103:"Managing the Sacred Lands of Native America" 3920: 2624:In July 2020, the U.S Supreme Court ruled in 2544:to possess it. Current federal policy in the 2067: 2040:List of federally recognized tribes by state 619:mentions Native American tribes three times: 527: 6269:State-recognized tribes in the United States 6051:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 4651:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. 3238: 3127:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census" 3063:State-recognized tribes in the United States 565:is the concept of the inherent authority of 27:Type of political status of Native Americans 6374:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 4107:The International Indigenous Policy Journal 3874: 3776: 3601: 3599: 2406: 2120:), also known as the Mellon tax bill after 805:The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 699:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation sign 126:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare) 6330: 6316: 5245:Native Americans in the American Civil War 5129: 5122: 5108: 4587:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission 4431: 4417: 4266: 4235: 3811:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019). 3392:, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886" 2074: 2060: 534: 520: 6252:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 5260:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 4184: 4118: 4056:– via Wayne State University Press. 4043: 3371: 2177:United States congressional apportionment 2087:Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 2030:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 970:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 106:326 (map includes the 310 as of May 1996) 6407:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) 5610:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 4201: 4101:Ornelas, Roxanne T. (October 21, 2011). 3997: 3777:Pommersheim, Frank (September 2, 2009). 3685:United States Commission on Civil Rights 3671:Barker v. Menominee Nation Casino, et al 3596: 3288: 3048:Political divisions of the United States 2588: 2501:United States Commission on Civil Rights 2418: 2410: 1336:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 694: 584:, internal political pressure grew for " 553: 545: 6773:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 6761:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 4940:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 4340:Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia 4282: 4100: 3943: 3556:. University of Oklahoma College of Law 3349: 3337:. University of Pennsylvania Law School 3156:"1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making" 2983:List of states with limited recognition 2327:Fix was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2216: 796:, which affirmed that the Congress has 563:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 14: 6793: 6616:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3897: 3749: 3355: 3328: 3204: 3202: 2933:Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians 2639:United States House of Representatives 6635:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 6339:Aboriginal title in the United States 6311: 5984:National Congress of American Indians 5929:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 5892:National Congress of American Indians 5831:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 5419:Native American disease and epidemics 5193:European colonization of the Americas 5103: 4874:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 4691:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 4444:Native Americans in the United States 4412: 4166: 3914: 3394:. FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters business 3214:National Congress of American Indians 3012:List of Alaska Native tribal entities 2963:Aboriginal title in the United States 2908:Maynard v. Narrangansett Indian Tribe 2719:established the federal government's 1706:National Congress of American Indians 1621:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 910:European colonization of the Americas 657:: Tribal authority on Indian land is 630:Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution 605:National Congress of American Indians 6806:Indigenous politics in North America 6565:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 5989:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 5846:Native American people and Mormonism 5690:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 4555:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 4017: 3329:Miller, Robert J. (March 18, 2021). 3150: 3148: 3146: 3033:Native American reservation politics 3007:Indigenous self-government in Canada 1711:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 1418:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 1040:Native American temperance activists 6766:List of federally recognized tribes 6538:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 6257:List of federally recognized tribes 4862:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 4523:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 4400:(Tort cases tried in tribal courts) 4229: 4085: 4001:Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal 3750:Ahtone, Tristan (January 4, 2017). 3728:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov 3547: 3525:Oklahoma State University Library. 