336:
shaped for the needs of newly appointed governors. Historical provinces are Shire, Adyabo, Haramat (with Hawzen), Geralta, Tembien (or Weri mallash, its border river Weri separating it from Tigray proper), Agame (including the Irob mountains), Sira (in the 20th century replaced by the
Kelette Awlealo awrajja), Wemberta (with Asbi and Dara), Enderta (historically including the Arho saltplains of the Afar lowlands, with the Balgada, the controller of the salt trade), Sehart, Selewa, Wejjarat, Rayya Azebo (submitted only in the 19th century by
308:, in the 13th century Hawzen encompassed wide areas from today's Hawzen to the Afar salt plains in the east. Consequently, over the centuries the realm of Tigray regularly extended over all these territories. Tembien was included in Tigray already in the 17th century, and at times also well before. An ancient permanent boundary of Tigray proper to the south is the Tekeze, in ancient sources equaled with the Nile River. Therefore, Tigray proper together with its dependencies was occasionally also called
544:- which played a significant role in keeping Ethiopia's independence. Much of Tigray was briefly occupied by the Italians in the format of the 1896 Battle of Adwa. Against, Tigray was one of the major battlegrounds during the Italian War 1935–36, with initial success by the Ethiopians in the First Battle of Tembien in January 1936, and their dramatic defeat in the Second Battle a month later; after the Battle of Maychew in southern Tigray (followed by attacks of Rayya against
481:
Tigrinya sub-groups and provides; starting from an early age Tigray was marked by dynamics of interaction between
Cushitic-speaking groups (probably the most ancient population of Tigray) and Semitic-speakers, whose language and political culture makes Tigray deeply. Place names are usually of Cushitic and Semitic origin; several of the latter can be linked with toponyms in southern Arabia. Pre-Aksumite inscriptions show that Tigray was marked by a Sabaean-influenced kingdom (
485:), which had merged with local culture. In later Aksumite times migration again linked both sides of the Red Sea, with Aksumite settlements also on the Arabian side. Toponyms indicate that the Tigray highlands had an important (Pre-) Agaw population in ancient times (the house-style specific for Agaw regions reaching up to Aksum, in a region with Agaw toponyms); north of Tigray there was a Beja migration after the fall of Aksum, and later several migrations of Agaw groups.
807:. "Defined by its predominant Christian character, Tigray formed not only a durable component of the Ethiopian nation but was also part of the backbone of the Ethiopian state". The rulership over Tigray (and Ethiopia) was occasionally identified with the rulership over Aksum Tseyon by powerful rulers with connection to Tigray. Consequently, even the term Tseyon (Zion) could be used in exchange with Tigray in specific contexts. Yohannes IV called himself
1451:
343:), and in the west Sellemt and Wälqayt (originally encompassing only the Western Tigray highlands), and finally, the Mezega lowlands including the former Muslim sultanate in the west successively included into the sphere of influence of Welqayt. Some smaller territories were at times independent from the rulers of these greater provinces; the exact boundaries could change quickly following the political (and military) fortunes of their rulers.
36:
552:
Wejjerat, which was especially marked by egalitarian structures. After the rebels had captured the capital
Mekelle, heavy bombing by the British in 1943 ended the uprising. This was followed by a further process of marginalization of Tigray, which was heavily affected by the 1970s and 1980s famines (often caused by resettlement measures).
628:
are found all over Tigray. The sometimes rich manuscript collections of church and monasteries are under threat due to economic decline of the Church (following the 20th century land reforms); they preserve some of the oldest surviving manuscripts of
Ethiopia (such as in the monastery Enda Abba Gerima near Adwa).
