97:. There are many ways to define third-stream music. It could refer to a group of jazz musicians playing solely, or a jazz soloist performing with a symphony orchestra, as long as the musicians are able to interpret and play jazz music. Improvisation is generally seen as a vital component of third stream. In third-stream music, composers incorporated elements of classical music, such as the use of jazz instruments and classical music forms, into their jazz compositions. The fusion of jazz and classical music is also viewed as "born out of a reciprocal interest: the interest of the classical community in the developments in jazz music and the interest of the jazz community in the advances of classical music." The innovative idea of fusing jazz and classical music pushed the boundaries of traditional classical music and introduced a new genre that blends the two styles into a unique hybrid form.
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with the other, more strenuous objections were typically made by jazz musicians who felt such efforts were "an assault on their traditions". He wrote that "by designating the music as a 'separate, third stream', the other two mainstreams could go about their way unaffected by the attempts at fusion". Third-stream music emerged during a time when jazz was seeking recognition as a legitimate art form, and
European musical traditions were still widely considered the standard by which all music was judged. The fusion of jazz and classical music, forming a new music genre, worsened the longstanding struggle of African American musicians to gain recognition for their art style within the mainstream of American culture.
640:
156:'s music and how he was fascinated by its "freely, loosely, more personal" music style, which he had not experienced as a classical learner. Later, he discusses how he wanted to combine classical music and jazz together to produce a third-stream, and how he explored this music style in various creative ways. He also shares his experiences of wanting to make the New England Conservatory more inclusive by adding new programs and jazz-related courses when he was the president from 1967 to 1977.
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114:" enough. Throughout the history of third-stream music style, bringing in two contrasting music styles forming a new music genre are not welcomed in either side, which has caused advocates and practitioners of this approach to face aesthetic battles on both sides. Others reject such notions and consider third stream an interesting musical development. In 1981, Schuller offered a list of "What Third Stream Is Not":
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played an important role during the rise of third stream music. Its "Playful riffs, embellishments, and an extension of the central cadenza in the
Rhapsody capture the listener's imagination". The piece combines elements of jazz and classical music, making it sound distinctive and unique. Its success
105:
In 1961, Schuller defined third stream as "a new genre of music located about halfway between jazz and classical music". He insisted that "by definition there is no such thing as 'third stream jazz'". He noted that while critics on both sides of third stream objected to tainting their favorite music
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as department chair in 1973. Blake would continue to lead this unique department (eventually renamed
Contemporary Improvisation, now Contemporary Musical Arts) until his retirement in 2005, meanwhile broadening the concept to center on the "primacy of the ear", development of personal style, and
534:
was among the first musicians to combine the two genres, beginning in the 1930s. He called his style "The New Music". Critics praised "Garden of Weed" "Serenade for a
Wealthy Widow" and the Bach-influenced "Dodging a Divorcee", but the British public was baffled. Foresythe's music found a warmer
1208:"The Gershwin Moment: Rhapsody in Blue & Concerto in F, St. Louis Symphony; Kirill Gerstein, piano; Storm Large, vocals; Gary Burton, vibraphone; David Robertson, conductor. S Myrios Classics, B0794SPYLJ, 2018, CD and MP3"
574:
Progressive Jazz
Orchestra from 1947 to 1948 and the Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra of 1950 and 1951. A student of Milhaud, Rugolo studied the scores of Debussy, Ravel, and Stravinsky. The exploratory works of
591:", "Dusk", and "Reflections in D", as well as in more extended composed works such as "Creole Rhapsody", "Reminiscing in Tempo", and "The Tattooed Bride". These tendencies were shared by his collaborator, composer
204:. This music was performed for the first time at the Brandeis Festival of the Arts in 1957 and inspired Schuller's comment about "a new synthesis". Composers who were influenced by Schuller's comments include
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Bartok's music—originally compounded of
Debussyan and Straussian elements—rose to its greatest heights after he was able to fuse his early style with the idiomatic inflections of Eastern European folk music.
543:. Artie Shaw recorded "Interlude in B-flat" in 1935 with the unusual ensemble of a string quartet, a jazz rhythm section, and Shaw on clarinet and saxophone. Although not third stream in conception, pianist
109:
Critics have argued that third stream—by drawing on two very different styles—dilutes the power of each in combining them. The jazz component of the music has been criticized for being too serious and not
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for Kenton from 1947 to 1952 combine contemporary classical techniques. His use of colorful graphs and charts for big band took his music into a harmonic and rhythmic realm unknown in jazz.
