441:
418:
47:
670:
1428:
749:
in 1969. Both parties insisted their labs determined the sequence first: Schally first suggested the possibility in 1966, but abandoned it after
Guillemin proposed TRH was not actually a peptide. Guillemin's chemist began concurring with these results in 1969, as NIH threatened to cut off funding for
791:
TRH has anti-depressant and anti-suicidal properties, and in 2012 the U.S. Army awarded a research grant to develop a TRH nasal spray in order to prevent suicide amongst its ranks. The antidepressant properties of TRH are present when TRH is administered intrathecally, or administration into the
685:
To produce the mature form, a series of enzymes are required. First, a protease cleaves to the C-terminal side of the flanking Lys-Arg or Arg-Arg. Second, a carboxypeptidase removes the Lys/Arg residues leaving Gly as the C-terminal residue. Then, this Gly is converted into an amide residue by a
960:
Urayama A, Yamada S, Kimura R, Zhang J, Watanabe Y (December 2002). "Neuroprotective effect and brain receptor binding of taltirelin, a novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, in transient forebrain ischemia of C57BL/6J mice".
795:
TRH has been shown in mice to be an anti-aging agent with a broad spectrum of activities that, because of their actions, suggest that TRH has a fundamental role in the regulation of metabolic and hormonal functions.
681:
of the hypothalamus. It is translated as a 242-amino acid precursor polypeptide that contains 6 copies of the sequence -Gln-His-Pro-Gly-, with both ends of the sequence flanked by Lys-Arg or Arg-Arg sequences.
510:
1179:
Marangell LB, George MS, Callahan AM, Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, L'Herrou TA, et al. (March 1997). "Effects of intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (protirelin) in refractory depressed patients".
1063:
Boler J, Enzmann F, Folkers K, Bowers CY, Schally AV (November 1969). "The identity of chemical and hormonal properties of the thyrotropin releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide".
792:
spine, and the effects are short-lived. Some researchers are testing a prodrug approach to administer TRH orally and have TRH reach the brain without being degraded in the stomach or blood.
3003:
552:
InChI=1S/C16H22N6O4/c17-14(24)12-2-1-5-22(12)16(26)11(6-9-7-18-8-19-9)21-15(25)10-3-4-13(23)20-10/h7-8,10-12H,1-6H2,(H2,17,24)(H,18,19)(H,20,23)(H,21,25)/t10-,11-,12-/m0/s1
2998:
888:
1236:
697:
TRH synthesizing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus project to the medial portion of the external layer of the median eminence. Following secretion at the
202:
804:
Side effects after intravenous TRH administration are minimal. Nausea, flushing, urinary urgency, and mild rise in blood pressure have been reported. After
602:
760:
News accounts of their work often focused on their "fierce competition" and use of a very large amount of sheep and pig brains to locate the hormone.
2702:
2697:
2687:
686:
series of enzymes collectively known as peptidylglycine-alpha-amidating monooxygenase. Concurrently with these processing steps, the N-terminal Gln (
73:
998:"The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus has a major role in thyroid hormone feedback regulation of thyrotropin synthesis and secretion"
2732:
1432:
941:
694:(a cyclic residue). These multiple steps produce 6 copies of the mature TRH molecule per precursor molecule for human TRH (5 for mouse TRH).
17:
2652:
524:
1775:
1747:
1644:
936:
2779:
2278:
1603:
926:
78:
2993:
1845:
908:
2983:
1527:
97:
1488:
1460:
1215:
1137:
614:
544:
1948:
85:
2642:
1522:
2054:
1677:
1613:
1507:
896:
286:
2069:
1537:
2657:
2126:
2121:
1863:
1578:
1038:
598:
436:
317:
808:
administration, shaking, sweating, shivering, restlessness, and mild rise in blood pressure were observed.