814:
Also the history of titles and ranks in Tigray shows interesting features and reflects the complex local systems of government. Tigray knows a wide variety of ancient state and cultural titles and designations of ranks and offices. Their meaning often differed from the meaning these or similar titles
627:
Tigray as the core of the
Aksumite Empire bears the oldest witnesses of Christianization of the region. The monastery Enda Abba Selama, an important, but remote pilgrimage site in the mountains of Tembien, is said to host the grave of Frumentius; monasteries and churches attributed to the Nine Saints
551:
During the
Italian occupation, Tigray was included in Eritrea, and then after 1941 reunified with restored Ethiopia. Haile Sellasie's harsh measures to establish control by the central government, however, quickly led to local resistance. Significantly, the Woyone rebellion started in the province of
535:
Yohannes IV and his successors. This did not, however, change the ancient claims for autonomy by local leaders and by several quite egalitarian, non-feudalist peasant communities. After its heyday under
Yohannes, Tigray was heavily challenged, and was gradually reduced in importance within Ethiopia,
522:
Səra; in the Atsbi area Sərəti for a sub-group), Tembien, etc. In oral tradition, the terms 'Again' and 'Sabawiyan' for the inhabitants of Tigray proper and Agame are still in use. Other ancient ethnonyms are still preserved in names of villages or small districts (e.g., the 8th/9th century Gämbela,
268:
Today's unity of
Tigrayan territories south of the Mereb river is a rather modern phenomenon. Most northern provinces were ruled by their own governors, often descending from local dynasties and preserving a high degree of autonomy within the empire, e.g., in legal and judicial issues, taxation etc.
729:
dynasty, whose successor was his son-in-law Wube of the
Amharic-speaking Semien. Rulers of Tigrayan provinces were almost always of Tigrayan origin; in this sense, Wube's rule was a new phenomenon and is often perceived in oral tradition as a period of "oppression by an outsider". However, even the
335:
Several names of the other northern provinces in today's Tigray are very ancient (for example, the Agame were already mentioned in the
Monumentum Adulitanum), and persisted from their first mention in ancient inscriptions or medieval documents until modernity, while others only existed temporarily,
658:
As the home to the oldest Muslim population of Ethiopia, Tigray also possesses Muslim sites (especially the pilgrimage site of Negus; architectural remains in Weger Hariba, and possibly in Maryam Nazret) and inscriptions. In addition, during the 16th century a group of Portuguese soldiers together
497:
Yohannes IV placed Tigrayan lords as governors over the Mereb Mellash (i.e. mainly the Eritrean highlands), such as was Alula Engeda from Tembien. Many Tembienay settled especially in the Asmara area, mixing with the local inhabitant. The foundation of the Italian Colonia Eritrea attracted further
488:
Overpopulated Tigray was a source for migrations over centuries, e.g., to the south, numerous southern groups claiming origin from Tigray. There are numerous other examples of groups who migrated from Tigray at different times. For example, oral traditions collected by Conti Rossini report on such
644:, which documents traditions on Aksum and Aksum Səyon, land rights, and duties towards the church. Written documents are amended by a rich, and often very strictly transmitted oral tradition on genealogies and land rights, poetry, songs and legends which form a rich intangible heritage of Tigray.
480:
show that ecological change started with first dense settlements ca. 4,000 years ago. Today's Tigray region is the result of a complex process of internal migrations, cultural assimilation, and also expansion (in western Tigray), as well as of unification, separation, and reunification of diverse
501:
The population of Tigray has preserved ancient self-designations, usually linked with the names of their historical provinces (at least some of which might originally have been ethnonyms); etymologically some can be linked to the Ethio-Sabaean past (e.g. Səra), but most are of unclear etymology.
606:
as government policy (by restricting food supplies) for counter-insurgency strategy, and for "social transformation" in non-insurgent areas (against people of Tigray province, Wello province and so on). Due to organized government policies that deliberately multiplied the effects of the famine,
331:
in 1869, the Abyssinians say "Who holds Amba Tsion holds Tigré". Still in the 20th century, Tigray proper was a province of its own in the framework of a wider homonymous province, also called Tigray. Even if well before the 20th century occasionally the term Tigray already extended over areas
619:
The cultural heritage of Tigray is particularly rich. Tigray hosts the UNESCO world heritage site of the Aksum stelae park, numerous medieval rock-hewn churches, with a special concentration in eastern Tigray and other church buildings dating from the ancient Aksumite period (such as
332:
outside of Tigray proper, local parlance preserved the old provincial names, and the term Tigray is still used by rural people of Tigray as referring only to Adwa awrajja, while other regions of modern Tigray are still considered to be "outside Tigray" by elders and rural people.