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395:, is the only professional orchestra solely dedicated to performing Third Stream music in North America. The orchestra is composed of Chicago-based jazz and classical performers.
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improvisation, drawing on inspiration from all musics of the world. Faculty members have included a number of highly influential performer-composers including
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in 2006. This album is a fusion of classical music and jazz, which his ensemble reinterpreting pieces from Mozart's works through a jazz approach.
1941:
518:. Although few of these examples can be classified third stream, they demonstrate interest and appreciation for jazz among classical composers.
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in the 1940s. These musicians had written parts and supported the improvisers. More dramatic attempts to bridge jazz and classical were made by
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Chicago Jazz Philharmonic, primarily performing compositions by its founder and Chicago based composer, trumpeter, and conductor
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It is not designed to do away with jazz or classical music; it is just another option amongst many for today's creative musicians.
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writes fully notated music in a jazz idiom that fuses the
Russian piano tradition with the virtuosic styles of Art Tatum and
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Teachout, Terry (2000). "Jazz and
Classical Music: To the Third Stream and Beyond". In Kirchner, Bill (ed.).
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experimented with compositionally guided free jazz improvisation in his "Actions for Free Jazz
Orchestra".
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established a Third Stream Department with associated degree programs, appointing pianist-composer
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drew on classical technique and recorded jazz versions of short pieces by European composers
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marked a significant cultural shift in American society during the Jazz Age.
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827:"Maria Schneider's 'Hang Gliding': Dual Analyses for a Hybrid Musical Style"
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Gunther Schuller leads NEC Jazz Orchestra in rehearsal in Jordan Hall, 1990.
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reception in America, resulting in collaborations with Ellington,
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and his orchestra in 1945. Other composers who used jazz include
672:(who later became chair). Notable alumni include performers and
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employed string sections in his jazz bands in the 1920s, as did
2331:
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had fused his music with the folk music of Eastern Europe.
82:
33:
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Works that fall under the heading of third stream include
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Schuller led a group of musicians in recording the albums
617:
Der langwierige Weg in die Wohnung der Natascha Ungeheuer
444:
used jazz-inspired elements, including a jazz fugue, in
1487:
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In 2011, Gunther Schuller published his autobiography,
1376:
Harbison, Patrick Lewis; Moore, Gregory Kehl (1997).
331:, a suite for saxophone and strings by Eddie Sauter;
634:
1433:
765:
1131:
623:American classical and jazz pianist and composer,
124:It is not classical music played by jazz players.
121:It is not jazz played on "classical" instruments.
3429:
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176:. The first contained compositions by Schuller,
1443:Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller
1342:Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller
1294:"Gershwin and American Modernists of the 1920s"
855:
853:
159:
2945:
1503:
1406:"All Things Kenton – Images: Bob Graettinger"
1375:
357:Seven Songs for Quartet and Chamber Orchestra
1445:; Oxford University Press, 1986; 0195037456.
1332:
732:Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association
236:. Others influenced by Third Stream include
65:instruments commonly used in classical music
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978:
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614:brought free jazz into his compositions in
386:
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89:. The term was coined in 1957 by composer
1259:Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions
1212:Journal of the Society for American Music
172:(1958), later collected under one album,
141:It is not a fugue played by jazz players.
100:
1345:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
1338:
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1159:
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1118:
1089:
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824:
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343:by Dario Savino Doronzo | Pietro Gallo,
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345:Piece for Clarinet and String Orchestra
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1398:
1252:
1042:
995:
932:
885:
777:
707:Musical improvisation#Classical period
647:During his tenure as president of the
135:between bebop changes—nor the reverse.
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1205:
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725:
150:A Life in Pursuit of Music and Beauty
1440:
1138:. Oxford University Press. pp.
983:
873:
860:
844:
434:blended jazz and symphonic music in
3412:
1339:Schuller, Gunther (3 August 1989).
1291:
1168:"Third Stream Music Genre Overview"
1036:
989:
831:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
13:
1449:
926:
879:
825:McKinney, Elizabeth (2008-01-01).