3199: 3000:Indigenous land rights in Australia 2791:big industry polluters and hopeful 2035:List of federally recognized tribes 69:Autonomous administrative divisions 24: 6362:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions 6020:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6015:Black Indians in the United States 5979:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 5255:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 4277:Journal of Southern Legal History, 3038:Native American self-determination 2887:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2806:In 2023, the federally-recognized 2555:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2526:Native American self-determination 2451:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2259:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2157:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2102:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1746:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1701:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 764:Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 25: 6832: 6519:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 5944:Native American women in politics 5295:Native Americans and World War II 5280:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5032:National Indian Gaming Commission 4627:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 4491:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 4314: 3898:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020). 3500:"The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act" 3143: 2895:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 2866:Iron Crow v. Ogallala Sioux Tribe 2750:("The Declaration"), despite the 2657:. Two of the seats are currently 1010:Native Americans and World War II 995:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 755:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 742:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 733:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 594:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 6382: 5576:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 5564:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 5300:American Indian boarding schools 4579:Menominee Tribe v. United States 3921:Starbird, Jr., S. Glenn (1983). 3070:Special district (United States) 2914:Venetie I.R.A. Council v. Alaska 2826: 2821:Redwood National and State Parks 2605:Menominee Tribe v. United States 2505:Government Accountability Office 2474:Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 2430: 1300:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 1288:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 1015:American Indian boarding schools 847: 685: 503: 182: 56: 5994:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 4786:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) 4220: 4160: 4135: 4060: 4011: 3991: 3956: 3944:Moretto, Mario (May 26, 2015). 3937: 3891: 3868: 3859: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3804: 3758:. Bainbridge Island, Washington 3743: 3734: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3677: 3663: 3649: 3624: 3587: 3568: 3541: 3518: 3492: 3454: 3432: 3406: 3380: 3310: 3297: 3275: 2721:Environmental Protection Agency 2395:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2358:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2349:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2187:Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 1716:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 975:Racism against Native Americans 950:Native American slave ownership 691:The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 6445:Indian Land Claims Settlements 6094:Native American Pidgin English 5899:American Indian Movement (AIM) 5275:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 5158:Archaic period in the Americas 5016:In the Courts of the Conqueror 4619:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 4384:Religious Freedom with Raptors 4271:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 3607:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 3264: 3250: 3227: 3173: 3119: 3022:List of national legal systems 2643:Maine House of Representatives 2569:) each have the right to send 2540:has been in place since 1824. 2148:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 2138:, which was later renamed the 2122:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1571:American Indian Movement (AIM) 990:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 880:Archaic period in the Americas 827:Twentieth-century developments 624:Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 580:. As the U.S. accelerated its 13: 1: 6451:Indian Claims Limitations Act 5792:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 5568:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 5556:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 4898:Native American Languages Act 4260: 4173:Global Environmental Politics 4036:10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01 3529:. Digital.library.okstate.edu 2754:voting against it along with 1524:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 1292:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 1280:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 6600:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe 6439:Indian Claims Commission Act 5887:Native American civil rights 5797:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 5782:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 5777:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 5699:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 5326:Native American civil rights 5037:Native American civil rights 