456:. Everhart and Thornley increased the efficiency of existing detectors by adding a light pipe to carry the photon signal from the scintillator inside the evacuated specimen chamber of the scanning electron microscopes to the photomultiplier outside the chamber. This strengthened the signal collected and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. In 1963, Pease and Nixon incorporated the Everhart-Thornley detector into their prototype for the first commercial SEM, later developed as the
3447:
31:
3459:
444:
Use of the term "voltage contrast" to describe the relationship between the voltage applied to a specimen and the resulting image contrast, is attributed to
Everhart. As of 1959, Everhart produced the first voltage-contrast images of p-n junctions of biased silicon diodes. Voltage contrast, the
471:
By using various types of detectors with SEM, it becomes possible to map the topography, crystallography and composition of specimens being examined. In the 1960s, Wells, Everhart, and Matta built an advanced SEM for semiconductor studies and microfabrication at
Westinghouse Laboratories in
445:
ability to detect variations in surface electrical potentials on a specimen, is now one of several imaging modes used for the characterization, diagnosis and failure analysis of semiconductors. As many as half of the SEMs sold are believed to be used in semiconductor applications.
516:. In a formal invitation to proposed members of the Administrative Committee for the Beckman Institute, Everhart wrote that creation of the Beckman Institute was "an exceptional opportunity, perhaps the most dramatic and exciting one that we will see in our working lifetimes."
441:. Analyzing the electrons detected by the SEM, he reported that about 67% of the signal measured could be attributed to low energy secondaries from the specimen. About 3% was due to higher-energy reflected electrons. He also presented equations to model the noise introduced.
528:
from 1987 to 1997. As
Caltech's president, Everhart authorized the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, a large-scale experiment that seeks to detect gravitational waves and use them for fundamental research in physics and astronomy.
591:. In 2001 he became a member of the Overseers executive committee. He was one of three overseers who participated in the university's presidential search committee in 2000-01. In 2004, he was elected president of Harvard's Board of Overseers for 2004-05.
448:
Everhart studied contrast mechanisms in detail and developed a new theory of reflection of electrons from solids. He also made some of the first quantitative studies of the effects of beam penetration on image formation in the SEM.
433:
in 1952. It was further modified by Ken C. A. Smith, who developed a way to efficiently detect low-energy secondary electrons. Oatley and his students used SEM to develop a variety of new techniques for studying surface topography.
563:
Everhart promoted efforts to hire more female faculty and increase the enrollment of women. In his final year at
Caltech the number of women in the freshmen class was double that of the year he joined Caltech.
737:
Electron microscopy and analysis 1997 : proceedings of the
Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group conference, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 2-5 September 1997
3510:
2656:
2335:
1572:
Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an
Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011
685:
Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an
Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011
3495:
2609:
2636:
2530:
429:(SEMs) as a student with Charles Oatley at Cambridge in 1955. An initial prototype, the SEM1, had been developed by Dennis McMullen, who published his dissertation
342:
360:
in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an
International
2355:
532:
While at
Caltech, Everhart was involved in substantial expansion of the university, heading a $ 350-million fund-raising drive. In 1989, he helped dedicate the
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Pittsburgh. They were able to combine signals so to more effectively examine multiple layers in active devices, an early example of EBIC imaging.
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452:
In 1960 Everhart and
Richard F. M. Thornley published a description for the improved design of a secondary electron detector, since known as the
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1203:
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1168:
Everhart, T. E.; Hoff, P. H. (1971). "Determination of Kilovolt Electron Energy Dissipation vs Penetration Distance in Solid Materials".
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89:
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683:
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959:
Everhart, T.E.; Wells, O.C.; Oatley, C.W. (1959). "Factors affecting contrast and resolution in the scanning electron microscope".
1137:
Wells, OC; Everhart, TE; Matta, RK (1965). "Automatic positioning of device electrodes using the scanning electron microscope".
