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industrial applications, but in household situations (appliances and building insulation), airtightness is the key in reducing heat transfer due to air leakage (forced or natural convection). Once airtightness is achieved, it has often been sufficient to choose the thickness of the insulating layer based on rules of thumb. Diminishing returns are achieved with each successive doubling of the insulating layer. It can be shown that for some systems, there is a minimum insulation thickness required for an improvement to be realized.
133:
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36:
437:(the insulation layer) depends on the ratio between outside and inside radius, not on the radius itself. If the outside radius of a cylinder is increased by applying insulation, a fixed amount of conductive resistance (equal to 2×π×k×L(Tin-Tout)/ln(Rout/Rin)) is added. However, at the same time, the convective resistance is reduced. This implies that adding insulation below a certain
927:
Industry standards are often rules of thumb, developed over many years, that offset many conflicting goals: what people will pay for, manufacturing cost, local climate, traditional building practices, and varying standards of comfort. Both heat transfer and layer analysis may be performed in large
871:
produce a lot of heat during their combustion cycle. This can have a negative effect when it reaches various heat-sensitive components such as sensors, batteries, and starter motors. As a result, thermal insulation is necessary to prevent the heat from the exhaust from reaching these components.
837:
caused the shuttle airframe to overheat and break apart during reentry, killing the astronauts on board. Re-entry through the atmosphere generates very high temperatures due to compression of the air at high speeds. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer
546:. Convection involves a larger bulk flow of gas driven by buoyancy and temperature differences, and it does not work well in small cells where there is little density difference to drive it, and the high surface-to-volume ratios of the small cells retards gas flow in them by means of viscous
710:
more comfortable because there is uniform temperatures throughout the space. There is less temperature gradient both vertically (between ankle height and head height) and horizontally from exterior walls, ceilings and windows to the interior walls, thus producing a more comfortable occupant
383:
Thermal conductivity depends on the material and for fluids, its temperature and pressure. For comparison purposes, conductivity under standard conditions (20 °C at 1 atm) is commonly used. For some materials, thermal conductivity may also depend upon the direction of heat transfer.
393:
The act of insulation is accomplished by encasing an object in material with low thermal conductivity in high thickness. Decreasing the exposed surface area could also lower heat transfer, but this quantity is usually fixed by the geometry of the object to be insulated.
541:
properties compared to liquids and solids and thus make good insulation material if they can be trapped. In order to further augment the effectiveness of a gas (such as air), it may be disrupted into small cells, which cannot effectively transfer heat by
154:
between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials.
715:
In industry, energy has to be expended to raise, lower, or maintain the temperature of objects or process fluids. If these are not insulated, this increases the energy requirements of a process, and therefore the cost and environmental impact.
432:
blanket must be reached. Before the critical radius is reached, any added insulation increases heat transfer. The convective thermal resistance is inversely proportional to the surface area and therefore the radius of the cylinder, while the
553:
In order to accomplish small gas cell formation in man-made thermal insulation, glass and polymer materials can be used to trap air in a foam-like structure. This principle is used industrially in building and piping insulation such as
779:
that reduce solar absorption and parasitic heat gain which may improve the emitter's performance by over 20%. Other aerogels also exhibited strong thermal insulation performance for radiative cooling surfaces, including a
746:
Space heating and cooling systems distribute heat throughout buildings by means of pipes or ductwork. Insulating these pipes using pipe insulation reduces energy into unoccupied rooms and prevents
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of the insulation. If the radius of the insulated cylinder is smaller than the critical radius for insulation, the addition of any amount of insulation will increase heat transfer.
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surfaces by increasing the surface's ability to lower temperatures below ambient under direct solar intensity. Different materials may be used for thermal insulation, including
264:
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Launch and re-entry place severe mechanical stresses on spacecraft, so the strength of an insulator is critically important; the failure of insulating tiles on the
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It is important to note that the factors influencing performance may vary over time as material ages or environmental conditions change.
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642:. Building insulations also commonly use the principle of small trapped air-cells as explained above, e.g. fiberglass (specifically
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1089:
Leroy, A.; Bhatia, B.; Kelsall, C.C.; Castillejo-Cuberos, A.M.; Capua H., Di; Zhang, L.; Guzman, A.M.; Wang, E.N. (October 2019).
100:
72:
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1091:"High-performance subambient radiative cooling enabled by optically selective and thermally insulating polyethylene aerogel"
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586:. Trapping air is also the principle in all highly insulating clothing materials such as wool, down feathers and fleece.