4892:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 4731:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 3305:American Indians and the Law 3107:. Department of the Interior 2786:A recent challenge faced by 2781:Flint, Michigan water crisis 1529:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 1514:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 1509:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 1429:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 1035:Alcohol and Native Americans 930:Slavery in the United States 7: 6240:Native American politicians 6230:Native American War Leaders 5708:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 5694:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 5686:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 5682:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 5666:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 5594:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 5316:Native American Rights Fund 5052:Recognition of sacred sites 5047:Native American Rights Fund 4952:Federally recognized tribes 4832:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 4213:September 25, 2014, at the 3356:Onecle (November 8, 2005). 3261:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) 3258:Cherokee Nations v. Georgia 2990:Indian country jurisdiction 2955: 2873:United States v. Washington 2550:Federally recognized tribes 1438:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 1422:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 1414:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 1410:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 1394:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 1320:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 820:Evolution of relationships: 770:United States Indian Police 353:Cities, towns, and villages 246:Alaska Native tribal entity 10: 6837: 6490:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 6368:Royal Proclamation of 1763 5919:Occupation of Wounded Knee 5636:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 5624:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 5606:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 5602:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 5507:American Revolutionary War 4910:Indian Arts and Crafts Act 4467:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 3185:U.S. Department of Justice 3181:"Native American Policies" 3043:Off-reservation trust land 2840:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2830: 2672:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2593:Otoe-Missouria Tribal Seal 2434: 2227:In 1953, Congress enacted 2220: 2183:signed the bill into law. 2163:, H.R. 6355, 43 2134:rates and established the 2108:, H.R. 6715, 43 1591:Occupation of Wounded Knee 1362:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 1350:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 1332:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 1328:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 1227:American Revolutionary War 808: 767: 717:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 617:United States Constitution 601:domestic dependent nations 258:Tribal Jurisdictional Area 254:Off-reservation trust land 6736: 6665: 6626: 6583: 6556: 6529: 6500: 6471: 6464: 6391: 6380: 6352: 6345: 6287: 6207: 6109: 6101:Native American languages 6071: 6038: 6007: 5962: 5879: 5841:Native American religions 5823: 5805: 5590:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 5572:Red River War (1874–1875) 5560:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 5437: 5339: 5265:Indian Appropriations Act 5138: 4965: 4925: 4826:Indian Reorganization Act 4770: 4753:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta 4611:United States v. Antelope 4450: 4346:December 2, 2003, at the 4279:21 (no. 1, 2013), 157–92. 3550:"Powers of Indian Tribes" 2944:591 U.S. ___ (2020), and 2530:Indian termination policy 2223:Indian termination policy 2211:Indian Reorganization Act 2194:Indian Reorganization Act 2136:U.S. Board of Tax Appeals 2023:congressional politicians 1785:Native American languages 1316:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 1296:Red River War (1874–1875) 1284:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 980:Indian Appropriations Act 136:Navajo Nation Reservation 122: 114:123 (several) – 173,667 ( 110: 102: 84: 74: 64: 55: 48:Domestic dependent nation 39: 34: 5914:Trail of Broken Treaties 5742:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 5732:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 5712:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 5674:Colorado War (1863–1865) 4978:Bureau of Indian Affairs 4880:Indian Child Welfare Act 4683:South Dakota v. Bourland 4120:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.4.6 3088: 2926:Teague v. Bad River Band 2848:United States v. Holiday 2575:non-state U.S. territory 2538:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2407:Tribal governments today 2297:United States v. Mazurie 2281:Montana v. United States 2251:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2146:"). A parallel act, the 1586:Trail of Broken Treaties 1474:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 1442:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 1402:Colorado War (1863–1865) 667:: Congress, and not the 644:The Fourteenth Amendment 358:Coterminous municipality 311:Consolidated city-county 159:This article is part of 6370:(British North America) 6089:American Indian English 6025:Louisiana Creole people 5815:Native American studies 5767:Bannock Uprising (1895) 5722:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 5678:Powder River War (1865) 5586:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 5404:Mesoamerican literature 5399:Indigenous Peoples' Day 5208:Partus sequitur ventrem 5027:Long Walk of the Navajo 4957:State recognized tribes 4856:Indian Civil Rights Act 4394:San Diego Union Tribune 4068:"Environmental Impacts" 3416:United States v. Kagama 2854:Sarlls v. United States 2803:and natural resources. 