456:("subdue"), with the meaning "the submitted" (in supposed contrast to the "free" Agaziyan linked with the rulers of Aksum), as this could not explain why the area where the city of Aksum itself located took the name Tigray. The term might even not be Ethiosemetic and predate the
766:
Later, Tigray was given as a fief to other descendants of Yohannes. Thus the first "Tigrayan" dynasty was created, which, however, depended on support of the Shewan-dominated state. In a brief attempt to exploit Tigrayan discontent with Shewan rule for his own power interests,
431:
The oldest inscriptions and texts referring to the population of the Aksumite kingdom and its neighbors do not know the term Tigray yet; they show an ethnic diversity, which has partially disappeared today. A variant of the term Tigray, first appears in a 10th-century gloss to
746:
Yohannes IV, who due to his descent from all important Tigrayan dynasties could rally support from most Tigrayan regions. After his accession to the imperial throne, Tigray was governed by his uncle Araya Selassie Demsu, who died shortly after Yohannes. Araya successor
312:("beyond the Tekezze"). Over a long period, the capital of Tigray proper was Hawzen in the sub-province Haramat. Already in the 17th century, this town served as a seat of governors. In the 19th century, it again served as the capital, e.g. of Wube Haile Mariam and
452:" then meant "the tribes near Adulis". These are believed to be the ancient people from whom the present-day Tigray, the Eritrean tribes Tigre, and Biher-Tigrinya descended from. There is no indication that the term Tigray could be explained through Ge'ez
730:
rule by Tigrayan princes were often perceived as such by locals, if they did not descend from their own local dynasties; this regularly motivated popular support to numerous competing princes (e.g., Kasa Golja against Kasa Mercha, the later Yohannes IV).
771:
from that dynasty allied with the Italians in the war of 1935–1936 to become ruler of a more autonomous Tigray. This, however, proved to be a political miscalculation. Instead of becoming an autonomous princedom, Tigray was included into Eritrea within
667:
A "Tigrayan dynasty" in the proper sense never came into existence, the competing dynasties of the respective Tigray provinces being too strong. At times, local provincial rulers managed to establish their rule over most Tigrayan provinces.
346:
The spiritual core of Tigray was and is Aksum. Even if being formally under the rulership of the central province (Tigray proper), the town enjoyed a special status, as a free city with its own self-government. Its administrators were the
733:
There was no strong concept of a "pan-Tigrayan" ethnicity, local identities often being stronger. Some areas never or only rarely submitted to the rule of a Tigrayan overlord, but remained under their own autonomous rulers (such as
464:("Tekaru") from a list of southern peoples and countries allegedly subdued by Pharaonic Egypt in the 15th century BC may already be linked with the term Tigray; in this case, it should mean a region within or in the vicinity of
236:
Tigray went through numerous administrative changes in the course of its history. In 1991 Tigray was radically reshaped. During the reign of Haile Selassie I and also the following Derg period, Tigray did not yet encompass
659:
with Jesuit missionaries founded the settlements of Fəremona, which included a Catholic church. After Catholicism was re-established among a minority by de Jacobis in the 19th century, some new churches were built.
631:
Most important for the reconstruction of the history of regional interrelations, political and genealogical alliances and dependencies, governors, and ancient administrative structure are land charters, documenting
252:. Still, in the 1930s the regions south of Enderta, i.e. Wajjarat and Angot, formed the separate governorate called "Southern Tigray". Tigray is the result of a merger of diverse historical northern provinces (with
791:
Mengasha Seyoum, succeeded him in 1960 and was deposed in the Revolution of 1974. After that, he was involved in the formation of the armed Ethiopian Democratic Union in the western lowlands, together with General
758:
Menelik II used the situation to partition again Tigray along older borders between several governors, who sent into war against each other immediately after his death (e.g. Gebre Selassie Barya Gabar of Aksum and
202:). Protestantism is only a very recent urban phenomenon. Despite a general impression of ethnic and cultural homogeneity, there were a few ethnic minorities, especially at the borders of Tigray, belonging to a non-
272:
The core of today's Tigray was the most important northern province and bore the name "Tigray". Usually it controlled adjacent territories, which might be the reason why the term Tigray basically encompassed only
1433:
811:. Creating a sort of spiritual succession, Mikael Ali called himself negus tseyon after his coronation as negus of Tigray in 1914 (he translated it into Arabic as "king of Tigray".
