1557:. The Legal Medicine Organization performs a number of tests, including at least six months of individual and group therapy sessions, interviews with family members, physical examinations, hormone tests, and chromosomal tests, in a process known as "filtering". Filtering is the separation of homosexuals, who are deemed "deviant", from transsexuals, who are deemed "curable" by undergoing surgery. If the Legal Medicine Organization formally concludes that the individual suffers from gender dysphoria, the Family Court then issues formal legal permission for the individual to undergo reassignment. Once a transgender individual has undergone sex reassignment, the Family Court orders a further set of examinations to confirm that reassignment has taken place, including the sterilisation of the individual. The Family Court then issues formal legal permission for the individual to legally become the new sex, with legal documents, such as birth certificates and passports, changed accordingly.
1443:, and institutionalized. She was later released with help from her connections and continued to lobby many other leaders. Later she went to see Khomeini, who had returned to Iran. During this visit, she was subjected to beatings from his guards because she was wearing a binder and they suspected she could be armed. Khomeini, however, did give her a letter to authorize her sex reassignment operation, which she later did in 1997. Due to this fatwa, issued in 1987, transgender women in Iran have been able to live as women until they can afford surgery, have surgical reassignment, have their birth certificates and all official documents issued to them in their new gender, and marry men.
1602:
that "not everyone who wants to change their gender suffers from gender identity disorder." The report also found that many psychologists would encourage parents to actively discourage young children from displaying gender non-conforming behaviour. As well, the report highlighted a culture of gatekeeping in the healthcare system, often imposing extremely long waiting periods on patients out of a belief that it would lower regret rates. A doctor at the Legal
Medicine Organization stated that less than half of those who had applied between 1987 and 2004 had been given authorisation for GRS.
1529:, the Iranian state fails to "ensure that SRS surgeons and other health care professionals dealing with meet appropriate standards of education, skill and ethical codes of conduct" and that trans people face difficulty accessing proper information on healthcare, which "results directly from the government and its associated medical entities withholding or intentionally misrepresenting modern, scientific information on matters of sexual orientation and gender identity." Regulations around transgender healthcare in Iran do not meet the
1566:
under the religious law and
Khomeini's fatwa during the interlude that surgery can be carried out. The government has officially provided transgender persons financial assistance in the form of grants and loans of up to 55 million rial (US$ 1,841). However, subsidies for healthcare rarely cover a significant portion of the healthcare costs, leaving healthcare inaccessible to most trans individuals. Furthermore, in several parts of the country, subsidies have been suspended on the pretext of insufficient government funds.
5085:
1901:
1266:
3812:
1290:
19:
3822:
1278:
1450:, and is also supported by many other Iranian clerics. Hojatoleslam Kariminia, a mid-level cleric who is in favor of transgender rights, has stated that he wishes "to suggest that the right of transsexuals to change their gender is a human right" and that he is attempting to "introduce transsexuals to the people through my work and in fact remove the stigma or the insults that sometimes attach to these people." In 2010, the
1887:
1489:
extreme violence, risk of arrest, detention, and prosecution." The report noted that
Iranian police would often arrest anyone they suspected of being trans and would hold them in custody until they could complete an official investigation to determine that the arrested individual was legally recognised as trans. Police would also frequently target trans people for flogging under anti-cross-dressing rules.
1813:
1830:
1870:
1855:
1843:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1752:
1736:
1723:
1711:
1698:
1362:. Harassment against transgender individuals is common within Iran, and trans people face increased risk of physical and sexual assault, exclusion from education and jobs, poverty, and homelessness. The Iranian government also monitors online transgender communities, often subjecting them to censorship, and police routinely arrest trans people.
1471:
rejection by their families and communities, police abuse, and depression. Because they are typically rejected by their families and social networks, where
Iranians usually look to for financial support and employment opportunities, they are often forced into sex work and sometimes commit suicide. A 2021 study in
1650:
motivated by a desire to enforce a heteronormative binary conception of gender, including 'forced' surgery for some gay people, and critiques that view as an oversimplification. Two studies, however, have contested the belief that cisgender homosexuals have actually undergone sex change due to social pressure.
1601:
The 2016 OutRight report noted that access to healthcare was severely limited for those who could not afford it and that the healthcare system would often refuse to approve individuals who suffered from additional health issues for medical transition (and hence legal rights), with one doctor claiming
1565:
Sex change surgery is not actually legal under
Iranian civil law, although the operations are carried out. Iranian law has both secular and religious components, and secular jurisprudence says nothing about transgender issues. In this case, Sharia and fatwas take up the slack until it does, and it is
1470:
There is a great deal of stigma attached to the idea of transgender identity and gender reassignment in ordinary
Iranian society, and most transgender people, after completing their transition, are advised to maintain discretion about their past. Trans people are subject to employment discrimination,
1357:
Iran considers transgender identity to be a mental disorder and has no laws protecting trans people against stigmatization or hate crimes. Transgender individuals also face extreme social pressures to hide the fact that they are transgender, often being forced to move to a new city, cut ties with any
1589:
matters. The Safra
Project report further states that currently, it is not possible for presumed transgender individuals to choose not to undergo surgery - if they are approved for sex reassignment, they are expected to undergo treatment immediately. Those who wish to remain "non-operative" (as well
1488:
found that "trans
Iranians continue to face serious discrimination and abuse in both law and practice, and they are rarely treated as equal members of society" and that "the Iranian trans community faces pressure from both state and non-state actors, ranging from hostile public attitudes to acts of
1649:
Media coverage has speculated that homosexual individuals are pressured to undergo medical reassignment as part of the
Iranian state's oppression of homosexuality. A 2016 study analyzes European and American literature about the topic as characterizing legalized transgender surgery at least partly
1658:
Transgender people have formed non-governmental organizations and support groups in Iran. These groups provide information and skills to support transgender people, and work to combat social stigma. They often rely on the medical model and "treat" transgender identity as a disease. Although this
1545:
The process of undergoing sex reassignment surgery is extensive and arduous, and is restricted to those over the age of 18. There further exists a requirement for adult trans individuals to provide formal certification of parental approval to be issued a permit for surgery. People who so much as
1512:
In 2020, protests were held in
Iceland over the potential deportation of a trans teenager from Iran who was seeking asylum. The teen had originally intended to seek asylum in Portugal, but had been forced to leave the country and flee to Iceland after the Iranian Revolutionary Guard attempted to
1383:
found that around 20% of the tombs did not conform to a binary gender-divided distribution of artifacts or showed signs of the buried having performed masculine roles while wearing feminine dressing (or vice-versa). A bowl at the site was also discovered depicting a bearded man wearing female
1353:
However, substantial legal and societal barriers exist in Iran. Transgender individuals who do not undergo surgery have no legal recognition and those that do are first submitted to a long and invasive process, including virginity tests, formal parental approval, psychological counseling that
1508:
A high number of transgender individuals from Iran have fled the country and attempted to seek asylum elsewhere. Some refugees have reported facing discrimination and being shunned by Iranian expat communities in the countries that they end up gaining asylum in. Refugees can also face issues
1546:
question their sexuality are encouraged to see a psychologist, and they are usually recommended to undergo sex reassignment surgery in order to fit in with the strict gender binary that is present in Iran. There is no procedure that allows non-binary individuals access to healthcare.