771:
14:
3459:
2865:Album covers of Blue Note Records
1479:(video included). Interviewed by
1459:
1384:. Psychology Press. p. 117.
1165:
649:New England Conservatory of Music
635:New England Conservatory of Music
587:in impressionistic work such as "
288:artists; in Italy, among others,
62:Instruments commonly used in jazz
3411:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3381:
2913:
1090:Schuller, Gunther (2011-10-15).
3382:
1369:
1285:
1255:"Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue""
1246:
1199:
1185:
1083:
629:Uri Caine Ensemble Plays Mozart
2245:Institutions and organizations
1435:Encyclopædia Britannica entry.
1096:. Boydell and Brewer Limited.
866:
837:
818:
758:
719:
1:
1942:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
712:
174:The Birth of the Third Stream
138:It is not jazz in fugal form.
127:It is not inserting a bit of
1134:The Oxford Companion to Jazz
1043:Joyner, David (2000-01-01).
996:Joyner, David (2000-01-01).
933:Joyner, David (2000-01-01).
886:Joyner, David (2000-01-01).
778:Joyner, David (2000-01-01).
564:contemporary classical music
416:in 1949 and in the 1950s by
320:The Gary McFarland Orchestra
118:It is not jazz with strings.
7:
695:
160:Compositions and recordings
10:
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1427:
1380:. In Pendle, Karin (ed.).
1253:Waters, Edward N. (1947).
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2271:See Template: Jazz theory
2232:
2154:
2018:
1980:
1924:
1846:
1628:
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1483:(published July 1, 2009).
1224:10.1017/s1752196318000639
1061:10.1080/07494460000640141
1049:Contemporary Music Review
1014:10.1080/07494460000640141
1002:Contemporary Music Review
951:10.1080/07494460000640141
939:Contemporary Music Review
904:10.1080/07494460000640141
892:Contemporary Music Review
796:10.1080/07494460000640141
784:Contemporary Music Review
570:, chief architect of the
470:composed for clarinetist
55:
47:
26:
21:
3257:Unruly audience response
1517:
1382:American Women Composers
1045:"Analyzing third stream"
998:"Analyzing third stream"
935:"Analyzing third stream"
888:"Analyzing third stream"
780:"Analyzing third stream"
440:(1924). French composer
387:Composers and performers
2961:Western classical music
766:Encyclopædia Britannica
3443:Third stream musicians
3059:Transition to Romantic
2989:Major periods and eras
1292:Oja, Carol J. (1994).
1206:Kneer, Joseph (2019).
644:
562:A fusion of jazz with
367:by Claus Ogerman, and
101:Definition and critics
3015:Transition to Baroque
1298:The Musical Quarterly
1193:"Brad Mehldau: Largo"
1102:10.1017/9781580467834
642:
627:, released his album
566:came from the pen of
270:Turtle Island Quartet
3347:Worldwide traditions
3300:Classical music blog
2659:Bibliography of jazz
2439:Continental European
744:10.1093/jrma/97.1.59
728:"Third-Stream Music"
608:Krzysztof Penderecki
447:La création du monde
81:that is a fusion of
3438:Fusion music genres
3199:Students by teacher
2900:Straight, No Chaser
2689:Straight-ahead jazz
2146:Winter & Winter
1595:French horn in jazz
1410:allthingskenton.com
1378:"Jazzwomen Compose"
1310:10.1093/mq/78.4.646
726:Banks, Don (1970).
692:, and many others.
512:William Grant Still
508:Dmitri Shostakovich
454:drew from jazz for
398:Schuller suggested
355:by George Russell,
258:Modern Jazz Quartet
170:Modern Jazz Concert
95:Brandeis University
56:Typical instruments
2844:West African music
2669:British dance band
2459:European free jazz
2432:British dance band
1925:Musicians by genre
1705:Free improvisation
1471:"Multiple Streams"
1441:Gunther Schuller:
674:ethnomusicologists
645:
577:Robert Graettinger
532:Reginald Foresythe
371:by Keith Jarrett.
