225:(MOS) is numeric estimate included in the TMDL calculation, sometimes 10% of the TMDL, intended to allow a safety buffer between the calculated TMDL and the actual load that will allow the water body to meet its beneficial use (since the natural world is complex and several variables may alter future conditions). TMDL is the end product of all point and non-point source pollutants of a single contaminant. Pollutants that originate from a point source are given allowable levels of contaminants to be discharged; this is the
221:
Drinking water reservoirs are designated differently from areas for public swimming and water bodies intended for fishing are designated differently from water located in wildlife conservation areas. The size of the water body also is taken into consideration when TMDL calculating is undertaken. The larger the body of water, the greater the amounts of contaminants can be present and still maintain a margin of safety. The
22:
346:). Nonpoint source discharges (e.g. agriculture) are generally in a voluntary compliance scenario. The TMDL implementation plan is intended to help bridge this divide and ensure that watershed beneficial uses are restored and maintained. Local watershed groups play a critical role in educating stakeholders, generating funding, and implementing projects to reduce nonpoint sources of pollution.
99:. If a state doesn't take action to develop TMDLs, or if EPA disapproves state-developed TMDLs, the EPA is responsible for issuing TMDLs. EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDLs has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts, including the
208:
The purpose of water quality targets is to protect or restore beneficial uses and protect human health. These targets may include state/federal numerical water quality standards or narrative standards, i.e. within the range of "natural" conditions. Establishing targets to restore beneficial uses is
642:
Lantin, A., Larsen, L., Vyas, A., Barrett, M., Leisenring, M., Koryto, K., and
Pechacek, L., 2019, Approaches for determining and complying with TMDL requirements related to roadway stormwater runoff: National Academies Press, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Research Report 918, 133 p.
220:
Calculating the TMDL for any given body of water involves the combination of factors that contribute to the problem of nutrient concentrated runoff. Bodies of water are tested for contaminants based on their intended use. Each body of water is tested similarly but designated with a different TMDL.
665:
Granato, G.E., Spaetzel, A.B., and
Jeznach, L.C., 2023, Approaches for assessing flows, concentrations, and loads of highway and urban runoff and receiving-stream stormwater in southern New England with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific
652:
Granato, G.E., and Friesz, P.J., 2021, Approaches for assessing long-term annual yields of highway and urban runoff in selected areas of
California with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5043, 37 p.,
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To implement TMDLs with point sources, wasteload allocations are incorporated into discharge permits for these sources. The permits are issued by EPA or delegated state agencies under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
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National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2019). Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff (Report). National Academies Press.
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Load allocations are equally challenging as setting targets. Load allocations provide a framework for determining the relative share of natural sources and human sources of pollution.
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Necessary values for each pollutant target to restore fisheries can be uncertain. The potential for a water body to support a fishery even in a pristine state can be uncertain.
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A. Shirmohammadi; I. Chaubey; R. D. Harmel; D. D. Bosch; R. Muñoz-Carpena; C. Dharmasri; A. Sexton; M. Arabi; M. L. Wolfe; J. Frankenberger; C. Graff; T. M. Sohrabi (2006).
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challenging and sometimes controversial. For example, the restoration of a fishery may require reducing temperatures, nutrients, sediments, and improving habitat.
95:(EPA) review and approve / disapprove those TMDLs. Because both state and federal governments are involved in completing TMDLs, the TMDL program is an example of
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Throughout the U.S., data are often lacking adequate spatial or temporal coverage to reliably establish the sources and magnitude of water quality degradation.
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National
Research Council (2001). Assessing the TMDL Approach to Water Quality Management (Report). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
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Load allocation—determination of natural pollutant load, and load from human activities (i.e. diffuse nonpoint sources and point discharges).
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where WLA is the waste load allocation for point sources, LA is the load allocation for nonpoint sources, and MOS is the margin of safety.
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EPA. "Water
Quality Planning and Management: Total maximum daily loads (TMDL) and individual water quality-based effluent limitations".
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143:; and to prioritize those water bodies for TMDL development. These inventories are known as "303(d) lists" and characterize waters as
30:
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Granato, G.E.; Jones, S.C. (2017). "Estimating Total
Maximum Daily Loads with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model".
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Watershed characterization—understanding the basic physical, environmental, and human elements of the watershed.
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The Clean Water Act requires that state environmental agencies complete TMDLs for impaired waters and that the
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333:, natural resource agencies, and other watershed stakeholders each have a vested interest in the outcome.
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385:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 1991. EPA 440/4-91-001.
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616:. Transportation Research Board; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine: 104–112.
