197:
writing totally different from that which they carried into every other region occupied by their colonies. All the forms of alphabetical writing used at present in Europe and
Southwestern Asia came directly or indirectly from that anciently invented by the race to which the Phoenicians belonged, and they have traces of a common relationship which can easily be detected. Now the writing of the inscriptions at Palenque, Copan, and elsewhere in the ruins has no more relatedness to the Phoenician than to the Chinese writing. It has not a single characteristic that can be called Phoenician any more than the language of the inscriptions or the style of architecture with which it is associated; therefore we can not reasonably suppose this American civilization was originated by people of the Phoenician race.
256:
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1998:
1600:
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441:... no archaeological evidence has yet been discovered to prove the contentions of Irwin, Gordon, Bailey, Fell and others. Since even the fleeting Norse presence in Vinland left definite archaeological remains at LâAnse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, it seems logical that the allegedly more extensive Phoenician and Carthaginian presence would have left similar evidence. The absence of such remains is strong circumstantial evidence that the Phoenicians and Carthaginians never reached the Americas.
20:
429:
Proof in the form of an inscription, like the celebrated
Phoenician text allegedly found in ParaĂba in northern Brazil, remains unlikely. The latter, which recounts the landing of a storm-driven party from Sidon, has long been recognized as a clever forgery. If such a fateful expedition had actually
238:
convinced him that it was a forgery. Its letter forms vary from those that occurred and disappeared over a span of 800 years; such confluence in a single piece of writing implies that it was a forgery. No scholar ever saw the stone or located its source and, during 1873â74, Netto tried and failed to
888:
The putative
Carthaginian coins must now be removed from the body admissible evidence favoring a pre-Columbian transatlantic crossing. It gives me some chagrin to admit this, as I had earlier come out mildly in support of the authenticity of the Farley coins found in North America (McMenamin 1999b,
333:
of the coins, which McMenamin interpreted as a map of the
Mediterranean with the Americas shown to the west across the Atlantic. McMenamin still holds (2024) to his hypothesis that these gold staters represent images of the New World, as a second specimen of the critical Jenkins-Lewis JL#11 stater
196:
if it were true that the civilization found in Mexico and
Central America came from people of the Phoenician race, it would be true also that they built in America as they never built any where else, that they established a language here radically unlike their own, and that they used a style of
889:
2000a, 2000b). Weak evidence (involving measurements of die axis; the
Arkansas coin has a die axis differing from the Alabama type coins ) in support of the authenticity of these coins (McMenamin 2000b) is superseeded by the strong evidence in the current work.
251:
disagreed, saying that "Everything in the inscription was available to the forger in nineteenth century handbooks or from uninspired guesses based on these easily available sources," and clarified that the letter forms cover a range of ten centuries.
338:
map pattern identical to that seen in the
British Museum specimen. Later McMenamin demonstrated that the Farley coins found in America were modern forgeries but these Farley coins are not related to the gold staters with the world map.
422:
in the New World; he observed that "in this modern day everyone wishes to be his own authority, and the personal search for cultural alternatives seems to make every idea or theory equal in value."
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Gordon also believed that ancient Hebrew inscriptions had been found at two sites in the southeastern United States, indicating that Jews had arrived there before
1517:
3003:
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286:, but is generally thought to be a forgery. Another find which has been claimed as supporting the theory of Semitic discovery of the Americas is the
218:. It tells of a Phoenician ship which, due to a storm, was separated from a fleet sailing from Egypt around Africa; it also mentions the pharaoh
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371:, the world gets back to the right size, the geographical description given by Ptolemy fits much better and certain puzzling deformations in
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The
Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes: Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia, Vol. II
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discusses the history of such claims from the 17th to the 20th centuries, concluding that, although technically possible,
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Glenn Markoe says that it will "probably never be known" whether the
Phoenicians ever reached the Americas. He remarks,
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describes a portion of the
Atlantic as being covered with seaweed, citing a now-lost account by 5th-century BC
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150:("The primeval World") that they commemorated an ancient visit to the East Coast by a group of sailors from
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repeats some of the arguments given for Phoenician visits to America, but ultimately refutes them, saying:
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and may have gotten this information from Phoenicians sailors, since they had full control of the western
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but at the same time he shrinks the size of the world by one third compared to the size measured by
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provided a new translation, and stated his conclusion that it was genuine, since it didn't copy any
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disappear. Russo argues that the Antilles coordinates must have been known to Ptolemy's source,
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and former Iowa state archaeologist, reviewed and dismissed various theories of Phoenicians or
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Phoenicians, Fakes and Barry Fell: Solving the Mystery of Carthaginian Coins Found in America
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occurred, the proof is more likely to be found in a handful of Phoenician pottery shards.
8:
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Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., and Mary L. Kwas, "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans In Tennessee?"
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Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories about Man's Past
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find the individual who had supplied the copy of the inscription. In the 1960s,
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In the late 18th century, a number of people speculated on the origins of the
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1973:
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234:. Netto first accepted the inscription as genuine, but by 1873, philologist
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McCusick, Marshall. "Canaanites in America" A New Scripture in Stone?"