1475:
found that 92% of trans women in Iran had faced verbal or emotional violence and over 70% had faced physical violence. The study further found that "most people do not report this violence to the authorities and believe that reporting is useless." Most participants in a 2018 study in
1525:: "SRS in Iran is extremely dangerous — while subsidized by the state, the pre-surgery process is abusive, the surgery is typically performed by ill-trained surgeons, and botched procedures and poor follow-up care often result in permanent medical complications." According to
1480:
had "experiences of being accused, arrested, and physically abused by the police" and faced discrimination in the workplace, including being fired for being trans. Division between trans men and trans women portrays trans men as more "real" or valid than trans women.
1391:
wrote a book in which he stated that there was no religious restriction on corrective surgery for intersex individuals, though this did not apply to those without physical ambiguity in sex organs. At the time Khomeini was a radical, anti-Shah revolutionary and his
1435:, a transgender woman. Before the revolution, she had longed to become physically female but could not afford surgery and wanted religious authorization. In 1975, she began to write letters to Khomeini, who was to become the leader of the revolution and was in
1354:
reinforces feelings of shame, and inspection by the Family Court. In addition, non-binary genders are not recognized in Iran and the quality of trans healthcare in the country, including hormone therapy and reconstruction surgeries, is often very low.
1534:
2954:
Moayedi-Nia, Saeedeh; Taheri, Leila; Hosseini Rouzbahani, Negin; Rasoolinejad, Mehrnaz; Nikzad, Rana; Eftekhar Ardebili, Mehrdad; Mohraz, Minoo (June 2019). "HIV Prevalence and Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Women in Tehran, Iran".
3777:
1334:
are limited, with a narrow degree of official recognition of transgender identities by the government, but with trans individuals facing very high levels of discrimination, from the law, the state, and from the wider society.
3787:
1365:
The United Nations Human Rights Council has reported that "lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender children are subjected to electric shocks and the administration of hormones and strong psychoactive medications".
1618:
between 2012 and 2017. Of those 839 individuals, around two-thirds were trans men and one third were trans women, with an average age of around 25 and around one third being located in Tehran, with 6 out of the
4601:
1638:
found that "depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders" were common among trans people in Iran, with "as many as 70% of the clients reported that they had experienced suicidal ideation."
432:
3782:
4760:
1659:
contributes to the pathology of transgender experiences, it gives space for individuals to identify themselves without the judgement of moral deviancy and identify other internalized stigmas.
3751:
1581:
is performed frequently and openly in Iran, and that homosexual and cross-dressing men, although unrelated to trans identity, would be safe as long as they keep a low profile. However, the
4956:
4813:
920:
3736:
4789:
4710:
937:
4985:
4823:
2998:
Jalali Nadoushan, Amir Hossein; Bahramian, Alaleh; Taban, Mojgan; Taban, Mojgan; Alavi, Kaveh; Sharifi, Hamid; Shokoohi, Mostafa; Eftekhar Ardebili, Mehrdad (1 March 2021).
1174:
2677:
2167:
1350:, with some financial assistance being provided by the government for the costs of surgery, and with a change of sex marker on birth certificates available post-surgery.
2338:"A fatwa for transsexuals,One woman's courage in appealing to the late Ayatollah Khomeini has made Tehran the unlikely sex change capital of the world. By Robert Tait"
2474:
Nematollahi, Azar; Farnam, Farnaz; Gharibzadeh, Safoora; Khoda-Khah, Parisa (22 June 2021). "Discrimination, violence, and suicide in transgender women in Iran".
5125:
2073:
1500:
and issued specific exemption cards by the military. This practice of identifying transgender individuals put them at risk of physical abuse and discrimination.
4902:
3241:
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2014. Professing selves: transsexuality and same-sex desire in contemporary Iran. Durham ; London : Duke University Press, 2014.
1039:
414:
4887:
2826:
1957:
1530:
1004:
426:
1379:
There is evidence of third genders existing in civilisations in the region that is now Iran dating back thousands of years. A 2018 study of burial sites at
4892:
4852:
1585:'s 2004 report considers UNHCR's report over-optimistic. The Safra Project's report suggests that UNHCR underestimated legal pressure over transgender and
1009:
979:
1641:
A 2016 study of 104 trans women in Tehran found an HIV prevalence of 1.9%. A 2009 study found no cases of HIV/AIDS among the 58 trans individuals tested.
