3339:
imagined attempts to have him removed. He took his anger out on the project as a whole, and especially
Goodwin, who began to complain to Rubidge's superiors in Ottawa. Rubidge responded by appointing two of his helpers to watch over the construction, harassing Goodwin and his workers continually with a range of problems, even locking up the canoes of the government engineers so they could not get around the sites. Goodwin's complaints grew in frequency and anger, and finally he demanded that John Page, the engineer in the Department of Canals and Railways overseeing all canal work, visit the site. This request eventually led to Rubidge's removal from the oversight position and his replacement by David Stark, at that time the superintendent of Ottawa River canal projects. Construction was finally completed in 1887, and the first boat passed through the entire section on 26 October.
3709:
3393:, just what Macdonald had hoped would happen by forming the Commission. As the election continued, it appeared it would be a very close fought result, and Macdonald decided to use the Trent to shore up any seats he could. On 3 March he was personally handed a letter by D.R. Murphy, a Conservative organizer in the Trent area, asking for any help he might provide. Macdonald, ill and bedridden, replied with a telegram stating "Trent Valley Canal Commission have reported favourably on the completion of the scheme. Parliament will be asked next session for a grant for the purpose." Nine of the thirteen seats in the area were won by Conservatives, reversing their losses from the previous election. Macdonald lived only a short time after the election and suffered a series of strokes that led to his death on 6 June 1891.
3365:
and claim he was always in command and had left only for personal reasons. Stark had not yet arrived, and with the work essentially completed by this time, no one seems to have been willing to invest the effort to find out what was going on. When Stark did begin to assert some control, he started by asking one of the other government engineers working with
Rubidge, Aylmer, to set up a new office in Peterborough. As he left, Aylmer took the opportunity to break into Rubidge's desk and take the now long-overdue survey with him, prompting a break-and-enter charge which Aylmer countered with a libel charge. Another of the government engineers, Fuller, ended up in a fist fight with Rubidge over a property dispute, leading to Fuller's conviction on assault and his dismissal from the department.
3377:
This is precisely what happened; the first meeting of the
Commission was not scheduled until 1 April 1888, and the final report was not expected until after the next election. A series of interviews were carried out and questionnaires sent which garnered little response, which the Commission took as evidence that there was little interest in the topic. In 1890 an interim report caused Macdonald to suggest that "Some further enquiry is necessary". One of the few positive results was a measure of the water supply by the new chief engineer of the Trent, Richard Rogers, that suggested there was a million times more water available than would be needed for the entire route to lock 100 times a day for the 200-day navigation period.
3413:. Having watched the canal hand the Conservatives votes for decades, the new Liberal government immediately cancelled the work. But it was not long before the same political forces that led the Conservatives to support the plan soon found their effect on the Liberals as well, and yet another meeting with the Trent Association and a subsequent visit by George Albert Blair, the newly appointed Minister of Canals and Railways. The Association's trump card was the argument that the canal could be a significant shipping route for grain from western Canada, which at that time was having trouble moving eastward due to the odd collection of railway links that all travelled through Toronto.
3196:
3420:. Once again the Association swung into action, bringing over 270 delegates to a meeting on the issue in Ottawa. The Grand Trunk, whose line along the St. Lawrence stood to lose considerable traffic if an alternate shipping route was completed, provided free train tickets to everyone involved. The result was a huge crowd of businessmen who descended on Ottawa on 6 April 1897, and began a series of speeches calling for the completion of the Trent. After some time, Laurier himself rose to speak and stated "The government has adopted the completion of the Trent Valley route as part of their policy." This was met by thunderous applause.
5668:
3373:. He placed the cost at $ 8,684,650, including another 71 locks in addition to the 12 already built or nearing completion, as well as 58.7 miles (94.5 km) of dug canal. Page added another $ 1.1 million in ancillary charges like land claims and completion of the work already underway, bringing the total for the entire waterway to $ 9,984,500. This compares with Baird's original estimate of $ 2.5 million, a number that Stark had personally backed in 1880. This prompted Stark to send in his own estimate, returning to the original Severn route in the west, and calculated the new total to be only $ 3 million.
100:
5893:
2671:
3009:
2763:
3695:
3651:
5869:
3681:
883:
45:
2352:
1739:
328:
2342:
1724:
1338:
1328:
1099:
655:
645:
585:
575:
535:
525:
318:
2400:
2127:
1734:
1673:
1602:
1549:
1526:
1308:
502:
3473:(CPR), was the first to oppose it in parliament, stating that the government must have "money to burn." To the great amusement of the Liberals, other Conservatives from the Trent area then began arguing with Osler. Nevertheless, the government agreed to use the funds released in that budget solely for the completion of existing work, as opposed to expansions. It soon became clear that Laurier's government was delaying any further work.
2423:
2000:
1831:
1572:
853:
396:
296:
2370:
2314:
2286:
2256:
2228:
2200:
2172:
2150:
2099:
2071:
2043:
1980:
1950:
1922:
1894:
1874:
1803:
1783:
1696:
1645:
1625:
1498:
1470:
1442:
1414:
1384:
1356:
1280:
1252:
1224:
1160:
1130:
1053:
1024:
994:
944:
833:
813:
785:
757:
729:
701:
673:
625:
474:
454:
426:
366:
346:
2611:'s government restarted construction in the 1880s, adding a number of new locks and pushing the route westward before construction once again halted. For many years after this, the canal was used as a political tool to garner votes from areas along the route, with little construction being carried out. It was not until just before the turn of the century that a number of political changes built up incredible pressure on
1090:
3667:
5905:
1761:
1202:
1180:
1107:
1060:
1031:
972:
922:
603:
553:
3501:. To support industry, they proposed a wide variety of public works, especially those that took place in Conservative ridings that were subject to swaying. This was the case for all of the Ontario counties involved in the Trent system, and it became a centrepiece of the Ontario strategy. With their election win, in spite of losing the popular vote, the party began the final completion of the Trent system.
5881:
3577:
3219:(P&PH), the competing plan from Port Hope, which had the advantage of being able to loop around the western edge of Rice Lake to produce an all-land route directly to Peterborough. This so worried Cobourg interests that they hired Baird to plan a road route, and opened the Cobourg Plank Road in 1846. This stymied the P&PH, who decided to reroute their line westward to
3105:, founder of the Welland Canal Company, was willing to support inland locks and even a private canal of the limited size proposed by Port Hope, but staunchly opposed any western extension. This opposition would frustrate further development for many years. With any hope of government backing clearly out of the question, the Port Hope and Rice Lake Canal Company closed down.
3509:
ultimate endpoint for overseas shipping, but much more importantly ships would have to travel in the open across Lake
Ontario, whereas the Trenton exit was protected. A follow-up report suggested the Trenton route would be cheaper and contracts were sent out for this section, and while several tenders were received, once again the government declined to begin construction.
3054:
take four years to complete. The report went on in great length to justify the expense, saying it would pay for itself in tolls, estimated to be $ 30,000 a year from timber shipments alone. On 6 March 1834, Robert Maigny submitted his estimates for the Port Hope Canal, using 34 locks 70 feet (21 m) by 14 feet (4.3 m) at a total cost of $ 507,130.
3397:
approach. Then there was a flurry of highly visible surveys carried out, and Rogers was asked to complete detailed plans for further construction. On 22 April 1895 a $ 475,000 contract was signed for a canal between Balsam Lake and
Kirkfield. A second followed on 27 August for the first section from Lakefield to Peterborough. The Peterborough
3548:
residents in favour. However, a survey put the price well over $ 300,000, a significant amount for such a short link, and was then greatly increased due to changes that appear to have been politically motivated on the part of the
Department of Railways and Canals. By the time the plans were complete, the price was approaching $ 1 million.
2919:, a short distance to the west and a major competitor for Coburg's shipping traffic, proposed both a road and a canal. Port Hope's location at the western end of Rice Lake placed them slightly closer to the lake than Coburg, and offered a direct land route to Peterborough around the western tip of the lake while remaining within their
3293:
concept, agreed to at their first meeting, was to arrange periodic meetings of all the municipal leaders along the route, and collect petitions from their constituents, as well as ask them to write letters directly to their members of
Parliament. This quickly produced an almost continual stream of letters.
3050:
occurred for months. This prompted a meeting in
Peterborough on 27 August that demanded the work begin, leading to Baird's arrival on 7 September. As soon as word was out that he had arrived, citizen's groups in the two towns began tit-for-tat exchanges in local newspapers denouncing each other's efforts.
