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Tightness of measures

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36: 2305: 536: 2003: 652: 1935: 1479: 1326: 1853: 2115: 1722: 2224: 1802: 902: 2169: 1567: 396: 2196: 1660: 1596: 1541: 426: 1351: 1261: 1188: 1752: 1386: 1215: 472: 1071: 1873: 342: 270: 178: 569: 154: 1045: 922: 715: 695: 593: 2216: 2139: 1628: 1406: 1239: 1147: 1123: 1099: 982: 955: 867: 847: 816: 796: 768: 748: 675: 446: 362: 314: 294: 246: 222: 202: 1514: 1021: 3148: 3226: 3243: 65: 480: 1940: 2551: 2410: 2048: 605: 1878: 1414: 3066: 1269: 2897: 2437: 3058: 3309: 2844: 2300:{\displaystyle \limsup _{\delta \downarrow 0}\delta \log \mu _{\delta }(X\setminus K_{\varepsilon })<-\varepsilon .} 1810: 3238: 2372: 2349: 2326: 2074: 1671: 87: 58: 3195: 3185: 2995: 2904: 2668: 2028: 1765: 2524: 3233: 3180: 3074: 2980: 872: 17: 3099: 3079: 3043: 2967: 2687: 2403: 2043: 2014: 2038: 3221: 3000: 2962: 2914: 1150: 3126: 3094: 3084: 3005: 2972: 2603: 2512: 2148: 1546: 375: 2174: 2053: 1636: 1572: 1519: 924:. It can be shown that a family of measure is tight if and only if it is sequentially weakly compact. 904:
from the family, there is a subsequence of measures that converges weakly to some probability measure
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A strengthening of tightness is the concept of exponential tightness, which has applications in
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is tight. This is not necessarily so for non-metrisable compact spaces. If we take
3283: 3263: 3038: 2936: 2931: 2909: 2767: 2732: 2652: 2546: 2379: 2118: 1631: 771: 321: 157: 112:. The intuitive idea is that a given collection of measures does not "escape to 3173: 3028: 3023: 2834: 2809: 2762: 2692: 2672: 2632: 2622: 2419: 1755: 1024: 317: 249: 109: 3298: 3278: 2941: 2862: 2857: 2757: 2727: 2697: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2541: 2460: 2017:
of a sequence of probability measures, especially when the measure space has
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of probability measures is sequentially weakly compact if for every sequence
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with its usual Borel topology and σ-algebra. Consider a collection of
2563: 2507: 2502: 2021: 1166: 531:{\displaystyle |\mu |(X\setminus K_{\varepsilon })<\varepsilon .} 2588: 2447: 2018: 225: 113: 1998:{\displaystyle \{C_{i}|i\in I\}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}} 2388: 829:
Another equivalent criterion of the tightness of a collection
1759: 647:{\displaystyle \mu (K_{\varepsilon })>1-\varepsilon .\,} 1930:{\displaystyle \{m_{i}|i\in I\}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1474:{\displaystyle M_{2}:=\{\delta _{1/n}|n\in \mathbb {N} \}} 1047:
on it that is not inner regular. Therefore, the singleton
964:, then every collection of (possibly complex) measures on 2013:
Tightness is often a necessary criterion for proving the
1321:{\displaystyle M_{1}:=\{\delta _{n}|n\in \mathbb {N} \}} 1569:. In general, a collection of Dirac delta measures on 2227: 2204: 2177: 2151: 2127: 2077: 1943: 1881: 1861: 1813: 1768: 1733: 1674: 1639: 1616: 1575: 1549: 1522: 1490: 1417: 1394: 1367: 1337: 1272: 1247: 1227: 1196: 1174: 1135: 1111: 1087: 1053: 1033: 990: 970: 943: 910: 875: 855: 835: 804: 784: 756: 736: 703: 683: 663: 608: 581: 547: 483: 454: 434: 407: 378: 350: 330: 302: 282: 258: 234: 210: 190: 166: 130: 1605: 1361:
subsets, and any such set, since it is bounded, has
