304:
40:
312:
335:
of the diseased segment of the colon with loss of smooth muscle substance, tone and motility. This can lead to further complications as pressure builds up in the colon due to relative fecal stasis including sepsis, intestinal hemorrhage or free perforation and spontaneous decompression.
352:
The objective of treatment is to decompress the bowel and to prevent swallowed air from further distending the bowel. If decompression is not achieved or the patient does not improve with medical management, surgery is indicated. When surgery is required the recommended procedure is a
866:
851:
836:
765:
Ausch, C; Madoff, RD; Gnant, M; Rosen, HR; Garcia-Aguilar, J; Hölbling, N; Herbst, F; Buxhofer, V; Holzer, B; Rothenberger, DA; Schiessel, R (March 2006). "Aetiology and surgical management of toxic megacolon".
427:
331:. There is relative destruction of the ganglion cells and swelling of the nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus, with concomitant damage to the colonic musculature. This results in almost complete
694:
Benchimol, EI; Turner, D; Mann, EH; Thomas, KE; et al. (June 2008). "Toxic megacolon in children with inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical and radiographic characteristics".
284:
Emergency action may be required if severe abdominal pain develops, particularly if it is accompanied by fever, rapid heart rate, tenderness when the abdomen is pressed, bloody
1791:
969:
385:
If the condition does not improve, the risk of death is significant. In case of poor response to conservative therapy, a colectomy is usually required.
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1068:
1107:
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432:
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1965:
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and damage to the colonic wall with unknown toxins breaking down the protective mucosal barrier and exposing the
1960:
1916:
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2171:
2017:
1926:
1445:
1053:
1140:
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1494:
1112:
307:
Toxic megacolon in a patient with ulcerative colitis: The patient subsequently underwent a colectomy.
187:
2262:
2125:
1805:
1440:
1398:
1211:
1086:
1073:
1043:
1014:
881:
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51:
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1827:
1568:
1360:
1019:
153:
85:
2130:
1854:
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1221:
1097:
1048:
1009:
979:
921:
743:
2062:
1981:
1970:
1931:
1859:
1162:
344:
Massively dilated colon with air-fluid level can be seen on abdominal radiograph or CT scan.
192:
2101:
2045:
1866:
1762:
1345:
1340:
1174:
1092:
1058:
303:
250:
860:
8:
2195:
2005:
1898:
1881:
1842:
1815:
1767:
1610:
1587:
1580:
1529:
1501:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1330:
947:
870:
803:
146:
369:
reaction in the colon if megacolon has resulted from active inflammatory bowel disease.
2207:
2072:
2055:
2040:
2027:
2010:
1876:
1511:
1403:
1375:
1309:
1135:
1031:
996:
791:
721:
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527:
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471:
446:
165:
161:
75:
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2185:
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668:
633:
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476:
63:
795:
725:
680:
574:
2232:
2152:
2147:
2137:
1999:
1871:
1799:
1617:
1524:
1519:
1449:
1408:
1216:
1181:
932:
775:
705:
660:
623:
615:
522:
514:
466:
458:
258:
80:
Swelling of the belly, Pain in the belly, Fever, Rapid heart rate, Shock, Diarrhea.
68:
550:
361:. Fluid and electrolyte replacement help to prevent dehydration and shock. Use of
39:
2190:
2120:
1986:
1921:
1886:
1757:
1622:
1558:
1379:
1370:
1320:
1260:
1145:
1122:
886:
291:
Colonoscopy is contraindicated, as it may rupture the dilated colon resulting in
126:
935:
2227:
2142:
1696:
1669:
1534:
1469:
1465:
1355:
1325:
897:
362:
328:
220:
142:
845:
125:
is an acute form of colonic distension. It is characterized by a very dilated
2251:
2160:
2113:
1906:
1849:
1832:
1744:
1489:
1316:
1191:
1157:
1102:
747:
253:
reveals abdominal tenderness and possible loss of bowel sounds. An abdominal
2035:
1947:
1820:
1723:
1674:
1659:
1654:
1650:
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1388:
1304:
1196:
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324:
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90:
55:
536:
480:
2215:
1977:
1955:
1786:
1706:
1350:
1251:
1004:
916:
370:
292:
261:
count is usually elevated. Severe sepsis may present with hypothermia or
254:
238:
228:
98:
1991:
1664:
1642:
1287:
1226:
262:
203:
183:
169:
47:
828:
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1941:
1911:
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1282:
1169:
1130:
1063:
927:
855:
808:
358:
354:
332:
320:
130:
108:
447:"Toxic megacolon: The knee-elbow position relieves bowel distension"
311:
1575:
1553:
1265:
285:
215:
198:
134:
1627:
1393:
1297:
1269:
2093:
1711:
1597:
840:
651:
Autenrieth, DM; Baumgart, DC (August 2011). "Toxic megacolon".
