197:' system in the early years of the 20th century. Each distant signal had before it a ramp between the running rails. If the signal showed green, the ramp was energised with a low voltage current which was passed to the locomotive when a shoe came into contact with the ramp. A bell rang in the locomotive's cab to confirm the clear aspect, and the electric current kept the brakes from being applied. If the signal showed yellow (meaning the next signal would show red) the ramp was dead and a siren sounded in the cab. If the siren was not cancelled, the brakes would automatically be applied. After the nationalisation of the railways in the UK in 1948, this system was later replaced by the magnetic induction "
248:) calculate a braking curve that determines if the train can stop before the next red signal, and if not they brake the train. They require that the train driver enter the weight and the type of brakes into the onboard computer. One disadvantage of this kind of system is that the train cannot speed up before the signal if it has switched to green because the onboard computer's information can only be updated at the next magnet. To overcome that problem, some systems allow additional magnets to be placed between distant and home signals or data transfer from the signalling system to the onboard computer is continuous (e.g.,
140:
205:
27:
260:
Prior to the development of a standard train protection system in Europe, there were several incompatible systems in use. Locomotives that crossed national borders had to be equipped with multiple systems. In cases where this wasn't possible or practical, the locomotives themselves had to be changed.
265:
standard was developed. It offers different levels of functionality, ranging from simple to complex. This model allows adopters to meet the cost and performance requirements of disparate solutions, from the smallest to the largest. The
European system has been in operation since 2002 and uses
284:
The newer systems use cab signalling, where the trains constantly receive information regarding their relative positions to other trains. The computer shows the driver how fast they may drive, instead of them relying on exterior signals. Systems of this kind are in common use in
232:
system the trains are influenced only at given locations, for instance whenever a train ignores a red signal, the emergency brakes are applied and the locomotive's motors are shut down. Additionally, they often require the driver to confirm distant signals (e.g.
300:
These systems are usually far more than automatic train protection systems; not only do they prevent accidents, they also actively support the train driver and detect blind spots around trains. Some systems are able to drive the train nearly automatically.
1718:
904:
874:
647:
297:, where the high speeds of the trains made it impossible for the train driver to read exterior signals, and distances between distant and home signals are too short for the train to brake.
657:
1916:
1300:
1673:
1583:
1368:
1050:
364:
1663:
1608:
1076:
889:
779:
731:
91:
512:
419:
United
Kingdom, United States of America, Brazil, Australia (Queensland), Hong Kong, Indonesia, Ireland, Dominican Republic, Denmark
63:
642:
Germany, Indonesia, Austria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Israel, United
Kingdom
44:
208:
Trackside magnets for very simple data communication. Outside and middle of track: Integra-Signum, other two (yellow) magnets: ZUB
1936:
1573:
1120:
954:
434:
344:
70:
1931:
1890:
1284:
245:
1733:
1466:
1097:
687:
186:, applying the emergency brake, If the signal shows green, the arm is turned away from the levers and there is no contact.
1728:
1678:
1648:
965:
940:
922:
866:
793:
667:
482:
452:
234:
77:
1921:
1408:
321:
1653:
1113:
1011:
870:
586:
2078:
2027:
2022:
1911:
1204:
462:
110:
1623:
993:
374:
59:
1880:
1361:
918:
566:
1698:
1037:
885:
775:
182:
is a moveable arm. If the signal is red, levers connected to valves on any passing train hit the arm, opening the
1946:
1926:
1519:
467:
Brazil, United States of
America, Canada, Singapore, Spain, Gabon, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Denmark, United Kingdom
194:
1748:
1713:
1509:
908:
797:
677:
442:
48:
1977:
1962:
1418:
1124:
986:
805:
394:
315:
262:
1638:
1428:
840:
492:
2032:
1403:
1354:
576:
2042:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1603:
1433:
929:
900:
812:
414:
2037:
1992:
1895:
1753:
1598:
1550:
1398:
1393:
1109:
878:
801:
697:
84:
2047:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1967:
1885:
1693:
1618:
1524:
1486:
1170:
1101:
761:
750:
424:
198:
2052:
1850:
1835:
1593:
1385:
969:
816:
384:
37:
1325:
1830:
1820:
1769:
1688:
1683:
1413:
1165:
1155:
1054:
893:
783:
624:
1274:
1229:
2057:
1491:
1481:
1443:
1438:
1160:
1140:
190:
163:
389:
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Australia (Queensland), United
Kingdom
1613:
1150:
1026:
973:
159:
703:
8:
1840:
1723:
1453:
1377:
1180:
1093:
167:
1875:
1779:
1555:
1280:
1200:
1015:
1941:
1870:
1845:
1825:
1643:
183:
1257:
1668:
1514:
1501:
1145:
1080:
538:
229:
218:
179:
237:) that show stop or caution – failure to do so results in the train stopping.