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397:
175:
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536:, a research center for biology, chemistry, and related sciences. It was the second of five research centers supported by
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From 1958-1978 Everhart was a professor and latterly department chairman of engineering and computer science, at the
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346:
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Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope
816:
Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope
777:
50 great moments : celebrating the golden jubilee of the University of Sydney's Electron Microscope Unit
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533:
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350:
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Oatley, CW; Everhart, TE (1957). "The examination of p-n junctions in the scanning electron microscope".
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3198:
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2142:
484:. There he supported the construction of the first scanning electron microscope in a U.S. university.
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1560:
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1729:
405:
184:
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Newbury, Dale D.; Joy, David C.; Echlin, Patrick; Fiori, Charles E.; Goldstein, Joseph I. (1986).
907:
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1705:
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1207:
508:
from 1984 to 1987. As chancellor, Everhart was involved in proposals for and development of the
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1804:
1777:
1477:
541:
537:
513:
464:. This type of secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector is still used in modern
437:
Everhart developed techniques to detect low-energy secondaries. His Ph.D. thesis, in 1958, was
247:
880:
811:
3321:
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2118:
2094:
843:
772:
735:
636:
545:
203:
155:
1011:
Everhart, T. E. (1960). "Simple Theory Concerning the Reflection of Electrons from Solids".
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2885:
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2494:
2470:
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2414:
1891:
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1177:
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1062:
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401:
1538:
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8:
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3121:
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2834:
2820:
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2201:
2016:
1957:
1897:
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1685:
651:
384:
Everhart's parents were William E. Everhart and Elizabeth A. West. Everhart received his
222:
2313:
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1066:
1024:
599:
Everhart has been elected to a number of scientific societies, including the following:
3362:
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2518:
2438:
2250:
1826:
1723:
588:
493:
389:
265:
166:
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3301:
2755:
2262:
1975:
1951:
1933:
1765:
1625:
1317:
1259:
1112:
1074:
991:
886:
849:
819:
780:
741:
69:
3393:
1090:"A history of scanning electron microscopy developments: Towards "wet-STEM" imaging"
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2510:
2462:
2390:
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2130:
2055:
1998:
1882:
1795:
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1028:
968:
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642:
302:
210:
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1915:
1783:
1643:
1597:
1108:
251:
112:
81:
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In January 1979, he became Joseph Silbert Dean of the college of engineering at
3266:
2880:
2731:
2707:
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2106:
2031:
1909:
1903:
1858:
1852:
1615:
731:
512:, an interdisciplinary research institute substantially funded by an appeal to
409:
307:
124:
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2715:
2620:
2374:
2124:
2112:
2037:
1969:
1873:
1820:
1741:
1699:
1154:
333:(born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri) is an American educator and
3403:
3367:
3261:
3251:
2926:
2875:
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2723:
2406:
2088:
2073:
2049:
1963:
1927:
1816:
1810:
1116:
549:
353:, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956.
1088:
Bogner, A.; Jouneau, P.-H.; Thollet, G.; Basset, D.; Gauthier, C. (2007).
540:
and his wife Mabel. Everhart also was involved in the development of the
3347:
3281:
3271:
2446:
2100:
2067:
2061:
2022:
1945:
1921:
779:. University of Sydney, N.S.W.: Sydney University Press. pp. 71–81.
2172:
1255:
Bridging divides : the origins of the Beckman Institute at Illinois
3428:
3408:
2849:
2844:
2781:
denotes having served as interim before serving in a permanent capacity
1981:
1867:
1747:
1048:"Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents"
908:"The Early History and Development of The Scanning Electron Microscope"
30:
2789:
1651:
1189:
1032:
3296:
2951:
2010:
1939:
548:; the Gordon and Betty Moore Laboratory of Engineering, supported by
334:
3398:
2864:
818:(1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 137–145.