3543:
raised its rates and made several changes that would greatly increase the costs of the industries in the town, so much they claimed it would put them out of business. Mulock hatched a plan to extend the Trent south to the town, an extension officially known as the
Holland Subdivision, but universally
3360:
led the charges, complaining that "Whatever expenditure there had been on the scheme is properly chargeable to the capital (political) account and this is the explanation of all the delay and trifling with this important work." With every delay the canal became more important to the locals, prompting
3292:
noted that "Their activity shows an amount of energy that betokens a body determined to deserve success." For the next forty years, the
Association maintained its pressure on successive governments and never allowed any of them to renege on their agreements to continue work on the system. Their basic
3230:
in 1852, this time planning to bridge over Rice Lake and provide direct access to Peterborough. The line opened on 29 December 1854, but suffered from continual damage due to ice that closed the Rice Lake bridge for much of its history. In spite of these problems, the railway provided the long-needed
3077:
Baird's new report was filed in September 1835, calling for another 32 locks and 13 dams, at a price of $ 1,310,340. Including the work on the Trent, this brought the price of the system as a whole to $ 2,477,575. Knowing that the legislature would be uninterested in such a proposal, he also outlined
2914:
still offered considerable commercial prospects. The problem of connecting to Lake Ontario could be solved by other means. Bethune, a major player in local politics, led efforts to build a railway from Coburg, which would either have to route around Rice Lake through other counties, or build directly
2890:
before ending up only 12 miles (19 km) from the shores of Lake Ontario. Further, the Imperial government's interest was tempered by the cost of the Rideau, originally budgeted at $ 2,370,000 but eventually costing more than $ 4 million by the time it opened in 1832. Several attempts to raise the
3599:
When the canal was finally completed in 1920, it failed to have a major impact on the economy of the regions it was built to serve. By the time it was completed its design had been made obsolete by larger boats: it had been designed for boats too small to be commercially viable. In the years that
3376:
This latest controversy was just what Macdonald was waiting for. Pointing out the huge differences in the two estimates, on 8 October 1887 he formed the Trent Valley Canal Commission to study the issue. This was immediately denounced as a measure "to give them an opportunity to get out of the work."
3320:
Among the most difficult of the sections completed during this period was the locks at Burleigh Falls; Baird had described the "dreaded iron-bound nature of the rock" which required new tools and techniques to beat. The work was finally undertaken by George Goodwin starting in late 1884, using steam
3287:
Having watched work on the system stagnate for years, in September 1879 a group of Conservative politicians formed the Trent Valley Canal Association to agitate for further work. They were soon joined by Liberals and neutral parties, eventually coming to represent almost every riding from Trenton to
3275:
in 1867. This turned the Province of Canada's government into a federal body, and gave the new province of Ontario's government control over construction. Lacking the power of the federal coffers, they could only afford small projects. Between confederation and 1879 they rebuilt the lock at Lindsay,
3238:
Among the other routes available were another plank road further west from Whitby to Lake Scugog, which offered access to the waterway via the lock at Lindsay. This was the closest point on the network to Toronto, and the town of Prince Albert at its midpoint became the largest grain trading site in
3053:
Baird's report was submitted on 28 November 1833. It placed the cost of making the Trent navigable to Rice Lake at $ 1,167,236 using 34 locks 134 feet (41 m) long and 34 feet (10 m) wide, along with 17 dams used to raise water levels in various portions of the route. He predicted it would
2999:
in Coburg, likely due to his use of some of these funds for the transport scheme. His steamers were sold off to new owners. In spite of there being no money from Bethune, and that the contract was clearly underbid, Pierce, Dumble, and Hoar decided to continue construction using their own funds. This
2885:
The need for a similar route bypassing Yonge Street and providing access to the upper lakes remained an issue, and several surveys in the area were carried out between 1815 and 1827. Prominent among these was a survey made by Catty in 1819, which concluded that no reasonable alternative to the Trent
3396:
In the aftermath of Macdonald's death, the Conservatives went through a series of leaders as they lurched from one political disaster to the next. In spite of repeated promises to carry out Macdonald's last wishes regarding the canal, nothing had been completed by the time another election began to
3380:
The Commission handed in its final report on 17 December 1890. They accepted Rogers' calculation of the amount of water available and generally agreed that the routes were possible and even desirable. They also suggested that some of the more complex areas could be greatly simplified by replacing a
3368:
Looking for any reason to cancel further work, or at least delay it, Macdonald inquired about the status of Rubidge's survey. Rubidge promised it would be ready for 20 August, but it never appeared. Stark telegraphed Rubidge on 1 September about it, and Rubidge stated that his fight with Fuller had
3364:
Rubidge was still involved in the Trent at this time, having been tasked with producing a survey of the complete route and cost estimates for its completion. After the election, John Page sent Rubidge back to Peterborough to complete this work. Rubidge took the opportunity to return to the worksite
3316:
of Peterborough. Rubidge had already concluded that the Trent system was essentially useless in comparison to the Sydenham-Killaly proposals to expand navigation on the St. Lawrence, which would be able to carry ships. He felt any work on the Trent at this point was a waste of money and was unhappy
3108:
Strong support for the inland routes remained among the populace, and to appease these interests the government formed the Inland Water Commission to study the system. As an interim measure, on 3 March 1836 they submitted a new proposal for four locks at a total cost of $ 80,000. One of these would
3508:
once again argued for completing the route by making a new canal from the western end of Rice Lake south to their town. This would place the exit closer to Toronto and make the route shorter overall. A January 1900 report noted it would add 59 miles (95 km) to the route to Montreal, still the
3049:
of Montreal to carry it out. Baird had worked on several canals and other engineering projects around the world, including the Rideau, and was at that time supervising a new bridge over the foot of the Trent that would replace a ferry service. Although the money had been set aside, nothing further
3547:
Critics attacked the concept immediately, pointing out that the economic potential of such a link was nonexistent. But the possibility of bringing federal money to his riding in York North was too good to give up, and Mulock campaigned for it continually, presenting petitions on the part of local
3460:
When Laurier made his announcement, the possibility that the Trent would provide any sort of reasonable shipping route in lieu of railways or a canal able to carry oceangoing ships was immediately attacked by business interests in Toronto. When the first $ 600,000 contract was announced on 31 May
3338:
Construction was beset by arguments between Rubidge and the construction team led by Goodwin. From late 1886, Rubidge was under extreme pressure from the press and the politicians along the line, and he became increasingly paranoid, suspicious of everyone involved in the project for their real or
3437:, who had control over the canal, stated that "canals as a successful and necessary means of transportation have outlived their usefulness." When a multi-national panel was formed to consider several possible routes to link the upper Great Lakes to the Atlantic, the Trent was not even mentioned.
2970:
on Rice Lake in 1832, providing daily service between Peterborough and Coburg. The boat was a flat-bottomed design able to travel in shallow waters, more a powered barge than passenger steamer. It had side-wheels and was powered by what one passenger called a "feeble eighteen-horsepower engine".
2745:
under the statutory authority of the Historic Canals Regulations (which outline and delegate the responsibilities for navigation, resource protection, dredge and fill operations, the operation of boater campgrounds, etc.). The navigation corridor includes over 4,500 kilometres (2,796 mi) of
3381:
series of locks with a single hydraulic boat lift, and recommended further study into this option. They also left considerable room for interpretation as to the desirability of completing the works at either end, allowing politicians to pick and chose what sections, if any, they agreed to fund.
2987:
A group organized by Bethune met on 1 June 1833 to review tenders for the construction of a series of locks on the Back Lakes. However, they received only two tenders, both for the lock at Bobcaygeon. After several additional meetings and a visit to the site, the contract was awarded to Pierce,
3203:
With the completion of the four locks, the Back Lakes were now open to navigation for most of the year. Newly arriving settlers in the area expanded the types of products available. By the 1850s, Peterborough had gristmills, sawmills, carding and fulling mills and a tannery. Meanwhile, logging
3182:
Examining the project, the Board of Works concluded that a route with as many locks as Baird had proposed would take so long to transit that it would not be useful militarily, and thus of little interest to the new federalist government. They agreed to continue construction of the four locks
2630:
By the time the route was completed, its usefulness as a commercial waterway was over; ships plying the Great Lakes had grown much larger than the canal could handle, and the railways that had connected to the canal now took most of its freight. But the introduction of motor boats found the
3524:
3074:, he reported that he was delighted by his trip. Interpreted as support for further work on the system, this led to a petition calling for a route to connect Lake Simcoe with Rice Lake "by canal or otherwise". Baird was once again hired to survey this western section of the waterway.
2703:
which transports boats between the upper and lower sections of the Severn. The system also includes 39 swing bridges and 160 dams and control structures that manage the water levels for flood control and navigation on lakes and rivers that drain approximately 18,600 square kilometres
3432:
watched traffic dwindle as freight moved to railways, so its operators made it free to use in hopes of maintaining traffic levels and their positive economic effects on the surrounding towns. But this change had little effect, and traffic continued to decline. The chief engineer of
3044:
Boulton hatched a plan to kill the Trent route by ordering a complete survey of the river, hoping the cost of canalizing it would be far greater than building his railway. After several debates in the Legislature, on 13 February 1833 money was set aside for a survey, contracting
3595:
The lock system aided the development of central Ontario, allowing a quick and efficient flow of goods to and from the major trading centres along Lake Ontario. The rugged, rough terrain of this area of the province made travel by land extremely difficult and time-consuming.
2753:
private and commercial properties abut the navigation corridor of the Trent–Severn Waterway. The Trent–Severn Waterway also has regulatory responsibility and authority under the Dominion Water Power Act for the 18 hydroelectric generating facilities located along its route.