90:
2947:
2772:
2271:
1608:
1588:
931:
710:
583:
397:
1153:
2796:
2234:
2116:
892:
386:
768:
TRH is used clinically by intravenous injection (brand name
Relefact TRH) to test the response of the
3008:
2943:
2677:
2239:
706:
1797:
2939:
2901:
2813:
1868:
769:
413:
2097:
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678:
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2933:
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1943:
1920:
1672:
1453:
1237:"Army anti-suicide initiative brings $ 3 million to IU School of Medicine scientist's research"
366:
190:
2929:
2896:
1689:
277:
1652:
1301:
Pierpaoli W (February 2013). "Aging-reversing properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone".
306:
3018:
2672:
875:
326:
241:
147:
143:
31:
440:
417:
167:
8:
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2837:
2529:
2229:
1835:
1830:
1802:
1765:
1598:
1583:
1547:
1193:
733:
TRH is a tripeptide, with an amino acid sequence of pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide.
606:
232:
2828:
2361:
2336:
1570:
1365:
1278:
1251:
702:
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51:
1353:
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266:
215:
138:
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2417:
2407:
2049:
1682:
1477:
1250:
Prokai-Tatrai K, De La Cruz DL, Nguyen V, Ross BP, Toth I, Prokai L (July 2019).
849:
742:
698:
575:
114:
1385:"Blood pressure response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in euthyroid subjects"
1314:
177:
46:
2867:
2857:
2804:
2712:
2707:
2440:
2435:
2412:
2314:
2201:
2170:
2142:
2087:
1699:
1630:
781:
758:"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain."
1982:
1337:
1252:"Brain Delivery of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone via a Novel Prodrug Approach"
2977:
2389:
2384:
2351:
2211:
1987:
691:
429:
2808:
2788:
2717:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2545:
2540:
2291:
1994:
1930:
1915:
1878:
1825:
1792:
1532:
1499:
1322:
1287:
1014:
997:
982:
741:
The structure of TRH was first determined, and the hormone synthesized, by
579:
210:
2256:
1410:
1401:
1384:
1361:
1201:
1111:
1084:
1023:
2872:
2852:
2722:
2632:
2560:
2535:
2471:
2456:
2376:
2346:
2331:
2178:
2155:
1657:
1560:
805:
126:
2524:
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2427:
2399:
2356:
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2092:
1742:
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1623:
1618:
785:
714:
486:
297:
121:
2737:
2877:
2818:
2662:
2647:
2493:
2483:
2466:
2323:
2009:
1938:
1820:
1732:
1667:
1593:
1336:
Prange AJ, Lara PP, Wilson IC, Alltop LB, Breese GR (November 1972).
718:
687:
587:
252:
2962:
2637:
2616:
2611:
2555:
2160:
2059:
2041:
1999:
1977:
1900:
1892:
1873:
1855:
1784:
1662:
1555:
1517:
844:
773:
346:
750:
the project, leading both parties to return to work on synthesis.
673:
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. TRH can be seen in green.
509:
2682:
2667:
2287:
2064:
2031:
2026:
2018:
1905:
1840:
1711:
1469:
1249:
1098:
Burgus R, Dunn TF, Desiderio D, Guillemin R (November 1969). "".
777:
669:
2757:
996:
Taylor T, Wondisford FE, Blaine T, Weintraub BD (January 1990).
725:. The half-life of TRH in the blood is approximately 6 minutes.
102:
2603:
2188:
2150:
1969:
1910:
1427:
995:
903:
377:
109:
709:
where it binds to the TRH receptor stimulating the release of
2516:
2221:
2196:
2107:
2079:
1812:
1178:
1128:
Woolgar S, Latour B (1979). "Chapter 3: The Case of TRF(H)".
1030:
500:
357:
1130:
Laboratory life: the social construction of scientific facts
1097:
402:
1438:
1383:
Borowski GD, Garofano CD, Rose LI, Levy RA (January 1984).
865:
832:
638:
629:
337:
2742:
1062:
650:
644:
1382:
1338:"Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression"
959:
1239:. Indiana University School of Medicine. July 24, 2012.