631:
Everhart has received a number of awards, including the following:
572:
338:
3352:
3034:
587:
In 1999, Everhart was elected to a six-year terms as Overseer of
1400:"With Its New Lab, Caltech Has a Formula to Survive Uncertainty"
3372:
425:
Everhart began working on electron detection and the design of
361:
284:
1045:
553:
431:
Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes
330:
179:
170:
3511:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
3357:
1682:
556:; and the Fairchild Engineering Library, supported by the
393:
385:
1087:
2343:
2188:
188:
1452:"Former Caltech President Tom Everhart Elected to Board"
988:
Advanced scanning electron microscopy and x-ray analysis
812:"Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope"
439:
Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope
408:, where he completed a PhD in Physics under Professor
291:
Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope
985:
740:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub. pp. 11–16.
519:
510:
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
475:
3496:
Presidents of the California Institute of Technology
620:
American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
615:
1984, Scientific Member, Böhmische Physical Society
567:
Since 1998, Everhart has served as a trustee of the
1553:
958:
1136:
885:(1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press.
605:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3477:
1478:"Everhart named Overseers president for 2004-05"
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
372:from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the
3219:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
2922:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
1374:
1335:
1310:
931:
773:"Great moment 9: Scanning electron microscopy"
2805:
2329:
2158:
1667:
666:
420:
1426:"Sherman Fairchild Library: Ten Years Later"
1293:"President of Caltech Announces Resignation"
1247:
1245:
1167:
1161:
1004:
952:
1569:Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011).
1470:
1430:Division of Engineering and Applied Science
990:. New York: Plenum Press, Inc. p. 45.
845:SEM Microcharacterization of Semiconductors
726:
724:
722:
720:
682:Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011).
379:
3526:UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
2812:
2798:
2336:
2322:
2165:
2151:
1674:
1660:
1606:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
506:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
370:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
337:. His area of expertise is the physics of
270:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
90:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
29:
2232:
1568:
1417:
1242:
1130:
805:
803:
766:
764:
730:
681:
571:. He sits on the boards of directors of
499:
2300:# denotes an acting or interim president
1397:
1391:
1219:
1217:
1039:
1010:
874:
872:
809:
717:
368:in 1990. He served as chancellor of the
2819:
1681:
1375:Copman, Linda; Kamisato, Peggi (2007).
979:
841:
770:
3478:
1368:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1081:
1046:Everhart, TE and RFM Thornley (1960).
878:
837:
835:
800:
761:
699:
349:. These detectors are still in use in
3546:Leaders of the University of Illinois
2793:
2317:
2146:
1655:
1251:
1214:
1139:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
925:
899:
869:
848:. Elsevier Science. pp. xi–xii.
582:
504:Everhart served as chancellor of the
487:
398:University of California, Los Angeles
356:Everhart was elected a member of the
176:University of California, Los Angeles
3458:
1398:Flanigan, James (January 10, 1996).
1377:"Visionary Philanthropy: A Home Run"
594:
482:University of California at Berkeley
1423:
1290:
1279:
832:
13:
3521:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
2176:California Institute of Technology
1634:California Institute of Technology
1258:. Urbana: University of Illinois.
905:
569:California Institute of Technology
526:California Institute of Technology
520:California Institute of Technology
476:University of California, Berkeley
374:California Institute of Technology
274:California Institute of Technology
262:University of California, Berkeley
47:California Institute of Technology
14:
3567:
2855:Timeline of microscope technology
2777:denotes an acting or interim role
1499:
1055:Journal of Scientific Instruments
3501:21st-century American physicists
3457:
3446:
3445:
1381:Cosmic Matters, Keck Observatory
1204:"IEEE Founders Medal Recipients"
842:Holt, D. B.; Joy, D. C. (1989).
458:Cambridge Scientific Instruments
3536:IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
3214:Precession electron diffraction
1444:
1196:
647:1993, ASEE Centennial Medallion
611:National Academy of Engineering
358:National Academy of Engineering
16:American educator and physicist
1343:"Dedicating Beckman Institute"
961:Journal of Electronics Control
524:Everhart was president of the
1:
814:. In Hawkes, Peter W. (ed.).