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The natural background load for a pollutant may be imprecisely understood. Industrial dischargers,
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Set targets—establishment of water quality targets intended to restore or maintain beneficial uses.
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The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support
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Impairment status—analyzing existing data to determine if waters fully support beneficial uses
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TMDL planning in large watersheds is a process that typically involves the following steps:
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487:"Overview of Identifying and Restoring Impaired Waters under Section 303(d) of the CWA"
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TMDL implementation plan—a watershed management strategy to attain established targets.
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Source assessment—identification of sources of pollutants, and magnitude of sources.
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229:(WLA). Nonpoint source pollutants are also calculated into the TMDL equation with
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Data gaps and monitoring report—identification of any additional data needs and
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683:. NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA 833-K-10-001.
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100:
1189:
Los
Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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Transactions of the
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
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Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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714:
Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model Documentation Page
1401:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
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Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1071:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
708:
1205:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
1157:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1079:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
995:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
343:
380:
Guidance for Water Quality-Based Decisions: The TMDL Process
163:
Beneficial use determinations must have sufficient credible
86:
1173:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
1141:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
1133:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
697:
720:
The Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies at Virginia Tech
1821:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
420:
853:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
1095:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
939:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
815:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
481:
479:
681:"Chapter 6: Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations"
251:
1611:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1451:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
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548:
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1581:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
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1635:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
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1693:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1457:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
823:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
535:
1703:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
947:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
869:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1713:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1363:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
740:
399:United States. Clean Water Act, sec. 303(d),
93:United States Environmental Protection Agency
923:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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1569:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
885:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
877:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
448:
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1563:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
971:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
963:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
915:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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1321:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1290:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
931:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
666:Investigations Report 2023–5087, 152 p.,
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87:State and federal agency responsibilities
1284:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
443:
241:The calculation of a TMDL is as follows:
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67:(TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S.
46:of all important aspects of the article.
1718:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
554:"Overview of Total Maximum Daily Loads"
1935:Environmental law in the United States
1912:
1811:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1654:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1551:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1539:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1213:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
411:
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
1899:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
1420:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1197:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
807:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
728:
526:Chesapeake Bay TMDL Executive Summary
1930:Water pollution in the United States
1628:Energy Independence and Security Act
1599:National Environmental Education Act
118:
15:
1871:Significant New Alternatives Policy
1723:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1033:Southern Union Co. v. United States
979:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
893:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
709:EPA Water Quality Standards Program
668:https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235087
655:https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215043
313:
158:
13:
1648:America's Water Infrastructure Act
1638:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
1357:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1117:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1055:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1025:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
14:
1946:
1664:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
1426:National Environmental Policy Act
1404:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
1165:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
1125:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
703:EPA's AskWATERS Expert Query Tool
691:
336:
1851:Presidential Climate Action Plan
1831:New Source Performance Standards
1698:Council on Environmental Quality
1587:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
79:can receive while still meeting
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1487:Water Resources Development Act
1444:Coastal Zone Management Program
756:United States environmental law
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300:{\displaystyle TMDL=WLA+LA+MOS}
34:may be too short to adequately
1778:Environmental impact statement
1758:Corporate average fuel economy
1642:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
1063:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
610:Transportation Research Record
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44:provide an accessible overview
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356:Wastewater quality indicators
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1557:Toxic Substances Control Act
569:"Uncertainty in TMDL Models"
505:Code of Federal Regulations,
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1816:National Climate Assessment
1763:Discharge Monitoring Report
1616:Food Quality Protection Act
1438:Coastal Zone Management Act
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139:, recreation, industry, or
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1593:Global Change Research Act
1243:United States v. Bestfoods
531:(Report). EPA. 2010-12-29.
1925:Waste management concepts
1866:Section 608 Certification
1806:Maximum contaminant level
1743:Best available technology
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1333:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
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491:Impaired Waters and TMDLs
103:TMDL. TMDLs identify all
1894:Toxicity category rating
1889:Total maximum daily load
1826:National Priorities List
1708:Office of Surface Mining
1533:Federal Noxious Weed Act
1434:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
1408:Solid Waste Disposal Act
1149:Rapanos v. United States
167:data for TMDL planning.
65:total maximum daily load
1856:Renewable Fuel Standard
1674:Inflation Reduction Act
1481:Safe Drinking Water Act
366:Water quality modelling
81:water quality standards
1469:Endangered Species Act
1414:Endangered Species Act
1296:Rivers and Harbors Act
845:United States v. SCRAP
791:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
716:- US Geological Survey
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97:cooperative federalism
1794:Executive Order 13990
1788:Executive Order 13432
1783:Environmental justice
1668:CHIPS and Science Act
1375:Fish and Wildlife Act
1251:Guam v. United States
783:Sierra Club v. Morton
302:
227:waste load allocation
204:Water quality targets
155:for beneficial uses.