536:
and outside influence within Tigray increased. Tigray oral traditions preserve numerous poems and legends which report on Tigray resistance against non-Tigray lords. Leading to the
1426:
316:
Negusse. Adwa assumed the role of capital in the 18th century under Amde Haymanot, and again later (starting from the 1880s in competition with the new capital Mekelle).
587:
refused to send basic emergency food aid to Tigray province even though he had the money; so in consequence over 100,000 people died of the famine (in Tigray province).
1411:
1419:
815:
have acquired in territories further south (Amhara). Some are remnants of an ancient administrative system (many of these old titles have vanished today, e.g., the
319:
Tigray was of strategic importance, both symbolically, as it included the sacred town of Aksum, and economically, due to important trade routes from the east (i.e.
1141:
1124:
1051:
1625:
624:), often richly painted. Archaeological research has been able to document a great density of cultural remain from the Stone Age until medieval times.
894:
Berhe, Tsegay. "A Historical Reappraisal of Political Conflicts and Peasant Life in Tigray during the Zemane Mesafent: the Case of Agame, 1831-1855".
607:
around 1.2 million people died in Ethiopia from this famine where majority of the death tolls were from Tigray province (and other parts of northern
793:
710:
The 18th century Regent of Ethiopia Mikael Səhul formed a great Tigray, which after him virtually became a separate kingdom. He was succeeded by
676:
651:
Ahmad b. Ibrahim al-Gazi occupied most of Tigray, destroying churches and monasteries (however, the Aksumite Debre Damo, which offered refuge to
1291:
1262:
1214:
981:
933:
880:
683:(bahər nägash), who controlled the trade routes to the Red Sea. Only rarely were its territories united under one man; notable examples being
411:(camp) there, who therefore used Mekelle as his capital. The city population managed to defend their traditional self-government - with the
1567:
1562:
799:
This "Tigrayan dynasty" strongly relied on Christian symbolism and deducted their legitimacy from their control of Aksum, which hosts the
194:
The great majority of inhabitants were Orthodox Christians (95.5% in 1994), with the exception of a small, but important Muslim subgroup (
493:
sub-group is found both in Tigray and Akele Guzay. One of the last important migrations from Tigray took place in the 19th century, when
1402:
1441:
387:
represented the sphere of the Ethiopian state and often descended from the local leading families; if he was a layman, he appointed an
995:
Berhane, Mekonnen (1996). "The Reflection of the Political Vicissitudes of Tigray in Selected Tigrigna and Amharic Poems: 1896-1914".
225:, and scattered peripheral groups in the western lowlands across the tekeze, such as the Chare of the Sellim Bet (related with the
1581:
304:
Hawzen was an important province seemingly already in Aksumite times (with important early rock-hewn churches); according to the
523:
now a village south of Mekelle; the "kingdom" Agabo, known from the stelae of Maryam Anza, in village names in eastern Tigray).
1518:
327:) and the north. It included fertile plains (e.g.,. to the west of Aksum), and strategically important mountains. According to
179:-speakers (and a few minority groups) in Ethiopia. Tigray was separated from the northern Tigrinya speaking territories by the
647:
In the course of history, many sanctuaries in Tigray were affected by war, especially in the 16th century, when the armies of
100:
1630:
1380:
72:
79:
671:
Temporarily, the northern provinces were unified under one or two rulers, since at least the 14th century, mainly the
210:-speaking Irob at the north-eastern border to Eritrea, the people|Raya in the south-east, the Agaw-speaking H̬amta in
1359:
783:
as their governor over Tigray. After the Emperor's return from exile, he was confirmed as a governor (with the title
245:), while Enderta in eastern Tigray extended over large Afar areas including the salt plains, which were given to the
119:
603:
53:
1085:
1483:
800:
86:
1323:
Smidt, Wolbert (2007). "A War-song on Yohannes IV against the Egyptians, Recited by lij Tafari in Aksum, 1906".