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Pipe insulation is also used on water supply pipework to help delay pipe freezing for an acceptable length of time.
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is used where radiative loss dominates, or when the user is restricted in volume and weight of the insulation (e.g.
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601:. In both cases the primary insulating material is air, and the polymer used for trapping the air is natural
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actually increases the heat transfer. For insulated cylinders, the critical radius is given by the equation
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Li, Tao; Sun, Haoyang; Yang, Meng; Zhang, Chentao; Lv, Sha; Li, Bin; Chen, Longhao; Sun, Dazhi (2023).
868:
1140:"All-Ceramic, Compressible and Scalable Nanofibrous Aerogels for Subambient Daytime Radiative Cooling"
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Car exhausts usually require some form of heat barrier, especially high-performance exhausts, where a
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Maintaining acceptable temperatures in buildings (by heating and cooling) uses a large proportion of
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High performance cars often use thermal insulation as a means to increase engine performance.
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Insulation performance is influenced by many factors, the most prominent of which include:
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Mechanical insulation is commonly installed in industrial and commercial facilities.
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951: – Type of paint in which can be used to coat a surface to reduce heat transfer
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retardant properties. Examples of insulation used on spacecraft include reinforced
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energy efficient and cheaper to keep warm in the winter, or cool in the summer.
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applications to reduce incoming thermal radiation in summer and loss in winter.
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Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different
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Thermal insulation applied to exhaust component by means of plasma spraying
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Insulated hot water supply and return hydronic piping on a gas-fired boiler
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185:. Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (
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The air-trapping property is also the insulation principle employed by
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The insulating capability of a material is measured as the inverse of
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This equation shows that the critical radius depends only on the
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is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body.
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environment when outside temperatures are extremely cold or hot.
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consists of a heat pump and a thermally insulated compartment.
228:
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162:. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which
2516:
1949:
2024:
1944:
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527:
Clothing and natural animal insulation in birds and mammals
224:
978: – Concept in architectural and engineering practice
940: – Use of thermal energy storage in building design
239:, has been found to be (approximately) proportional to
980:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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450:
342:
322:
299:
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249:
971:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
678:was also used, however, it caused health problems.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1186:
963: – Cover fastened onto a mechanical component
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499:
373:
328:
316:From this, it follows that the power of heat loss
305:
283:
258:
1185:Frank P. Incroperation; David P. De Witt (1990).
764:Thermal insulation has been found to improve the
2647:
957: – Valves or loops of pipe on water heaters
1026:"Choosing the Correct Insulation for Your Home"
1137:
597:, and insulating hair such as natural sheep's
1263:
750:from occurring on cold and chilled pipework.
293:the inverse of the thickness of the material
1232:US DOE publication, Energy Efficient Windows
1169:Keep your fridge-freezer clean and ice-free
922:
374:{\displaystyle P={\frac {kA\,\Delta T}{d}}}
2030:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1279:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1270:
1256:
1227:US DOE publication, Residential Insulation
500:{\displaystyle {r_{critical}}={k \over h}}
411:
1114:
1044:"17.2 Combined Conduction and Convection"
1000:"Thermal Break Technology - IQ Technical"
435:thermal resistance of a cylindrical shell
358:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2464:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1162:
817:
806:
737:
729:
618:
415:
131:
1072:Bergman, Lavine, Incropera and DeWitt,
14:
2648:
1189:Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
1023:
2337:Programmable communicating thermostat
1251:
719:
2459:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1158:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1084:
1082:
1054:from the original on 19 October 2017
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
2320:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1237:US EPA publication on home sealing
1219:
1131:
760:Passive radiative cooling surfaces
623:Common insulation applications in
593:animals to stay warm, for example
359:
250:
25:
2677:
2362:Standard temperature and pressure
2075:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1611:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1340:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1079:
1024:Ashley, Jake (26 December 2022).
231:(W·m·K or W/mK). This is because
1431:Absorption-compression heat pump
842:-carbon composite nose cone and
790:
193:, other important properties of
34:
2326:Normal temperature and pressure
1706:Vapor-compression refrigeration
879:Factors influencing performance
521:
45:needs additional citations for
1178:
1066:
1036:
1017:
992:
944:List of thermal conductivities
674:, etc. For a period of time,
389:List of thermal conductivities
13:
1:
2474:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2418:Building information modeling
2413:Building services engineering
1990:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1518:Demand controlled ventilation
1466:Building insulation materials
1076:(sixth edition), Wiley, 2011.