1877:State of the Climate
1545:Magnuson–Stevens Act
1351:McSweeney-McNary Act
1003:West Virginia v. EPA
955:Massachusetts v. EPA
249:
111:pollutants within a
1841:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
1773:Environmental crime
1768:Effluent guidelines
1529:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
1269:federal legislation
775:Missouri v. Holland
585:10.13031/2013.21741
151:, or in some cases
1661:Louisiana v. Biden
1575:CERCLA (Superfund)
1483:(1974, 1986, 1996)
799:Hughes v. Oklahoma
556:. EPA. 2021-09-20.
493:. EPA. 2021-09-20.
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1836:New Source Review
1622:Energy Policy Act
1605:Oil Pollution Act
1475:Oil Pollution Act
1463:Noise Control Act
1393:Acid Rain Program
1381:Oil Pollution Act
1345:Oil Pollution Act
1339:Clarke–McNary Act
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1221:Sackett v. EPA II
469:978-0-309-49376-5
436:978-0-309-07579-4
119:State inventories
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1685:Federal agencies
1327:Weeks–McLean Act
1181:Sackett v. EPA I
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129:aquatic life
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105:point source
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31:lead section
1733:Regulations
594:10919/48202
509:40 CFR
237:Calculation
141:agriculture
1914:Categories
1302:Refuse Act
372:References
216:Background
185:monitoring
153:threatened
52:April 2022
1920:Hydrology
1315:Weeks Act
1309:Lacey Act
1277:decisions
1273:treaties,
767:decisions
630:116016432
402:33 U.S.C.
133:fisheries
113:watershed
73:pollutant
36:summarize
1800:LDV Rule
350:See also
149:impaired
127:such as
1440:(1972)
1298:(1899)
632:. 2638.
323:farmers
75:that a
1885:(2010)
1802:(2010)
1796:(2022)
1790:(2007)
1676:(2022)
1670:(2022)
1656:(2021)
1650:(2018)
1644:(2016)
1630:(2007)
1624:(2005)
1618:(1996)
1607:(1990)
1601:(1990)
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1589:(1986)
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1571:(1978)
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1553:(1976)
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1541:(1975)
1535:(1975)
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1471:(1973)
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1428:(1970)
1422:(1970)
1416:(1969)
1410:(1965)
1383:(1961)
1377:(1956)
1371:(1955)
1365:(1954)
1359:(1934)
1353:(1928)
1347:(1924)
1341:(1924)
1335:(1918)
1329:(1913)
1323:(1911)
1317:(1911)
1311:(1900)
1292:(1897)
1286:(1872)
1254:(2021)
1246:(1998)
1233:CERCLA
1224:(2023)
1216:(2020)
1208:(2018)
1200:(2016)
1192:(2013)
1184:(2012)
1176:(2009)
1168:(2009)
1160:(2007)
1152:(2006)
1144:(2006)
1136:(2004)
1128:(2001)
1120:(1985)
1098:(2021)
1090:(2018)
1082:(2007)
1074:(1995)
1066:(1992)
1058:(1978)
1036:(2012)
1028:(1978)
1006:(2022)
998:(2021)
990:(2015)
982:(2014)
974:(2011)
966:(2007)
958:(2007)
950:(2004)
942:(2004)
934:(2001)
926:(1984)
918:(1975)
896:(2010)
888:(2008)
880:(2004)
872:(2004)
864:(1983)
856:(1983)
848:(1973)
826:(2021)
818:(2000)
810:(1990)
802:(1979)
794:(1978)
786:(1972)
778:(1920)
628:
466:
433:
404:
233:(LA).
1266:Major
1235:cases
1109:cases
1047:cases
1017:cases
907:cases
837:cases
626:S2CID
529:(PDF)
512:130.7
383:(PDF)
344:NPDES
1527:2007
1523:2000
1519:1999
1515:1996
1511:1992
1507:1990
1503:1988
1499:1986
1495:1976
1491:1974
1015:RCRA
835:NEPA
614:2638
464:ISBN
431:ISBN
107:and
1107:CWA
1045:ESA
905:CAA
618:doi
589:hdl
581:doi
456:doi
423:doi
1916::
1525:,
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537:^
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63:A
1489:(
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748:e
741:t
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591::
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458::
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425::
342:(
295:S
292:O
289:M
286:+
283:A
280:L
277:+
274:A
271:L
268:W
265:=
262:L
259:D
256:M
253:T
54:)
50:(
40:.
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