374:
1543:
1273:
233:
138:
113:
575:"Toxic megacolon httpsmedlineplus.govencyarticle000248.htm"
977:
693:
357:(surgical removal of all or part of the colon) with end
764:
818:
551:"Toxic megacolon: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
650:
445:Panos, MZ; Wood, MJ; Asquith, P (December 1993).
288:, frequent diarrhea, or painful bowel movements.
2249:
444:
315:A pathological specimen showing toxic megacolon
503:"Toxic megacolon complicating Crohn's Colitis"
963:
644:
1069:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
182:. Other forms of megacolon exist and can be
16:Potentially lethal large intestine emergency
1108:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
970:
956:
740:United States National Library of Medicine
438:
38:
627:
526:
500:
470:
738:This article incorporates text from the
697:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
310:
302:
133:), accompanied by abdominal distension (
597:
2250:
496:
494:
492:
490:
202:. It may also be caused by the use of
2092:
1336:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
951:
209:
608:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
487:
13:
758:
298:
14:
2274:
2221:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2068:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
814:
365:may be indicated to suppress the
1966:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
780:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00887.x
710:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01807.x
519:10.1097/00000658-198001000-00015
268:
1207:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1202:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1079:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
501:Michael B; et al. (1980).
1961:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
1811:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1633:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
687:
591:
567:
543:
421:
395:
186:(present since birth, such as
178:infections, which have led to
54:, a cause of toxic megacolon.
1:
2018:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
598:Seltman, AK (December 2012).
388:
152:Toxic megacolon is usually a
1927:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
1446:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1054:Esophageal motility disorder
433:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
380:
347:
339:
190:). It can also be caused by
7:
653:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
10:
2279:
1912:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
1436:Functional colonic disease
1232:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
158:inflammatory bowel disease
93:, perforation of the colon
2206:
2085:
2026:
1940:
1897:
1743:
1734:
1687:
1641:
1596:
1482:
1369:
1259:
1246:
1121:
1113:Acute esophageal necrosis
995:
986:
907:
822:
107:
97:
84:
74:
62:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1212:Gastric dumping syndrome
1087:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1074:Diffuse esophageal spasm
600:"Surgical Management of
373:may be given to prevent
274:Perforation of the colon
257:shows colonic dilation.
180:pseudomembranous colitis
172:of the colon, including
52:pseudomembranous colitis
1828:Alcoholic liver disease
1361:Bile acid malabsorption
1305:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2258:Diseases of intestines
1838:Hepatic encephalopathy
1222:Buried bumper syndrome
1153:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1037:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
980:human digestive system
620:10.1055/s-0032-1329390
463:10.1136/gut.34.12.1726
407:Johns Hopkins Medicine
316:
308:
245:There may be signs of
188:Hirschsprung's disease
2063:Pancreatic pseudocyst
1932:Porcelain gallbladder
1044:Zenker's diverticulum
602:Clostridium difficile
314:
306:
193:Entamoeba histolytica
175:Clostridium difficile
103:Chronic bowel disease
1867:Hepatorenal syndrome
1806:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1763:Autoimmune hepatitis
1588:Intestinal adhesions
1346:Short bowel syndrome
1175:Functional dyspepsia
1093:Esophageal stricture
1059:Nutcracker esophagus
251:physical examination
225:Abdominal tenderness
2006:Choledocholithiasis
1877:Metabolic disorders
1843:Acute liver failure
1816:Portal hypertension
1768:Alcoholic hepatitis
1611:Radiation proctitis
1530:Mesenteric ischemia
1502:Gastroenterocolitis
1331:Blind loop syndrome
1141:Ménétrier's disease
1049:Barrett's esophagus
746:), which is in the
2181:Undefined location
2172:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2073:Pancreatic fistula
2056:Pancreatic abscess
2011:Biliary dyskinesia
1982:Mirizzi's syndrome
1483:Large and/or small
1163:Dieulafoy's lesion
1032:Boerhaave syndrome
908:External resources
768:Colorectal Disease
409:. 19 November 2019
329:muscularis propria
317:
309:
295:and septic shock.