1074:Introduction to Heat Transfer
985:
857:
802:
208:
27:Minimization of heat transfer
2035:High-pressure cut-off switch
1586:Ice storage air conditioning
1507:Dedicated outdoor air system
1144:Chemical Engineering Journal
961:Removable insulation blanket
608:
7:
2378:Thermostatic radiator valve
2180:Thermostatic radiator valve
1691:Underfloor air distribution
1626:Radiant heating and cooling
1544:Energy recovery ventilation
1456:Automobile air conditioning
1320:Domestic energy consumption
931:
869:Internal combustion engines
428:For insulated cylinders, a
10:
2682:
2527:Institute of Refrigeration
2408:Architectural technologist
1880:Electrostatic precipitator
861:
811:Thermal insulation on the
723:
612:
530:
386:
243:difference of temperature
212:
203:specific heat capacity (c)
2589:
2580:Volatile organic compound
2555:
2482:
2439:Environmental engineering
2403:Architectural engineering
2386:
2234:
2205:Ultra-low particulate air
1790:Automatic balancing valve
1737:
1718:Variable refrigerant flow
1570:Heat recovery ventilation
1513:Deep water source cooling
1423:
1285:
1156:10.1016/j.cej.2022.139518
770:passive radiative cooling
640:global energy consumption
512:heat transfer coefficient
424:coating is often applied.
139:insulation, 1600 dpi scan
2627:Template:Home automation
2449:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2145:Solar-assisted heat pump
1745:Air conditioner inverter
1524:Displacement ventilation
1415:Vapour pressure of water
1400:Thermal destratification
923:Calculating requirements
259:{\displaystyle \Delta T}
183:thermal conductivity (k)
2622:World Refrigeration Day
2469:Refrigerant reclamation
2398:Architectural acoustics
2342:Programmable thermostat
2274:Clean air delivery rate
2170:Thermal expansion valve
2085:Pressurisation ductwork
1995:Ground source heat pump
1436:Absorption refrigerator
864:Exhaust Heat Management
703:will lead to a reduced
691:When well insulated, a
412:Insulation of cylinders
166:is reduced, creating a
150:(i.e., the transfer of
2612:Glossary of HVAC terms
2574:Sick building syndrome
2454:Mechanical engineering
2165:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1596:Mixed-mode ventilation
1107:10.1126/sciadv.aat9480
909:Specific heat capacity
827:
822:Cabin insulation of a
815:
743:
735:
682:Window insulation film
635:
501:
425:
398:Multi-layer insulation
375:
330:
307:
285:
260:
140:
2632:Template:Solar energy
2310:Intelligent buildings
2269:Carbon dioxide sensor
1656:Room air distribution
1476:Central solar heating
1195:John Wiley & Sons
821:
810:
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733:
622:
502:
419:
387:Further information:
376:
331:
308:
286:
261:
219:Thermal conductivity
135:
2434:Duct leakage testing
2424:Deep energy retrofit
2368:Thermographic camera
2305:Infrared thermometer
1780:Air source heat pump
1729:Water heat recycling
1295:Air changes per hour
900:Insulation thickness
888:Thermal conductivity
516:thermal conductivity
448:
340:
320:
297:
275:
268:the surface area of
247:
215:Thermal conductivity
195:insulating materials
146:is the reduction of
69:"Thermal insulation"
54:improve this article
2300:HVAC control system
2290:Home energy monitor
2264:Building automation
2050:Inverter compressor
1712:Variable air volume
1621:Passive ventilation
1591:Kitchen ventilation
1491:Constant air volume
1461:Autonomous building
846:fiber tiles of the
615:Building insulation
537:Gases possess poor
533:Clothing insulation
191:thermal engineering
2661:Thermal protection
2563:Indoor air quality
2507:ASTM International
2444:Hydronic balancing
2221:Wood-burning stove
2100:Radiator reflector
1885:Evaporative cooler
1696:Underfloor heating
1681:Thermal insulation
1004:IQ Glass Technical
890:("k" or "λ" value)
828:
816:
744:
736:
720:Mechanical systems
684:can be applied in
636:
570:foam (styrofoam),
544:natural convection
539:thermal conduction
497:
426:
371:
326:
303:
281:
256:
164:thermal conduction
144:Thermal insulation
141:
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2639:
2556:Health and safety
2135:Scroll compressor
2090:Process duct work
1845:Convection heater
1840:Condensing boiler
1770:Air-mixing plenum
1666:Solar combisystem
1502:Cross ventilation
1305:Building envelope
1095:Materials Science
766:thermal emittance
701:Energy efficiency
495:
402:emergency blanket
369:
329:{\displaystyle P}
306:{\displaystyle d}
284:{\displaystyle A}
176:thermal radiation
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2602:Building science
2357:Smart thermostat
2352:Room temperature
1935:Fireplace insert
1641:Radon mitigation
1539:Electric heating
1534:District heating
1529:District cooling
1446:Air conditioning
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1193:(3rd ed.).