2470:Indian Civil Rights Act 2140:United States Tax Court 1499:Bannock Uprising (1895) 1464:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 1454:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 1406:Powder River War (1865) 1312:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 1120:Indigenous Peoples' Day 935:Partus sequitur ventrem 793:United States v. Kagama 784:United States v. Kagama 655:Territorial sovereignty 574:U.S. federal government 387:State-recognized tribes 366:Census-designated place 6778:Legal status of Hawaii 6744:Indigenous land rights 6643:Idaho v. United States 5909:Occupation of Alcatraz 5851:Native American church 5717:Mohave War (1858–1859) 5704:Yakima War (1855–1858) 5662:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 5640:White River War (1879) 5628:Walker War (1853–1854) 5512:Cherokee–American wars 5042:Native American gaming 4945:Legal status of Hawaii 4820:Indian Citizenship Act 4699:Idaho v. United States 4603:Bryan v. Itasca County 4539:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 4499:Standing Bear v. Crook 3965:Policy Studies Journal 3418:– 118 U.S. 375 (1886)" 3307:, Penguin/Viking, 2008 3281:Charles F. Wilkinson, 3080:Legal status of Hawaii 3027:Māori protest movement 2973:Diplomatic recognition 2726:With the emergence of 2594: 2427: 2416: 2379:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 1881:Southeastern Woodlands 1861:Northeastern Woodlands 1646:Native American Church 1581:Occupation of Alcatraz 1434:Yakima War (1855–1858) 1390:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 1366:White River War (1879) 1354:Walker War (1853–1854) 1232:Cherokee–American wars 1030:Native American rights 758: 700: 665:Plenary power doctrine 559: 551: 440:Congressional district 173:Political divisions of 6511:Fellows v. Blacksmith 6364:(1629 New Netherland) 5772:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 5747:Modoc War (1872–1873) 5737:Snake War (1864–1869) 5652:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 5648:Bluff War (1914–1915) 5598:Tonto War (1871–1875) 5349:Mississippian culture 5312:Civil rights movement 5213:Five Civilized Tribes 4850:Indian Relocation Act 4707:United States v. Lara 4483:Fellows v. Blacksmith 4327:July 9, 2011, at the 4243:Pew Charitable Trusts 4167:Diver, Sybil (2019). 3335:The Regulatory Review 2812:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation 2810:of the Yurok People, 2766:. In 2010, President 2728:environmental justice 2659:not filled in protest 2618:United States v. Nice 2592: 2422: 2414: 2330:United States v. Lara 2247:full faith and credit 2221:Further information: 1641:Traditional religions 1549:Civil rights movement 1504:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 1479:Modoc War (1872–1873) 1469:Snake War (1864–1869) 1449:Mohave War(1858–1859) 1378:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 1374:Bluff War (1914–1915) 1324:Tonto War (1871–1875) 1065:Mississippian culture 1020:Civil rights movement 747: 698: 557: 549: 461:Homeowner association 423:Conservation district 5787:Last Massacre (1911) 5752:Nez Perce War (1877) 5620:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 5517:Northwest Indian War 5270:Racial Integrity Act 4475:Worcester v. Georgia 4396:, 17 December 2007: 4353:Prygoski, Philip J. 4186:10.1162/glep_a_00517 4018:Rock, Tommy (2020). 3554:Solicitor's Opinions 2801:Native American land 2612:Worcester v. Georgia 2517:Fourteenth Amendment 2256:In the 1978 case of 2217:Public Law 280, 1953 2144:earned income credit 1822:Tribal disenrollment 1519:Last Massacre (1911) 1484:Nez Perce War (1877) 1237:Northwest Indian War 985:Racial Integrity Act 842:in the United States 725:Worcester v. Georgia 637:Article I, Section 8 510:United States portal 6811:Native American law 6482:Johnson v. McIntosh 6399:Northwest Ordinance 6063:Reservation poverty 6008:Ethnic subdivisions 5880:Political movements 5541:Second Seminole War 5452:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 5022:Indian reservations 4983:Cherokee Commission 4459:Johnson v. McIntosh 4320:Kussel, Wm. F. Jr. 4286:Stanford Law Review 3925:. Maine Legislature 3548:Margold, Nathan R. 2808:Resighini Rancheria 2715:In 1970, President 2492:must also pass the 2401:231 F.2d 89 2093:Revenue Act of 1924 1827:Reservation poverty 1810:Societal statistics 1734:Ethnic subdivisions 1542:Political movements 1346:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 1263:Second Seminole War 1172:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 834:Part of a series on 709:Johnson v. McIntosh 490:Unincorporated area 287:Unorganized Borough 35:Indian reservations 6433:Reorganization Act 6428:Curtis Act of 1898 6405:Nonintercourse Act 5964:Civic and economic 5949:Tribal sovereignty 5904:Red Power Movement 5871:Longhouse Religion 5806:Education, science 5757:Bannock War (1878) 5551:American Civil War 5502:Lord Dunmore's War 5290:Blood quantum laws 5173:Post-Classic stage 5082:Self-determination 5077:Tribal sovereignty 5003:Eagle-bone whistle 4796:Indian Removal Act 4784:Nonintercourse Act 4778:Blood quantum laws 4745:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3285:, AIRI Press, 1988 2947:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2627:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2595: 2534:Self-determination 2494:Secretarial Review 2428: 2423:Great Seal of the 2417: 1651:Longhouse Religion 1576:Red Power Movement 1554:Self-determination 1489:Bannock War (1878) 1275:American Civil War 1222:Lord Dunmore's War 1145:Tribal sovereignty 1025:Red Power movement 1005:Blood quantum laws 960:American Civil War 940:Indian Removal Act 895:Post-Classic stage 823:tribes or states. 