241:(rapid heart rate)
216:Abdominal bloating
210:Signs and symptoms
164:and, more rarely,
162:ulcerative colitis
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2081:
2080:
1683:
1682:
1540:Bowel obstruction
1242:
1241:
945:
944:
665:10.1002/ibd.21847
579:profilpelajar.com
428:"Toxic megacolon"
403:"Toxic Megacolon"
323:process involves
137:), and sometimes
120:
119:
116:without treatment
33:Megacolon toxicum
19:Medical condition
2270:
2233:Pneumoperitoneum
2090:
2089:
2000:Common bile duct
1882:Wilson's disease
1872:Peliosis hepatis
1741:
1740:
1618:Proctalgia fugax
1525:Abdominal angina
1450:Ogilvie syndrome
1399:Pseudomembranous
1257:
1256:
1217:Gastric volvulus
1182:Pyloric stenosis
993:
992:
978:Diseases of the
972:
965:
958:
949:
948:
820:
819:
799:
730:
729:
691:
685:
684:
648:
642:
641:
631:
595:
589:
588:
586:
585:
571:
565:
564:
562:
561:
547:
541:
540:
530:
498:
485:
484:
474:
442:
436:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
399:
259:White blood cell
69:Gastroenterology
42:
22:
21:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2263:Large intestine
2248:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2202:
2191:Internal hernia
2077:
2022:
1987:Biliary fistula
1945:
1936:
1922:Adenomyomatosis
1917:Cholesterolosis
1893:
1887:Hemochromatosis
1758:Viral hepatitis
1730:
1679:
1637:
1623:Rectal prolapse
1592:
1559:Fecal impaction
1549:Intussusception
1512:Crohn's disease
1478:
1461:Toxic megacolon
1373:
1371:Large intestine
1365:
1310:Curling's ulcer
1263:
1261:Small intestine
1250:
1238:
1146:Gastroenteritis
1117:
982:
976:
946:
941:
940:
903:
902:
831:
817:
804:Toxic Megacolon
761:
759:Further reading
755:
744:Toxic megacolon
734:
733:
692:
688:
649:
645:
596:
592:
583:
581:
573:
572:
568:
559:
557:
555:medlineplus.gov
549:
548:
544:
499:
488:
443:
439:
426:
422:
412:
410:
401:
400:
396:
391:
383:
363:corticosteroids
350:
342:
301:
299:Pathophysiology
271:
212:
166:Crohn's disease
123:Toxic megacolon
25:Toxic megacolon
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:Hemoperitoneum
2225:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
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1765:
1760:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1697:Blood in stool
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:Anal dysplasia
1667:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1535:Angiodysplasia
1532:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1470:Diverticulosis
1466:Diverticulitis
1463:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:Milroy disease
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Tropical sprue
1323:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1279:
1277:
1254:
1248:Lower GI tract
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1001:
999:
990:
988:Upper GI tract
984:
983:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
943:
942:
939:
938:
924:
912:
911:
909:
905:
904:
901:
900:
889:
878:
863:
848:
832:
827:
826:
824:
823:Classification
816:
815:External links
813:
812:
811:
800:
774:(3): 195–201.
760:
757:
753:
752:
732:
731:
704:(6): 1524–31.
686:
643:
590:
566:
542:
486:
457:(12): 1726–7.
437:
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379:
349:
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267:
243:
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236:
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226:
223:
221:Abdominal pain
218:
211:
208:
168:, and of some
143:abdominal pain
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117:
111:
105:
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101:
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18:
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6:
4:
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2:
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2209:
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2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:Diaphragmatic
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
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2037:
2034:
2033:
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2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
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1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
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1972:
1969:
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1958:
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1951:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Cholecystitis
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:Liver abscess
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:Liver failure
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
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1809:
1807:
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1704:
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1698:
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1690:
1686:
1676:
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1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
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1490:Enterocolitis
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1103:Megaesophagus
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56:H&E stain
53:
49:
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41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2180:
2159:
2036:Pancreatitis
1998:
1948:biliary tree
1821:Nutmeg liver
1798:
1724:Hematochezia
1675:Pruritus ani
1660:Anal abscess
1655:Anal fistula
1651:Anal fissure
1564:Constipation
1518:
1460:
1389:Appendicitis
1197:Gastroptosis
1187:Achlorhydria
1026:
1015:Eosinophilic
926:
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865:
850:
835:
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771:
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614:(4): 204–9.