339:by William Russo,
284:and several other
250:William Kanengiser
3425:
3424:
3320:Progressive music
3114:
3113:
2927:
2926:
2800:New Orleans blues
2647:
2646:
2590:
2589:
2164:Beaches (Toronto)
1575:Swing performance
1391:978-90-5702-145-9
1352:978-0-19-972363-8
1149:978-0-19-518359-7
1111:978-1-58046-783-4
651:(NEC) in Boston,
612:Hans Werner Henze
520:Mary Lou Williams
480:Leonard Bernstein
351:by J.J. Johnson,
341:Reimagining Opera
310:Sketches of Spain
298:Andrea Pellegrini
294:Gianluigi Trovesi
274:Mary Lou Williams
72:
71:
27:Stylistic origins
3455:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3370:Composers by era
3335:Video game music
3269:Musical ensemble
3071:Post-romanticism
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2684:Continental jazz
2577:Washington, D.C.
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2444:Czech and Slovak
2302:
2301:
2086:India Navigation
1784:Progressive jazz
1638:Avant-garde jazz
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1467:Gunther Schuller
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682:Christine Correa
653:Gunther Schuller
597:Nikolai Kapustin
585:Frederick Delius
557:Anton Rubinstein
500:Bohuslav MartinĹŻ
437:Rhapsody in Blue
376:Rhapsody in Blue
254:Jacques Loussier
93:in a lecture at
91:Gunther Schuller
48:Cultural origins
19:
18:
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3027:Common practice
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2920:Jazz portal
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2886:The Jazz Singer
2853:
2832:Novelty ragtime
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2298:Regional scenes
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2150:
2076:Groove Merchant
2066:Flying Dutchman
2014:
1976:
1920:
1842:
1774:Orchestral jazz
1754:Mainstream jazz
1742:Afro-Cuban jazz
1624:
1533:Outline of jazz
1521:
1516:
1469:(May 5, 2009).
1462:
1450:Yannow, Scott.
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994:
990:
986:, p. 1986)
981:
974:
931:
927:
884:
880:
871:
867:
858:
851:
842:
838:
823:
819:
776:
772:
763:
759:
724:
720:
715:
698:
637:
593:Billy Strayhorn
461:Piano-Rag-Music
452:Igor Stravinsky
432:George Gershwin
389:
380:George Gershwin
353:All About Rosie
337:An Image of Man
302:Giorgio Gaslini
234:Friedrich Gulda
166:Music for Brass
162:
103:
87:classical music
68:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:United Kingdom
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:Empfindsamkeit
3042:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2893:Round Midnight
2889:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2623:Latin American
2620:
2614:
2612:
2611:South American
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Baltimore jazz
2548:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:Latin American
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2512:North American
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Percussionists
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1804:Spiritual jazz
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1526:General topics
1523:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:Frank J. Oteri
1461:
1460:External links
1458:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1397:
1390:
1368:
1351:
1331:
1304:(4): 646–668.
1284:
1245:
1198:
1184:
1166:Yanow, Scott.
1155:
1148:
1117:
1110:
1082:
1035:
988:
972:
925:
878:
876:, p. 115)
865:
863:, p. 120)
849:
847:, p. 114)
836:
817:
770:
757:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
704:
697:
694:
686:Dominique Eade
666:George Russell
636:
633:
601:Oscar Peterson
581:Duke Ellington
553:Jules Massenet
549:AntonĂn Dvořák
492:Paul Hindemith
476:George Antheil
467:Ebony Concerto
442:Darius Milhaud
414:Charlie Parker
388:
385:
349:Poem for Brass
333:Transformation
325:Gary McFarland
282:Eberhard Weber
230:Gary McFarland
202:Milton Babbitt
198:Harold Shapero
194:Charles Mingus
190:George Russell
161:
158:
154:Duke Ellington
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
125:
122:
119:
102:
99:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
42:
41:
36:
30:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:New-age music
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3190:United States
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:Dates of eras
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2849:Western swing
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:New York City
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:Flamenco jazz
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:South African
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:Discographies
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Vibraphonists
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:Swing revival
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Flamenco jazz
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1620:Women in jazz
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Jazz trombone
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Jazz drumming
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:Improvisation
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
979:
977:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
854:
846:
840:
832:
828:
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
767:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Hankus Netsky
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
641:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:
618:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Benny Goodman
533:
529:
527:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Maurice Ravel
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Aaron Copland
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
427:
426:William Russo
423:
419:
418:J. J. Johnson
415:
411:
407:
406:Paul Whiteman
403:
401:
396:
394:
384:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:by Schuller,
334:
330:
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246:Eddie Daniels
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222:Lalo Schifrin
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214:William Russo
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186:Jimmy Giuffre
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16:Musical genre
3342:Third stream
3341:
3305:Experimental
3136:Porto Alegre
3106:21st-century
3101:20th-century
3096:Contemporary
3044:
2911:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2880:(miniseries)
2877:
2869:
2839:Sophisti-pop
2269:
2260:Jazz royalty
2250:Jazz funeral
2046:Contemporary
1937:Chamber jazz
1891:Saxophonists
1861:Clarinetists
1833:Third stream
1832:
1670:Chamber jazz
1570:Scat singing
1474:
1452:Allmusic.com
1442:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1381:
1371:
1363:
1356:. Retrieved
1341:
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1297:
1287:
1265:(3): 65–66.
