189:, and its potential to bioaccumulate. Toxicokinetic profiles can change with increasing exposure duration or dose. Real world environmental exposures generally occur as low level mixtures, such as from air, water, food, or tobacco products. Mixture effects may differ from individual chemical toxicokinetic profiles because of chemical interactions, synergistic, or competitive processes. For other reasons, it is equally important to characterize the toxicokinetics of individual chemicals constituents found in mixtures as information on behavior or fate of the individual chemical can help explain environmental, human, and wildlife biomonitoring studies.
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experiments in animals and the corresponding exposures in humans. However, it can also be used in environmental risk assessments in order to determine the potential effects of releasing chemicals into the environment. In order to quantify toxic effects, toxicokinetics can be combined with
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developed to describe and predict the behavior of a toxicant in an animal body; for example, what parts (compartments) of the body a chemical may tend to enter (e.g. fat, liver, spleen, etc.), and whether or not the chemical is expected to be metabolized or excreted and at what rate.
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A well designed toxicokinetic study may involve several different strategies and depends on the scientific question to be answered. Controlled
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occurs, the metabolites may leave the body, be transformed into other compounds, or continue to be stored in the body compartments.
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toxicodynamics. Such toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models are used in
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Szabo DT, Diliberto JJ, Hakk H, Huwe JK, Birnbaum LS (2010).
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