1620:
1176:
1167:
1076:
1035:
57:
1513:
1101:
68:
515:
511:
507:
503:
490:
461:
453:
449:
441:
437:
416:
412:
408:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
309:
305:
1278:
Tractatus Tres Historico Geographici (1634), a Seventeenth Century Historical Account of Tigray, Ethiopia
655:
Lebna Debgəl, stayed unharmed). A great part of the ancient manuscript heritage got lost in that period.
436:, i.e. after the Aksumite period; according to this source important groups of the region were the "
1478:
1442:
383:. These encompassed the entire whole indigenous city population, who was not to pay any taxes. The
46:
24:
575:'s rule is likely to have been his immense oppression & systematic persecution against non-
531:
Modern Tigray as a united province has its origin in the unification of its (sub-)provinces by
1111:
917:
751:
595:
591:
156:
93:
1095:
823:
of Enderta), others are expressions of local cultural and socio-political structures (e.g.,
1186:
768:
448:), the latter being the Aksumites. The toponym Tigray is probably originally ethnic, the "
395:) for the administration of church issues. Aksum as the guardian of the Tables of the Law (
238:
1308:
Adahana, Adhana Haile (1998). "Tigray-The Birth of a Nation within the Ethiopian Polity".
1228:
Godet, Eric (1977). "Repertoire de sites pré-axoumites et axoumites du Tigré (Ethiopie)".
640:
rights. The most prominent text preserving legal documents-some allegedly Aksumite-is the
518:). Examples for other ancient province names and self-designation are Agame, Rayya, Səra (
8:
1460:
1392:
804:
773:
560:
403:; Ark of Covenant) was regarded as "a church". On this ground, its priests did not allow
294:
1285:
1256:
1208:
975:
927:
874:
776:. Only when the fortune of the Italian occupants changed in World War II, they placed
301:, which, however, kept their own separate identities and often their local governors.
1376:
1355:
1163:
1072:
1031:
253:
211:
203:
176:
136:
754:, the Emperor's son, was only to some degree able to keep Tigray under his control.
913:
328:
324:
298:
290:
148:
1349:
1370:
780:
722:
286:
476:
Tigray was densely populated since ancient times; research in Lake sediments of
355:, the mayor elected by the male members of the seven "Aksumite clans" of Aksum,
1488:
1372:
Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991
1052:"Peter Gill, p.26 & p.27. "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
760:
584:
572:
568:
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257:
195:
1614:
1596:
1583:
1523:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1473:
1397:
576:
564:
215:
207:
168:
20:
175:
borders with the Tigray province. It encompassed most of the territories of
1345:
477:
465:
226:
742:
for most of the time, Wajjarat, Zebul, etc.); this was in a way solved by
1541:
1468:
1406:, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 82–95
1160:
Dawit Wolde Giorgis, "Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia"
1069:
Mesfin Wolde Mariam, "Rural Vulnerability to Famine in Ethiopia: 1958-77"
340:
246:
199:
180:
172:
164:
540:, Tigray was described as one of the two regions - alongside the region
680:
621:
1142:"Peter Gill, page.44 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
1546:
735:
692:
580:
556:
445:
35:
1450:
1445:
1125:"Peter Gill, p.43 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
608:
457:
242:
160:
854:. Vol. O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 888–895.
579:
of Ethiopia (in particular, his immense systematic persecution of
1533:
714:
Wolde Selassie of Enderta, who ruled Tigray independently in the
419:- even throughout the 20th century politics of centralization by
188:
184:
1391:
1028:
Bahru Zewde, , p. 196. "A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974"
482:
1498:
230:
222:
1026:
Zewde, Bahru; ʻeq̄Webāzgi, Feq̄Raselāsa; Zewde, Bahru (1991).