4630:
3401:
was not amused, asking, "Why have five years, singularly coincident with the general election, been allowed to elapse between the spurts of activity that mark the survey and construction of portions of the canal? Why ... has it been degraded into a vote-catching machine?"
2588:
of 1837 broke out. This led the government to re-examine the project, concluding that the route would have too many locks to allow rapid movement for military purposes. They decided that the locks under construction would be completed, but the rest could be turned into
3317:
to be put in charge of the project. His distaste was further increased when his infant daughter Mary died in 1883 while he was surveying the route. He is noted for his "cussedness" and lack of public relations capability, qualities that dogged his time on the Trent.
3440:
In the case of the Trent, the railways originally intended to service the waterway now provided an even better transport option. The operators of these railways would compete with any commercial traffic on the canal, and this was especially disconcerting for the
3567:
ordered a review of the project, and cancelled it shortly thereafter. The remains of the construction, estimated to be 85% complete by that time, were abandoned in place and dot the local landscape to this day. The locals now refer to it as the "ghost canal".
3355:
won him many others in the area among businesses that were worried about being flooded by cheap US products. The press was filled with comments to the effect that Macdonald had only been interested in the canal as a vote-getting measure; the Peterborough
3078:
an alternative using a mix of water and rail transit, using specially designed barges that could carry a train of cars that would then be switched onto short sections of railway to bypass the trickier sections of the route. The idea was not unlike modern
2926:
By 1832, Bethune had completed his first plan for a combined canal and rail network. This would start in Coburg and run via railway to Sully (today known as Harwood), where it would connect to steamers on Rice Lake. These would cross the lake to the
3155:
As part of the formation of the new Province, the former Inland Water Commission was moved to the new government's Board of Works. The new government broke the power of the Family Compact, and reduced the influence of its French counterpart, the
2674:
A map of the Trent–Severn Waterway as it appeared in 1918, just prior to its completion. The planned route still runs through Honey Harbour when this was prepared. The abandoned Newmarket Canal can be seen at the southern tip of Lake
3113:, east of Rice Lake, would allow partial transit down the Trent. Together they would open 170 square miles (440 km) of waterway to continual navigation. Most importantly, the report noted that this would allow the iron ore at
3082:. Using this method, Baird believed that the price would be cut by about $ 1.5 million, and be completed in only three years. Perhaps believing this suggestion might be accepted, Baird also purchased stock in the Cobourg railway.
3231:
route south, and was one of the most financially successful routes in the area. The good times came to an end when the Port Hope interests, now known as the Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway (but soon to be renamed as the
3066:, arranged a trip to visit the area. His six-day tour covered most of the lakes and rivers in the system, including the Talbot River that connected the Back Lakes to Lake Simcoe. On his return, taking Bethune's route using the
3556:, and when calculations showed there was too little water to keep it running in the summer, it was heaped with scorn in the press. The party continued to support it throughout, even as it became clear the project was doomed.
3551:
In spite of this price, and that Mulock had left the seat in 1905, the party continued to support the project in order to keep the riding in their hands. It became the subject of continual attacks by the Conservatives in the
3453:, were in the midst of completing a link to the Montreal area, as well as building out a network of shorter links in the southern Ontario area that serviced the lake trade. Another railway rush ensued as the Grand Trunk and
3109:
replace the nonfunctional lock at Bobcaygeon, one in Purdy's Mills (Lindsay) would allow transit to Lake Scugog, one at Whitla's Rapids (Scott's Mills) would allow passage further up the Otonabee in Peterborough, and one at
2988:
Dumble and Hoar for a price of $ 8,000. The company's crew arrived on 2 August and began construction immediately. The rest of the season was taken up with basic construction, blasting out the lock from the limestone with
3183:
contracted in 1836, largely as a way to employ the many immigrants arriving in the area. They showed little interest in the rest of the route, and agreed to allow the rest of the surveyed lock locations to be turned into
3016:
Bethune's early efforts inspired others in the area to form plans of their own to build the complete network. Further progress ran afoul of local politics, in particular the fact that the route ran through two counties,
3321:
powered drills and shovels. It was during this time that one of the most infamous events in the system's history took place; at 9:45 a.m. on 4 September 1885 James Simmons and George Morton were hauling a load of
2773:
was the first European to travel the network of inland waters from Georgian Bay to the Bay of Quinte with the Hurons in 1615. It was this same route that would later be canalized and become the Trent–Severn Waterway.
3000:
proved disastrous; the lock was set too high in the rock and could not be filled at low water in the summer, and even when water was available it leaked out faster than it filled. It remained useless for four years.
2975:
called it "a poor excuse for a steamboat" when her family used it in late summer 1832. A second steamer of the same design was built in Peterborough, sawn in half, carried overload to Bridgenorth and launched as the
2829:
in 1796. However, the road was not passable for much of its length until 1816, and the entire route to Georgian Bay some time after that. The route was used for its original military purpose sparingly during the
5514:
3117:
to travel west to Rice Lake where it could travel by train to Lake Ontario. This was approved by the legislature on 28 November 1836, while further proposals to improve various other locations were all ignored.
2849:
The lack of convenient access to the upper lakes demonstrated by the war led to new calls for inland waterways for military use, and led to the construction of a number of canals to provide rapid access to the
3369:
put it off. It was finally delivered in 15 November. The report closely followed Baird's plans completed decades earlier, changing only its ultimate outlet on the west, following the North River to
3204:
companies and farmers were setting up all across central Ontario, using the lakes to ship their products. This left the problem of getting these products to market, which in turn led to a small
3351:
in early 1887 led to Macdonald winning a solid majority in spite of promising nothing to the canal. This cost the Conservatives several seats in the area, but his support of the protectionist
5827:
5747:
3614:
was completed in 1932. The Welland Canal could handle ships large enough to sail across the ocean, though cargo was generally transferred to or from larger ocean-going vessels at Montreal.
3996:
3638:
3416:
But this argument backfired; Blair agreed a canal was needed, but argued instead for a new system along the St. Lawrence. Laurier himself strongly supported railways, especially the
5789:
5562:
5767:
5762:
2704:(7,182 sq mi) of central Ontario's cottage country region, across four counties and three single-tier cities, an area that is home to more than a million Canadians.
5732:
3041:
with Bethune. Each favoured their own route in Durham, over the complaints of those living in Northumberland who wanted the route to follow the Trent through their county.
2679:
The total length of the waterway is 386 kilometres (240 mi), beginning at Trenton, Ontario, with roughly 32 kilometres (20 mi) of man-made channels. There are 44
5772:
5484:
3457:(CNoR) bought up similar lines, all with the hopes of gaining some part of the rapidly growing grain trade. At the time, almost all of these routes ran through Toronto.
3329:
to Burleigh Falls when it exploded, leaving behind a 100 foot (30 m) wide crater and nothing but bits of horse and man. The site became a brief tourist attraction.
2782:
The desire for a communications route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron had been a topic of discussion as early as 1785, and gained new importance with the opening of the
5955:
5742:
5811:
5804:
5752:
2580:
was built in 1833 as a commercial venture. This connected a number of lakes and rivers near the centre of the waterway, opening a large area to navigation by
5799:
5737:
2910:
with a steamship company working Lake Ontario. He was skeptical that the Trent connection would ever be built, but he felt that the inland sections north of
5832:
5782:
5757:
5727:
3644:
Technical and navigational details (such as speed limit, maximum draft, maximum water depth and bridge clearances) can be found at Parks Canada's website.
3208:
with the express intent of connecting to the Back Lake navigation. Through the 1850s and '60s, numerous railways were built to connect at various points.
5853:
5794:
5777:
5474:
2500:
5837:
5602:
3312:. This greatly expanded the navigable route, from Balsam Lake in the west to Lakefield in the east. In 1881, oversight of the expansion was given to
3211:
The first to make the attempt was the long-planned Cobourg and Rice Lake Railway. Having originally been planned in 1831 and chartered in 1834, the
2980:
on 5 September 1833. Both steamers proved popular; in the less than three months the lakes were open to traffic in its first year of operation, the
3361:
one long-time Macdonald supporter, Reverend J. Logan, to be quoted saying "Henceforth I have only one politic and that is the Trent Valley Canal."
4684:
3144:
4784:
3641:, reintroduced Bill C-530, the "Trent–Severn Water Authority Act", in order to re-capitalize the century-old infrastructure of the waterway.
5617:
5504:
3313:
2593:. This left the completed inland section with no outlet, which business interests addressed by connecting to the route with a number of new
5362:
5299:
3243:(WPP&L), which ran beside it and offered far faster service to Toronto. Other routes connected to points further north, including the
5950:
5945:
3226:
The numerous delays meant that there was still no rail connection to the waterway in 1850. The original Cobourg group reorganized as the
3160:. But it also resulted in a body whose decisions often separated along regional lines. By this time a new force had entered the process,
2619:
and serious work started once again. The canal reached Peterborough and Lake Simcoe in 1904. The final sections were greatly delayed by
5872:
4603:
5524:
3259:
that met it at the northern tip of Balsam Lake. These had the advantage of running directly into Toronto, avoiding a switch onto the
3252:
3650:
3199:
This dilapidated causeway ran the Cobourg and Peterborough over Rice Lake, providing an eastern outlet for cargo on the Back Lakes.