701: 679:Trust relationship 582:westward expansion 560: 552: 242:Hawaiian home land 234:Indian reservation 6788: 6787: 6661: 6660: 6460: 6459: 6305: 6304: 5836:Eagle feather law 5727:Paiute War (1860) 5670:Dakota War (1862) 5632:Tintic War (1856) 5546:Osage Indian War 5477:King Philip's War 5097: 5096: 4998:Eagle feather law 4932:State recognition 4723:Cobell v. Salazar 4635:Solem v. Bartlett 4507:Ex parte Crow Dog 3977:10.1111/psj.12187 3950:Bangor Daily News 3819:. Tulsa, Oklahoma 3790:978-0-19-970659-4 3687:(December 2018). 3358:"Indian Treaties" 2995:Indigenous rights 2384:plenary authority 2272:Thurgood Marshall 2264:William Rehnquist 2084: 2083: 1982: 1981: 1871:Pacific Northwest 1866:Northwest Plateau 1661:Keetoowah Society 1631:Eagle Feather law 1559:Women in politics 1398:Dakota War (1862) 1358:Tintic War (1856) 1270:Osage Indian War 1197:King Philip's War 1047: 1046: 567:Indigenous tribes 544: 543: 427:National monument 329:Unorganized atoll 321:Municipality (PR) 175:the United States 153: 152: 16:(Redirected from 6828: 6749:Aboriginal title 6469: 6468: 6386: 6350: 6349: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6215:Native Americans 6084:American English 5657:Posey War (1923) 5374:Iroquois culture 5240:Indian Territory 5188:Age of Discovery 5124: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5100: 4973:Aboriginal title 4790:Civilization Act 4726:(D.C. Cir. 2009) 4433: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4310: 4293:(5): 1311–1367. 4272: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4098: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3603: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3442:. August 7, 2012 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3303:N. Bruce Duthu, 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3152: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3101: 2788:Native Americans 2579:federal district 2398: 2174: 2158: 2154: 2119: 2103: 2099: 2076: 2069: 2062: 1998:Native Americans 1876:The Great Plains 1844: 1843: 1779: 1777:American English 1751:Louisiana Creole 1459:Paiute War(1860) 1385:Posey War (1923) 1080:Iroquois culture 955:Indian Territory 905:Age of Discovery 864: 863: 851: 840:Native Americans 831: 830: 756: 669:Executive Branch 536: 529: 522: 507: 469:Associated state 448:Special district 316:Independent city 216:Federal district 194: 186: 176: 163: 155: 154: 60: 45: 32: 31: 21: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6732: 6657: 6627:Rehnquist Court 6622: 6579: 6552: 6530:1890—1950 6525: 6496: 6456: 6387: 6378: 6341: 6336: 6306: 6301: 6283: 6203: 6105: 6067: 6034: 6003: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5875: 5819: 5807: 5801: 5762:Crow War (1887) 5433: 5359:Hohokam culture 5335: 5178:Woodland period 5163:Formative stage 5134: 5131:Native American 5128: 5098: 5093: 5010:Hunting license 4961: 4930: 4921: 4838:Nationality Act 4766: 4739:Sharp v. Murphy 4659:Hodel v. Irving 4563:Williams v. Lee 4531:Talton v. Mayes 4446: 4437: 4348:Wayback Machine 4329:Wayback Machine 4317: 4299:10.2307/1229071 4263: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4215:Wayback Machine 4206: 4202: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4099: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4016: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3961: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3629: 3625: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3506:on June 5, 2009 3498: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3187:. June 16, 2014 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3086: 2958: 2941:Sharp v. Murphy 2835: 2829: 2698:nuclear testing 2667: 2587: 2513: 2439: 2433: 2409: 2392: 2353: 2225: 2219: 2199:tribal councils 2189: 2181:Calvin Coolidge 2156: 2101: 2089: 2080: 2051: 2050: 2049: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1890: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1799: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1494:Crow War (1887) 1161: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1075:Hohokam culture 1059: 1049: 1048: 900:Woodland period 885:Formative stage 861: 829: 813: 807: 788: 772: 766: 757: 754: 735: 693: 688: 673:Judicial Branch 613: 540: 508: 486: 482:Federal enclave 473: 465: 457: 452:school district 444: 436: 419:Protected areas 383: 370: 362: 349: 325: 307: 299:District (USVI) 230: 212: 192: 174: 172: 161: 130:'s cemetery in 128:Pit River Tribe 98: 93:Powhatan Tribes 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6834: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6639: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6542: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6515: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6473:Marshall Court 6466: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6179:North Carolina 6176: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5808:and technology 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5701: 5696: 5659: 5654: 5644:Ute War (1887) 5617: 5612: 5583: 5578: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5467:Peach Tree War 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5364:Plains