143:
Berlin S-Bahn train stop in its engaged (left) and disengaged (right) position
2072:
1855:
1743:
1545:
1007:
279:
175:
171:
127:
is a railway technical installation to ensure safe operation in the event of
139:
1789:
1633:
1540:
1471:
1423:
1105:
1815:
1476:
128:
1865:
1738:
1703:
1461:
1175:
548:
438:
153:
1774:
1346:
204:
1234:. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1976. p. 177.
26:
1860:
1784:
1805:
1708:
1072:
721:
359:
Russian
Federation, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine
290:
1810:
1658:
1628:
1065:
1058:
1030:
1022:
1000:
859:
830:
823:
768:
754:
637:
502:
472:
286:
222:
1588:
961:
604:
404:
294:
158:
The earliest systems were train stops, as still used by the
1578:
950:
711:
354:
933:
634:
614:
267:
249:
241:
702:
High speed lines in: France, Belgium, United
Kingdom,
1326:"Nationale Zugbeeinflussungssysteme der DB Netz AG"
1238:
507:Bulgaria, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2070:
1262:. IPC Business Press Limited. 1970. p. 702.
225:mounted beside the rails and on the locomotive.
1362:
1231:Automatic Train Control in Rail Rapid Transit
1674:Interoperable Communications Based Signaling
429:United Kingdom, Queensland, South Australia
270:digital radio with continuous connectivity.
1609:Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)
328:
1369:
1355:
309:
217:In inductive system, data is transmitted
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
203:
138:
1574:Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System
1272:
955:Blocco Automatico a Correnti Codificate
846:Denmark (ATC, ATC-t, ATP, HKT, ZUB 123)
2071:
1376:
1244:
1194:
1734:Train Protection & Warning System
1350:
16:Railway fail-safe against human error
1467:Integrated Electronic Control Centre
221:between the track and locomotive by
212:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1729:Train automatic stopping controller
1649:Continuous Automatic Warning System
1086:Turkey (Tren Denetim Sistemi (TDS))
13:
1409:Communications-based train control
1279:. The Crowood Press. p. 250.
1273:Emerson, John (21 February 2019).
322:Communications-based train control
174:(only on the older lines) and the
14:
2090:
273:
261:To overcome these problems, the
25:
1891:Westinghouse Brake & Signal
1654:Contrôle de vitesse par balises
1520:North American railroad signals
1187:
767:Australia - Western Australia (
36:needs additional citations for
1749:Transmission balise-locomotive
1714:Sistema Controllo Marcia Treno
1624:Automatische treinbeïnvloeding
1510:Application of railway signals
1330:Forschungs Informations System
1318:
1293:
1266:
1250:
1222:
255:
147:
134:
1:
1699:Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung
1419:European Train Control System
1215:
760:Australia - South Australia (
316:European Train Control System
263:European Train Control System
240:More advanced systems (e.g.,
1639:Chinese Train Control System
1429:Radio Electronic Token Block
1276:Modelling the Western Region
7:
1404:Centralized traffic control
1133:
304:
10:
2095:
1604:Automatic train protection
1119:United States of America (
277:
193:in the UK introduced its '
151:
1955:
1904:
1896:Westinghouse Rail Systems
1798:
1762:
1754:Transmission Voie-Machine
1599:Automatic train operation
1564:
1551:Track circuit interrupter
1533:
1500:
1452:
1399:Automatic block signaling
1394:Absolute block signalling
1384:
1043:Russian Federation (ALSN)
692:United Kingdom, Victoria
629:United States of America
609:Czech republic, Slovakia
561:United States of America
533:United States of America
399:United States of America
349:United States of America
60:"Train protection system"
2079:Train protection systems
1694:Pulse code cab signaling
1619:Automatic Warning System
1525:Railway semaphore signal
1487:Solid State Interlocking
1171:Train speed optimization
849:Dominican Republic (ATP)
749:Australia - Queensland (
619:Germany, Austria, Spain
329:Country-specific systems
199:automatic warning system
1594:Automatic train control
310:International standards
195:automatic train control
125:train protection system
1770:Level crossing signals
1689:Positive Train Control
1684:Linienzugbeeinflussung
1414:Direct traffic control
1166:Positive Train Control
1156:Linienzugbeeinflussung
209:
144:
1492:Westlock Interlocking
1482:Rail operating centre
1444:Train order operation
1439:Track Warrant Control
1195:Glover, John (1996).