1249:
Il Tigrè, descritto da un missionario gesuita del secolo XVII
739:
687:
Kəflä Wahəd in the late 16th century, the 17th century ruler
541:
426:
320:
548:
Haile Selassie's army), the Ethiopian government collapsed.
269:
Only rarely these territories were unified under one ruler.
1325:
Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures
850:
Smidt, Wolbert (2010). "Təgray". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.).
599:
282:
278:
274:
559:
population in Ethiopia (and in present-day districts like
260:
speakers), which were often independent from each other.
1134:
460:
presence in Ethiopia. It is not excluded that the term
351:, a governor appointed by the Ethiopian ruler, and the
1351:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
1025:
947:
Wolska-Conus, Wanda (1968). "Cosmas Indicopleustès".
699:Amdä Haymanot, succeeded by the much more powerful
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
675:, usually seated in the Hawzen or Adwa area (i.e.
1612:
703:Mikael Səhul, and, finally, in the 19th century
997:Bulletting de la Maison des Études Éthiopiennes
968:Friedensräume in Eritrea und Tigray unter Druck
407:Yohannes IV to permanently establish his royal
1626:States and territories disestablished in 1995
1427:
1354:. New York & London: Human Rights Watch.
293:. It included sometimes wider areas, such as
946:
583:). For example, on the 1958 Tigray famine,
1434:
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427:First mention of Tigray in ancient sources
214:north of Wag, a few Kunama in the Habesha
1310:Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1275:
1443:First-level administrative divisions of
1344:
1307:
1246:
1182:
1157:
1091:
994:
912:
1613:
1198:
919:A History of the Abyssinian Expedition
679:), and, further north, the kingdom of
502:Inhabitants of Tigray call themselves
1415:
1368:
1322:
1303:
1301:
1227:
1107:
965:
864:
849:
845:
843:
471:
183:, now serving as the state border to
707:Yohannes IV and his family members.
614:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
16:Former province in northern Ethiopia
867:Architecture of the Tigre, Ethiopia
662:
13:
1389:
1298:
840:
787:), but mainly nominally. His son,
14:
1642:
1201:The Monolithic Churches of Tigray
893:
1449:
526:
241:(until 1991 having been part of
34:
23:. For other uses of Tigray, see
1390:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911),
1375:. Cambridge: University Press.
1316:
1269:
1240:
1221:
1192:
1117:
1061:
1044:
163:that overlayed the present day
45:needs additional citations for
19:For the modern day region, see
1199:Josief, Teweldemedhin (1970).
1019:
1007:
988:
959:
940:
906:
887:
858:
285:, and regularly extended over
198:) and a few Catholics (mainly
1:
1338:
1331:. Warsaw University: 107–131.
1158:Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).
1631:History of the Tigray Region
604:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
7:
869:. Worcester. pp. 175f.
415:being independent from the
289:(with Amba Enda Seyon) and
10:
1647:
966:Saleh, Abdulkader (2008).
489:migrations. The important
263:
18:
1555:
1532:
1459:
1276:Barradas, Manoel (1996).
1247:Beccari, Camillo (1912).
949:La Topographie chrétienne
774:Africa Orientale Italiana
155:tigrē), was a historical
152:
140:
914:Markham, Clements Robert
852:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
834:
1403:Encyclopædia Britannica
763:of the Agame dynasty).
922:. London. p. 232.
695:, in the 18th century
498:migrants from Tigray.
1621:Provinces of Ethiopia
1369:Young, John (2006) .
596:military dictatorship
592:Mengistu Haile Mariam
434:Cosmas Indicopleustes
399:, also identified as
191:region in the south.
865:Plant, Ruth (1985).
769:Haile Selassie Gugsa
718:; and he in turn by
622:Debre Damo monastery
577:Amhara ethnic people
233:in the Humera area.
206:groups, such as the
54:improve this article
1593: /
805:Ark of the Covenant
801:church Aksum Tseyon
561:Addi Arkay (woreda)
506:(Tigrinya singular
1519:Southwest Ethiopia
472:Population history
423:Haile Selassie I.
