82:
889:
201:
20:
142:; the magnetic field from the core pulls the springy iron arm, opening the switch contacts, interrupting the primary current. The magnetic field of the core is switched off, allowing the arm to spring back, closing the contacts again. Then the primary current is turned on again, and the magnetic field opens the contacts again. This cycle repeats many times per second, while power is applied to the coil. A similar mechanism is used in the
383:
The wide availability of the Model T made their component parts equally widespread. Their trembler coil in particular became a popular component for electrical hobbyists and backyard tinkerers, and was one of the first factory-made electrical components to be available in such numbers. They were used
168:
for each cycle of the piston, creating a single spark which is precisely timed to ignite the fuel at the correct point in the cycle. In the trembler coil, in contrast, the vibrating interrupter contact breaks the current multiple times during each cycle, creating multiple pulses of high voltage and
315:
A significant difference from modern ignitions is in the strength and number of sparks produced. A modern system produces one, large, spark at exactly the time commanded. The trembler coil systems cannot produce such a high energy spark, but it does produce a continuous stream of sparks for as long
392:
for Morse code transmission, until the introduction of continuous-wave transmitters rendered them obsolete (and eventually banned by government agencies due to their broad-band transmissions). The Model T coils remained so popular for non-car use that they remained in production into the 1960s,
283:
In the Ford Model T, four trembler coils were used, one for each cylinder. This was a precursor of the modern use of individual plug-top coils, where each cylinder has its own coil, thus avoiding the need for a HT distributor. They were packaged together in a single wooden box,
311:
was also controlled by a manual advance and retard control. Starting a cold engine could require dexterous manipulation of the control to get the engine to start. Modern engines control such timing even more carefully; this is now automatic and not obvious to the driver.
367:(previously used with magnetos) was used to switch the high-voltage current to each plug in turn. The high voltage distributor evolved from the timer and it too was a rotary switch driven at camshaft speed. The first high voltage distributors likewise used a
192:. In those early days, this was not rectified and so the alternator's output remained as AC. This was entirely adequate to operate the ignition system, and after 1915 to power electric headlights, although it could not be used for battery charging.
413:. As this application is more frequency sensitive, the vibrators were generally a separate unit, with a more stable frequency tuned reed, apart from the transformer. This transformer had output tappings for the 90V
409:
from low-voltage batteries. Low voltage DC from the battery is chopped by a trembler circuit and this pulsed square wave used to drive a transformer, providing the 90V or so required by
307:. The Timer switched the primary current to each coil in turn and also started the coils at an appropriate time in the cylinder's cycle. As was common for engines of this period, the
295:
For correct operation, each cylinder must be fired in turn, and at the right time. Both of these tasks were conducted by the 'timer' or low-voltage distributor, a rotary switch. In a
180:
electricity. In the Model T, a battery was used for starting, but once the engine started the supply was switched to the magneto. The Model T was unusual in being fitted with an AC
474:
138:
The switch contacts are on a springy iron arm, which holds them closed. The arm is mounted near the iron core. When battery power is applied, the coil acts as an
371:, but as the current was at such a high voltage, these gave trouble with arcing and erosion of the contacts leading to a poor connection. It was realised that a
275:. The drawback of the low tension coil was that the high ignition voltage was generated in the same circuit that the low voltage battery current flowed in.
417:
and also the 22V grid and 6V heater circuits required by valves. In many cases, the transformer was the same unit used for powering the radio set from
320:
ratings. These were both less sensitive to the accuracy of ignition timing and their mixtures also benefited from having a sustained ignition source.
316:
as the timer circuit is closed. Early engines, like the Model T, ran at slow speeds with large cylinders filled with weakly burning mixtures of low
707:
69:, which breaks the primary current, generating multiple sparks during each cylinder's power stroke. Trembler coils were first used on the 1886
384:
as shocking coils, in either the pseudo-medical or the prank sense, Model T coils were also used for some of the earliest home-made
1003:
983:
594:
Hillier, V.A.W.; Coombes, Peter; Rogers, David R. (2006). "2.4.3 Single coil per cylinder and coil on plug ignition systems".
363:. These systems used a single ignition coil for the engine, supplying the spark to each cylinder in turn. A device called the
674:
551:
756:
263:
like the trembler coil. When the piston was at the right point, the contact breaker opened, breaking the battery current.
851:
700:
443:
Gas-Engines and
Producer-Gas Plants: A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design
135:, which repeatedly breaks the primary current to create flux changes in the transformer needed to produce high voltage.
534:
524:
603:
331:
fuels. Trembler ignitions were particularly suitable for igniting these mixtures. Tremblers remained popular for
1146:
1023:
873:
693:
561:
451:
375:
distributor would work equally well at high voltages and would be less susceptible to problems from erosion.