775:. In Ratinac, Kyle R. (ed.).
660:
466:scanning electron microscopes
427:scanning electron microscopes
351:scanning electron microscopes
1580:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1544:Resources in other libraries
1525:Resources in other libraries
1291:Woo, Elaine (May 23, 1996).
1109:10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008
711:Royal Academy of Engineering
693:Chemical Heritage Foundation
626:Royal Academy of Engineering
558:Sherman Fairchild Foundation
544:in Hawaii, supported by the
534:Beckman Institute at Caltech
396:in applied physics from the
366:Royal Academy of Engineering
7:
1252:Brown, Theodore L. (2009).
10:
3572:
3531:Cornell University faculty
3199:Immune electron microscopy
3117:Annular dark-field imaging
2932:Everhart–Thornley detector
1318:"History & Milestones"
1170:Journal of Applied Physics
1075:10.1088/0950-7671/37/7/307
1013:Journal of Applied Physics
454:Everhart–Thornley detector
421:Everhart-Thornley detector
347:Everhart–Thornley detector
217:ASEE Centennial Medallion
88:4th Chancellor of the
3441:
3386:
3353:Hitachi High-Technologies
3335:
3244:
3237:
3104:
3048:
3010:
2967:
2960:
2914:
2863:
2827:
2774:
2655:
2608:
2529:
2354:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2197:
2187:
2183:
1991:
1842:
1692:
1640:
1630:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1561:Science History Institute
1554:Center for Oral History.
1539:Resources in your library
1533:By Thomas Eugene Everhart
1520:Resources in your library
973:10.1080/00207215908937191
946:10.1080/00207215708937060
879:Hawkes, Peter W. (2004).
771:Ratinac, Kyle R. (2008).
415:
321:
317:
313:
301:
283:
257:
243:
236:
199:
195:
162:
139:
134:
130:
118:
106:
95:
87:
75:
63:
52:
45:5th President of the
44:
40:
28:
21:
3556:Scientists from Missouri
3551:Physicists from Missouri
3378:Thermo Fisher Scientific
3204:Geometric phase analysis
3092:Aberration-Corrected TEM
1730:Walter Ransom Gail Baker
810:Everhart, T. E. (2004).
406:Clare College, Cambridge
380:Early life and education
185:Clare College, Cambridge
3127:Charge contrast imaging
2937:Field electron emission
1879:Shigeru Yonezawa (1982)
1849:Edward W. Herold (1976)
1801:Morris D. Hooven (1970)
1706:Alfred Norton Goldsmith
1456:Caltech News and Events
1155:10.1109/t-ed.1965.15607
1141:. ED-12 (10): 556–563.
912:University of Cambridge
624:1990, Foreign Member,
278:University of Cambridge
3516:Harvard College alumni
3317:Thomas Eugene Everhart
2347:University of Illinois
2005:Thomas Eugene Everhart
1778:Elmer William Engstrom
1604:4th Chancellor of the
1511:Thomas Eugene Everhart
934:Journal of Electronics
542:W. M. Keck Observatory
538:Arnold Orville Beckman
514:Arnold Orville Beckman
500:University of Illinois
400:, in 1955. He held a
343:Richard F. M. Thornley
341:beams. Together with
328:Thomas Eugene Everhart
248:Electrical Engineering
23:Thomas Eugene Everhart
3322:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
3142:Dark-field microscopy
2234:Presidents of Caltech
2119:John Brooks Slaughter
2095:N. R. Narayana Murthy
2028:Toshiharu Aoki (2006)
1888:Koji Kobayashi (1984)
1632:5th President of the
637:IEEE Centennial Medal
546:W. M. Keck Foundation
204:IEEE Centennial Medal
156:Kansas City, Missouri
3327:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2977:Correlative light EM
2886:Electron diffraction
2190:Early Throop leaders
2079:James Plummer (2015)
1578:. Philadelphia, PA:
1556:"Thomas E. Everhart"
1229:The Kavli Foundation
1225:"Thomas E. Everhart"
691:. Philadelphia, PA:
496:, Ithaca, New York.