Indians 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5331:Discrimination 5328: 5323: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Trail of Tears 5232: 5230:Indian removal 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5069: 5067:Trail of Tears 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4934: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4844:Public Law 280 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780:(1705 onwards) 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4515:Elk v. Wilkins 4511: 4503: 4502:(D. Neb. 1879) 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4381: 4379:Public Law 280 4376: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4336: 4331: 4316: 4315:External links 4313: 4312: 4311: 4280: 4273: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4228: 4219: 4200: 4159: 4134: 4084: 4059: 4010: 3990: 3955: 3936: 3913: 3890: 3867: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3803: 3789: 3769: 3742: 3733: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3676: 3662: 3648: 3623: 3595: 3586: 3575:25 U.S.C. 3567: 3540: 3517: 3491: 3482:|website= 3453: 3431: 3405: 3379: 3370: 3348: 3318: 3309: 3296: 3287: 3274: 3263: 3249: 3237: 3226: 3198: 3172: 3142: 3118: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3029:in New Zealand 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2831:Main article: 2828: 2825: 2777:Colorado River 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843: 836: 835: 828: 825: 809:Main article: 806: 803: 787: 781: 765: 762: 752: 734: 731: 730: 729: 721: 713: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 676: 662: 648: 647: 641: 634: 612: 609: 586:Indian removal 542: 541: 539: 538: 531: 524: 516: 513: 512: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 485: 484: 479: 472: 471: 464: 463: 456: 455: 443: 442: 435: 434: 413: 412: 408: 407: 406: 405: 397: 396: 392: 391: 390: 389: 382: 381: 376: 369: 368: 361: 360: 355: 348: 347: 339: 338: 334: 333: 332: 331: 324: 323: 318: 313: 306: 305: 284: 268: 267: 263: 262: 261: 260: 229: 228: 218: 211: 210: 197: 196: 188: 187: 179: 178: 168: 167: 151: 150: 124: 120: 119: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 97: 96: 88: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 50: 49: 46: 44:Also known as: 40: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6833: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Legal systems 6799: 6798: 6796: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 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6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110:By state/city 6108: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5933:Red handprint 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537:Seminole Wars 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Pontiac's War 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Tuscarora War 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:Neighborhoods 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Adena culture 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285:Jim Crow laws 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Classic stage 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Paleo-Indians 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Treaty rights 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Seminole Wars 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675:Duro v. Reina 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4388:archive.today 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4072:Navajo Nation 4069: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024:Human Biology 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3924: 3917: 3901: 3894: 3878: 3871: 3862: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3757: 3756:YES! Magazine 3753: 3746: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3487: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3393: 3391: 3390:U.S. v Kagama 3383: 3374: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3161: 3160:NMAI Magazine 3157: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3128: 3122: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2827:List of cases 2824: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:United States 2749: 2745: 2742:In 2007, the 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2717:Richard Nixon 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2702:U.S. military 2700:site for the 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:Passamaquoddy 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2600:Indian gaming 2591: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546:United States 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2488:proceedings. 2487: 2486:habeas corpus 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2438: 2431:Tribal courts 2426: 2425:Navajo Nation 2421: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2345: 2344: (2004). 