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1101:(10): eaat9480.
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976:Thermal envelope
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949:Insulative paint
914:Thermal bridging
852:Insulative paint
705:carbon footprint
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2597:ASHRAE Handbook
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2569:Passive smoking
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2211:Whole-house fan
2125:Run-around coil
2120:Reversing valve
2065:Mechanical room
2055:Kerosene heater
2045:Infrared heater
1975:Gasoline heater
1915:Fan filter unit
1830:Condensate pump
1815:Centrifugal fan
1733:
1636:Radiant heating
1631:Radiant cooling
1606:Passive cooling
1601:Microgeneration
1471:Central heating
1419:
1395:Thermal comfort
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1220:Further reading
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1175:. 30 April 2008
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2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Heating system
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Heat exchanger
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:Gas compressor
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Expansion tank
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Ceramic heater
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
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1726:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Solar air heat
1658:
1653:
1651:Renewable heat
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1560:Forced-air gas
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1410:Thermodynamics
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Psychrometrics
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:Gas compressor
1332:
1330:Fluid dynamics
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1177:
1161:
1130:
1078:
1065:
1035:
1016:
1006:. 28 July 2017
990:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
973:
964:
958:
952:
946:
941:
933:
930:
924:
921:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
898:
891:
880:
877:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
832:Space Shuttle
804:
801:
792:
789:
782:silica-alumina
761:
758:
724:Main article:
721:
718:
713:
712:
708:
686:weatherization
613:Main article:
610:
607:
531:Main article:
528:
525:
523:
520:
508:
507:
494:
491:
486:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
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413:
410:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
348:
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325:
314:
313:
302:
291:
280:
266:
255:
252:
235:, measured as
213:Main article:
210:
207:
152:thermal energy
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Heat transfer
2654:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
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2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:organizations
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Duct cleaning
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2379:
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2327:
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2318:
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2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Control valve
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Turning vanes
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Thermal wheel
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Solar chimney
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Fan coil unit
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Cooling tower
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Vapor barrier
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Solar heating
1674:
1672:
1671:Solar cooling
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Refrigeration
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Passive house
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Chilled water
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Sensible heat
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Noise control
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Heat transfer
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1208:0-471-51729-1
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
977:
974:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
929:
920:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
892:
889:
886:
885:
884:
876:
873:
870:
865:
855:
853:
849:
848:Space Shuttle
845:
841:
836:
835:
825:
820:
814:
813:Huygens probe
809:
800:
798:
791:Refrigeration
788:
786:
783:
778:
775:
771:
767:
757:
754:
751:
749:
740:
732:
727:
717:
709:
706:
702:
698:
697:
696:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:urethane foam
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
633:
629:
626:
621:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:down feathers
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:urethane foam
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
540:
534:
519:
517:
513:
492:
489:
484:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
444:
443:
442:
440:
436:
431:
423:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
385:
381:
366:
362:
355:
352:
346:
343:
323:
300:
292:
278:
271:
267:
253:
242:
241:
240:
238:
234:
233:heat transfer
230:
226:
222:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:thermal break
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
148:heat transfer
145:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2642:
2607:Fireproofing
2391:and services
2387:Professions,
2285:Gas detector
2185:Trickle vent
2160:Smoke damper
2155:Smoke canopy
2150:Space heater
2080:Plenum space
2015:Heating film
1895:Exhaust hood
1865:Dehumidifier
1805:Blast damper
1800:Barrier pipe
1775:Air purifier
1686:Thermosiphon
1680:
1565:Free cooling
1481:Chilled beam
1405:Thermal mass
1390:Stack effect
1375:Particulates
1355:Infiltration
1286:Fundamental
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1098:
1094:
1073:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
938:Thermal mass
926:
918:
882:
874:
867:
833:
829:
824:Boeing 747-8
797:refrigerator
794:
774:polyethylene
763:
755:
752:
748:condensation
745:
714:
690:
680:
637:
591:homeothermic
588:
552:
536:
522:Applications
509:
438:
429:
427:
396:
392:
382:
336:is given by
315:
220:
218:
197:are product
180:
171:
167:
157:
143:
142:
137:Mineral wool
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2617:Warm Spaces
2259:Blower door
2237:and control
2235:Measurement
2216:Windcatcher
2190:Trombe wall
2130:Sail switch
2110:Refrigerant
2105:Recuperator
1980:Grease duct
1940:Freeze stat
1925:Fire damper
1795:Back boiler
1765:Air ionizer
1760:Air handler
1724:Ventilation
1576:Hybrid heat
1441:Air barrier
1360:Latent heat
1242:DOE/CE 2002
1197:. pp.