402:Marshall Scholarship
3541:Fellows of the IEEE
3292:Manfred von Ardenne
3277:Gerasimos Danilatos
3184:Electron tomography
3179:Electron holography
3122:Cathodoluminescence
2901:Secondary electrons
2891:Electron scattering
2835:Electron microscopy
2821:Electron microscopy
2017:Mildred Dresselhaus
1958:Norman R. Augustine
1898:George H. Heilmeier
1790:Patrick E. Haggerty
1424:Douglas, Kimberly.
1182:1971JAP....42.5837E
1147:1965ITED...12..556W
1067:1960JScI...37..246E
1025:1960JAP....31.1483E
652:IEEE Founders Medal
376:from 1987 to 1997.
223:IEEE Founders Medal
3414:Digital Micrograph
3020:Environmental SEM
2942:Field emission gun
2906:X-ray fluorescence
2173:Presidents of the
1827:Lawrence A. Hyland
1724:Raymond A. Heising
906:Breton, Bernie C.
589:Harvard University
583:Harvard University
494:Cornell University
488:Cornell University
390:Harvard University
266:Cornell University
167:Harvard University
3506:Marshall Scholars
3473:
3472:
3437:
3436:
3307:Nestor J. Zaluzec
3302:Maximilian Haider
3100:
3099:
2787:
2786:
2357:System presidents
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2269:Marvin Goldberger
2223:
2222:
2140:
2139:
1976:Benjamin M. Rosen
1952:Malcolm R. Currie
1934:Roland W. Schmitt
1766:Andrew McNaughton
1650:
1649:
1641:Succeeded by
1626:Marvin Goldberger
1613:Succeeded by
1590:Academic offices
1506:Library resources
1404:Los Angeles Times
1297:Los Angeles Times
1210:on April 8, 2010.
1190:10.1063/1.1660019
1176:(13): 5837–5846.
1033:10.1063/1.1735868
707:"List of Fellows"
656:2002, Okawa Prize
595:Awards and honors
392:in 1953, and his
325:
324:
238:Scientific career
227:
208:
150:February 15, 1932
70:Marvin Goldberger
3563:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3257:Bodo von Borries
3242:
3241:
3002:Photoemission EM
2965:
2964:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2659:
2658:UIUC chancellors
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2612:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2533:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2293:Thomas Rosenbaum
2287:Jean-Lou Chameau
2229:
2228:
2192:(before Caltech)
2185:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2131:Tsu-Jae King Liu
2056:James F. Gibbons
1999:Robert A. Frosch
1883:Joseph M. Pettit
1864:Hanzo Omi (1979)
1833:John G. Brainerd
1796:E. Finley Carter
1760:Frederick Terman
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1623:Preceded by
1595:Preceded by
1587:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1565:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:. Archived from
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1206:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1019:(8): 1483–1490.
1008:
1002:
1001:
983:
977:
976:
956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
876:
867:
866:
864:
862:
839:
830:
829:
807:
798:
797:
795:
793:
768:
759:
758:
756:
754:
728:
715:
714:
703:
697:
696:
690:
679:
643:Clark Kerr Award
579:, among others.
