104:
122:
210:
is an early (Ordovician to
Devonian) terrestrial fungus. Its growth trajectory can be ascertained from its fossils, which occur across the globe from the Ordovician to the Devonian. These fossils document foraging activities of slender, cell-wide exploratory hyphae; when these hit a source of food,
330:, there are only two other claims of early fungi. One from the Ordovician has been dismissed on the grounds that it lacks any distinctly fungal features, and is held by many to be contamination; the position of a "probable" Proterozoic fungus is still not established, and it may represent a
211:
they produced secondary branches that grew back down the original filament, covered themselves with an envelope, and served as pipes to shuttle nutrients to other parts of the organism. Today, mycelium with this growth pattern is observed in the mushroom-forming fungi.
338:
s fungal affinity were affirmed, that would make it the oldest known fossil fungus – although, since the fungi form a sister group to the animals, the two lineages must have diverged before the first animal lineages, which are known from fossils as early as the
278:" present. Further, side-branches and the flask-shaped protuberances occasionally protrude from the tubes, on which the ornament is larger (2.5 μm rather than ~1 μm). Such branching typically occurs in pairs across the main thread.
258:
by
Charles Wellman ten years later. Similar, unornamented filaments are known from the USA. They have a complex appearance: surface ornament – which covers most of the surface uniformly – takes an array of forms, with
291:
Further circumstantial evidence may corroborate a fungal affinity: some fossils have been found in association with fungal spores, and they occur only in settings with a strong terrestrial influence.
288:
A fungal affinity is further established by the presence of punctate spores, which restricts their affinities to the red algae and fungi. The structure of the cell wall is also fungus-like.
285:
represent the mature cords of the fungus, composed of a braid of simple filaments that have merged into one another and formed an outer envelope with a distinctive pustular texture.
443:
Burgess, N.D.; Edwards, D. (1991). "Classification of uppermost
Ordovician to lower Devonian tubular and filamentous macerals from the Anglo-Welsh Basin".
534:
Pratt, L.M.; Phillips, T.L.; Dennison, J.M. (1978). "Evidence of non-vascular land plants from the early
Silurian (Llandoverian) of Virginia, U.S.A.".
246:. They are tubes of around 10 μm diameter, with an ornamented, granular surface texture. These fossils were compared to late Silurian (
768:
136:, Scotland, with the main filament beginning to be covered by secondary branches and a surrounding envelope. 200 μm long.
753:
310:
in the Inner
Hebrides, which at 440 million years-old are the oldest examples of a land-dwelling species ever found.
231:
and environmental reconstruction; the fossils do not display enough features to classify them confidently, even at a
254:
by
Sherwood-Pike and Gray, and the genus was used when similar fossils were recovered from the Scottish island of
645:
473:
Sherwood-Pike, M.A.; Gray, J. (1985). "Silurian fungal remains: probable records of the class
Ascomycetes".
507:
Wellman, C.H. (1995). ""Phytodebris" from
Scottish Silurian and Lower Devonian continental deposits".
561:
Knapton, Sarah (3 March 2016). "The secret to human life on earth is found … on a
Scottish Island".
668:
763:
758:
295:
730:
693:
725:
587:
8:
563:
591:
611:
486:
456:
141:
578:
Redecker, D.; Kodner, R.; Graham, L.E. (2000). "Glomalean Fungi from the
Ordovician".
649:
603:
547:
520:
323:
232:
615:
223:
was erected by Burgess and Edwards in 1991 to describe tubular fossils retrieved by
641:
595:
543:
516:
482:
452:
420:
227:
from the late Silurian. It was originally intended as a form genus, to facilitate
599:
716:
224:
669:"A Revised Morphology of Cloudina with Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications"
747:
653:
251:
61:
271:
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103:
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115:
with primary branches and nascent secondary branches. 250 μm long.
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133:
91:
66:
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A rich diversity of fungi is known from the lower Devonian
406:"Cord-forming Palaeozoic fungi in terrestrial assemblages"
326:, they do not readily enter the fossil record; aside from
322:, but the previous record is absent. Since fungi don't
646:
10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165:PPF>2.0.CO;2
632:
Butterfield, N.J. (2005). "Probable Proterozoic fungi".
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445:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
413:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
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560:
746:
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692:
691:
536:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
509:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
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242:correspond to the foraging hyphae of
313:
294:In March 2016, scientists from the
13:
487:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00680.x
457:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb02282.x
14:
780:
769:Early Devonian genus extinctions
34:
281:Fossils originally referred to
554:
352:
1:
600:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920
381:
250:) fossils retrieved from the
214:
548:10.1016/0034-6667(78)90034-9
521:10.1016/0034-6667(94)00115-Z
368:spinae verrucae: Spiny warts
346:
7:
238:Fossils first described as
10:
785:
371:plia: small streaky knobs.
754:Wenlock first appearances
700:
404:Smith, Martin R. (2016).
334:fungus. If the case for
194:
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142:Scientific classification
140:
128:
119:
110:
101:
23:
296:University of Cambridge
358:
283:Tortotubus protuberans
111:A leading filament of
16:Extinct genus of fungi
726:Paleobiology Database
667:Miller, A.J. (2004).
240:Ornatifilum lornensis
132:from the Silurian of
592:2000Sci...289.1920R
564:The Daily Telegraph
362:grana: small grains
32:Hirnantian–Givetian
298:found examples of
741:
740:
694:Taxon identifiers
426:10.1111/boj.12389
365:coni: small cones
314:Other early fungi
274:and occasionally
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586:(5486): 1920–1.
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29:Temporal range:
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225:acid maceration
219:The form genus
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764:Devonian fungi
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759:Silurian fungi
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640:(1): 165–182.
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542:(2): 121–149.
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515:(3): 255–279.
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419:(4): 452–460.
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130:T. protuberans
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113:T. protuberans
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324:biomineralise
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252:Burgsvik beds
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675:. Retrieved
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634:Paleobiology
633:
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478:
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451:(1): 41–66.
448:
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336:Ornatifilum'
335:
327:
320:Rhynie chert
317:
299:
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248:Ludlow epoch
243:
239:
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229:stratigraphy
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177:
176:
160:Subkingdom:
129:
112:
24:
18:
328:Ornatifilum
221:Ornatifilum
748:Categories
702:Tortotubus
677:2007-04-24
382:References
332:stem group
300:Tortotubus
244:Tortotubus
215:Background
207:Tortotubus
178:Tortotubus
25:Tortotubus
717:Q23001455
654:0094-8373
347:Footnotes
341:Ediacaran
148:Kingdom:
711:Wikidata
616:43553633
608:10988069
481:: 1–20.
272:verrucae
190:Species
588:Bibcode
580:Science
475:Lethaia
308:Kerrera
304:Gotland
256:Kerrera
235:level.
233:kingdom
172:Genus:
165:Dikarya
134:Kerrera
731:337527
652:
614:
606:
269:spinae
672:(PDF)
612:S2CID
409:(PDF)
261:grana
153:Fungi
650:ISSN
604:PMID
276:plia
265:coni
37:PreꞒ
642:doi
596:doi
584:289
544:doi
517:doi
483:doi
453:doi
449:106
421:doi
417:180
302:on
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638:31
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624:^
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495:^
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267:,
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87:Pg
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259:"
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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