677:
TRH is synthesized within parvocellular neurons of the
1335:
3004:
Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis
1487:
653:
1389:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
647:
641:
635:
626:
623:
2999:
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
1123:
1121:
1065:
632:
285:
1100:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D
597:TRH has been used clinically for the treatment of
1208:
532:C1C(N(C1)C(=O)(CC2=CN=CN2)NC(=O)3CCC(=O)N3)C(=O)N
2975:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1154:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977"
1118:
265:
1216:"Scientist developing anti-suicide nasal spray"
1146:
240:
2733:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2773:
2653:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
2272:
1454:
1167:
1127:
1294:
2286:
1376:
1329:
2780:
2766:
2279:
2265:
1461:
1447:
1091:
1056:
989:
953:
439:
416:
305:
30:"TRH" redirects here. For other uses, see
1400:
1300:
1277:
1267:
1013:
325:
763:
668:
664:
1043:Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System
1036:
412:
14:
2976:
927:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor
753:Schally and Guillemin shared the 1977
430:
2761:
2260:
1442:
942:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
776:. This is done as diagnostic test of
385:
365:
2850:Antiemetics/gastroprokinetic agents:
1194:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830150034007
1132:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
214:
937:Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
814:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
345:
256:
24:
25:
3030:
2787:
1420:
1949:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
1426:
619:
470:
464:
45:
2643:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
1243:
1229:
799:
772:; this procedure is known as a
582:that stimulates the release of
557:Key:XNSAINXGIQZQOO-SRVKXCTJSA-N
1182:Archives of General Psychiatry
476:
458:
13:
1:
2907:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
1433:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
1354:10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92407-5
1269:10.3390/pharmaceutics11070349
1218:. ArmyTimes.com. 25 July 2012
1039:"Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone"
975:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02268-3
947:
860:Available protein structures:
568:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
191:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
40:thyrotropin-releasing hormone
18:Thyrotropin releasing hormone
2994:Hormones of the hypothalamus
2927:Breast development inducers:
2658:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
1468:
1077:10.1016/0006-291X(69)90868-7
780:disorders such as secondary
728:
603:disturbance of consciousness
599:spinocerebellar degeneration
7:
2984:Genes on human chromosome 3
2948:medroxyprogesterone acetate
2797:Prolactin receptor agonists
1315:10.2174/1874609811306010012
1045:. Colorado State University
932:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
920:
711:thyroid-stimulating hormone
584:thyroid-stimulating hormone
578:produced by neurons in the
10:
3035:
2117:Insulin-like growth factor
736:
448:Chemical and physical data
29:
2919:
2889:
2836:
2827:
2795:
2678:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2625:
2602:
2571:
2515:
2506:
2449:
2426:
2398:
2375:
2322:
2313:
2298:
2220:
2187:
2169:
2141:
2106:
2078:
2040:
2017:
2008:
1968:
1961:
1929:
1891:
1854:
1811:
1783:
1774:
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1710:
1643:
1569:
1546:
1498:
1476:
902:
882:
864:
859:
855:
843:
831:
823:
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813:
707:hypophyseal portal system
540:
520:
498:
485:
452:
447:
428:
396:
376:
356:
336:
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276:
251:
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173:
163:
158:
154:
137:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
64:
59:
44:
39:
2814:Human placental lactogen
770:anterior pituitary gland
576:hypophysiotropic hormone
755:Nobel Prize in Medicine
679:paraventricular nucleus
2960:Milk letdown inducers:
2728:Pancreatic polypeptide
1944:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
1921:Pancreatic polypeptide
1037:Bowen R (1998-09-20).
1015:10.1210/endo-126-1-317
674:
1402:10.1210/jcem-58-1-197
1303:Current Aging Science
764:Clinical significance
701:, TRH travels to the
672:
665:Synthesis and release
2842:receptor antagonists
2673:Galanin-like peptide
1435:at Wikimedia Commons
690:) is converted into
32:TRH (disambiguation)
2952:cyproterone acetate
2829:Prolactin releasers
2230:Natriuretic peptide
1548:Posterior pituitary
1533:Somatostatin (GHIH)
193:
1571:Anterior pituitary
1348:(7785): 999–1002.