1594:) are considered their gender assigned at birth, and as such they are likely to face harassment as being homosexuals and subject to the same laws barring
5130:
2701:
1083:
512:
2725:
2007:
4779:
1614: estimated that there were around 1.46 trans individuals per 100 000 Iranians, with 839 individuals being deemed eligible for reassignment by the
1127:
507:
4400:
2802:
695:
2919:
Khorashad, Behzad S.; Talaei, Ali; Aghili, Zahra; Arabi, Anahita (1 October 2021). "Psychiatric morbidity among adult transgender people in Iran".
2891:
2337:
2739:
1582:
2325:,That Maryam Khatoon Molkara can live a normal life is due to a compassionate decision by one man: the leader of the Islamic revolution himself.
1667:
Increased international attention to the Iranian transgender community and their legal status may have been a result of 2002 award-winning film
4941:
4680:
3701:
3376:
2905:
1342:
in 1979, the issue of transgender identity in Iran had never been officially addressed by the government. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however,
1169:
1318:
3188:
4975:
3858:
3746:
737:
484:
4358:
4300:
4152:
657:
607:
497:
3139:
4665:
1493:
has found that "censorship laws prevent access to accurate information on matters relating to sexual orientation and gender identity."
1154:
4794:
4670:
4145:
4140:
2664:
2398:
Talaei, Ali; Hedjazi, Arya; Badieyan Moosavi, Nazilla; Dadgarmoghaddam, Maliheh; Lotfinejad, Nasim; Khorashad, Behzad S. (May 2022).
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1159:
1071:
377:
370:
2877:
898:
4924:
4847:
4675:
4547:
4368:
4243:
4205:
2272:
Surgeries to alter congenital intersex conditions were reported in the Iranian press as early as 1930. Ittila'at, October 27, 1930.
1396:
did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transgender individuals.
1164:
1061:
974:
836:
570:
479:
4828:
4765:
2460:
5115:
4936:
3726:
3536:
1999:, 7th European Country of Origin Information Seminar Berlin, 11–12 June 2001 - Final report. Transsexual part is on pp. 104.
1497:
1078:
502:
4606:
2641:
1115:
5120:
4650:
4473:
4390:
4248:
4185:
2778:
2028:
1459:
762:
705:
580:
466:
2099:
4655:
3741:
3646:
3296:
3269:
3047:
2841:"The Violation of Transgenders' right to the highest attainable standard of health in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Art. 12)"
2628:"Torture in the name of treatment: Breaking the silence on medical abuse against transgender, lesbian and gay people in Iran"
1995:
4562:
3451:
2753:
2123:
851:
647:
4961:
4705:
4335:
4290:
2517:
Mohammadi, Naima (March 2018). "Life experiences of sexual minorities in Iran: limitations, adaptations and challenges".
1615:
1554:
1472:
1451:
602:
4722:
4532:
4395:
4325:
4190:
3696:
3661:
3616:
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1914:
1149:
821:
690:
685:
449:
3100:
4909:
4879:
4727:
3586:
3581:
3476:
3246:
1311:
1046:
1016:
876:
2840:
4613:
4432:
4417:
4113:
3851:
3706:
3681:
3596:
3576:
3526:
3496:
3486:
1122:
1110:
1093:
964:
722:
334:
5155:
5072:
4774:
4755:
4750:
4732:
4623:
4128:
3792:
3671:
3666:
3546:
1635:
1522:
1031:
1024:
905:
893:
888:
727:
77:
4280:
2604:
519:
4946:
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4478:
4353:
3686:
3641:
3621:
3611:
3511:
1144:
1088:
932:
767:
652:
393:
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clothing shown sitting on the floor, a position that was usually reserved for women in the local iconography.
5140:
5067:
5052:
4874:
4837:
4660:
4618:
4445:
4123:
3870:
3711:
3626:
3606:
3491:
3481:
3362:
3065:
2554:""Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran"
1485:
1249:
1134:
996:
949:
345:
67:
30:
4715:
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4628:
4427:
4101:
3756:
3691:
3656:
3591:
3571:
3561:
3521:
3506:
3501:
3396:
3063:
Saeidzadeh, Zara (2019). "Understanding Socio-Legal Complexities of Sex Change in Postrevolutionary Iran".
1304:
1139:
915:
910:
732:
315:
4929:
4842:
4700:
4340:
4200:
3844:
3797:
3716:
3676:
3651:
3631:
3566:
3541:
3531:
3516:
3401:
3330:
2010:. 2004 report, and consider UNHCR report underestimate the pressure. Mentions gender diversity on pp, 15.