3097:, and the prospect of another competitor to the north was a worrying development. The Ontario Legislature, then in the grip of the
4696:
3895:
2825:
route to Georgian Bay via Lake Simcoe that would bypass these choke points. Construction of Yonge began in 1794, reaching today's
5908:
5572:
3527:
Always a supporter of the Trent, William Mulock's attempts to extend the project ultimately helped topple the Liberal government.
2493:
5355:
5232:
3462:
3240:
5639:
3708:
5294:
4812:
3806:
3785:
3030:
3026:
4717:
5654:
5552:
2810:
3580:
The lock at Buckhorn is typical of the Waterway today, with service buildings for the lock staff and users of the locks.
2995:
By the time the land thawed in the spring, Bethune was insolvent due to bookkeeping irregularities at his branch of the
5930:
5281:
4960:
4195:
3917:
3607:
In 1910-11, the Township of Smith and the Chemong Yacht Club filed a claim for land damages caused by the Trent Canal.
3284:. These enlarged the continuous area served by the waterway, but still lacked any outlet to the major bodies of water.
3216:
2486:
3497:
with the US, known as "reciprocity", but put this aside for this election and accepted the high-tariff, protectionist
3215:
and Rebellion later that year upset their plans to the point where the company's charter lapsed in 1840. Next was the
3152:
had a single parliament with special rules intended to balance the power of the French and English speaking colonies.
2834:, primarily to ship supplies to a naval depot built at Holland Landing. Its rough location is marked today by a large
2573:. Its scenic, meandering route has been called "one of the finest interconnected systems of navigation in the world".
5712:
5644:
5529:
4752:
4536:
4169:
2886:
River was obvious on the eastern end of the route. Unfortunately, its circuitous route ran 67 miles (108 km) to
2652:
112:
4271:
5622:
3539:, a growing industrial and market town north of Toronto, was Laurier's right-hand-man in the province. In 1904 the
3227:
3135:
3038:
2640:
3018:
2992:. When the weather turned cold on 14 November the lock was nowhere near complete, and the contract was extended.
2735:
2790:
entered the conflict on the side of their French allies, they could have cut access to the upper great lakes at
5960:
5703:
5519:
5509:
3560:
3490:
3410:
3390:
3348:
3022:
2920:
2866:, all along the Ottawa River, as well as the most ambitious of them all, the 202 kilometres (126 mi)-long
2570:
3256:
3801:
5479:
5469:
3997:"Steamboats and railways: Travellers to and from early Peterborough faced the challenge of Whitla's Rapids"
27:
5350:
3617:
The Trent–Severn system is still in service. It is maintained and operated by the national park service,
3405:
Although the Conservatives attempted to use the Trent to the advantage once again, the attempt failed in
2662:
It is open for navigation from May until October, while its shore lands and bridges are open year-round.
3428:
By this time the era of the barge canal as a commercial system was over. The formerly hugely profitable
3195:
5935:
5345:
3553:
3540:
3139:
2783:
3694:
2878:. Together, they connected Montreal, Ottawa and Lake Ontario, bypassing significant hazards along the
5336:
5311:
5304:
5011:
4774:
3454:
3277:
3232:
2855:
2408:
2135:
1681:
1557:
510:
252:
5433:
4805:
3700:
3563:
brought a swift end to what was by then known as "Mulock's madness". Within days of taking office,
3470:
3446:
3102:
2700:
2644:
2558:
1610:
407:
3680:
5612:
5587:
5557:
5254:
4970:
3874:
3604:
had further developed their networks and improved service, which influenced settlement patterns.
3482:
3333:
3305:
3239:
Upper Canada. This route, today known as Brock Street in Whitby, was rendered superfluous by the
2956:
2731:
2616:
1210:
1116:
5681:
5592:
5494:
5237:
5183:
4990:
3672:
3272:
3127:
3034:
2585:
1583:
980:
3179:, as would any traffic on the rivers, so they were opposed to any further work on the system.
3148:
was implemented in large part and caused sweeping changes to the government. The newly merged
5632:
5443:
5388:
5153:
5120:
3725:
3657:
3585:
3531:
While this work was ongoing, a side-project began that ultimately brought down the Liberals.
3450:
2972:
2948:
2911:
2708:
2692:
2550:
1188:
930:
3903:
3820:
3761:
5940:
5453:
5428:
5188:
3666:
3168:
2996:
2952:
2879:
2818:
2716:
2647:
in the east, draws thousands of visitors every year. It also forms a major portion of the
2546:
4146:
8:
5499:
5489:
5448:
5269:
5249:
5225:
4798:
3849:
3686:
3589:
3417:
3260:
2770:
2632:
2627:
in early 1920. The first complete transit of the waterway was made in July of that year.
2356:
1769:
1747:
864:
332:
2846:(then known as Schooner Town), but was abandoned in Holland Landing when the war ended.
5696:
5627:
5438:
5367:
5220:
5006:
4985:
4975:
3536:
3505:
3220:
3149:
3131:
2916:
2903:
2887:
2806:
2734:
is, at 263 metres (863 ft), the highest point in North America (the summit of the
2696:
2684:
2635:
route, and today it is one of Ontario's major tourist attractions. Its passage through
1395:
1342:
659:
589:
539:
99:
20:
5607:
5547:
5316:
5021:
4748:
4608:
4532:
4165:
3297:
3281:
3110:
3063:
2875:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2608:
1743:
3175:, at that time the largest sawmill in the world. Locks presented a barrier to their
3157:
2798:. This would have denied waterborne access to the important British trading post at
5577:
5054:
4927:
4897:
3244:
3114:
3079:
3046:
2940:
2907:
2746:
shoreline and over 500 square kilometres (193 sq mi) of water. More than
2566:
2534:
2381:
1534:
1071:
561:
5289:
5215:
5095:
5069:
5038:
5026:
4953:
4742:
3789:
3518:
3498:
3486:
3406:
3352:
3161:
2859:
2826:
2799:
2636:
2612:
158:
80:
4768:
3782:
3085:
At this point the route began to experience pushback from the supporters of the
3029:, each with their own ideas of where the southern end of canal should be built.
5885:
5582:
5413:
5403:
5393:
5331:
5130:
5016:
4965:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4790:
3532:
3434:
3326:
3301:
3176:
3098:
3012:
Baird would conduct most of the important surveys on the Trent–Severn Waterway.
2928:
2863:
2795:
2719:
2554:
147:
5924:
5897:
5689:
5383:
5321:
5264:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5173:
5125:
4856:
4846:
3737:
3634:
3611:
3564:
3309:
3248:
3212:
3205:
3086:
2839:
2787:
2711:, the highest point to which a vessel can be navigated from sea level in the
2431:
1005:
216:
5515:
Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
4203:
3167:. They used the many rivers of the province to float logs to mills, notably
3008:
2762:
2670:
5672:
5597:
5423:
5408:
5398:
5326:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5090:
5031:
4948:
4932:
4872:
4851:
3828:
3731:
3625:
and by recreational boaters. There is a cruise line that operates the ship
3618:
3466:
3370:
3184:
3164:
2936:
2931:, providing access to southern Peterborough. Here they could transship via
2867:
2851:
2843:
2814:
2742:
2659:
2624:
2590:
2584:. The government had begun construction of three additional locks when the
2538:
2530:
1961:
903:
304:
226:
169:
69:
3610:
The waterway became obsolete for commercial purposes when the present day
3389:
By the time the Commission filed their report, parliament was out for the
5649:
5418:
5135:
5074:
4980:
4882:
4821:
3442:
3235:), opened the Millbrook Branch that reached Peterborough on 12 May 1858.
2989:
2984:
made 61 trips, delivering 60 barrels of pork and 55 tons of other cargo.
2963:, known collectively as the Back Lakes (today known as "the Kawarthas").
2960:
2831:
2655:
2620:
2562:
1039:
611:
377:
4642:
4526:
5567:
5178:
5059:
4922:
4841:
3494:
3429:
3266:
3094:
2944:
2932:
2680:
2648:
2598:
2577:
2542:
1141:
896:
44:
5242:
5100:
5064:
4836:
4744:
A Respectable Ditch: A History of the Trent–Severn Waterway 1833–1920
3630:
3090:
2891:
funds for the Trent system using local sources, including a proposed
2738:
at its highest point of 406 metres (1,332 ft) is higher still).
2688:
2594:
2581:
2452:
278:
3062:
At this point further work ended while the new Lieutenant Governor,
2623:, with the link to Trenton opening in 1918, followed by the link to
3601:
3322:
3276:
which had been converted to a timber slide, and built new locks at
26:
For waterways concerning the British rivers Trent and Severn, see
5711:
3622:
3523:
3101:, had powerful supporters of the Welland block further progress.