703:anterior pituitary
675:
592:anterior pituitary
189:
52:Structural formula
2971:
2970:
2915:
2914:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2502:
2501:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2137:
2136:
1957:
1956:
1887:
1886:
1639:
1638:
1431:Media related to
1106:(19): 1870–1873.
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:structure summary
747:Andrew V. Schally
565:
564:
511:Interactive image
398:CompTox Dashboard
187:
186:
183:
182:
16:(Redirected from
3026:
3009:Peptide hormones
2834:
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2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2513:
2512:
2320:
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2274:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2015:
2014:
2010:Digestive system
1966:
1965:
1781:
1780:
1720:Thyroid hormones
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1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1176:
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1162:
1161:
1156:. NobelPrize.org
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1095:
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1054:
1053:
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969:(4–5): 601–607.
957:
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21:
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3024:
3023:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2911:
2885:
2865:Antipsychotics:
2841:
2823:
2791:
2786:
2756:
2747:
2703:Neuropeptide VF
2698:Neuropeptide SF
2693:Neuropeptide FF
2688:Neuropeptide AF
2621:
2598:
2567:
2508:
2498:
2445:
2422:
2394:
2371:
2340:
2315:Opioid peptides
2309:
2294:
2285:
2255:
2246:
2216:
2183:
2165:
2133:
2102:
2074:
2036:
2004:
1953:
1925:
1883:
1850:
1807:
1770:
1752:
1736:
1728:
1706:
1690:Adrenal medulla
1683:Androstenedione
1635:
1565:
1542:
1490:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1423:
1418:
1381:
1377:
1334:
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1048:
1046:
1035:
1031:
994:
990:
958:
954:
950:
923:
802:
766:
743:Roger Guillemin
739:
731:
699:median eminence
667:
622:
618:
609:form is called
605:in humans. Its
561:
558:
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548:
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533:
528:
527:
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491:
481:
475:
469:
463:
424:
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272:
255:
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222:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2969:
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2965:
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2937:
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2917:
2916:
2913:
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2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Chlorpromazine
2861:
2860:
2858:Metoclopramide
2855:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:Growth hormone
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Neuropeptide Y
2710:
2708:Neuropeptide S
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
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2614:
2608:
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2600:
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2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2441:Leu-enkephalin
2438:
2436:Met-enkephalin
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2367:β-Neoendorphin
2364:
2362:α-Neoendorphin
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2300:
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2237:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2143:Adipose tissue
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
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431:ECHA InfoCard
427:
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414:DTXSID0023533
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197:Clinical data
195:
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157:
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136:
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63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2959:
2944:progesterone
2940:Progestogens
2926:
2906:
2902:Progestogens
2864:
2849:
2809:somatotropin
2718:Neurophysins
2546:Neurokinin B
2541:Neurokinin A
2377:Endomorphins
2303:
1995:Thymopoietin
1931:Pineal gland
1916:Somatostatin
1879:Progesterone
1826:Progesterone
1793:Testosterone
1776:Gonadal axis
1748:Thyroid axis
1645:Adrenal axis
1512:
1500:Hypothalamus
1392:
1388:
1378:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1210:
1185:
1181:
1158:. Retrieved
1148:
1129:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1005:
1001:
991:
966:
962:
955:
803:
800:Side effects
794:
790:
767:
757:
752:
740:
732:
696:
684:
676:
610:
596:
580:hypothalamus
571:
567:
566:
146:
3019:Tripeptides
2873:Risperidone
2853:Domperidone
2723:Neurotensin
2633:Angiotensin
2572:Neuromedins
2561:Physalaemin
2536:Substance P
2530:Tachykinins
2525:Bradykinins
2472:Hemorphin-4
2457:Adrenorphin
2428:Enkephalins
2418:γ-Endorphin
2413:β-Endorphin
2408:α-Endorphin
2347:Dynorphin B
2337:Dynorphin A
2332:Dynorphin A
2179:Osteocalcin
2156:Adiponectin
1983:Thymosin α1
1758:Parathyroid
1658:Aldosterone
1561:Vasopressin
1309:(1): 92–8.