1048:web.mit.edu
967:Thermal pad
897:("ε" value)
850:. See also
785:nanofibrous
664:vermiculite
656:polystyrene
576:vermiculite
568:polystyrene
199:density (ρ)
160:temperature
2666:Insulators
2650:Categories
2373:Thermostat
2295:Humidistat
2226:Zone valve
2195:TurboSwing
2070:Oil heater
2040:Humidifier
1970:Gas heater
1920:Fan heater
1890:Evaporator
1875:Economizer
1850:Compressor
1755:Air filter
1738:Components
1555:Forced-air
1451:Antifreeze
1424:Technology
1370:Outgassing
1310:Convection
1150:: 139518.
1010:2019-10-16
986:References
895:emissivity
858:Automotive
803:Spacecraft
644:glass wool
556:glass wool
209:Definition
80:newspapers
2483:Industry
2332:OpenTherm
2010:Heat pump
2005:Heat pipe
1955:Fume hood
1930:Fireplace
1835:Condenser
1785:Attic fan
1581:Hydronics
955:Heat trap
787:aerogel.
652:rock wool
648:cellulose
634:, Canada.
625:apartment
609:Buildings
605:protein.
564:rock wool
560:cellulose
360:Δ
251:Δ
2590:See also
2315:LonWorks
2249:Aquastat
2115:Register
2095:Radiator
1750:Air door
1550:Firestop
1350:Humidity
1325:Enthalpy
1315:Dilution
1300:Bake-out
1288:concepts
1125:31692957
1058:29 April
1052:Archived
932:See also
893:Surface
834:Columbia
826:airliner
777:aerogels
693:building
676:asbestos
628:building
514:and the
110:May 2021
2389:trades,
1960:Furnace
1825:Chiller
1497:Coolant
1199:100–103
1116:6821464
1030:Homaphy
904:Density
668:perlite
632:Ontario
603:keratin
580:perlite
422:ceramic
94:scholar
2542:SMACNA
2502:ASHRAE
2322:(MERV)
2276:(CADR)
2254:BACnet
2207:(ULPA)
2060:Louver
1985:Grille
1860:Damper
1810:Boiler
1708:(VCRS)
1509:(DOAS)
1205:
1123:
1113:
844:silica
840:carbon
658:foam,
582:, and
229:kelvin
189:). In
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2582:(VOC)
2576:(SBS)
2565:(IAQ)
2522:CIBSE
2517:BSRIA
2420:(BIM)
2364:(STP)
2328:(NTP)
1950:Freon
1720:(VRF)
1714:(VAV)
1572:(HRV)
1546:(ERV)
1520:(DCV)
1493:(CAV)
237:power
225:watts
174:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
2537:LEED
2497:AMCA
2492:AHRI
2025:HEPA
1945:Flue
1870:Duct
1203:ISBN
1121:PMID
1060:2018
695:is:
672:cork
599:wool
584:cork
548:drag
201:and
73:news
2547:UMC
2532:IIR
2512:BRE
1905:Fan
1173:BBC
1152:doi
1148:452
1111:PMC
1103:doi
768:of
646:),
630:in
558:),
170:or
56:by
2652::
1201:.
1171:.
1146:.
1142:.
1119:.
1109:.
1097:.
1093:.
1081:^
1050:.
1046:.
1028:.
1002:.
854:.
795:A
670:,
666:,
662:,
654:,
650:,
578:,
574:,
566:,
562:,
550:.
408:)
404:,
205:.
2643:.
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1211:.
1154::
1127:.
1105::
1099:5
1062:.
1032:.
1013:.
707:.
554:(
493:h
490:k
485:=
479:l
476:a
473:c
470:i
467:t
464:i
461:r
458:c
454:r
367:d
363:T
356:A
353:k
347:=
344:P
324:P
301:d
279:A
254:T
221:k
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