3071:
2892:
2822:
2791:
2602:
58:
4785:
Five Tips of Planning Your Trent Severn Boating Trip this Summer
4769:
Official website of Trent–Severn Waterway National Historic Site
3172:
2871:
2835:
2267:
4718:"Trent-Severn Waterway National Historic Site Navigation Data"
4664:
3576:
2707:
It reaches its highest point of 256.3 metres (841 ft) at
4779:
4697:"Trent–Severn Waterway National Historic Site Technical Data"
3875:"Celebrating Champlain's Legacy at Trent and in Peterborough"
2526:
3025:. These were represented by a total of three members of the
5485:
Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program
3093:. The Welland was losing money due to competition from the
3925:(Technical report). Ontario Heritage Trust. November 2010.
3134:
served to worry the Imperial government enough to appoint
2576:
The canal was surveyed as a military route, but the first
3138:
to fix the problems. In spite of holding the position of
4354:
4342:
3973:
3971:
3821:"Trent–Severn Waterway National Historic Site of Canada"
4604:"Dredging up old tale of canal that was never finished"
4550:
4548:
4509:
4507:
4446:
4444:
4395:
4393:
4230:
4228:
4215:
4213:
3940:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 23–25.
3033:
was the director of the Port Hope Canal Company, while
4080:
4078:
4065:
4063:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3968:
3300:
was convinced to provide funding to add new locks at
3296:
The concept proved successful, and the government of
4584:
4572:
4560:
4545:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4252:
4240:
4225:
4210:
3267:
Confederation and the Trent Valley Canal Association
5475:
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
4631:
Trent–Severn Waterway Library & Archives Canada
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4075:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4007:
2947:would provide access to an extended area including
3956:
3944:
2882:and long stretches of open water on Lake Ontario.
5956:Buildings and structures in Peterborough, Ontario
3342:
3271:Work on the canal system remained stagnant until
174:2.4 m (8') Locks 1 – 19; 1.8 m (6') Locks 20 – 45
5922:
4820:
4775:Panel on the Future of the Trent–Severn Waterway
4147:"Report on the Affairs of British North America"
2008:
1839:
892:
247:
3476:
3190:
2683:, including 37 conventional locks, two sets of
3762:"Trent–Severn Waterway National Historic Site"
3145:Report on the Affairs of British North America
3142:for only a brief period before resigning, his
5697:
5505:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
4806:
3990:
3988:
3986:
2895:, all failed and the plans remained dormant.
2494:
3130:broke out. Although quickly suppressed, the
19:Not to be confused with the British company
4685:legisinfo.ca: Private Member's "BILL C-530"
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
3255:that met it at Lindsay and Bobcaygeon, the
5704:
5690:
4813:
4799:
3983:
3783:"The History of the Trent–Severn Waterway"
3423:
3126:In the midst of construction, in 1837 the
2651:. Today it is officially organized as a
2549:. Its major natural waterways include the
2501:
2487:
98:
43:
4138:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3637:, Member of Parliament for the riding of
3253:Lindsay, Bobcaygeon and Pontypool Railway
4193:
4178:
3575:
3522:
3194:
3057:
3007:
2761:
2741:The Trent–Severn Waterway is managed by
2669:
4159:
4144:
3890:
3888:
3445:the Trent Association had pitched. The
3384:
2631:Trent–Severn perfectly positioned as a
5923:
3935:
3767:
3485:new leadership under the direction of
3241:Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay Railway
2906:was a businessman in the port town of
2525:is a 386-kilometre-long (240 mi)
5685:
4794:
4740:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4528:Toronto and Georgian Bay Ship Railway
4513:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4219:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4069:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
3994:
3977:
3962:
3950:
3481:Matters changed with the rise of the
2766:Lock One on the Trent–Severn Waterway
1106:
1098:
4164:. Book Coach Press. pp. 66–67.
3885:
3852:[11 Elevation differences].
3807:Canadian Register of Historic Places
3544:referred to as the Newmarket Canal.
3504:At this time, business interests in
3027:Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
49:Gateway to the Trent–Severn Waterway
5904:
5553:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
3512:
2811:Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada
2777:
152:84 ft 0 in (25.60 m)
13:
5951:Transport in Peterborough, Ontario
5946:National Historic Sites in Ontario
4747:. McGill-Queens University Press.
4662:For example, Egan Houseboats, per
3217:Peterborough and Port Hope Railway
163:23 ft 0 in (7.01 m)
16:Navigable route in Ontario, Canada
14:
5972:
5713:National Historic Sites of Canada
5300:Isle Royale National Park Islands
4762:
3493:the party had strongly supported
3003:
2939:. Locks at Purdy's Mill (today's
2898:
2341:
1723:
1327:
882:
644:
574:
524:
317:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5868:
5867:
5666:
4194:Caldwell, Colin (October 2002).
3707:
3693:
3679:
3665:
3649:
3228:Cobourg and Peterborough Railway
3136:John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
3037:of Cobourg was busy forming the
2653:National Historic Site of Canada
2421:
2399:
2398:
2368:
2350:
2340:
2312:
2284:
2254:
2226:
2198:
2170:
2148:
2126:
2125:
2097:
2069:
2041:
1998:
1978:
1948:
1920:
1892:
1872:
1829:
1801:
1781:
1759:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1694:
1672:
1671:
1643:
1623:
1601:
1600:
1570:
1548:
1547:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1468:
1440:
1412:
1382:
1354:
1336:
1326:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1250:
1222:
1200:
1178:
1158:
1128:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1058:
1051:
1029:
1022:
992:
970:
942:
920:
881:
851:
831:
811:
783:
755:
727:
699:
671:
653:
643:
623:
601:
583:
573:
551:
533:
523:
501:
500:
472:
452:
424:
394:
364:
344:
326:
316:
294:
113:National Historic Site of Canada
4734:
4710:
4689:
4678:
4656:
4635:
4624:
4596:
4519:
4264:
4153:
3995:Jones, Elwood (28 March 2015).
3902:. 4 August 2001. Archived from
3728:– Northeastern Ontario waterway
3656:Trent–Severn Waterway entering
3639:Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock
2854:area. These included canals at
2422:
1999:
1830:
1571:
852:
395:
295:
5520:International Joint Commission
5510:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
4196:"Cobourg Peterborough Railway"
3929:
3910:
3867:
3842:
3813:
3795:
3755:
3571:
3343:Another hiatus, another report
2786:in 1793. Had the newly formed
2722:. The navigable summit of the
2369:
2313:
2285:
2255:
2227:
2199:
2171:
2149:
2098:
2070:
2042:
1979:
1949:
1921:
1893:
1873:
1802:
1782:
1695:
1644:
1624:
1497:
1469:
1441:
1413:
1383:
1355:
1279:
1251:
1223:
1159:
1129:
1052:
1023:
993:
943:
832:
812:
784:
756:
728:
700:
672:
624:
473:
453:
425:
365:
345:
1:
4699:. Parks Canada. 11 April 2019
3744:
3257:Toronto and Nipissing Railway
3089:, connecting Lake Ontario to
3039:Cobourg and Rice Lake Railway
1089:
5480:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
5470:Alliance for the Great Lakes
4620:– via York Region.com.
3749:
3633:rental firms. In June 2013,
3477:Laurier completes the system
3191:Road and railway connections
2838:that was being shipped from
2665:
1760:
1201:
1179:
1059:
1030:
971:
921:
633:Lakeshore Road swing bridge
602:
552:
28:Canals of the United Kingdom
7:
5346:Province of Ontario Islands
3740:– Southern Ontario waterway
3719:
3600:it was under construction,
2701:marine railway at Big Chute
821:Boundary Road swing bridge
10:
5977:
4645:. Ontario Waterway Cruises
3734:– Eastern Ontario waterway
3584:Travel was blocked beyond
3541:Northern Railway of Canada
3516:
3331:
2784:War of the First Coalition
2757:
1988:Ranney Falls swing bridge
1882:Healey Falls swing bridge
25:
18:
5862:
5846:
5820:
5748:Newfoundland and Labrador
5720:
5663:
5618:Museum and historic ships
5540:
5462:
5376:
5351:State of Michigan Islands
5280:
5166:
5146:
5083:
5047:
4999:
4941:
4915:
4906:
4865:
4829:
4272:"1885 Dynamite Explosion"
4160:Knowles, Valerie (2005).
4001:The Peterborough Examiner
3588:until the opening of the
3455:Canadian Northern Railway
3263:needed on the WPP&L.