1611:
1179:
1066:
927:
672:
474:
386:
3339:
5042:
4633:
4467:
4407:
4348:
4265:
4175:
4118:
3999:
3636:
3601:
3556:
3460:
2341:
1239:
959:
954:
756:
710:
642:
492:
456:
340:
205:
4862:
4373:
3418:
1862:
984:
715:
420:
4258:
4135:
3468:
3444:
3325:
1817:
1578:
1347:
575:
547:
363:
5150:
5135:
4412:
4086:
3896:
1405:
1359:
292:
102:
1387:
Surgery for intersex conditions have been practiced in Iran since the 1930s. In 1963, Ayatollah
5110:
4275:
700:
597:
301:
1976:
5027:
4857:
4422:
4225:
4157:
1477:
1432:
1224:
619:
409:
2168:"Ancient civilization in Iran recognized transgender people 3,000 years ago, study suggests"
5145:
5077:
4295:
4253:
4218:
4195:
3903:
3385:
1294:
592:
542:
532:
109:
2074:"Iran's transgender community are being beaten and disowned in spite of legal protections"
1961:
8:
5007:
4593:
4552:
4385:
3766:
3437:
3406:
3349:
2052:
1924:
1204:
1103:
841:
612:
72:
2327:
By Angus McDowall in Tehran and Stephen Khan, The Independent Thursday, 25 November 2004
1346:
individuals were officially recognized by the government, under condition of undergoing
5089:
5047:
4742:
4692:
4167:
3919:
3082:
2980:
2583:
2534:
2499:
2427:
2263:
2255:
1906:
1339:
1270:
1244:
125:
1454:
formulated the first national standardised protocol of the diagnosis and treatment of
4521:
4515:
4439:
4305:
4059:
3924:
3890:
3821:
3292:
3265:
3242:
3086:
3043:
2972:
2936:
2932:
2587:
2575:
2538:
2503:
2491:
2431:
2419:
2267:
2235:
1919:
1620:
1388:
810:
804:
265:
130:
96:
2984:
2827:"Fact Sheet: LGBTQ Community in Iran Faces Deadly Violence and Severe Rights Abuses"
1446:
Khomeini's original fatwa has since been reconfirmed by the current leader of Iran,
4380:
4096:
3284:
3257:
3228:
3074:
3035:
3007:
2964:
2928:
2565:
2526:
2483:
2411:
2302:
2247:
2209:
1682:
directs plays about trans people in Iran, casting transgender actors in the roles.
1526:
1490:
1455:
662:
308:
2678:"Caught Up In Travel Ban, Iranian Transgender Asylum Seeker Sees 'No Way Forward'"
2570:
2553:
2487:
1549:
Following approval from the psychiatrist, people are then referred to the Iranian
4569:
4537:
4527:
4108:
3929:
3878:
2803:"'He would die': Iceland activists try to stop deportation of Iranian trans teen"
2702:"Transgender Iranian Refugees Are Struggling to Outrun Prostitution and Violence"
1627:
carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except
1184:
858:
826:
816:
353:
135:
89:
2953:
2029:"How Iran's anti-LGBT policies put transgender people at risk | DW | 28.04.2020"
1509:
regarding legal gender recognition and healthcare in their countries of asylum.
5017:
4493:
4488:
2968:
2415:
2100:"Iran: How transgender people survive ultraconservative rule | DW | 16.05.2021"
1938:
1930:
1672:
1409:
1214:
782:
777:
324:
3261:
2863:
2530:
2214:
2197:
5104:
4574:
4557:
4542:
4503:
4285:
4213:
3914:
3815:
3429:
3252:
Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2016). "What Can We Learn from Transsexuality in Iran?".
3078:
3039:
3012:
2999:
2579:
2307:
2290:
1679:
1595:
1380:
863:
846:
831:
792:
585:
527:
120:
3958:
3288:
2399:
2397:
164:
4509:
4270:
4180:
4065:
3948:
2976:
2940:
2495:
2423:
1965:
1550:
1447:
1282:
798:
461:
403:
271:
154:
4033:
3164:
3140:"Iran's transgender community: Legally recognised yet socially ostracised"
3000:"High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals in Tehran, Iran"
2400:"The Epidemiology of Gender Dysphoria in Iran: The First Nationwide Study"
239:
4363:
4235:
4073:
4054:
4028:
3984:
3965:
3867:
3825:
3307:
3114:
2363:
1892:
1591:
1343:
667:
565:
279:
260:
234:
190:
171:
38:
3233:
3216:
2906:"Iran performed over 1,000 gender reassignment operations in four years"
2259:
1812:
4498:
4004:
3989:
3354:
2251:
1425:
787:
210:
195:
2726:"LGBT People Fleeing Harassment in Iran Find Life No Easier in Turkey"
2473:
2198:"Transsexuality in Contemporary Iran: Legal and Social Misrecognition"
5084:
4917:
4483:
4023:
3978:
3943:
3909:
3836:
1900:
1829:
1631:. Between 2006 and 2010, the government issued 1366 permits for SRS.
1458:. In 2014, the Transgender Studies Center was founded as part of the
1265:
1054:
772:
229:
184:
149:
115:
18:
4330:
3217:"Divergent Identities in Iran and the Appropriation of Trans Bodies"
3115:"Agonizing Odyssey of Iranian Transsexual: From Despair to Survival"
2143:
1869:
1854:
1842:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1751:
1735:
1722:
1710:
1697:
5022:
4039:
4016:
2997:
1628:
1439:. After the revolution, she was fired, forcibly injected with male
1404:
The new religious government that came to be established after the
1219:
245:
222:
3279:
Bluck, Sahar (2012). "Transsexual in Iran: A Fatwa for Freedom?".
2892:"How Iran Persecutes Some LGBTQ+ Members While Subsidizing Others"
4046:
3972:
3937:
3334:
2754:"From Iran to Turkey to Canada, a transgender woman seeks refuge"
2740:"Iranian transgender refugee struggles for acceptance | CBC News"
2627:
1440:
1417:
252:
178:
143:
1731:
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
5012:
4010:
1623:
having no recorded individuals. In 2008, the BBC reported that
1420:, who were condemned in Shah's era and faced the punishment of
1209:
216:
2779:"Iranian Refugee Wins Transgender Rights Case Against Hungary"
3953:
3030:
Ardebili, Mehrdad Eftekhar (2018). "Transgenderism in Iran".