1262:
1258:
1248:
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1211:
1201:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1133:
1092:
1085:
1055:(1): 63–87.
1052:
1048:
1038:
1008:(1): 63–87.
1005:
1001:
991:
945:(1): 63–87.
942:
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928:
898:(1): 63–87.
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868:
839:
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790:(1): 63–87.
787:
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773:
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735:
731:
721:
690:Matt Darriau
676:, including
646:
622:
615:
605:
561:
530:
525:Zodiac Suite
523:
496:Ernst Krenek
488:Morton Gould
472:Woody Herman
465:
459:
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435:
430:
404:
397:
393:Orbert Davis
390:
378:composed by
373:
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
347:by Giuffre,
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
308:
306:
278:Brad Mehldau
266:Ralph Towner
262:James Newton
218:Andre Hodeir
210:Eddie Sauter
178:J.J. Johnson
173:
169:
165:
163:
149:
147:
108:
104:
75:Third stream
74:
73:
22:Third stream
3448:Jazz genres
3417:WikiProject
3310:Light music
3295:Baroque pop
3290:Avant-garde
3245:Performance
3010:Renaissance
2997:Early music
2822:Quiet storm
2785:Contradanza
2567:New Orleans
2562:Kansas City
2365:Jazz mugham
2360:Azerbaijani
2284:Second line
2279:Rare groove
2265:Jazz theory
2255:Jazz poetry
2240:Contrafacts
2224:Saint Lucia
2204:New Orleans
2136:Strata-East
2111:MPS Records
2041:Cobblestone
1962:Smooth jazz
1952:Jazz fusion
1896:Trombonists
1809:Sacred jazz
1794:Smooth jazz
1727:Jazz fusion
1610:Jazz violin
1590:Jazz guitar
1565:Jam session
1538:Jazz (word)
1476:NewMusicBox
1358:27 February
1218:: 137–139.
589:Mood Indigo
572:Stan Kenton
568:Pete Rugolo
400:BĂ©la BartĂłk
369:Arbour Zena
361:Gary Burton
315:Miles Davis
286:ECM Records
168:(1957) and
79:music genre
3432:Categories
3330:Film score
3325:Soundtrack
3264:Conducting
3183:Birmingham
3119:By country
2968:Definition
2807:Brass band
2795:Jump blues
2639:Ethno jazz
2602:Australian
2582:West Coast
2339:Zimbabwean
2179:Copenhagen
2101:Mainstream
1911:Violinists
1901:Trumpeters
1871:Guitarists
1779:Organ trio
1764:Modal jazz
1737:Latin jazz
1717:Gypsy jazz
1615:Vocal jazz
1600:Jazz piano
713:References
702:Partimento
662:Jaki Byard
541:Earl Hines
516:Kurt Weill
464:, and the
422:John Lewis
410:Artie Shaw
374:The piece
242:Ron Carter
226:Teo Macero
182:John Lewis
133:Schoenberg
3375:Festivals
3274:Orchestra
3126:Australia
3091:Modernism
3083:New music
3054:Classical
2975:Art music
2775:Acid jazz
2632:Worldwide
2618:Brazilian
2415:Bulgarian
2377:Indo jazz
2327:Cape jazz
2214:North Sea
2169:Cape Town
2156:Festivals
2131:Riverside
2106:Milestone
2031:Blue Note
2026:Bethlehem
2010:post-1950
1982:Standards
1967:Soul jazz
1916:Vocalists
1876:Organists
1848:Musicians
1838:Trad jazz
1799:Soul jazz
1722:Jazz-funk
1710:Punk jazz
1700:Free funk
1695:Free jazz
1690:Folk jazz
1680:Dixieland
1675:Cool jazz
1665:Cape jazz
1580:Jazz bass
1543:Jazz band
1415:5 October
1318:0027-4631
1271:0090-0095
1240:194232665
1232:1752-1963
1177:5 October
1077:191584186
1069:0749-4467
1030:191584186
1022:0749-4467
967:191584186
959:0749-4467
920:191584186
912:0749-4467
812:191584186
804:0749-4467
752:0080-4452
738:: 59–67.