932:
801:
580:
937:
821:
766:
761:
910:
149:
As the circuit opens each time, the energy stored in the solenoid's magnetic field is released and by
1141:
888:
388:
for livestock control. They were also popular with early amateur radio operators for building simple
153:
produces a pulse of high voltage in the secondary coil winding. This voltage is sufficient to fire a
150:
915:
406:
1013:
920:
866:
493:
264:
988:
954:
861:
666:
660:
441:
336:
123:
70:
65:
48:
971:
949:
927:
816:
806:
402:
389:
352:
285:
221:
93:, widely used in the 19th century. It combines two magnetic devices on the same iron-cored
85:
Ford Model T engine. The rectangular black box behind the engine contains the trembler coils
741:
598:. Vol. Book 2: Powertrain Electronics (5th ed.). Nelson Thornes. pp. 72–73.
213:
81:
8:
1100:
1018:
1008:
964:
959:
944:
776:
173:
23:
A trembler coil, around 1915. The mechanism on the end is the "trembler" or interrupter.
220:
in 1836. It was widely used around the turn of the century to produce high voltage for
101:, used to transform low voltage electricity to a high voltage, suitable for an engine's
1110:
1028:
998:
993:
976:
831:
811:
781:
296:
56:
421:, using the same secondaries but with an additional primary winding at mains voltage.
347:
In time, the trembler coil system was seen as obsolete and was replaced, first by the
121:
generates the high voltage for the spark plug. Attached to the end of the coil is an
897:
796:
670:
599:
557:
530:
447:
418:
244:
117:
1095:
348:
240:
905:
856:
836:
826:
360:
308:
256:
217:
200:
165:
111:
44:
1064:
1059:
1049:
771:
751:
736:
385:
268:
233:
209:
177:
90:
1135:
619:
356:
289:
225:
161:
143:
139:
106:
40:
618:
878:
414:
52:
1044:
846:
786:
716:
641:
410:
364:
260:
98:
19:
164:
is that in a modern coil the primary current is broken only once by the
1069:
1054:
746:
300:
272:
248:
181:
154:
102:
685:
271:
generated a high voltage pulse in the coil, which was applied to the
55:. Its distinguishing feature is a vibrating magnetically-activated
1105:
791:
332:
324:
304:
252:
229:
94:
494:"Features of mechanical interrupters for ignition systems, Part 1"
1115:
841:
328:
185:
473:
317:
189:
157:
located in the engine's cylinder, igniting the petrol mixture.
132:
731:
648:(Thirteenth ed.). London: Iliffe & Sons. p. 88.
481:. Vol. III. London & Bath: Pitman. pp. 949–950.
1120:
526:
Automotive
Service: Inspection, Maintenance, Repair, 4th Ed
339:
tractor engines long after they were obsolete for petrol.
1090:
236:
devices. It was simply adopted for use in automobiles.
212:, developed during the 1880s from a device invented by
323:
The Model T was also available in versions tuned for
89:
The trembler coil was a device called a
Ruhmkorff or
160:
The difference between a trembler coil and a modern
630:(3rd ed.). Glasgow: Blackie. pp. 379–381.
469:
467:
465:
463:
596:Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology
575:
573:
115:carries the low voltage battery current, and the
1133:
662:The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions
460:
278:
570:
701:
172:The trembler coil operates equally well from
259:. It had a single winding and so was not a
255:, used with a battery and a switch called a
640:
73:, and were used on the Model T until 1927.
708:
694:
396:
628:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine
1004:Rotary variable differential transformer
984:Linear variable differential transformer
435:
433:
199:
105:. Two coils of wire are wound around an
80:
18:
47:of early automobiles, most notably the
1134:
715:
522:
439:
689:
658:
593:
516:
491:
446:. Library of Alexandria. p. 15.
430:
757:Condition monitoring of transformers
549:
485:
852:Toroidal inductors and transformers
543:
353:Kettering's battery ignition system
292:for reliability and waterproofing.
13:
16:Part of early car ignition systems
14:
1158:
529:. Cengage Learning. p. 599.
887:
581:"Model T Ford Electrical System"
652:
1024:Variable-frequency transformer
874:Transformer utilization factor
634:
612:
587:
492:Geist, Henry M. (9 May 1921).
342:
299:, the timer is driven at half-
251:. This was a simple iron-core
1:
477:; Bourdon, Marcus W. (1928).
424:
378:
933:Energy efficient transformer
393:years after the car itself.
279:Use for car ignition systems
222:spark-gap radio transmitters
76:
7:
938:Amorphous metal transformer
822:Resonant inductive coupling
762:Electrical insulation paper
405:, used to power electronic
10:
1163:
195:
131:, a magnetically operated
39:is a type of high-voltage
1083:
1037:
896:
885:
724:
243:, was already in use for
208:The trembler coil was an
151:electromagnetic induction
916:Distribution transformer
556:. Treasure. p. 75.
475:Lord Montagu of Beaulieu
401:A similar device is the
1014:Solid-state transformer
921:Pad-mounted transformer
867:Transformer oil testing
504:(20). Chilton Co.: 1051
397:Vibrator power supplies
989:Parametric transformer
955:Instrument transformer
911:Buck–boost transformer
862:Dissolved gas analysis
550:Bird, Anthony (1967).
440:Mathot, R. E. (1905).