577:Kavli Foundation
388:in physics from
345:he designed the
303:Doctoral advisor
297:
232:
225:
220:
215:
211:Clark Kerr Award
206:
153:
149:
147:
135:Personal details
121:
109:
100:
78:
66:
57:
35:Everhart in 1987
33:
19:
18:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3433:
3382:
3331:
3312:Ondrej Krivanek
3233:
3096:
3044:
3006:
2992:Liquid-Phase EM
2956:
2915:Instrumentation
2910:
2868:
2859:
2823:
2818:
2788:
2783:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:UIS chancellors
2610:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:UIC chancellors
2531:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2344:Leaders of the
2342:
2312:
2303:
2281:David Baltimore
2275:Thomas Everhart
2245:Robert Millikan
2236:
2219:
2193:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2141:
2136:
1987:
1916:Ivan A. Getting
1838:
1784:Harvey Fletcher
1688:
1680:
1646:
1644:David Baltimore
1637:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1598:John E. Cribbet
1575:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1484:. June 10, 2004
1482:Harvard Gazette
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1166:
1162:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1009:
1005:
998:
984:
980:
957:
953:
930:
926:
916:
914:
904:
900:
893:
877:
870:
860:
858:
856:
840:
833:
826:
808:
801:
791:
789:
787:
769:
762:
752:
750:
748:
732:Rodenburg, J.M.
729:
718:
705:
704:
700:
688:
680:
667:
663:
618:1988, Fellow,
609:1978, Member,
603:1969, Fellow,
597:
585:
522:
502:
490:
478:
423:
418:
382:
295:
252:Applied Physics
230:
228:
221:
218:
216:
213:
209:
183:
174:
154:
151:
145:
143:
119:
113:John E. Cribbet
107:
101:
96:
82:David Baltimore
76:
64:
58:
53:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Direct methods
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Ernst G. Bauer
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Bremsstrahlung
2878:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2766:(2016–present)
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2647:(2020–present)
2641:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2600:(2015–present)
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2521:(2015–present)
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2295:(2014–present)
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:Robert Christy
2260:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2208:Walter Edwards
2205:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2107:Jen-Hsun Huang
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2032:Anita K. Jones
2029:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1910:Ian Munro Ross
1907:
1904:James B. Owens
1901:
1895:
1892:William Norris
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:Donald G. Fink
1856:
1853:Jerome Wiesner
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:Founders Medal
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:Morton W. Weir
1614:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:External links
1498:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1443:
1416:
1390:
1387:on 2011-04-13.
1367:
1356:(6): 1–2. 1989
1334:
1309:
1278:
1265:978-0252034848
1264:
1241:
1213:
1195:
1160:
1129:
1103:(4): 390–401.
1080:
1061:(7): 246–248.
1038:
1003:
996:
978:
951:
940:(6): 568–570.
924:
898:
892:978-0123859853
891:
868:
854:
831:
825:978-0123859853
824:
799:
785:
760:
747:978-0750304412
746:
716:
698:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
629:
628:
622:
616:
613:
607:
596:
593:
584:
581:
521:
518:
501:
498:
489:
486:
477:
474:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:Charles Oatley
381:
378:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
308:Charles Oatley
305:
299:
298:
287:
281:
280:
259:
255:
254:
245:
241:
240:
234:
233:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:
164:
160:
159:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
125:Morton W. Weir
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
93:
92:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3568:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Living people
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Carl Zeiss AG
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:Manufacturers
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:James Hillier
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:Ultrafast SEM
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Low-energy EM
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Magnetic lens
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Kikuchi lines
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:# (1977–1978)
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2214:James Scherer
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:Charles Keyes
2200:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:Rodney Brooks
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Henry Samueli
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:Craig Barrett
2042:
2039:
2038:Steven Sample
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:Alan W. Rudge
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:James Hillier
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:David Packard
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:Haraden Pratt
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:David Sarnoff
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1573:
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1014:
1007:
999:
997:9780306421402
993:
989:
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974:
970:
967:(2): 97–111.