678:Don Byron
657:Ran Blake
625:Uri Caine
606:Composer
545:Art Tatum
365:Symbiosis
206:Don Ellis
39:classical
3397:Category
3066:Romantic
3005:Medieval
2780:Afrobeat
2694:Pre-1920
2679:Jazz Age
2595:Oceanian
2545:American
2519:Canadian
2403:European
2394:Japanese
2355:Armenian
2317:Malawian
2312:Ethiopia
2199:Montreux
2194:Montreal
2189:Monterey
2126:Prestige
2096:Landmark
2081:Impulse!
2061:ESP-Disk
1990:Pre-1920
1947:Hard bop
1886:Pianists
1866:Drummers
1856:Bassists
1789:Ska jazz
1732:Jazz rap
1658:Post-bop
1648:Hard bop
1548:Big band
1279:29780466
1172:AllMusic
984:Schuller
874:Schuller
861:Schuller
845:Schuller
696:See also
3387:Outline
3283:Related
3252:Concert
3158:Ireland
3153:Germany
3035:Baroque
2827:Ragtime
2812:Exotica
2768:Related
2674:Ragtime
2652:History
2557:Chicago
2524:Haitian
2503:Swedish
2491:Spanish
2474:Italian
2427:British
2422:Belgian
2389:Iranian
2305:African
2233:Culture
2209:Newport
2184:Jakarta
2174:Chicago
2071:Freedom
1769:Nu jazz
1653:Neo-bop
1428:Sources
456:Ragtime
3407:Portal
3365:Genres
3236:T to Z
3231:R to S
3226:N to G
3221:K to M
3216:G to J
3211:C to F
3206:A to B
3173:Russia
3168:Kosovo
3148:France
3143:Canada
3131:Brazil
3040:Galant
2479:Polish
2469:German
2464:French
2449:Danish
2410:Balkan
2372:Indian
2332:Marabi
2289:Venues
1816:Stride
1759:Marabi
1749:M-Base
1630:Genres
1388:
1349:
1326:742505
1324:
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1230:
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668:, and
555:, and
539:, and
514:, and
424:, and
280:, and
232:, and
200:, and
184:, and
3360:Lists
3163:Italy
2858:Media
2817:Plugg
2790:Blues
2744:2010s
2739:2000s
2734:1990s
2729:1980s
2724:1970s
2719:1960s
2714:1950s
2709:1940s
2704:1930s
2699:1920s
2664:Blues
2534:Cuban
2454:Dutch
2382:Sitar
2348:Asian
2141:Verve
2005:1940s
2000:1930s
1995:1920s
1972:Swing
1932:Bebop
1821:Swing
1643:Bebop
1322:JSTOR
1275:JSTOR
1236:S2CID
1073:S2CID
1026:S2CID
963:S2CID
916:S2CID
808:S2CID
329:Focus
129:Ravel
112:swing
77:is a
2878:Jazz
2871:Bird
2759:2022
2754:2021
2749:2020
2484:Yass
2219:Pori
2121:Muse
1957:Scat
1558:Jazz
1519:Jazz
1417:2018
1386:ISBN
1360:2019
1347:ISBN
1314:ISSN
1267:ISSN
1228:ISSN
1179:2018
1144:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1065:ISSN
1018:ISSN
955:ISSN
908:ISSN
800:ISSN
748:ISSN
85:and
83:jazz
34:Jazz
2116:MPS
2091:JMT
2056:ECM
2051:CTI
2036:BYG
1306:doi
1220:doi
1142:–.
1140:353
1098:doi
1057:doi
1010:doi
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