1990:
1574:
1436:
1393:
159:
3032:
Current Critical Debates in the Field of Transsexual Studies
5032:
3994:
3101:"Transgender Iranians take to the stage to raise awareness"
2642:"The United States and Iran: Two Transgender Military Bans"
2461:"Despite Fatwa, Transgender People in Iran Face Harassment"
2236:"Transing and Transpassing across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran"
1624:
1586:
1421:
1229:
200:
2918:
5037:
2447:
Transing and Transpassing Across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran
1980:
1413:
1234:
1644:
4259:
Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism
2124:"Transitions: Transgender Rights in Pakistan and Iran"
2315:
1934:, a documentary film about transgender people in Iran
1531:
World Professional Association for Transgender Health
3254:
Transsexualität in Theologie und Neurowissenschaften
3189:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017"
2878:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015"
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
1882:
3340:
As Repression Lifts, More Iranians Change Their Sex
1701:(In accordance with Shiite version of Islamic law)
1553:, which reviews the case with a committee from the
1942:, a 2011 film with a transgender character in Iran
1358:previous relationships, and conform to the strict
2378:
2191:
2189:
2187:
5102:
3963:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1431:One early campaigner for transgender rights was
169:
3165:"Iran Age of Consent & Statutory Rape Laws"
2605:"Human Rights Report Being Transgender in Iran"
5126:LGBT studies articles needing expert attention
3459:
2184:
3852:
3445:
3370:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2222:
1746:(incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
1312:
2449:. Women's Studies Quarterly. pp. 23–42.
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
1744:Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas
1590:as those who cross-dress and/or identify as
1513:arrest him and forcibly return him to Iran.
2599:
2597:
2364:"BBC News: Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
5131:Discrimination against LGBT people in Asia
3859:
3845:
3452:
3438:
3377:
3363:
3214:
3062:
2551:
2277:
2195:
1850:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
1319:
1305:
3281:LGBT Transnational Identity and the Media
3251:
3232:
3011:
2569:
2516:
2444:
2348:
2330:
2306:
2233:
2213:
3384:
3029:
2594:
2144:"A/hrc/46/50 - E - A/hrc/46/50 -Desktop"
1653:
1569:
17:
3305:
3056:
2361:
1772:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
1718:Anti-discrimination laws in employment
1560:
1399:
5103:
4186:Legal recognition of non-binary gender
3866:
2675:
2362:Barford, Vanessa (February 25, 2008).
2288:
1796:LGBT allowed to serve in the military
1605:
1460:Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
3840:
3433:
3358:
3350:Transgender In Tehran: Arsham's Story
3306:Barford, Vanessa (25 February 2008).
3278:
3025:
3023:
2776:
2054:Transgender In Tehran: Arsham's Story
3215:Hashemi C., Kate (1 December 2018).
1645:Forced surgery for homosexual people
2476:Health Care for Women International
1784:Joint adoption by same-sex couples
1662:
1616:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
1555:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
1473:Health Care for Women International
1452:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
354:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
13:
3208:
3020:
2453:
2366:. British Broadcasting Corporation
2196:Saeidzadeh, Zara (November 2016).
1968:. Gives details on Molkara's plea.
1915:List of transgender-related topics
14:
5167:
3319:
3308:"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
2646:Fordham International Law Journal
2323:The Ayatollah and the transsexual
2097:
2026:
1503:
1465:
5083:
3820:
3811:
3810:
2933:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.035
2002:
1971:
1952:
1899:
1885:
1868:
1853:
1841:
1828:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1760:Recognition of same-sex couples
1750:
1734:
1721:
1709:
1696:
1685:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1264:
415:Assisted reproductive technology
3181:
3157:
3132:
3107:
3093:
2991:
2947:
2921:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2912:
2898:
2884:
2870:
2856:
2833:
2819:
2795:
2770:
2746:
2732:
2718:
2694:
2676:Kenyon, Peter (15 March 2017).
2669:
2658:
2634:
2620:
2552:Saeidzadeh, Zara (2020-04-02).
2545:
2510:
2467:
2438:
2008:Country Information Report Iran
1986:
1693:Same-sex sexual activity legal
1636:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1523:Center for Human Rights in Iran
1498:serving in the Iranian military
1408:classed transgender people and
5116:Transgender in the Middle East
4484:Cisgender / cissexual
4479:Childhood gender nonconformity
3778:British Indian Ocean Territory
2665:IRAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
2291:"Trans[ition] in Iran"
2160:
2136:
2116:
2091:
2066:
2045:
2020:
773:Cisgender / cissexual
768:Childhood gender nonconformity
394:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
5121:Transgender rights by country
5053:Social construction of gender
3066:Transgender Studies Quarterly
2571:10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439
2488:10.1080/07399332.2021.1920944
2014:
1808:Right to change legal gender
1540:
1516:
1496:Trans people are banned from
1486:OutRight Action International
1250:Social construction of gender
4533:Gender-sexuality questioning
3331:Changing Sex, Changing Islam
2864:"Trans Legal Mapping Report"
1977:Iran's sex-change operations
822:Gender-sexuality questioning
7:
3461:Transgender rights in Asia
2777:Quell, Molly (2020-07-16).
2445:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2008).
2404:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2234:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2008).
1878:
1838:Access to IVF for lesbians
1755:(None for all LGBT people)
1739:(None for all LGBT people)
1726:(None for all LGBT people)
1612:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1424:or even death under Iran's
1374:
387:Facial feminization surgery
10:
5172:
4468:Androphilia and gynephilia
4176:Gender self-identification
3326:Iran Transgender Directory
2969:10.1007/s10461-018-02380-w
2416:10.1007/s10508-021-02250-y
1369:
1332:Transgender rights in Iran
757:Androphilia and gynephilia
457:Gender self-identification
5063:
4998:
4974:
4741:
4691:
4592:
4585:
4455:
4316:
4244:Against non-binary people
4234:
4166:
4084:
3925:Non-binary or genderqueer
3877:
3806:
3765:
3725:
3467:
3392:
3262:10.1515/9783110434392-010
2558:Journal of Gender Studies
2531:10.1007/s11135-017-0484-9
2289:Terman, Rochelle (2014).