1161:Platform screen doors
1141:Anti Collision Device
207:
191:Great Western Railway
142:
1614:Automatic train stop
1259:The Railway Magazine
1197:London's Underground
1068:700, Ansaldo L10000)
1046:Slovak Republic (LS)
160:New York City Subway
45:improve this article
1027:Portuguese Railways
855:Ethiopia (LKJ 2000)
836:Czech Republic (LS)
682:Belgium, Hong Kong
581:Russian Federation
553:Russian Federation
1454:Signalling control
1378:Railway signalling
1301:"Train protection"
1181:Vehicle blind spot
1025:700, named on the
652:France, Hong Kong
210:
168:London Underground
145:
2066:
2065:
1876:Smith and Yardley
1286:978-1-78500-528-2
1151:Dead man's switch
839:China (LKJ 2000,
740:
739:
213:Inductive systems
121:
120:
113:
95:
2086:
1942:Transport Canada
1826:General Electric
1763:Crossing signals
1644:Cityflo 650 CBTC
1566:Train protection
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1092:United Kingdom (
982:Lithuania (ALSN)
599:China, Ethiopia
487:Belgium, France
333:
332:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
1951:
1900:
1794:
1758:
1560:
1534:Train detection
1529:
1496:
1448:
1380:
1375:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1190:
1185:
1136:
1127:, I-ETMS, ITCS)
742:
483:Crocodile/Memor
331:
324:(Rapid Transit)
312:
307:
282:
276:
258:
215:
178:. Beside every
156:
150:
137:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2058:United Kingdom
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Integra-Signum
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Cab signalling
1512:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1317:
1292:
1285:
1265:
1249:
1237:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Cab signalling
1143:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1090:
1089:Ukraine (ALSN)
1087:
1084:
1081:Integra-Signum
1069:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1019:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
980:
977:
958:
947:
944:
937:
926:
915:
912:
897:
882:
863:
856:
853:
852:Estonia (ALSN)
850:
847:
844:
837:
834:
827:
820:
809:
790:
789:Belarus (ALSN)
787:
772:
765:
758:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
706:, South Korea
704:Channel Tunnel
700:
694:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
539:Integra-Signum
535:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
341:
340:
337:
330:
327:
326:
325:
319:
311:
308:
306:
303:
278:Main article:
275:
272:
257:
254:
230:Integra-Signum
214:
211:
164:Toronto subway
152:Main article:
149:
146:
136:
133:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2091:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:North America
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:Organisations
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Progress Rail
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:Manufacturers
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Trainguard MT
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Track circuit
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:Block systems
1383:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:, p. 91.
1246:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1206:0-7110-2416-2
1202:
1199:. Ian Allan.
1198:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:Switzerland (
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
992:Netherlands (
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:Latvia (ALSN)
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
916:
914:Hungary (EVM)
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
747:
745:
744:
743:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
334:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
281:
280:Cab signaling
274:Cab signaling
271:
269:
264:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
231:
226:
224:
220:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
176:Berlin S-Bahn
173:
172:Moscow Subway
169:
165:
161:
155:
141:
132:
130:
126:
115:
112:
104:
101:February 2014
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1886:Union Switch
1790:Wayside horn
1634:Catch points
1565:
1541:Axle counter
1472:Interlocking
1424:Moving block
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1196:
1188:Bibliography
1106:High Speed 1
1038:Indusi / PZB
985:Luxembourg (
946:Israel (PZB)
886:Indusi / PZB
867:Le Crocodile
776:Indusi / PZB
741:
736:Switzerland
543:Switzerland
379:Netherlands
318:(Heavy rail)
299:
283:
259:
239:
227:
219:magnetically
216:
188:
157:
124:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2048:Switzerland
2023:New Zealand
2018:Netherlands
1724:Slide fence
1477:Lever frame
1335:18 December
1310:18 December
1245:Glover 1996
928:Indonesia (
899:Hong Kong (
746:By country
256:Radio-based
148:Train stops
135:Development
129:human error
1956:By country
1739:Train stop
1704:RS4 Codici
1462:Block post
1216:References
1176:Trap point
1021:Portugal (
1008:Radio-Stop
822:Bulgaria (
549:ITARUS-ATC
439:RS4 Codici
184:brake line
154:Train stop
71:newspapers
1963:Australia
1816:AŽD Praha
1775:Crossbuck
1679:Crocodile
1036:Romania (
939:Ireland (
884:Germany (
858:Finland (
829:Croatia (
792:Belgium (
774:Austria (
477:Portugal
2073:Category
2053:Thailand
1861:Safetran
1851:Magnetic
1836:Griswold
1785:E-signal
1134:See also
1064:Sweden (
1006:Poland (
999:Norway (
943:and ATP)
865:France (
811:Brazil (
726:Denmark
716:Estonia
596:LKJ 2000
525:Denmark
517:Hungary
457:Ireland
339:Country
305:Variants
1998:Germany
1988:Finland
1973:Belgium
1968:Bavaria
1871:Siemens
1846:Hitachi
1821:Federal
1806:Adtranz
1709:SelTrac
1556:Treadle
1502:Signals
1077:ZUB 262
1073:ZUB 121
1049:Spain (
960:Japan (
949:Italy (
917:India (
890:ZUB 262
780:ZUB 262
732:ZUB 262
722:ZUB 123
662:Poland
591:France
513:EVM 120
291:Germany
228:In the
223:magnets
85:scholar
2043:Sweden
2038:Poland
2033:Norway
2003:Greece
1993:France
1978:Canada
1881:Thales
1811:Alstom
1780:Wigwag
1659:EBICAB
1629:Balise
1283:
1203:
1066:EBICAB
1059:EBICAB
1031:CONVEL
1023:EBICAB
1001:EBICAB
919:Kavach
860:EBICAB
831:Indusi
824:EBICAB
769:EBICAB
755:EBICAB
672:Japan
638:Indusi
571:India
567:Kavach
530:I-ETMS
503:EBICAB
497:China
473:CONVEL
447:Italy
409:Japan
369:Spain
336:System
287:France
244:, and
180:signal
170:, the
166:, the
162:, the
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2013:Japan
2008:Italy
1983:China
1917:AREMA
1866:Saxby
1719:SACEM
1664:IIATS
1589:ATACS
1434:Token
1121:ACSES
962:ATACS
905:SACEM
875:SACEM
794:MEMOR
648:SACEM
443:-SCMT
405:ATACS
345:ACSES
295:Japan
92:JSTOR
78:books
1937:IRSE
1932:HMRI
1841:Hall
1584:ASFA
1579:ALSN
1337:2023
1312:2023
1281:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1125:ATCS
1098:TPWS
1061:900)
1051:ASFA
1003:700)
987:ETCS
966:TASC
951:SCMT
941:CAWS
862:900)
841:CTCS
826:700)
806:ETCS
753:and
712:VEPS
688:TPWS
668:TASC
577:KLUB
558:ITCS
493:CTCS
463:CBTC
453:CAWS
435:BACC
395:ATCS
365:ASFA
355:ALSN
293:and
235:CAWS
189:The
64:news
1947:UIC
1927:FRA
1922:ERA
1912:AAR
1831:GRS
1305:SBB
1114:KVB
1110:TVM
1104:),
1102:AWS
1094:ATP
1055:LZB
1029:as
1012:SHP
994:ATB
974:ATS
970:ATC
934:PZB
930:ATP
923:AWS
909:TBL
901:ATP
894:LZB
879:TVM
871:KVB
817:ATC
813:ATP
804:),
802:TVM
798:TBL
784:LZB
762:AWS
751:AWS
698:TVM
678:TBL
658:SHP
635:PZB
625:PTC
615:LZB
587:KVB
522:HKT
425:AWS
415:ATP
385:ATC
375:ATB
268:GSM
252:).
250:LZB
246:ZUB
242:PZB
201:".
47:by
2075::
1328:.
1303:.
1123:,
1112:,
1100:,
1096:,
1079:,
1075:,
1057:,
1053:,
1016:CA
1014:,
1010:,
972:,
968:,
964:,
953:,
932:,
921:,
907:,
903:,
892:,
888:,
877:,
873:,
869:,
815:,
800:,
796:,
782:,
778:,
605:LS
289:,
131:.
123:A
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1339:.
1314:.
1289:.
1209:.
1116:)
1108:(
1083:)
1040:)
1033:)
1018:)
996:)
989:)
976:)
957:)
936:)
925:)
911:)
896:)
881:)
843:)
833:)
819:)
808:)
786:)
771:)
764:)
757:)
441:/
437:-
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