819:Identifiers
806:intrathecal
723:lactotropes
715:thyrotropes
494: g·mol
437:100.041.934
367:CHEBI:35940
227:Identifiers
168:Swiss-model
60:Identifiers
2978:Categories
2552:amphibian
2489:Spinorphin
2479:Nociceptin
2462:Amidorphin
2400:Endorphins
2357:Leumorphin
2324:Dynorphins
2207:Calcitriol
2093:Peptide YY
1743:Calcitonin
1695:Adrenaline
1624:Lipotropin
1619:Endorphins
1262:(7): 349.
1222:2012-07-05
1160:2009-03-04
1049:2009-03-04
948:References
872:structures
786:acromegaly
611:protirelin
586:(TSH) and
499:3D model (
487:Molar mass
387:ChEMBL1472
327:5Y5F15120W
298:ChemSpider
278:IUPHAR/BPS
242:24305-27-9
233:CAS Number
164:Structures
159:Search for
133:Other data
2934:estradiol
2930:Estrogens
2897:Estrogens
2878:Sulpiride
2819:Prolactin
2663:FMRFamide
2648:Carnosine
2532:: mammal
2494:Valorphin
2484:Opiorphin
2467:Hemorphin
1978:Thymosins
1939:Melatonin
1821:Estradiol
1668:Cortisone
1594:Prolactin
1491:pituitary
1478:Endocrine
850:IPR008857
729:Structure
719:prolactin
688:glutamine
590:from the
588:prolactin
148:q13.3-q21
115:NM_007117
74:NCBI gene
2963:Oxytocin
2638:Bombesin
2556:Kassinin
2306:hormones
2299:Hormones
2288:Peptides
2171:Skeleton
2161:Resistin
2060:Secretin
2042:Duodenum
2000:Thymulin
1901:Glucagon
1893:Pancreas
1874:Estrogen
1856:Placenta
1663:Cortisol
1556:Oxytocin
1518:Dopamine
1470:Hormones
1370:40592228
1323:23895526
1288:31323784
983:12467901
921:See also
889:RCSB PDB
845:InterPro
774:TRH test
705:via the
203:ATC code
178:InterPro
3014:Thyroid
2942:(e.g.,
2932:(e.g.,
2738:RVD-Hpα
2683:Ghrelin
2668:Galanin
2604:Orexins
2065:Motilin
2032:Ghrelin
2027:Gastrin
2019:Stomach
1906:Insulin
1841:Relaxin
1836:Inhibin
1831:Activin
1803:Inhibin
1712:Thyroid
1411:6417153
1362:4116985
1279:6680701
1202:9075462
1112:4983502
1085:4982117
1024:2104587
838:PF05438
784:and in
778:thyroid
737:History
574:) is a
492:362.390
454:Formula
253:PubChem
219:)
213: (
211:V04CJ02
174:Domains
122:UniProt
27:Hormone
2920:Others
2890:Others
2882:Others
2517:Kinins
2450:Others
2189:Kidney
2151:Leptin
2110:/other
1970:Thymus
1911:Amylin
1785:Testis
1678:DHEA-S
1480:glands
1409:
1368:
1360:
1342:Lancet
1321:
1286:
1276:
1200:
1136:
1110:
1083:
1022:
981:
904:PDBsum
878:
868:
824:Symbol
525:SMILES
378:ChEMBL
347:C03958
307:554166
267:638678
144:Chr. 3
127:P20396
110:RefSeq
103:275120
65:Symbol
54:of TRH
2626:Other
2507:Other
2222:Heart
2197:Renin
2127:IGF-2
2122:IGF-1
2108:Liver
2098:GLP-1
2080:Ileum
1962:Other
1846:GnSAF
1813:Ovary
1366:S2CID
721:from
713:from
545:InChI
501:JSmol
358:ChEBI
139:Locus
91:12298
2304:see
1673:DHEA
1609:ACTH
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