1576:
1575:
1568:Flags and emblems
1479:Benishangul-Gumuz
1393:"Abyssinia"
1382:978-0-521-02606-2
1312:. Uppsala: 42–49.
1162:. Red Sea Press.
752:Mengesha Yohannes
691:Gäbrä Krəstos of
615:Cultural heritage
510:; Amharic plural
143:), also known as
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Tigray Province"
1638:
1608:
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1586:
1534:Chartered cities
1484:Central Ethiopia
1454:
1453:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1386:
1365:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1273:
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1260:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1138:
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1129:
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1115:
1105:
1099:
1089:
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1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:
992:
986:
985:
979:
971:
963:
957:
956:
944:
938:
937:
931:
923:
910:
904:
903:
891:
885:
884:
878:
870:
862:
856:
855:
847:
663:Rulers of Tigray
602:) also used the
517:
513:
509:
505:
492:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
418:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
391:(speaker of the
390:
386:
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374:
370:
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311:
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125:
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62:
38:
30:
1646:
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1611:
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1551:
1528:
1455:
1448:
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1383:
1362:
1341:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
993:
989:
973:
972:
964:
960:
945:
941:
925:
924:
911:
907:
892:
888:
872:
871:
863:
859:
848:
841:
837:
781:Seyoum Mengasha
716:Zamane mesafent
665:
617:
557:Tigrayan ethnic
555:The decline of
529:
474:
429:
306:GädläMärqorewos
266:
133:Tigray Province
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1574:
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1571:
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1565:
1559:
1557:
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1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:South Ethiopia
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:Chisholm, Hugh
1387:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1297:
1268:
1239:
1220:
1203:. Addis Ababa.
1191:
1175:
1168:
1150:
1133:
1116:
1100:
1084:
1077:
1060:
1043:
1036:
1018:
1014:Layers of Time
1006:
987:
958:
939:
905:
886:
857:
838:
836:
833:
794:Iyasu Mengasha
761:Sebhat Aregawi
673:Təgre Mäkännən
664:
661:
616:
613:
590:Later on, the
585:Haile Selassie
573:Haile Selassie
569:Sanja (woreda)
538:Battle of Adwa
528:
525:
473:
470:
428:
425:
381:Ak̠oroundNäfas
265:
262:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1643:
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1405:
1404:
1399:
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1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:1-56432-038-3
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:de Waal, Alex
1343:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1165:
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1154:
1143:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1030:. J. Currey.
1029:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
977:
969:
962:
954:
950:
943:
935:
929:
921:
920:
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909:
901:
897:
890:
882:
876:
868:
861:
853:
846:
844:
839:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:aqqabe sensen
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
770:
764:
762:
757:
753:
750:
745:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Tigray proper
674:
669:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
629:
625:
623:
612:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Kobo (woreda)
562:
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
527:Modern Tigray
524:
521:
499:
496:
486:
484:
479:
469:
467:
459:
447:
435:
424:
422:
406:
344:
342:
339:
333:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
310:TäkkäzeMəllaš
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:
244:
240:
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232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
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201:
197:
192:
190:
187:, bordering
186:
182:
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166:
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158:
150:
146:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
21:Tigray Region
1578:
1401:
1371:
1350:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1280:. Wiesbaden.
1277:
1271:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1200:
1194:
1183:de Waal 1991
1178:
1159:
1153:
1136:
1119:
1103:
1092:de Waal 1991
1087:
1068:
1063:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
990:
967:
961:
952:
948:
942:
918:
908:
899:
895:
889:
866:
860:
851:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:negus tseyon
808:
798:
788:
784:
777:
765:
755:
748:
743:
732:
726:
719:
715:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
672:
670:
666:
657:
652:
648:
646:
642:Liber Axumae
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
618:
589:
554:
550:
545:
532:
530:
519:
500:
494:
487:
475:
444:" (i.e. the
433:
430:
420:
404:
401:tabotäs̩əyon
345:
337:
334:
318:
313:
303:
271:
267:
248:
235:
218:
193:
159:of northern
144:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1600: /
1542:Addis Ababa
440:" and the "
397:s̩əlatämuse
389:afänəburäed
341:Yohannes IV
181:Mareb River
173:Akele Guzai
1615:Categories
1339:References
1185:, p.