3247:that met the waterway at
3233:Midland Railway of Canada
3121:
2437:
2430:
2415:
2407:
2392:
2362:
2349:
2334:
2306:
2278:
2248:
2220:
2192:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2134:
2119:
2091:
2063:
2035:
1992:
1987:
1972:
1942:
1914:
1886:
1881:
1866:
1823:
1795:
1790:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1731:
1716:
1688:
1680:
1665:
1637:
1632:
1617:
1609:
1594:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1533:
1518:
1490:
1462:
1434:
1406:
1376:
1348:
1335:
1320:
1315:
1300:
1272:
1244:
1216:
1209:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1167:
1152:
1122:
1115:
1082:
1045:
1038:
1016:
986:
979:
964:
936:
929:
914:
890:
875:
845:
840:
825:
820:
805:
777:
749:
721:
693:
665:
652:
637:
632:
617:
610:
595:
582:
567:
560:
545:
532:
517:
509:
494:
466:
461:
446:
418:
388:
358:
354:Port Severn swing bridge
353:
338:
325:
310:
303:
288:
263:
245:
240:
236:
232:
222:
212:
207:
199:
194:
186:
178:
167:
156:
145:
137:
132:
127:
119:
110:
106:
75:
65:
54:
42:
37:
5434:Midcontinent Rift System
4720:. Parks Canada. May 2019
3896:"Yonge Street's History"
3701:Big Chute Marine Railway
3471:Canadian Pacific Railway
3449:(CPR), then stopping at
3447:Canadian Pacific Railway
3103:William Hamilton Merritt
2813:, began construction of
1168:Bobcaygeon swing bridge
408:Big Chute Marine Railway
5255:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
3936:Legget, Robert (1955).
3919:Holland's Landing Depot
3856:(in German). fen-net.de
3825:National Historic Sites
3424:Opposition from Toronto
3334:1885 Dynamite explosion
2821:to provide an overland
2805:To solve this problem,
2736:Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
2732:Fairmont, West Virginia
141:386 km (240 miles)
5603:Marine protected areas
5593:Lake Michigan Triangle
5495:Great Lakes Commission
5238:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
4145:Lambton, John (1839).
3850:"11 Höhenunterschiede"
3673:Peterborough Lift Lock
3621:, and now is used for
3581:
3528:
3469:and a director of the
3200:
3128:Upper Canada Rebellion
3080:containerized shipping
3035:George Strange Boulton
3013:
2767:
2676:
2586:Upper Canada Rebellion
2159:Glen Ross swing bridge
1791:Hastings swing bridge
1584:Peterborough Lift Lock
841:Bolsover swing bridge
5961:Canals opened in 1920
5931:Trent–Severn Waterway
5828:Northwest Territories
5444:Nipissing Great Lakes
5389:Glacial Lake Iroquois
5295:Detroit River Islands
5260:Trent–Severn Waterway
4741:Angus, James (1998).
3802:Trent–Severn Waterway
3726:Ottawa River Waterway
3714:Lock 25 - Sawer Creek
3579:
3526:
3288:Midland. The Toronto
3198:
3058:Huron link, expansion
3011:
2973:Catharine Parr Traill
2966:Bethune launched the
2921:Northumberland County
2765:
2673:
2523:Trent–Severn Waterway
128:Trent–Severn Waterway
38:Trent–Severn Waterway
5790:Prince Edward Island
5454:Wisconsin glaciation
5429:Last Glacial Maximum
5189:Great Lakes Waterway
3385:Decision to complete
3169:John Rudolphus Booth
2997:Bank of Upper Canada
2880:Saint Lawrence River
2819:Penetanguishene Road
2717:Saint Lawrence River
2643:in the west and the
1633:Maria Street bridge
1316:Lock 28 foot bridge
462:Hamlet swing bridge
5588:Lake Michigan–Huron
5500:Great Lakes Compact
5490:Great Lakes Charter
5449:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
5250:Straits of Mackinac
5226:St. Lawrence Seaway
4363:, pp. 190–192.
4351:, pp. 188–189.
3687:Kirkfield Lift Lock
3590:Kirkfield Lift Lock
3418:Grand Trunk Railway
3261:Grand Trunk Railway
2771:Samuel de Champlain
2730:drainage basin) at
865:Kirkfield Lift Lock
5886:History portal
5439:Niagara Escarpment
5368:Potawatomi Islands
5356:Lake Huron Islands
5221:St. Lawrence River
5007:Grand Traverse Bay
4986:St. Joseph Channel
4976:Potagannissing Bay
3788:2016-04-20 at the
3582:
3529:
3409:strong win in the
3201:
3150:Province of Canada
3132:Rebellions of 1837
3070:and then stage to
3014:
2935:to Bridgenorth on
2904:James Gray Bethune
2807:John Graves Simcoe
2768:
2677:
200:Construction began
21:Severn Trent Water
5936:Canals in Ontario
5918:
5917:
5898:Canada portal
5679:
5678:
5608:Marysburgh vortex
5317:Manitoulin Island
5312:Lake Erie Islands
5162:
5161:
5022:Little Bay de Noc
4787:, Ontario Tourism
4667:. Egan Houseboats
3627:Kawartha Voyageur
3407:Wilfrid Laurier's
3349:federal elections
3304:, Lovesick Lake,
3298:John A. Macdonald
3064:Sir John Colborne
2728:Mississippi River
2724:Monongahela River
2609:John A. Macdonald
2529:route connecting
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2475:
2474:
2021:
2020:
1852:
1851:
909:
908:
123:
122:
5968:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5871:
5870:
5733:British Columbia
5706:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5673:Lakes portal
5671:
5670:
5669:
5578:Lake-effect snow
5377:Historic geology
5055:Hamilton Harbour
4928:Presque Isle Bay
4913:
4912:
4824:of North America
4815:
4808:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4758:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4693:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4202:. Archived from
4191:
4176:
4175:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3981:
3980:, pp. 9–10.
3975:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3879:Trent University
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:Main-Donau-Kanal
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3817:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3711:
3697:
3683:
3669:
3653:
3513:Mulock's madness
3245:Victoria Railway
3223:on Lake Simcoe.
3140:Governor General
3047:Nicol Hugh Baird
2860:Chute-à-Blondeau
2840:Chatham, England
2778:Military origins
2752:
2751:
2633:pleasure boating
2567:Lake Couchiching
2503:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2425:
2424:
2402:
2401:
2372:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2316:
2315:
2288:
2287:
2258:
2257:
2230:
2229:
2202:
2201:
2174:
2173:
2152:
2151:
2129:
2128:
2101:
2100:
2073:
2072:
2045:
2044:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1982:
1981:
1952:
1951:
1924:
1923:
1896:
1895:
1876:
1875:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1805:
1804:
1785:
1784:
1763:
1762:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1698:
1697:
1675:
1674:
1647:
1646:
1627:
1626:
1604:
1603:
1574:
1573:
1551:
1550:
1535:Trent University
1528:
1527:
1500:
1499:
1472:
1471:
1444:
1443:
1416:
1415:
1386:
1385:
1358:
1357:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1282:
1281:
1254:
1253:
1226:
1225:
1204:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1162:
1161:
1132:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
996:
995:
974:
973:
946:
945:
924:
923:
910: watershed
893:
885:
884:
855:
854:
835:
834:
815:
814:
787:
786:
759:
758:
731:
730:
703:
702:
675:
674:
657:
656:
647:
646:
627:
626:
605:
604:
587:
586:
577:
576:
562:Lake Couchiching
555:
554:
537:
536:
527:
526:
504:
503:
476:
475:
456:
455:
428:
427:
398:
397:
368:
367:
348:
347:
330:
329:
320:
319:
298:
297:
283:
261:
260:
248:
238:
237:
125:
124:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
88:
86:
84:
82:
47:
35:
34:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5892:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5858:
5847:Other countries
5842:
5816:
5716:
5710:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5536:
5458:
5372:
5337:Treasure Island
5290:Apostle Islands
5276:
5233:St. Marys River
5216:St. Clair River
5158:
5142:
5096:Chequamegon Bay
5079:
5043:
5039:Manitou Passage
5027:Porte des Morts
4995:
4954:Nottawasaga Bay
4937:
4908:
4902:
4866:Secondary lakes
4861:
4825:
4819:
4780:TrentSevern.com
4765:
4755:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4612:. June 30, 2008
4602:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4192:
4179:
4172:
4158:
4154:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4008:
3993:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3938:Rideau Waterway
3934:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3800:
3796:
3790:Wayback Machine
3781:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3661:
3660:at Scotts Mills
3654:
3574:
3521:
3519:Newmarket Canal
3515:
3499:National Policy
3489:. Prior to the
3487:Wilfrid Laurier
3479:
3426:
3387:
3353:National Policy
3345:
3336:
3269:
3193:
3162:central Ontario
3124:
3060:
3006:
2901:
2864:Carillon Canals
2827:Holland Landing
2800:Michilimackinac
2780:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2668:
2637:cottage country
2613:Wilfrid Laurier
2507:
2481:
2455:
2446:
2426:
2403:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2160:
2153:
2130:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2031:
2023:
2003:
1983:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1877:
1862:
1854:
1834:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1786:
1764:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1676:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1628:
1605:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1552:
1529:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1337:
1331:
1311:
1296:
1291:Burleigh Falls
1288:
1283:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1205:
1183:
1163:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1034:
1027:
1012:
1002:
997:
975:
960:
952:
947:
925:
886:
871:
861:
856:
836:
816:
801:
793:
788:
773:
765:
760:
745:
737:
732:
717:
709:
704:
689:
681:
676:
654:
648:
628:
606:
584:
578:
556:
534:
528:
505:
490:
482:
477:
457:
442:
434:
429:
414:
404:
399:
384:
374:
369:
349:
327:
321:
299:
284:
281:
272:
255:
115:
79:
50:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5974:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5900:
5888:
5876:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5583:Lake freighter
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5541:Related topics
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5525:Municipalities
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Lake Frontenac
5411:
5406:
5404:Lake Algonquin
5401:
5396:
5394:Lake Admiralty
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5332:Lake Mindemoya
5329:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5131:Batchawana Bay
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Big Bay de Noc
5009:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4966:Munuscong Lake
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:, Parks Canada
4764:
4763:External links
4761:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4709:
4688:
4677:
4655:
4634:
4623:
4595:
4593:, p. 293.