2240:Women's Studies Quarterly
2215:10.1007/s10691-016-9332-x
1577:'s 2001 report says that
131:Non-binary or genderqueer
3527:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3079:10.1215/23289252-7253510
3040:10.4324/9781351058995-11
3013:10.18502/acta.v59i2.5578
2308:10.1177/0740277514529714
1958:A fatwa for transsexuals
1946:
1865:allowed to donate blood
1825:Third gender recognised
1579:sex reassignment surgery
1348:sex reassignment surgery
576:Parental rights movement
485:Political office-holders
364:Gender-affirming surgery
4369:Non-binary People's Day
4249:Against transgender men
3964:
3897:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
3788:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3289:10.1057/9780230373310_4
2783:Courthouse News Service
1406:1979 Iranian Revolution
1360:sex segregation in Iran
170:
103:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
5156:Discrimination in Iran
5090:Transgender portal
5043:Sex–gender distinction
4510:Gender detransitioning
4326:Anatomical terminology
2519:Quality & Quantity
2202:Feminist Legal Studies
1478:Quality & Quantity
1271:Transgender portal
1240:Sex–gender distinction
799:Gender detransitioning
686:Anatomical terminology
23:
5028:Queer heterosexuality
4548:Rapid-onset dysphoria
4226:Yogyakarta Principles
1706:Equal age of consent
1678:Transgender director
1654:Transgender community
1570:International reports
1433:Maryam Hatoon Molkara
1225:Queer heterosexuality
837:Rapid-onset dysphoria
620:Yogyakarta Principles
21:
5141:Human rights in Iran
4522:Gender transitioning
4474:Blanchard's typology
4396:fictional characters
4254:Anti-gender movement
4206:Rights organizations
3702:United Arab Emirates
3386:Human rights in Iran
3256:. pp. 175–194.
3169:www.ageofconsent.net
3103:. 19 September 2016.
3034:. pp. 158–165.
2866:. 28 September 2017.
2295:World Policy Journal
1634:A 2021 study in the
1621:31 Iranian provinces
1610:A 2022 study in the
1561:Funding and legality
1400:After the Revolution
811:Gender transitioning
763:Blanchard's typology
691:Fictional characters
637:Events and awareness
543:Anti-gender movement
5008:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4341:LGBTQ-related films
4318:Society and culture
3729:limited recognition
3402:Freedom of religion
3234:10.36583/2018040203
3004:Acta Medica Iranica
1996:Iran Country Report
1925:LGBT rights in Iran
1606:Health demographics
1205:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
750:Theory and concepts
632:Society and culture
613:Trans panic defense
5048:Sexual orientation
4354:Day of Remembrance
3412:Transgender rights
3283:. pp. 59–66.
2908:. 4 December 2012.
2758:The World from PRX
2252:10.1353/wsq.0.0117
1975:Frances Harrison,
1907:Transgender portal
1833:(No; binary only)
1671:(Just a Woman) by
1340:Islamic Revolution
1245:Sexual orientation
1084:Disenfranchisement
653:Day of Remembrance
554:trans-exclusionary
39:Transgender topics
24:
5098:
5097:
4994:
4993:
4516:Gender expression
4359:Day of Visibility
3880:Gender identities
3834:
3833:
3771:other territories
3427:
3426:
3397:Children's rights
3335:Critical Montages
3298:978-1-349-33674-6
3271:978-3-11-043439-2
3049:978-1-351-05899-5
2957:AIDS and Behavior
2829:. 24 August 2021.
2098:Welle, Deutsche.
2027:Welle, Deutsche.
1962:a similar article
1920:Heteronormativity
1876:
1875:
1535:Standards of Care
1521:According to the
1484:A 2016 report by
1389:Ruhollah Khomeini
1329:
1328:
1175:elected officials
805:Gender expression
658:Day of Visibility
467:Non-binary gender
433:Standards of Care
90:Gender identities
5163:
5088:
5087:
4965:
4832:
4798:
4769:
4719:
4637:
4610:
4590:
4589:
4524:
4512:
4470:
4391:Media portrayals
4319:
4097:Gender dysphoria
4090:
3969:
3881:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3783:Christmas Island
3469:Sovereign states
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3315:
3302:
3275:
3238:
3236:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2963:(6): 1590–1593.
2951:
2945:
2944:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2894:. 12 April 2021.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2482:(7–8): 861–872.
2471:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2410:(4): 1881–1889.
2395:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2340:. Archived from
2334:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2005:
1989:
1974:
1955:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1857:
1845:
1832:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1754:
1738:
1725:
1713:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1663:In popular media
1527:Justice for Iran
1491:Justice for Iran
1456:gender dysphoria
1321:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1283:LGBTQ portal
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1119:
946:
813:
801:
759:
706:Media portrayals
559:
558:
557:radical feminism
555:
551:
503:Military service
435:
423:
406:
396:
389:
380:
373:
366:
356:
337:
327:
318:
311:
309:Gender dysphoria
304:
175:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
26:
25:
22:Iran locator map
5171:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5082:
5059:
5058:
5057:
4990:
4977:
4970:
4959:
4826:
4792:
4763:
4737:
4713:
4687:
4631:
4604:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4570:Transmedicalism
4538:Gender variance
4528:Gender identity
4520:
4508:
4466:
4457:
4451:
4317:
4312:
4230:
4201:Rights movement
4162:
4114:Hormone therapy
4109:Puberty blocker
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
3930:Gender fluidity
3879:
3873:
3865:
3835:
3830:
3802:
3770:
3761:
3742:Northern Cyprus
3728:
3721:
3463:
3458:
3428:
3423:
3388:
3383:
3322:
3299:
3272:
3211:
3209:Further reading
3206:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3028:
3021:
2996:
2992:
2952:
2948:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:. 24 June 2014.