390:spark-gap transmitters
267:due to the collapsing
239:A simpler device, the
205:
86:
49:Benz Patent-Motorwagen
24:
1147:Electric transformers
972:Isolation transformer
950:Grounding transformer
928:Delta-wye transformer
807:Pressure relief valve
659:Suits, Julia (2011).
620:Ricardo, Harry R. Sir
498:Automotive Industries
479:Cars and Motor-Cycles
403:vibrator power supply
216:and independently by
204:Another trembler coil
203:
84:
22:
646:The Autocar Handbook
644:(1935). "Ignition".
626:Glyde, H.S. (1941).
523:Gilles, Tim (2011).
214:Charles Grafton Page
184:(a permanent magnet
1101:Mitsubishi Electric
1019:Trigger transformer
1009:Scott-T transformer
965:Voltage transformer
960:Current transformer
945:Flyback transformer
777:Induction regulator
665:. Penguin. p.
553:Antique automobiles
247:and spark-ignition
1111:Schneider Electric
1029:Zigzag transformer
999:Rotary transformer
994:Planar transformer
977:Austin transformer
832:Short-circuit test
812:Quadrature booster
782:Leakage inductance
583:. Model T Central.
297:four-stroke engine
245:stationary engines
206:
97:. The first is a
87:
25:
1129:
1128:
797:Open-circuit test
676:978-0-399-53693-9
355:, using battery,
169:multiple sparks.
118:secondary winding
1154:
1142:Ignition systems
1096:General Electric
891:
710:
703:
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687:
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681:
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656:
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471:
458:
457:
437:
349:ignition magneto
303:speed, like the
241:low tension coil
188:) rather than a
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1079:
1033:
906:Autotransformer
892:
883:
857:Transformer oil
837:Stacking factor
827:Severity factor
720:
714:
684:
677:
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653:
639:
635:
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427:
399:
386:electric fences
381:
361:contact breaker
345:
309:ignition timing
281:
257:contact breaker
218:Nicholas Callan
198:
166:contact breaker
112:primary winding
79:
71:Benz automobile
45:ignition system
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1113:
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1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Repeating coil
1062:
1060:Polyphase coil
1057:
1052:
1050:Induction coil
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
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1021:
1016:
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799:
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779:
774:
772:High-leg delta
769:
764:
759:
754:
752:Circle diagram
749:
744:
739:
737:Buchholz relay
734:
728:
726:
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721:
713:
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633:
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569:
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536:978-1111128616
535:
515:
484:
459:
452:
428:
426:
423:
419:domestic mains
398:
395:
380:
377:
369:wiping-contact
344:
341:
280:
277:
269:magnetic field
265:Self-induction
234:electrotherapy
232:, and medical
226:x-ray machines
210:induction coil
197:
194:
91:induction coil
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1159:
1148:
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1084:Manufacturers
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1076:
1075:Trembler coil
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605:0-7487-8099-8
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351:and later by
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162:ignition coil
158:
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147:
145:
144:electric bell
141:
140:electromagnet
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
119:
114:
113:
108:
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100:
96:
92:
83:
74:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:ignition coil
38:
37:vibrator coil
34:
30:
29:trembler coil
21:
1074:
879:Vector group
661:
654:
645:
636:
627:
623:
614:
595:
589:
552:
545:
525:
518:
506:. Retrieved
501:
497:
487:
478:
442:
407:valve radios
400:
382:
372:
368:
346:
322:
314:
294:
282:
238:
207:
171:
159:
148:
137:
128:
122:
116:
110:
88:
64:
60:
53:Ford Model T
43:used in the
36:
32:
28:
26:
1045:Hybrid coil
847:Tap changer
787:Magnet wire
717:Transformer
642:The Autocar
508:1 September
365:distributor
343:Replacement
261:transformer
249:gas engines
124:interrupter
99:transformer
66:interrupter
1136:Categories
1070:Tesla coil
1055:Oudin coil
747:Center tap
624:revised by
563:0907812783
453:1465517715
425:References
379:Other uses
373:jump-spark
301:crankshaft
273:spark plug
230:arc lights
182:alternator
155:spark plug
103:spark plug
190:DC dynamo
107:iron core
77:Operation
59:called a
33:buzz coil
1106:ProlecGE
817:Resolver
802:Polarity
792:Metadyne
333:kerosene
325:kerosene
305:camshaft
253:inductor
129:trembler
95:solenoid
61:trembler
51:and the
1116:Siemens
842:Synchro
767:Growler
742:Bushing
329:ethanol
196:Origins
186:magneto
109:. The
57:contact
725:Topics
719:topics
673:
602:
560:
533:
450:
411:valves
318:octane
286:potted
133:switch
1038:Coils
898:Types
732:Balun
290:pitch
288:with
1121:TBEA
671:ISBN
600:ISBN
558:ISBN
531:ISBN
510:2019
448:ISBN
359:and
357:coil
335:and
1091:ABB
337:TVO
327:or
176:or
127:or
63:or
35:or
1138::
669:.
667:97
622:;
572:^
502:44
500:.
496:.
462:^
432:^
415:HT
228:,
224:,
178:DC
174:AC
146:.
31:,
27:A
709:e
702:t
695:v
679:.
608:.
566:.
539:.
512:.
456:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