4583:
4581:, p. 219.
4571:
4569:, p. 218.
4559:
4557:, p. 215.
4544:
4537:
4518:
4516:, p. 213.
4503:
4501:, p. 212.
4491:
4489:, p. 211.
4479:
4477:, p. 210.
4467:
4465:, p. 207.
4455:
4453:, p. 202.
4440:
4438:, p. 201.
4428:
4426:, p. 200.
4416:
4414:, p. 198.
4404:
4402:, p. 195.
4389:
4387:, p. 196.
4377:
4375:, p. 194.
4365:
4353:
4341:
4339:, p. 181.
4329:
4327:, p. 188.
4317:
4315:, p. 180.
4305:
4303:, p. 179.
4293:
4291:, p. 190.
4281:
4276:Waymarking.com
4263:
4261:, p. 174.
4251:
4249:, p. 184.
4239:
4237:, p. 182.
4224:
4222:, p. 158.
4209:
4206:on 2007-12-25.
4177:
4170:
4152:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4074:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4006:
3982:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3928:
3909:
3906:on 2002-12-14.
3900:Globe and Mail
3884:
3881:. Spring 2005.
3866:
3841:
3812:
3794:
3792:, Parks Canada
3766:
3764:, Parks Canada
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3573:
3570:
3533:William Mulock
3517:Main article:
3514:
3511:
3478:
3475:
3425:
3422:
3391:1891 elections
3386:
3383:
3344:
3341:
3332:Main article:
3302:Burleigh Falls
3268:
3265:
3192:
3189:
3158:Château Clique
3123:
3120:
3099:Family Compact
3059:
3056:
3023:Northumberland
3005:
3004:Baird's survey
3002:
2929:Otonabee River
2900:
2899:Bethune's lock
2897:
2796:Lake St. Clair
2779:
2776:
2759:
2756:
2720:drainage basin
2667:
2664:
2559:Kawartha Lakes
2555:Otonabee River
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:This diagram:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Young's Point
1365:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
991:
989:
987:
984:
983:
978:
976:
969:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
950:
948:
941:
939:
937:
934:
933:
928:
926:
919:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
900:
899:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
867:
862:
859:
857:
850:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
830:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
817:
810:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
789:
782:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
761:
754:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
735:
733:
726:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
705:
698:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
679:
677:
670:
668:
666:
663:
662:
651:
649:
642:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
629:
622:
620:
618:
615:
614:
609:
607:
600:
598:
596:
593:
592:
581:
579:
572:
570:
568:
565:
564:
559:
557:
550:
548:
546:
543:
542:
531:
529:
522:
520:
518:
515:
514:
508:
506:
499:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
471:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
458:
451:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
430:
423:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
410:
405:
402:
400:
393:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
380:
375:
372:
370:
363:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
350:
343:
341:
339:
336:
335:
324:
322:
315:
313:
311:
308:
307:
302:
300:
293:
291:
289:
286:
285:
277:
275:
273:
270:
268:
266:
264:
257:
256:
251:
243:
242:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
165:
164:
161:
154:
153:
150:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
133:Specifications
130:
129:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:Governing body
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5973:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5911:
5910:
5901:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:New Brunswick
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5674:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:Organizations
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Champlain Sea
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Lake Kagawong
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5265:Welland Canal
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Nipigon River
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5199:Niagara River
5197:
5195:
5194:Chicago River
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Detroit River
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:Whitefish Bay
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:North Channel
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4754:9780773518216
4750:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4719:
4713:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4681:
4666:
4659:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4627:
4611:
4610:
4609:Newmarket Era
4605:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4538:9780665249341
4534:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4171:0-9739071-1-8
4167:
4163:
4162:Capital Lives
4156:
4148:
4141:
4135:, p. 34.
4134:
4129:
4123:, p. 29.
4122:
4117:
4111:, p. 31.
4110:
4105:
4099:, p. 30.
4098:
4093:
4087:, p. 28.
4086:
4081:
4079:
4072:, p. 24.
4071:
4066:
4064:
4057:, p. 25.
4056:
4051:
4045:, p. 23.
4044:
4039:
4033:, p. 17.
4032:
4027:
4021:, p. 14.
4020:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3739:
3738:Welland Canal
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:Barry Devolin
3632:
3629:, as well as
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3612:Welland Canal
3608:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3566:
3565:Robert Borden
3562:
3561:1911 election
3557:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:1896 election
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:, member for
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3411:1896 election
3408:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:Fenelon Falls
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:Young's Point
3274:
3273:Confederation
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3249:Fenelon Falls
3246:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:Panic of 1837
3209:
3207:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3185:timber slides
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:lumber barons
3163:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:Welland Canal
3083:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:Sturgeon Lake
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:from today's
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:United States
2785:
2775:
2772:
2764:
2755:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:(part of the
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:, and later,
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:timber slides
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:Bay of Quinte
2428:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:swing bridge
2410:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:swing bridge
2137:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2054:Hagues Reach
2053:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2026:Ranney Falls
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1905:Healey Falls
1904:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1857:Healey Falls
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1707:Scotts Mills
1706:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:swing bridge
1683:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:swing bridge
1612:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:swing bridge
1559:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1509:Nassau Mills
1508:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:Buckhorn Lake
1207:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:Sturgeon Lake
1113:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1006:Fenelon Falls
1004:
999:
990:
988:
985:
982:
977:
968:
966:
963:
957:
954:
949:
940:
938:
935:
932:
927:
918:
916:
913:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
894:
888:
879:
877:
874:
868:
866:
863:
858:
849:
847:
844:
838:
829:
827:
824:
818:
809:
807:
804:
798:
795:
790:
781:
779:
776:
770:
767:
762:
753:
751:
748:
742:
739:
734:
725:
723:
720:
714:
711:
706:
697:
695:
692:
686:
683:
678:
669:
667:
664:
661:
650:
641:
639:
636:
630:
621:
619:
616:
613:
608:
599:
597:
594:
591:
580:
571:
569:
566:
563:
558:
549:
547:
544:
541:
530:
521:
519:
516:
513:swing bridge
512:
507:
498:
496:
493:
487:
484:
479:
470:
468:
465:
459:
450:
448:
445:
439:
437:Swift Rapids
436:
431:
422:
420:
417:
411:
409:
406:
401:
392:
390:
387:
381:
379:
376:
371:
362:
360:
357:
351:
342:
340:
337:
334:
323:
314:
312:
309:
306:
301:
292:
290:
287:
280:
276:
274:
269:
267:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
217:Bay of Quinte
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
171:
166:
162:
160:
155:
151:
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
126:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
96:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
5902:
5866:
5812:Saskatchewan
5598:Lake surfing
5424:Lake Stanley
5409:Lake Chicago
5399:Lake Agassiz
5327:Lake Manitou
5259:
5184:French River
5116:Superior Bay
5111:Pokegama Bay
5106:Keweenaw Bay
5091:Au Train Bay
5032:Sturgeon Bay
4949:Georgian Bay
4933:Sandusky Bay
4743:
4735:Bibliography
4722:. Retrieved
4712:
4701:. Retrieved
4691:
4680:
4669:. Retrieved
4658:
4647:. Retrieved
4637:
4626:
4614:. Retrieved
4607:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4527:
4521:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4204:the original
4200:Cobourg Star
4199:
4161:
4155:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4000:
3965:, p. 9.
3958:
3953:, p. 8.