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2550:
2546:
2515:
2511:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2439:
2396:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2287:
2278:
2232:
2223:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2017:
1949:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1688:
1669:Juste une femme
1665:
1656:
1647:
1608:
1596:homosexual acts
1572:
1563:
1543:
1519:
1506:
1468:
1402:
1377:
1372:
1325:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1113:
1107:
1100:
940:
885:
879:
869:
868:
859:Transmedicalism
827:Gender variance
817:Gender identity
809:
797:
755:
751:
743:
742:
682:
677:
648:Beauty pageants
639:
633:
625:
624:
581:Transgender men
556:
553:
550:Gender-critical
549:
548:
539:
489:
475:Rights movement
471:
452:
441:
440:
431:
419:
402:
399:
392:
385:
376:
369:
362:
359:
352:
335:Hormone therapy
333:
330:
323:
314:
307:
300:
296:
285:
284:
136:Gender fluidity
92:
82:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
12:
11:
5:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5151:Health in Iran
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:Gender in Iran
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Gender studies
5015:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4978:office-holders
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4925:United Kingdom
4922:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4814:2016 bill C-16
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4671:United Kingdom
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4598:
4596:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Cross-dressing
4491:
4489:Cisnormativity
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4349:Awareness Week
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Asylum seekers
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4236:Discrimination
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4214:bathroom bills
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3419:Women's rights
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3344:New York Times
3337:
3328:
3321:
3320:External links
3318:
3317:
3316:
3303:
3297:
3276:
3270:
3249:
3239:
3227:(2): 139–150.
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3156:
3131:
3106:
3092:
3055:
3048:
3019:
2990:
2946:
2911:
2897:
2883:
2869:
2855:
2832:
2818:
2794:
2769:
2745:
2731:
2717:
2693:
2668:
2657:
2633:
2619:
2593:
2564:(3): 295–309.
2544:
2525:(2): 719–737.
2509:
2466:
2452:
2437:
2377:
2347:
2344:on 2011-06-07.
2329:
2314:
2276:
2246:(3/4): 23–42.
2221:
2208:(3): 249–272.
2183:
2159:
2135:
2115:
2090:
2065:
2044:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:Safra Project
2000:
1984:
1969:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:Facing Mirrors
1935:
1931:Be Like Others
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:(Since 1980s,
1809:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1673:Mitra Farahani
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1607:
1604:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1542:
1539:
1518:
1515:
1505:
1504:Asylum seekers
1502:
1467:
1466:Discrimination
1464:
1401:
1398:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Gender studies
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:Cafeteria riot
1177:
1172:
1162:
1160:United Kingdom
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1062:United Kingdom
1059:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
947:
935:
930:
925:
924:
923:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
881:
880:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
785:
783:Cross-dressing
780:
778:Cisnormativity
775:
770:
765:
760:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
719:
718:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
643:Awareness Week
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
616:
615:
610:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
566:Discrimination
563:
562:
561:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
528:Bathroom bills
522:
517:
516:
515:
510:
500:
495:
488:
487:
482:
477:
470:
469:
464:
459:
453:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
424:
417:
412:
407:
398:
397:
390:
383:
382:
381:
378:male-to-female
374:
371:female-to-male
358:
357:
350:
349:
348:
343:
329:
328:
325:Sex assignment
321:
320:
319:
305:
297:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:
268:
258:
257:
256:
249:
242:
232:
227:
226:
225:
220:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
181:
176:
167:
162:
152:
147:
140:
139:
138:
128:
123:
118:
113:
106:
99:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
81:
80:
75:
70:
64:
61:
60:
42:
41:
35:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:LGBTQ in Iran
5109:
5108:
5106:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4986:United States
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:legal history
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:United States
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:South Africa
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:ancient Egypt
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:United States
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4575:Transmisogyny
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:Transfeminism
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Postgenderism
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:Gender binary
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Transmisogyny
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:masculinizing
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Gender bender
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:South Ossetia
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3247:9780822355434
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3194:
3193:www.state.gov
3190:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:(1): 80–102.
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:Robert Tait,
1954:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:Summary table
1683:
1681:
1680:Saman Arastoo
1676:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1599:
1597:
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4336:Christianity
4271:Cisgenderism
4191:Legal status
4181:Legal gender
4153:Legal status
4089:and medicine
4064:
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3767:Dependencies
3697:Turkmenistan
3662:Saudi Arabia
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3192:
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3146:. 2018-01-12
3143:
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3121:. 2017-06-14
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2709:. Retrieved
2706:www.vice.com
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2645:
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2368:. Retrieved
2342:the original
2332:
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2118:
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2103:
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2082:. Retrieved
2080:. 2018-05-21
2077:
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2053:
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2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2003:
1994:
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1966:The Guardian
1953:
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1150:Nazi Germany
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723:Publications
679:
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462:Legal gender
450:legal status
404:Hair removal
270:
251:
244:
215:
183:
155:Third gender
142:
108:
101:
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5146:Law of Iran
4960: [
4910:South Korea
4880:New Zealand
4827: [
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4728:South Korea
4714: [
4632: [
4605: [
4413:Pornography
4306:trans panic
4102:in children
4087:Health care
4074:Transsexual
4055:Transgender
4029:Trans woman
3985:Mudoko dako
3966:Femminiello
3868:Transgender
3826:Asia portal
3727:States with
3647:Philippines
3587:South Korea
3582:North Korea
3477:Afghanistan
3407:LGBT rights
1893:Iran portal
1592:genderqueer
1344:transgender
1338:Before the
1114: [
1094:Transphobia
1047:South Korea
1017:New Zealand
941: [
508:South Korea
448:Rights and
316:in children
293:Health care
280:Transsexual
261:Transgender
235:Trans woman
191:Mudoko dako
172:Femminiello
5105:Categories
4863:Tamil Nadu
4586:By country
4499:Deadnaming
4456:Theory and
4433:ice hockey
4276:Inequality
4119:feminizing
4005:Two-spirit
3990:Mukhannath
3959:Faʻafafine
3707:Uzbekistan
3682:Tajikistan
3597:Kyrgyzstan
3577:Kazakhstan
3497:Bangladesh
3487:Azerbaijan
3198:2018-06-30
3174:2018-06-30
3150:2018-03-08
3125:2018-03-09
2849:2022-02-01
2812:2021-06-22
2788:2021-06-22
2763:2021-06-22
2711:2021-06-22
2687:2021-06-22
2651:2021-06-11
2613:2022-02-01
2177:2021-06-11
2153:2021-06-11
2148:undocs.org
2129:2021-06-11
2109:2021-06-11
2084:2021-06-11
2060:2021-06-11
2038:2021-06-11
2015:References
1820:required)
1541:Procedures
1517:Healthcare
1426:penal code
985:Tamil Nadu
877:By country
788:Deadnaming
738:Television
716:non-binary
701:Literature
598:Inequality
571:Non-binary
498:Healthcare
341:feminizing
211:Two-spirit
196:Mukhannath
165:Faʻafafine
4976:Political
4888:2017 bill
4884:Pakistan
4848:2014 Bill
4775:Australia
4751:Argentina
4733:Singapore
4666:Singapore
4614:Australia
4602:Argentina
4423:Sexuality
4158:Pregnancy
4141:to female
4066:Akava'ine
4034:Fakaleitī
4024:Trans man
3944:Koekchuch
3910:Cisgender
3904:Burrnesha
3891:Androgyne
3793:Hong Kong
3747:Palestine
3672:Sri Lanka
3667:Singapore
3547:Indonesia
3087:159318282
2927:: 33–39.