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928:
913:
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27:
20:
3462:
3450:
3404:EM Data Bank
3368:Nion Company
3316:
3262:Dennis Gabor
3252:Albert Crewe
3030:Confocal SEM
2927:Electron gun
2876:Auger effect
2780:
2776:
2699:
2582:Allen-Meares
2299:
2298:
2274:
2257:Harold Brown
2251:Lee DuBridge
2233:
2189:
2089:Takeo Kanade
2082:
2074:Eric Schmidt
2050:Paul E. Gray
2004:
1992:2001–present
1964:Gordon Moore
1928:Irwin Dorros
1817:Bill Hewlett
1811:Masaru Ibuka
1771:
1753:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1638:1987 – 1997
1631:
1610:1984 – 1987
1603:
1571:
1559:
1532:
1510:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1385:the original
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1350:Caltech News
1349:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1269:. Retrieved
1254:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1208:the original
1198:
1173:
1169:
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1138:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1100:
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987:
981:
964:
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933:
927:
915:. Retrieved
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859:. Retrieved
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815:
790:. Retrieved
776:
751:. Retrieved
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598:
586:
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550:Gordon Moore
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327:
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289:
258:Institutions
237:
229:Okawa Prize
120:Succeeded by
97:
77:Succeeded by
54:
3486:1932 births
3348:FEI Company
3282:Harald Rose
3272:Ernst Ruska
2961:Microscopes
2869:with matter
2867:interaction
2750:(2011–2015)
2742:(2009–2011)
2734:(2004–2009)
2726:(2001–2004)
2718:(1993–2001)
2710:(1987–1993)
2702:(1984–1987)
2694:(1979–1984)
2686:(1978–1979)
2670:(1967–1977)
2639:(2011–2020)
2631:(2001–2010)
2623:(1995–2001)
2584:(2009–2015)
2576:(2008–2009)
2568:(1999–2007)
2560:(1995–1999)
2552:(1990–1995)
2544:(1983–1990)
2513:(2012–2015)
2505:(2010—2012)
2489:(2005—2009)
2481:(1995—2005)
2473:(1979—1995)
2465:(1971—1979)
2457:(1955–1967)
2449:(1954–1955)
2441:(1946–1953)
2433:(1934–1946)
2425:(1933–1934)
2417:(1930–1933)
2409:(1920–1930)
2401:(1904–1920)
2393:(1894–1904)
2385:(1891–1894)
2377:(1880–1891)
2369:(1867–1880)
2289:(2006–2013)
2283:(1997–2006)
2277:(1987–1997)
2271:(1978–1987)
2259:(1969–1977)
2253:(1946–1969)
2247:(1921–1946)
2216:(1908–1920)
2210:(1897–1907)
2204:(1891–1896)
2101:Robin Saxby
2068:Leo Beranek
2062:F. C. Kohli
2023:Eugene Wong
1946:Akio Morita
1922:Erich Bloch
1805:Ernst Weber
1271:11 December
108:Preceded by
65:Preceded by
3480:Categories
3429:Multislice
3245:Developers
3105:Techniques
2850:Microscope
2845:Micrograph
2684:Gerberding
2542:Langenberg
1982:Bob Galvin
1868:Simon Ramo
1748:Ralph Bown
661:References
462:Stereoscan
146:1932-02-15
3297:Max Knoll
2952:Stigmator
2629:Ringeisen
2495:Ikenberry
2471:Ikenberry
2011:Ray Stata
1940:Ken Olsen
1843:1976–2000
1693:1953–1975
1432:. Caltech
412:in 1958.
335:physicist
163:Education
102:1984–1987
98:In office
59:1987–1997
55:In office
3452:Category
3399:CrysTBox
3387:Software
3058:Cryo-TEM
2865:Electron
2700:Everhart
2668:Peltason
2598:Amiridis
2590:Gislason
2574:Gislason
2463:Corbally
2439:Stoddard
2083:No award
1772:No award
1754:No award
1736:No award
1718:No award
1712:No award
1117:16990007
734:(1997).
575:and the
573:Raytheon
468:(SEMs).