2337: 2299: 2210: 2190: 2163: 2133: 2109: 1997: 1929: 1867: 1847: 1796: 1746: 1716: 1654: 1622: 1598:is tight if, and only if, the collection of their 1590: 1561: 1535: 1508: 1473: 1400: 1380: 1345: 1320: 1255: 1233: 1209: 1182: 1141: 1117: 1093: 1065: 1039: 1015: 976: 949: 916: 896: 861: 849:is sequentially weakly compact. We say the family 841: 810: 790: 762: 742: 709: 689: 669: 646: 587: 563: 530: 466: 440: 420: 390: 356: 336: 308: 288: 264: 240: 216: 196: 172: 148: 1848:{\displaystyle C_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}} 3296: 2229: 57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 2358: 2110:{\displaystyle (\mu _{\delta })_{\delta >0}} 1717:{\displaystyle \Gamma =\{\gamma _{i}|i\in I\},} 1160: 2404: 2367:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. xii+480. 3149:Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem 2344:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2321:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008: 1971: 1944: 1909: 1882: 1708: 1681: 1468: 1431: 1315: 1286: 1060: 1054: 595:. Very often, the measures in question are 2335: 2316: 1331:is not tight, since the compact subsets of 3244:Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality 2411: 2397: 1875:is tight if, and only if, the collections 1129:, a collection of probability measures on 1979: 1917: 1829: 1797:{\displaystyle m_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1784: 1642: 1578: 1464: 1339: 1311: 1249: 1176: 643: 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 2059: 897:{\displaystyle \left\{\mu _{n}\right\}} 14: 3297: 2392: 599:, so the last part can be written as 3257:Applications & related 1408:. On the other hand, the collection 1105:, then every probability measure on 29: 2340:Convergence of Probability Measures 2049:Tightness in classical Wiener space 1190:with its usual Borel topology. Let 697:, then (depending upon the author) 24: 2418: 1862: 1675: 331: 259: 167: 25: 3321: 2269: 2164:{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} 1606:A collection of Gaussian measures 1562:{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} 932: 503: 391:{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} 3186:Lebesgue differentiation theorem 3067:CarathĂ©odory's extension theorem 2191:{\displaystyle K_{\varepsilon }} 1655:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1591:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1536:{\displaystyle K_{\varepsilon }} 1076: 421:{\displaystyle K_{\varepsilon }} 34: 2029:Finite-dimensional distribution 1484:is tight: the compact interval 1388:-measure zero for large enough 2282: 2263: 2236: 2092: 2078: 1958: 1896: 1695: 1503: 1491: 1453: 1300: 1149:is tight if and only if it is 1027:, then there exists a measure 1010: 991: 625: 612: 557: 549: 516: 497: 493: 485: 143: 131: 119: 13: 1: 2336:Billingsley, Patrick (1999). 2317:Billingsley, Patrick (1995). 2310: 677:consists of a single measure 316:be a collection of (possibly 2365:Probability in Banach spaces 2171:, there is a compact subset 2054:Tightness in Skorokhod space 2044:Weak convergence of measures 1346:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1256:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1183:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 1161:A collection of point masses 448:such that, for all measures 7: 3239:PrĂ©kopa–Leindler inequality 1747:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}} 1381:{\displaystyle \delta _{n}} 1221:, a unit mass at the point 1210:{\displaystyle \delta _{x}} 927: 717:may either be said to be a 272:is at least as fine as the 204:that contains the topology 10: 3326: 3181:Lebesgue's density theorem 1125:is tight. Furthermore, by 3310:Measures (measure theory) 3256: 3234:Minkowski–Steiner formula 3204: 3164: 3157: 3057: 3049:Projection-valued measure 2950: 2843: 2612: 2485: 2426: 2009:Tightness and convergence 820:separable random variable 467:{\displaystyle \mu \in M} 27:Concept in measure theory 3217:Isoperimetric inequality 3196:Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem 2525:CarathĂ©odory's criterion 1066:{\displaystyle \{\mu \}} 798:is a tight measure then 776:probability distribution 43:This article includes a 3222:Brunn–Minkowski theorem 3091:Decomposition theorems 2319:Probability and Measure 2066:large deviations theory 1868:{\displaystyle \Gamma } 573:total variation measure 337:{\displaystyle \Sigma } 265:{\displaystyle \Sigma } 173:{\displaystyle \Sigma } 72:more precise citations. 