1169:0932415342
1110:, p.
1108:Young 2006
1094:, p.
1078:0946688036
1037:0821409727
970:. Münster.
902:: 538–556.
727:shum agame
681:Mdre Bahri
571:), during
512:Təgrawiyan
377:Wäldmaybih
80:newspapers
1597:14°N 39°E
1563:Governors
1547:Dire Dawa
1286:cite book
1257:cite book
1209:cite book
976:cite book
928:cite book
875:cite book
831:, etc.).
803:with the
736:Hamassien
723:Sabagadis
697:Dejazmach
693:Hamassien
689:Dejazmach
685:Dejazmach
581:Tigrayans
171:regions.
1446:Ethiopia
1348:(1991).
1236:: 19–58.
1016:,p.120f.
1003:: 83–98.
955:. Paris.
916:(1869).
825:abba gaz
789:ləul ras
785:ləul ras
720:däggiyat
609:Ethiopia
508:Təgraway
450:Tigrētai
438:Tigrētai
417:nəburäəd
413:qarigeta
393:nəburäəd
385:nəburäəd
353:qarigeta
349:nəburäəd
254:Tigrinya
243:Begemder
221:east of
212:Abergele
204:Tigrinya
177:Tigrinya
161:Ethiopia
157:province
137:Tigrinya
110:May 2022
1489:Gambela
1461:Regions
1400:(ed.),
1251:. Rome.
725:of the
478:Ashenge
458:Sabaean
373:Kudukʷi
369:Fərhəba
357:Mäläkya
329:Markham
325:Enderta
299:Tembien
291:Enticho
264:History
239:Wolkait
196:Jeberti
185:Eritrea
149:Amharic
94:scholar
1602:14; 39
1556:Topics
1524:Tigray
1509:Somali
1504:Sidama
1499:Oromia
1494:Harari
1474:Amhara
1379:
1358:
1166:
1075:
1034:
817:hasgwa
634:g'əlti
567:&
504:Tägaru
491:Ǝggäla
462:tkɜr.w
454:gäzärä
446:Agʿazi
409:kätäma
361:Ak̠sum
287:Hawzen
249:Region
231:Tukrir
229:) and
223:Humera
219:woreda
216:Kunama
189:Amhara
169:Tigray
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
25:Tigray
1396:, in
1230:Abbay
1145:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
896:PICES
835:Notes
829:hanta
778:negus
740:Serae
594:-led
542:Shewa
516:Təgre
442:Agazē
365:Bägio
321:Agame
314:negus
295:Shire
279:Aksum
247:Afar
227:Gumuz
145:Tigre
101:JSTOR
87:books
1588:39°E
1585:14°N
1469:Afar
1377:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1292:link
1263:link
1215:link
1164:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1032:ISBN
982:link
934:link
881:link
819:and
756:Atse
744:atse
738:and
705:Atse
653:atse
649:imam
638:rəst
636:and
600:Derg
546:atse
533:atse
520:Säba
495:atse
483:D'mt
466:Punt
421:atse
405:atse
338:atse
323:and
297:and
283:Yeha
281:and
275:Adwa
258:Agaw
256:and
208:Saho
200:Irob
167:and
165:Afar
141:ትግራይ
73:news
1112:132
1096:4–6
749:ras
712:Ras
701:Ras
611:).
153:ትግሬ
56:by
1617::
1329:41
1327:.
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1288:}}
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1232:.
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873:{{
842:^
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796:.
563:,
514:,
468:.
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375:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
277:,
151::
139::
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1428:t
1421:v
1408:.
1385:.
1364:.
1294:)
1265:)
1234:8
1217:)
1189:.
1187:5
1172:.
1147:.
1130:.
1114:.
1098:.
1081:.
1057:.
1040:.
1001:5
984:)
953:1
936:)
883:)
598:(
147:(
135:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
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