460:Mark I
339:electron
3464:Commons
3112:4D STEM
3085:4D STEM
3063:Cryo-ET
3035:SEM-XRF
3025:CryoSEM
2982:Cryo-EM
2840:History
2692:Cribbet
2645:Whitney
2566:Manning
2519:Killeen
2431:Willard
2423:Daniels
2383:Burrill
2375:Peabody
2367:Gregory
1488:19 June
1462:19 June
1436:19 June
1409:19 June
1360:19 June
1327:19 June
1322:Caltech
1302:19 June
1234:19 June
1178:Bibcode
1143:Bibcode
1122:18 June
1063:Bibcode
1021:Bibcode
917:18 June
861:18 June
792:19 June
753:19 June
364:of the
3409:EMsoft
3394:CASINO
3373:TESCAN
3238:Others
3137:cryoEM
2828:Basics
2758:(2015)
2756:Wilson
2740:Easter
2732:Herman
2724:Cantor
2678:(1977)
2592:(2015)
2558:Broski
2550:Stukel
2511:Easter
2497:(2010)
2479:Stukel
2407:Kinley
2391:Draper
2133:(2024)
2127:(2023)
2121:(2022)
2115:(2021)
2109:(2020)
2103:(2019)
2097:(2018)
2091:(2017)
2085:(2016)
2076:(2014)
2070:(2013)
2064:(2012)
2058:(2011)
2052:(2010)
2046:(2009)
2040:(2008)
2034:(2007)
2025:(2005)
2019:(2004)
2013:(2003)
2007:(2002)
2001:(2001)
1984:(2000)
1978:(1999)
1972:(1998)
1966:(1997)
1960:(1996)
1954:(1995)
1948:(1994)
1942:(1993)
1936:(1992)
1930:(1991)
1924:(1990)
1918:(1989)
1912:(1988)
1906:(1987)
1900:(1986)
1894:(1985)
1885:(1983)
1876:(1981)
1870:(1980)
1861:(1978)
1855:(1977)
1835:(1975)
1829:(1974)
1823:(1973)
1813:(1972)
1807:(1971)
1798:(1969)
1792:(1968)
1786:(1967)
1780:(1966)
1774:(1965)
1768:(1964)
1762:(1963)
1756:(1962)
1750:(1961)
1744:(1960)
1738:(1959)
1732:(1958)
1726:(1957)
1720:(1956)
1714:(1955)
1708:(1954)
1702:(1953)
1508:about
1458:. 1998
1262:
1115:
1097:Micron
994:
889:
852:
822:
783:
744:
650:2002,
641:1992,
635:1984,
416:Career
362:Fellow
296:(1958)
294:
285:Thesis
244:Fields
231:(2002)
226:(2002)
219:(1993)
214:(1992)
207:(1984)
200:Awards
158:, U.S.
3363:Leica
3209:PINEM
3075:HRTEM
3070:EFTEM
2764:Jones
2716:Aiken
2503:Hogan
2487:White
2455:Henry
2447:Morey
2415:Chase
2399:James
1576:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
554:Intel
331:FREng
3424:IUCr
3358:JEOL
3229:WBDF
3224:WDXS
3174:EBIC
3169:EELS
3164:ECCI
3152:EBSD
3132:CBED
3080:STEM
2748:Wise
2708:Weir
2676:Weir
2637:Koch
2621:Lynn
1819:and
1683:IEEE
1490:2015
1464:2015
1438:2015
1411:2015
1362:2015
1329:2015
1304:2015
1273:2014
1260:ISBN
1236:2015
1124:2015
1113:PMID
992:ISBN
919:2015
887:ISBN
863:2015
850:ISBN
820:ISBN
794:2015
781:ISBN
755:2015
742:ISBN
394:M.S.
386:A.B.
140:Born
3194:FEM
3189:FIB
3157:TKD
3147:EDS
3050:TEM
3012:SEM
2987:EMP
2779:—
1186:doi
1151:doi
1105:doi
1071:doi
1029:doi
969:doi
942:doi
552:of
404:at
189:PhD
3482::
2969:EM
1558:.
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910:.
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250:,
180:MS
171:BA
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