2588:199145725
2580:0958-9236
2539:151445498
2504:235609206
2432:248526198
2370:March 12,
2268:154350645
1185:Stonewall
1155:Singapore
1123:Australia
1111:Argentina
1072:2022 bill
1032:Singapore
1005:2017 bill
1001:Pakistan
975:2014 bill
921:2016 bill
906:Australia
889:Argentina
410:Pregnancy
295:practices
272:Akava'ine
240:Fakaleitī
230:Trans man
150:Koekchuch
116:Cisgender
110:Burrnesha
97:Androgyne
5078:Category
5073:Timeline
5023:Intersex
4999:See also
4957:2018 law
4953:Uruguay
4947:title IX
4930:2004 act
4918:2022 law
4903:2003 Act
4893:2018 Act
4853:2019 Act
4824:2018 law
4790:2016 law
4786:Bolivia
4780:re Kevin
4761:2021 law
4756:2012 law
4624:Cambodia
4458:concepts
4301:killings
4296:genocide
4291:Violence
4210:Toilets
4196:Marriage
4040:Mak nyah
4017:X-gender
4000:Travesti
3816:Category
3737:Abkhazia
3687:Thailand
3642:Pakistan
3622:Mongolia
3617:Maldives
3612:Malaysia
3512:Cambodia
3312:BBC News
3144:euronews
3119:IFP News
2985:59616780
2977:30734211
2941:34314992
2807:NBC News
2496:34156919
2424:35511409
2260:27649782
2078:PinkNews
1879:See also
1629:Thailand
1441:hormones
1418:lesbians
1375:Pre-1979
1295:Category
1220:Intersex
1199:See also
1170:Legality
1128:Re Kevin
1089:Title IX
1067:2004 act
1055:2022 law
1040:2003 act
1025:2016 act
1010:2018 act
980:2019 act
965:2024 law
960:2018 law
955:1980 law
899:2021 law
894:2012 law
728:Religion
603:Violence
593:Genocide
524:Toilets
246:Mak nyah
223:X-gender
206:Travesti
78:Timeline
31:a series
29:Part of
5068:Outline
4875:Ireland
4838:Germany
4646:Finland
4594:History
4553:Studies
4386:History
4345:Events
4146:to male
4136:Surgery
4047:Rae-rae
3973:Khanith
3938:Kathoey
3712:Vietnam
3627:Myanmar
3607:Lebanon
3537:Georgia
3492:Bahrain
3482:Armenia
2172:Haaretz
1422:lashing
1370:History
1145:Finland
1104:History
1021:Norway
997:Ireland
950:Germany
933:Finland
842:Studies
680:Culture
608:Murders
520:Prisons
253:Rae-rae
179:Khanith
144:Kathoey
73:History
68:Outline
5013:Gender
4914:Spain
4858:Kerala
4820:Chile
4809:Canada
4804:Brazil
4743:Rights
4711:France
4693:People
4661:Russia
4619:Brazil
4428:Sports
4408:People
4331:Blåhaj
4281:Prison
4219:unisex
4168:Rights
4011:Winkte
3871:topics
3757:Taiwan
3692:Turkey
3657:Russia
3592:Kuwait
3572:Jordan
3562:Israel
3522:Cyprus
3507:Brunei
3502:Bhutan
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2033:DW.COM
1960:, and
1394:fatwas
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1210:Gender
1135:Brazil
1051:Spain
971:India
938:France
916:Canada
911:Brazil
883:Rights
733:Sports
711:People
533:Unisex
493:Asylum
217:Winkte
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4681:legal
4651:India
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4563:views
4440:Youth
4381:Flags
4374:LGBTQ
4364:March
4060:Youth
3954:Bakla
3920:Hijra
3798:Macau
3717:Yemen
3677:Syria
3652:Qatar
3632:Nepal
3567:Japan
3542:India
3532:Egypt
3517:China
3083:S2CID
2981:S2CID
2844:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2584:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2500:S2CID
2428:S2CID
2264:S2CID
2256:JSTOR
1991:UNHCR
1947:Notes
1575:UNHCR
1437:exile
1412:with
1140:China
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928:China
852:views
668:March
427:WPATH
266:Youth
160:Bakla
126:Hijra
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4870:Iran
4656:Iran
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4401:film
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1230:LGBT
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