3946:
3937:
3931:
3918:
3912:
3904:the original
3899:
3878:
3869:
3858:. Retrieved
3853:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3829:Parks Canada
3824:
3815:
3805:
3797:
3757:
3732:Rideau Canal
3658:Peterborough
3643:
3626:
3619:Parks Canada
3616:
3609:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3530:
3503:
3480:
3467:Toronto West
3463:Edmund Osler
3459:
3451:Fort William
3439:
3427:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3346:
3337:
3319:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3270:
3237:
3225:
3210:
3206:railway rush
3202:
3181:
3154:
3143:
3125:
3107:
3084:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3015:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2937:Lake Chemong
2925:
2912:Peterborough
2902:
2884:
2868:Rideau Canal
2852:Upper Canada
2848:
2844:Wasaga Beach
2815:Yonge Street
2804:
2781:
2769:
2743:Parks Canada
2740:
2706:
2693:Peterborough
2687:, hydraulic
2685:flight locks
2678:
2660:Parks Canada
2658:operated by
2629:
2625:Georgian Bay
2607:
2575:
2571:Severn River
2539:Georgian Bay
2531:Lake Ontario
2522:
2520:
2297:Glen Miller
2110:Percy Reach
1962:Campbellford
1537:foot bridge
1425:Sawer Creek
981:Cameron Lake
904:Lake Ontario
485:Couchiching
305:Georgian Bay
227:Georgian Bay
95:/trentsevern
70:Parks Canada
32:
5941:Ship canals
5909:WikiProject
5821:Territories
5805:Quebec City
5753:Nova Scotia
5715:by location
5650:Third Coast
5613:Megalopolis
5573:Lake breeze
5558:Circle Tour
5419:Lake Maumee
5305:Isle Royale
5270:First canal
5136:Goulais Bay
5121:Thunder Bay
5075:Wellers Bay
5070:Toronto Bay
4991:Thunder Bay
4981:Saginaw Bay
4961:Lake George
4898:Couchiching
4822:Great Lakes
4665:"Home page"
4643:"Home page"
4616:January 22,
3586:Balsam Lake
3572:Canal today
3443:grain trade
3371:Waubaushene
3314:Tom Rubidge
3171:'s mill in
2990:blackpowder
2961:Lake Scugog
2949:Pigeon Lake
2832:War of 1812
2713:Great Lakes
2709:Balsam Lake
2656:linear park
2621:World War I
2599:plank roads
2563:Lake Simcoe
2551:Trent River
2547:Port Severn
2357:Highway 401
1748:Highway 115
1656:Ashburnham
1189:Pigeon Lake
1040:Lake Scugog
931:Balsam Lake
684:Gamebridge
612:Lake Simcoe
378:Port Severn
333:Highway 400
213:Start point
148:boat length
5925:Categories
5640:Shipwrecks
5568:Great Loop
5179:Erie Canal
5154:Anchor Bay
5060:Humber Bay
4923:Maumee Bay
4830:Main lakes
4724:2019-10-03
4703:2019-10-03
4671:2011-02-19
4649:2012-04-09
4591:Angus 1998
4579:Angus 1998
4567:Angus 1998
4555:Angus 1998
4514:Angus 1998
4499:Angus 1998
4487:Angus 1998
4475:Angus 1998
4463:Angus 1998
4451:Angus 1998
4436:Angus 1998
4424:Angus 1998
4412:Angus 1998
4400:Angus 1998
4385:Angus 1998
4373:Angus 1998
4361:Angus 1998
4349:Angus 1998
4337:Angus 1998
4325:Angus 1998
4313:Angus 1998
4301:Angus 1998
4289:Angus 1998
4259:Angus 1998
4247:Angus 1998
4235:Angus 1998
4220:Angus 1998
4133:Angus 1998
4121:Angus 1998
4109:Angus 1998
4097:Angus 1998
4085:Angus 1998
4070:Angus 1998
4055:Angus 1998
4043:Angus 1998
4031:Angus 1998
4019:Angus 1998
3978:Angus 1998
3963:Angus 1998
3951:Angus 1998
3860:2009-09-21
3745:References
3495:free trade
3430:Erie Canal
3095:Erie Canal
3031:John Brown
2953:Stony Lake
2945:Bobcaygeon
2933:stagecoach
2689:lift locks
2649:Great Loop
2595:toll roads
2543:Lake Huron
2211:Frankford
2183:Glen Ross
1933:Crowe Bay
1343:Highway 28
1142:Bobcaygeon
897:Lake Huron
660:Highway 12
590:Highway 12
540:Highway 11
170:boat draft
5721:Provinces
5633:Laurentia
5563:Crossings
5363:Populated
5243:Soo Locks
5167:Waterways
5147:St. Clair
5101:Huron Bay
5065:Sodus Bay
5012:Green Bay
4893:Winnebago
4888:St. Clair
4878:Nipissing
3750:Citations
3631:houseboat
3592:in 1907.
3537:Newmarket
3506:Port Hope
3483:Liberal's
3221:Beaverton
3091:Lake Erie
2917:Port Hope
2915:over it.
2888:Rice Lake
2856:Grenville
2697:Kirkfield
2666:Geography
2645:Kawarthas
2582:steamship
1814:Hastings
1770:Rice Lake
1744:Highway 7
1481:Otonabee
1396:Lakefield
1263:Lovesick
1235:Buckhorn
955:Rosedale
796:Bolsover
241:Route map
223:End point
208:Geography
159:boat beam
5873:Category
5800:Montreal
5768:Kingston
5763:Hamilton
5738:Manitoba
5655:Treaties
5084:Superior
5000:Michigan
4909:channels
4907:Bays and
4857:Superior
4847:Michigan
4531:. 1888.
3786:Archived
3720:See also
3602:railways
3435:New York
3399:Examiner
3358:Examiner
3323:dynamite
3306:Buckhorn
3282:Rosedale
3111:Hastings
3068:Pemedash
2982:Sturgeon
2978:Sturgeon
2968:Pemedash
2876:Kingston
2817:and the
2699:, and a
2617:Liberals
2603:railways
1746: /
740:Portage
168:Maximum
157:Maximum
146:Maximum
91:/lhn-nhs
61:, Canada
55:Location
5833:Nunavut
5783:Toronto
5773:Niagara
5758:Ontario
5728:Alberta
5282:Islands
5048:Ontario
4873:Nipigon
4852:Ontario
3834:28 July
3623:tourism
3290:Tribune
3115:Marmora
2941:Lindsay
2908:Cobourg
2893:lottery
2823:portage
2792:Detroit
2758:History
2675:Simcoe.
2641:Muskoka
2639:, both
2535:Trenton
2382:Trenton
2325:Sidney
2082:Meyers
1072:Lindsay
768:Talbot
712:Thorah
195:History
76:Website
59:Ontario
5854:France
5795:Quebec
5778:Ottawa
5645:Storms
5628:Region
5530:Cities
4883:Simcoe
4751:
4535:
4168:
3461:1898,
3251:, the
3173:Ottawa
3122:Hiatus
3019:Durham
2943:) and
2872:Ottawa
2836:anchor
2355:
2268:Batawa
2239:Trent
1742:
1453:Douro
1341:
658:
588:
538:
331:
253:Legend
246:
187:Status
138:Length
5838:Yukon
5623:Ports
5548:Basin
5204:Falls
4942:Huron
4842:Huron
3923:(PDF)
3554:House
3327:Tweed
3325:from
3177:rafts
2681:locks
2545:, at
2527:canal
2022:
2007:
1853:
1838:
1711:142.8
1660:144.1
1589:145.0
1513:151.7
1485:152.6
1457:155.1
1429:156.6
1401:158.9
1371:168.1
1295:181.8
1267:184.7
1239:194.2
1147:222.4
1077:251.6
1011:247.2
959:252.9
891:
870:272.6
800:284.9
772:286.5
744:289.1
716:289.8
688:290.9
489:337.8
441:361.2
413:374.1
383:387.1
179:Locks
4916:Erie
4837:Erie
4749:ISBN
4618:2015
4533:ISBN
4166:ISBN
3836:2011
3559:The
3347:The
3308:and
3280:and
3072:York
3021:and
2959:and
2862:and
2695:and
2578:lock
2569:and
2521:The
2502:edit
2495:talk
2488:view
2445:Lock
2243:10.3
2215:11.7
2187:22.2
2114:40.7
2086:42.5
2058:45.0
2030:47.8
1967:51.8
1937:54.2
1909:58.2
1861:58.8
1818:82.3
271:Lock
203:1833
190:Open
3810:.
3535:of
2874:to
2842:to
2794:or
2750:000
2748:125
2691:at
2615:'s
2537:to
2533:at
2409:CNR
2387:2.9
2329:3.9
2301:6.2
2273:8.3
2136:CNR
1682:CNR
1611:CPR
1558:CNR
511:CNR
93:/on
89:/en
87:.ca
85:.gc
83:.pc
81:www
5927::
4606:.
4547:^
4506:^
4443:^
4392:^
4274:.
4227:^
4212:^
4198:.
4180:^
4077:^
4062:^
4009:^
3999:.
3985:^
3970:^
3898:.
3887:^
3877:.
3827:.
3823:.
3804:.
3769:^
3187:.
2955:,
2951:,
2923:.
2858:,
2809:,
2802:.
2605:.
2597:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2553:,
2541:,
2453:km
2050:10
2017:11
2012:12
1957:13
1929:14
1901:15
1848:16
1843:17
1810:18
1703:19
1652:20
1579:21
1505:22
1477:23
1449:24
1421:25
1391:26
1363:27
1287:28
1259:30
1231:31
1137:32
1067:33
1001:34
951:35
860:36
792:37
764:38
736:39
708:40
680:41
481:42
433:43
403:44
373:45
279:km
182:44
5705:e
5698:t
5691:v
4814:e
4807:t
4800:v
4757:.
4727:.
4706:.
4674:.
4652:.
4541:.
4278:.
4174:.
4149:.
4003:.
3863:.
3838:.
2715:–
2377:1
2321:2
2293:3
2263:4
2235:5
2207:6
2179:7
2106:8
2078:9
282:0
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.