3269:Descriptive set theory 3169:Disintegration theorem 2604:Universally measurable 2301: 2212: 2192: 2165: 2135: 2111: 1999: 1931: 1869: 1855:. Then the collection 1849: 1798: 1748: 1718: 1656: 1624: 1592: 1563: 1537: 1510: 1475: 1402: 1382: 1347: 1322: 1257: 1235: 1211: 1184: 1143: 1119: 1095: 1067: 1041: 1017: 978: 951: 918: 898: 863: 843: 812: 792: 764: 744: 711: 691: 671: 657:If a tight collection 648: 589: 565: 564:{\displaystyle |\mu |} 532: 468: 442: 422: 392: 358: 338: 324:) measures defined on 310: 290: 266: 242: 218: 198: 174: 150: 3071:Convergence theorems 2530:Cylindrical σ-algebra 2302: 2213: 2193: 2166: 2136: 2112: 2060:Exponential tightness 2039:LĂ©vy–Prokhorov metric 2000: 1932: 1870: 1850: 1799: 1749: 1719: 1657: 1625: 1593: 1564: 1538: 1511: 1476: 1403: 1383: 1348: 1323: 1258: 1236: 1212: 1185: 1144: 1120: 1096: 1068: 1042: 1018: 979: 952: 919: 899: 864: 844: 824:Radon random variable 813: 793: 765: 745: 724:inner regular measure 712: 692: 672: 649: 590: 566: 533: 469: 443: 423: 393: 359: 339: 311: 291: 267: 243: 219: 199: 175: 151: 149:{\displaystyle (X,T)} 3139:Minkowski inequality 3013:Cylinder set measure 2898:Infinite-dimensional 2513:equivalence relation 2443:Lebesgue integration 2225: 2202: 2175: 2149: 2125: 2075: 2070:probability measures 1941: 1879: 1859: 1811: 1766: 1731: 1672: 1637: 1614: 1573: 1547: 1520: 1488: 1415: 1392: 1365: 1335: 1270: 1245: 1225: 1194: 1172: 1133: 1109: 1085: 1051: 1040:{\displaystyle \mu } 1031: 988: 968: 941: 917:{\displaystyle \mu } 908: 873: 853: 833: 802: 782: 754: 734: 710:{\displaystyle \mu } 701: 690:{\displaystyle \mu } 681: 661: 606: 597:probability measures 588:{\displaystyle \mu } 579: 545: 481: 452: 432: 405: 376: 348: 328: 300: 280: 274:Borel σ-algebra 256: 232: 208: 188: 164: 128: 3134:Hölder's inequality 2996:of random variables 2958:Measurable function 2845:Particular measures 2434:Absolute continuity 2143:exponentially tight 2034:Prokhorov's theorem 1153:in the topology of 1127:Prokhorov's theorem 3274:Probability theory 2599:Transverse measure 2577:Non-measurable set 2559:Locally measurable 2297: 2243: 2208: 2188: 2161: 2131: 2121:topological space 2107: 2005:are both bounded. 1995: 1927: 1865: 1845: 1794: 1744: 1727:where the measure 1714: 1652: 1620: 1588: 1559: 1533: 1506: 1471: 1398: 1378: 1353:are precisely the 1343: 1318: 1253: 1231: 1207: 1180: 1139: 1115: 1091: 1063: 1037: 1013: 974: 947: 914: 894: 859: 839: 808: 788: 760: 740: 707: 687: 667: 644: 585: 561: 528: 464: 438: 418: 388: 354: 334: 306: 286: 262: 238: 214: 194: 170: 146: 45:list of references 3292: 3291: 3252: 3251: 2981:almost everywhere 2927:Spherical measure 2825:Strictly positive 2753:Projection-valued 2493:Almost everywhere 2466:Probability space 2361:Talagrand, Michel 2228: 2211:{\displaystyle X} 2134:{\displaystyle X} 1806:covariance matrix 1664:Gaussian measures 1623:{\displaystyle n} 1401:{\displaystyle n} 1263:. The collection 1234:{\displaystyle x} 1142:{\displaystyle X} 1118:{\displaystyle X} 1094:{\displaystyle X} 977:{\displaystyle X} 950:{\displaystyle X} 862:{\displaystyle M} 842:{\displaystyle M} 811:{\displaystyle Y} 791:{\displaystyle X} 763:{\displaystyle X} 743:{\displaystyle Y} 670:{\displaystyle M} 441:{\displaystyle X} 357:{\displaystyle M} 344:. The collection 309:{\displaystyle M} 289:{\displaystyle X} 241:{\displaystyle X} 217:{\displaystyle T} 197:{\displaystyle X} 98: 97: 90: 16:(Redirected from 3317: 3227:Milman's reverse 3210: 3208:Lebesgue measure 3162: 3161: 2566: 2552:infimum/supremum 2473:Measurable space 2413: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2359:Ledoux, Michel; 2355: 2343: 2332: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2281: 2280: 2262: 2261: 2242: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2090: 2089: 