611:
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593:
582:. Retrieved
578:
569:
558:. Retrieved
554:
545:
513:(1): 75–80.
510:
506:
454:
450:
440:
431:
423:
411:. Retrieved
406:
397:
384:
367:inflammatory
351:
343:
325:inflammation
321:pathological
318:
290:
283:
247:septic shock
244:
197:
191:
173:
154:complication
151:
122:
121:
99:Risk factors
91:Septic shock
2216:Peritonitis
1978:Cholestasis
1956:Cholangitis
1899:Gallbladder
1787:Fatty liver
1707:Hematemesis
1689:GI bleeding
1495:Necrotizing
1424:Lymphocytic
1419:Collagenous
1414:Microscopic
1351:Steatorrhea
1252:Enteropathy
1098:Inlet patch
1020:Herpetiform
1005:Esophagitis
917:MedlinePlus
371:Antibiotics
293:peritonitis
255:radiography
239:Tachycardia
229:Dehydration
30:Other names
2252:Categories
2208:Peritoneal
2186:Incisional
2107:Congenital
2051:Hereditary
2028:Pancreatic
1992:Haemobilia
1665:Hemorrhoid
1643:Anal canal
1581:Infectious
1569:Functional
1404:Ulcerative
1288:Duodenitis
1227:Gastrinoma
893:DiseasesDB
584:2022-11-18
560:2022-11-18
389:References
263:leukopenia
204:loperamide
184:congenital
170:infections
160:, such as
48:Micrograph
2196:Richter's
2153:Spigelian
2148:Obturator
2138:Umbilical
1971:Ascending
1942:Bile duct
1775:Cirrhosis
1753:Hepatitis
1736:Accessory
1606:Proctitis
1457:Megacolon
1431:Dysentery
1341:Whipple's
1293:Jejunitis
1283:Enteritis
1170:Dyspepsia
1131:Gastritis
1064:Achalasia
997:Esophagus
936:radio/702
928:eMedicine
809:eMedicine
507:Ann. Surg
381:Prognosis
359:ileostomy
355:colectomy
348:Treatment
340:Diagnosis
333:paralysis
131:megacolon
109:Prognosis
64:Specialty
2126:Indirect
2121:Inguinal
1855:Pyogenic
1800:Vascular
1576:Diarrhea
1554:Volvulus
1520:Vascular
1459: /
1448: /
1409:Ischemic
1376:Appendix
1266:Duodenum
1136:Atrophic
1010:Candidal
933:med/1418
796:36384160
788:16466559
726:23729183
718:18510624
681:32866477
673:22009735
638:24294121
604:Colitis"
413:15 March
286:diarrhea
199:Shigella
135:bloating
76:Symptoms
2167:Petit's
2143:Femoral
2046:Chronic
1860:Amoebic
1628:Anismus
1394:Colitis
1321:Coeliac
1298:Ileitis
1270:Jejunum
1123:Stomach
1027:Rupture
887:D008532
742: (
629:3577611
537:7352781
528:1344622
481:8282262
472:1374472
2161:Lumbar
2131:Direct
2114:Hiatus
2094:Hernia
1946:Other
1712:Melena
1598:Rectum
1081:(GERD)
922:000248
861:K59.31
794:
786:
724:
716:
679:
671:
636:
626:
535:
525:
479:
469:
375:sepsis
277:Sepsis
2086:Other
2041:Acute
1792:MASLD
1745:Liver
1719:Lower
1702:Upper
1544:Ileus
1380:Colon
1274:Ileum
1089:(LPR)
898:27702
876:556.9
856:10-CM
846:K59.3
792:S2CID
722:S2CID
677:S2CID
280:Shock
234:Fever
147:shock
145:, or
139:fever
127:colon
114:Fatal
1474:SCAD
882:MeSH
871:9-CM
784:PMID
714:PMID
669:PMID
634:PMID
533:PMID
477:PMID
415:2023
319:The
249:. A
196:and
1780:PBC
1507:IBD
1441:IBS
867:ICD
852:ICD
837:ICD
807:at
776:doi
706:doi
702:103
661:doi
624:PMC
616:doi
523:PMC
515:doi
511:191
467:PMC
459:doi
451:Gut
430:at
156:of
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