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2305:Duro v. Reina 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278:A 1981 case, 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268:Warren Burger 2265: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2240:habeas corpus 2237: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125:Andrew Mellon 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805:Neighborhoods 1803: 1802: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741:Black Indians 1739: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1600:Red handprint 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259:Seminole Wars 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217:Pontiac's War 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202:Tuscarora War 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1135:Neighborhoods 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1070:Adena culture 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 1000:Jim Crow laws 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Classic stage 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 870:Paleo-Indians 868: 867: 866: 865: 860: 855: 854: 850: 846: 845: 841: 838: 837: 833: 832: 824: 821: 817: 812: 802: 799: 798:plenary power 795: 794: 785: 780: 776: 771: 761: 751: 746: 743: 738: 727: 726: 722: 719: 718: 714: 711: 710: 706: 705: 704: 697: 686:Early history 680: 677: 674: 670: 666: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 645: 642: 638: 635: 632: 631: 625: 622: 621: 620: 618: 608: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 556: 548: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 517: 515: 514: 511: 506: 502: 501: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 478: 477:Military base 475: 474: 470: 467: 466: 462: 459: 458: 453: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 437: 432: 431:National park 428: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 410: 409: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 394: 393: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 364: 363: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 342: 341: 340: 336: 335: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 304: 303:District (AS) 300: 296: 292: 288: 285: 283: 279: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 208: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 195: 190: 189: 185: 181: 180: 177: 170: 169: 166: 164: 157: 156: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Navajo Nation 113: 109: 105: 101: 94: 90: 89: 87: 83: 80: 79:United States 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 59: 54: 47: 42: 41: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6760: 6754:in Australia 6723:Rhode Island 6649: 6641: 6633: 6614: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6584:Burger Court 6571: 6563: 6557:Warren Court 6544: 6536: 6517: 6509: 6488: 6480: 6423:Diminishment 6354:Colonial era 6058:Reservations 6039:Demographics 5710: / 5706: / 5692: / 5688: / 5684: / 5680: / 5676: / 5672: / 5668: / 5664: / 5650: / 5646: / 5642: / 5638: / 5634: / 5630: / 5626: / 5622: / 5608: / 5604: / 5600: / 5596: / 5592: / 5588: / 5574: / 5570: / 5566: / 5562: / 5558: / 5539: / 5492:Dummer's War 5314: / 5153:Lithic stage 5076: 5014: 4886:Diminishment 4751: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4393: 4339: 4290: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4247:. Retrieved 4241: 4231: 4222: 4203: 4179:(3): 33–56. 4176: 4172: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4146: 4137: 4110: 4106: 4075:. Retrieved 4071: 4062: 4030:(1): 19–26. 4027: 4023: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3971:(1): 37–59. 3968: 3964: 3958: 3949: 3939: 3927:. Retrieved 3916: 3904:. Retrieved 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3870: 3861: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3816: 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3779: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3755: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3679: 3670: 3665: 3656: 3651: 3630: 3626: 3605: 3589: 3570: 3560:February 24, 3558:. Retrieved 3553: 3543: 3531:. Retrieved 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3504:the original 3494: 3465: 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3415: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3389: 3382: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3351: 3339:. Retrieved 3334: 3312: 3299: 3290: 3277: 3266: 3256: 3252: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3213: 3189:. Retrieved 3184: 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3159: 3133:. Retrieved 3121: 3109:. Retrieved 2945: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2805: 2785: 2768:Barack Obama 2746:adopted the 2741: 2739:of success. 2732:Bill Clinton 2725: 2714: 2706:World War II 2682: 2670: 2668: 2636: 2625: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2560: 2553: 2542: 2520: 2514: 2498: 2490: 2478: 2467: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2440: 2437:Tribal court 2393: 2389: 2377: 2374:U.S. v. Nice 2373: 2367: 2363:Oglala Sioux 2356: 2354: 2348: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2257: 2255: 2244: 2234:In 1965 the 2233: 2226: 2203:John Collier 2192: 2191:In 1934 the 2190: 2179:. President 2173:June 2, 1924 2118:June 2, 1924 2090: 1815:Reservations 1798:Demographics 1626:Christianity 1440: / 1436: / 1420: / 1416: / 1412: / 1408: / 1404: / 1400: / 1396: / 1392: / 1376: / 1372: / 1368: / 1364: / 1360: / 1356: / 1352: / 1348: / 1334: / 1330: / 1326: / 1322: / 1318: / 1314: / 1298: / 1294: / 1290: / 1286: / 1282: / 1261: / 1212:Dummer's War 875:Lithic stage 819: 818: 814: 791: 789: 783: 777: 773: 759: 748: 739: 736: 723: 715: 707: 702: 678: 664: 654: 649: 629: 614: 600: 598: 571: 562: 561: 395:Fourth level 266:Second level 225:Commonwealth 207:Commonwealth 158: 29: 18:Tribal Court 6821:Sovereignty 6502:Taney Court 6447:(1978–2006) 6411:Removal Act 5866:Sweat lodge 5532:Arikara War 5522:War of 1812 5487:Yamasee War 5472:Esopus Wars 5462:Kieft's War 5447:Beaver Wars 5369:Anishinaabe 5250:Dawes Rolls 4988:Dawes Rolls 4771:Legislation 4249:January 30, 4152:December 3, 4147:www.epa.gov 4077:December 3, 3879:. 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