2015:weak convergence 2004: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1509:{\displaystyle } 1507: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1427: 1426: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1282: 1281: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1155:weak convergence 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1016:{\displaystyle } 1014: 1009: 1008: 983: 981: 980: 975: 956: 954: 953: 948: 923: 921: 920: 915: 903: 901: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888: 868: 866: 865: 860: 848: 846: 845: 840: 818:is said to be a 817: 815: 814: 809: 797: 795: 794: 789: 769: 767: 766: 761: 749: 747: 746: 741: 716: 714: 713: 708: 696: 694: 693: 688: 676: 674: 673: 668: 653: 651: 650: 645: 624: 623: 594: 592: 591: 586: 570: 568: 567: 562: 560: 552: 537: 535: 534: 529: 515: 514: 496: 488: 473: 471: 470: 465: 447: 445: 444: 439: 427: 425: 424: 419: 417: 416: 397: 395: 394: 389: 363: 361: 360: 355: 343: 341: 340: 335: 315: 313: 312: 307: 295: 293: 292: 287: 271: 269: 268: 263: 247: 245: 244: 239: 223: 221: 220: 215: 203: 201: 200: 195: 179: 177: 176: 171: 155: 153: 152: 147: 108:is a concept in 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 68:this article by 59:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3284:Spectral theory 3264:Convex analysis 3248: 3205: 3200: 3153: 3053: 3001:in distribution 2946: 2839: 2669:Logarithmically 2608: 2564: 2547:Essential range 2481: 2422: 2417: 2385:(See chapter 2) 2375: 2352: 2329: 2313: 2276: 2272: 2257: 2253: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2062: 2011: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1632:Euclidean space 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1463: 1452: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1310: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1004: 1000: 989: 986: 985: 969: 966: 965: 942: 939: 938: 935: 930: 909: 906: 905: 884: 880: 876: 874: 871: 870: 854: 851: 850: 834: 831: 830: 803: 800: 799: 783: 780: 779: 772:random variable 755: 752: 751: 735: 732: 731: 702: 699: 698: 682: 679: 678: 662: 659: 658: 619: 615: 607: 604: 603: 580: 577: 576: 556: 548: 546: 543: 542: 510: 506: 492: 484: 482: 479: 478: 453: 450: 449: 433: 430: 429: 412: 408: 406: 403: 402: 377: 374: 373: 370:uniformly tight 349: 346: 345: 329: 326: 325: 301: 298: 297: 281: 278: 277: 257: 254: 253: 233: 230: 229: 224:. (Thus, every 209: 206: 205: 189: 186: 185: 165: 162: 161: 158:Hausdorff space 129: 126: 125: 122: 94: 83: 77: 74: 63: 49:related reading 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3323: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3305:Measure theory 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3191:Sard's theorem 3188: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3174:Lifting theory 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3127:Fubini–Tonelli 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3006:in probability 3003: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713:Locally finite 2710: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2569: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2427:Basic concepts 2424: 2423: 2420:Measure theory 2416: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2373: 2356: 2350: 2333: 2327: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2230:lim sup 2207: 2185: 2181: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2141:is said to be 2130: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2068:. A family of 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2010: 2007: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1864: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1756:expected value 1741: 1737: 1725: 1724: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1649: 1644: 1619: 1607: 1604: 1585: 1580: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1530: 1526: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1397: 1375: 1371: 1341: 1329: 1328: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1251: 1230: 1204: 1200: 1178: 1162: 1159: 1138: 1114: 1090: 1078: 1075: 1073:is not tight. 1062: 1059: 1056: 1036: 1025:order topology 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 973: 946: 934: 933:Compact spaces 931: 929: 926: 913: 892: 887: 883: 879: 858: 838: 807: 787: 759: 739: 706: 686: 666: 655: 654: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 622: 618: 614: 611: 584: 559: 555: 551: 539: 538: 527: 524: 521: 518: 513: 509: 505: 502: 499: 495: 491: 487: 463: 460: 457: 437: 415: 411: 400:compact subset 387: 384: 381: 372:) if, for any 368:(or sometimes 353: 333: 305: 285: 261: 250:measurable set 237: 213: 193: 182:σ-algebra 169: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 121: 118: 110:measure theory 96: 95: 53:external links 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3322: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3279:Real analysis 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158:Other results 3156: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144:Radon–Nikodym 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3117:Fatou's lemma 3115: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979:Convergence: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783:Outer regular 2781: 2779: 2778:Inner regular 2776: 2774: 2773:Borel regular 2771: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461:Measure space 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2374:3-540-52013-9 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2351:0-471-19745-9 2347: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2328:0-471-00710-2 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2205: 2183: 2179: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2128: 2120: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2086: 2082: 2071: 2067: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2006: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1952: 1948: 1922: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1890: 1886: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1789: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1739: 1735: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1647: 1633: 1630:-dimensional 1617: 1603: 1601: 1583: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1528: 1524: 1516:will work as 1500: 1497: 1494: 1460: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1395: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1228: 1220: 1219:Dirac measure 1202: 1198: 1168: 1165:Consider the 1158: 1156: 1152: 1136: 1128: 1112: 1104: 1088: 1077:Polish spaces 1074: 1057: 1034: 1026: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 971: 963: 962:compact space 960: 944: 925: 911: 890: 885: 881: 877: 856: 836: 827: 825: 821: 805: 785: 777: 773: 757: 737: 728: 726: 725: 720: 719:tight measure 704: 684: 664: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 620: 616: 609: 602: 601: 600: 598: 582: 574: 553: 525: 522: 519: 511: 507: 500: 489: 477: 476: 475: 461: 458: 455: 435: 413: 409: 401: 398:, there is a 385: 382: 379: 371: 367: 351: 323: 319: 303: 283: 275: 251: 235: 227: 211: 191: 183: 159: 140: 137: 134: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 61: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 18:Tight measure 3059:Main results 2829: 2795:Set function 2723:Metric outer 2678:Decomposable 2535:Cylinder set 2448: 2364: 2339: 2318: 2145:if, for any 2142: 2063: 2012: 1726: 1609: 1602:is bounded. 1483: 1330: 1164: 1103:Polish space 1080: 936: 828: 823: 819: 729: 722: 721:or to be an 718: 656: 540: 369: 365: 123: 105: 99: 84: 75: 64:Please help 56: 3019:compact set 2986:of measures 2922:Pushforward 2915:Projections 2905:Logarithmic 2748:Probability 2738:Pre-measure 2520:Borel space 2438:of measures 1217:denote the 226:open subset 120:Definitions 102:mathematics 70:introducing 3299:Categories 2991:in measure 2718:Maximising 2688:Equivalent 2582:Vitali set 2311:References 2218:such that 1151:precompact 959:metrizable 364:is called 160:, and let 78:March 2016 3105:Maharam's 3075:Dominated 2888:Intensity 2883:Hausdorff 2790:Saturated 2708:Invariant 2613:Types of 2572:σ-algebra 2542:𝜆-system 2508:Borel set 2503:Baire set 2292:ε 2289:− 2278:ε 2270:∖ 2259:δ 2255:μ 2251:⁡ 2245:δ 2237:↓ 2234:δ 2184:ε 2153:ε 2119:Hausdorff 2097:δ 2087:δ 2083:μ 2022:dimension 1988:× 1975:⊆ 1966:∈ 1913:⊆ 1904:∈ 1863:Γ 1838:× 1825:∈ 1780:∈ 1736:γ 1703:∈ 1686:γ 1676:Γ 1610:Consider 1551:ε 1529:ε 1461:∈ 1436:δ 1370:δ 1308:∈ 1291:δ 1199:δ 1167:real line 1058:μ 1035:μ 1023:with its 1002:ω 912:μ 882:μ 705:μ 685:μ 638:ε 635:− 621:ε 610:μ 583:μ 554:μ 523:ε 512:ε 504:∖ 490:μ 459:∈ 456:μ 414:ε 380:ε 332:Σ 260:Σ 168:Σ 106:tightness 3122:Fubini's 3112:Egorov's 3080:Monotone 3039:variable 3017:Random: 2968:Strongly 2893:Lebesgue 2878:Harmonic 2868:Gaussian 2853:Counting 2820:Spectral 2815:Singular 2805:s-finite 2800:σ-finite 2683:Discrete 2658:Complete 2615:Measures 2589:Null set 2477:function 2363:(1991). 2019:infinite 1600:supports 1543:for any 928:Examples 770:-valued 114:infinity 3034:process 3029:measure 3024:element 2963:Bochner 2937:Trivial 2932:Tangent 2910:Product 2768:Regular 2746:)  2733:Perfect 2706:)  2671:)  2663:Content 2653:Complex 2594:Support 2567:-system 2456:Measure 2383:1102015 1359:bounded 571:is the 322:complex 296:.) Let 66:improve 3100:Jordan 3085:Vitali 3044:vector 2973:Weakly 2835:Vector 2810:Signed 2763:Random 2704:Quasi- 2693:Finite 2673:Convex 2633:Banach 2623:Atomic 2451:spaces 2436:  2371:  2348:  2325:  2024:. See 1355:closed 774:whose 750:is an 541:where 318:signed 2942:Young 2863:Euler 2858:Dirac 2830:Tight 2758:Radon 2728:Outer 2698:Inner 2648:Brown 2643:Borel 2638:Besov 2628:Baire 2117:on a 1101:is a 957:is a 822:or a 366:tight 248:is a 180:be a 156:be a 51:, or 3206:For 3095:Hahn 2951:Maps 2873:Haar 2744:Sub- 2498:Atom 2486:Sets 2369:ISBN 2346:ISBN 2323:ISBN 2286:< 2156:> 2100:> 1937:and 1804:and 1760:mean 1754:has 1554:> 1357:and 629:> 520:< 383:> 252:and 124:Let 2248:log 2198:of 1241:in 1081:If 937:If 778:on 730:If 575:of 428:of 320:or 276:on 228:of 184:on 116:". 100:In 3301:: 2380:MR 1762:) 1429::= 1284::= 1157:. 826:. 727:. 474:, 104:, 55:, 47:, 2742:( 2702:( 2667:( 2565:π 2475:/ 2449:L 2412:e 2405:t 2398:v 2377:. 2354:. 2331:. 2295:. 2283:) 2274:K 2267:X 2264:( 2240:0 2206:X 2180:K 2159:0 2129:X 2103:0 2093:) 2079:( 1991:n 1985:n 1980:R 1972:} 1969:I 1963:i 1959:| 1953:i 1949:C 1945:{ 1923:n 1918:R 1910:} 1907:I 1901:i 1897:| 1891:i 1887:m 1883:{ 1841:n 1835:n 1830:R 1820:i 1816:C 1790:n 1785:R 1775:i 1771:m 1758:( 1740:i 1712:, 1709:} 1706:I 1700:i 1696:| 1690:i 1682:{ 1679:= 1648:n 1643:R 1618:n 1584:n 1579:R 1557:0 1525:K 1504:] 1501:1 1498:, 1495:0 1492:[ 1469:} 1465:N 1458:n 1454:| 1448:n 1444:/ 1440:1 1432:{ 1424:2 1420:M 1396:n 1374:n 1340:R 1316:} 1312:N 1305:n 1301:| 1295:n 1287:{ 1279:1 1275:M 1250:R 1229:x 1203:x 1177:R 1137:X 1113:X 1089:X 1061:} 1055:{ 1011:] 1006:1 998:, 995:0 992:[ 972:X 945:X 891:} 886:n 878:{ 857:M 837:M 806:Y 786:X 758:X 738:Y 665:M 641:. 632:1 626:) 617:K 613:( 558:| 550:| 526:. 517:) 508:K 501:X 498:( 494:| 486:| 462:M 436:X 410:K 386:0 352:M 304:M 284:X 236:X 212:T 192:X 144:) 141:T 138:, 135:X 132:( 91:) 85:( 80:) 76:( 62:. 20:)

Index

Tight measure
list of references
related reading
external links
inline citations
improve
introducing
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mathematics
measure theory
infinity
Hausdorff space
σ-algebra
open subset
measurable set
Borel σ-algebra
signed
complex
compact subset
total variation measure
probability measures
inner regular measure
random variable
probability distribution
metrizable
compact space
order topology
Polish space
Prokhorov's theorem
precompact

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