930:
L'America Dimenticata. I Rapporti tra le CiviltĂ e un Errore di Tolomeo
376:
307:
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211:
3283:
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1198:
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318:
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174:
166:
63:
44:
28:
1052:
1026:
Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions
903:
L'America dimenticata: I rapporti tra civiltĂ e un errore di Tolomeo
3431:
1933:
1928:
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In 1996, McMenamin proposed that Phoenician sailors discovered the
223:
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101:
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51:
1878:
19:
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intending to demonstrate the possibility of an ancient voyage.
380:
326:
215:
87:
367:. Russo observes that by attributing those coordinates to the
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In the 20th century, adherents have included Cyrus H. Gordon,
2128:
2118:
1963:
1943:
1888:
1848:
1822:
1766:
1265:
493:
Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective
1725:
1384:
1369:
1349:
1250:
1131:
611:"The Phoenicians and the Ancient Civilizations of America"
398:
used a replica of an ancient Phoenician ship to sail from
1359:
547:
Manuel, Frank Edward; Manuel, Fritzie Prigohzy (2003).
414:
Marshall B. McKusick, Professor of Anthropology at the
1616:
359:. In his book, Ptolemy gives the coordinates of the
247:
that would have been widely accessible at the time.
181:were "largely Phoenician in their ethnic origin."
957:. phoeniciansbeforecolumbus.com. 31 December 2019
3803:
928:"Spunti e Osservazioni dal Libro di Lucio Russo
329:in 350 BC bearing a pattern in the reverse
758:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 181â.
709:
707:
705:
703:
349:in the Americas in his philologic analyses of
41:theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas
1068:
832:Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity.
687:The "Paraiba inscription" made the pages of
546:
462:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
900:
700:
345:has speculated about a probable arrival of
290:, which has also been dismissed as a fake.
3610:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3557:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3537:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2829:
1075:
1061:
745:
550:James Bowdoin And The Patriot Philosophers
3670:
3625:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
859:
654:
652:
577:
955:"Phoenicians Before Columbus Expedition"
834:Cambridge University Press, pp. 182â183.
826:
824:
713:
578:Southwick, Albert B. (10 January 2013).
254:
110:
18:
3595:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
925:
755:The Israelites in History and Tradition
658:
605:
489:
409:
3804:
3547:European Association of Archaeologists
990:
751:
649:
278:. One of these supposed finds was the
3669:
2828:
2803:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2761:
2631:
2630:
2013:
1615:
1094:
1082:
1056:
905:. Milano: Mondadory Education s.p.a.
821:
201:
3832:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
3542:Archaeological Institute of America
926:Valerio, Vladimiro (January 2013).
630:
173:has propounded the theory that the
13:
752:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998-01-01).
693:, 10 June 1968 with commentary by
293:
161:In the 19th century, belief in an
14:
3848:
3552:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2942:Coastal defence and fortification
2317:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1617:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1041:
936:Geostorie: Bollettino e Notizario
663:. Illustrated by Steve Sullivan.
498:Presses de l'Université du Québec
467:Thor Heyerdahl#Boats Ra and Ra II
3786:
3652:
3577:Society for American Archaeology
2811:
2744:
2613:
1996:
1598:
846:1997. The Phoenician World Map.
206:In 1872, a stone inscribed with
3822:Inscriptions of disputed origin
3009:Phoenician discovery of America
1015:
984:
969:
947:
919:
894:
853:
837:
799:
779:
526:. Library of Alexandria. 2016.
226:. A transcription was shown to
163:Israelite visit to the Americas
96:by the late 4th-century author
86:may have been known to earlier
2701:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
999:University of California Press
790:The Canaanite Text from Brazil
681:
661:Who Really Discovered America?
624:
599:
571:
555:American Philosophical Society
540:
514:
483:
282:, which Gordon believed to be
1:
3620:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2295:Phoenician maritime expansion
1028:. Reaktion Books. pp. 84-88.
724:, Publishers. pp. 143â.
714:Stiebing, William H. (1984).
490:Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009).
477:
228:Ladislau de Souza Mello Netto
77:
3562:Nautical Archaeology Society
1048:The ParaĂba (Parahyba) Stone
981:42.3 (Summer 1979), pp137ff.
869:. Meanma Press. p. 22.
810:Vol. XVI, No. 1, Spring 1991
796:, No. 37, 1968, pp. 425-436.
210:was allegedly discovered in
7:
3615:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
2992:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2798:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2655:IndusâMesopotamia relations
2014:
1095:
472:Carthaginian coins of Corvo
445:
130:in Berkley, Massachusetts.
43:suggests that the earliest
10:
3853:
3471:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2762:
2312:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2305:Circumnavigation of Africa
978:The Biblical Archaeologist
392:Phoenician Ship Expedition
66:(or, alternatively, other
3784:
3676:
3665:
3650:
3585:
3527:
3330:
3314:
3062:
2997:Samothrace temple complex
2932:
2887:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2809:
2768:
2757:
2742:
2640:
2626:
2611:
2564:
2517:
2370:
2337:
2330:
2268:
2069:
2026:
2022:
2009:
1994:
1713:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1596:
1548:
1483:
1420:
1305:
1274:
1107:
1103:
1090:
659:Krensky, Stephen (1987).
580:"Mystery of Dighton Rock"
288:Los Lunas Decalogue Stone
232:National Museum of Brazil
3827:Phoenician-Punic studies
2285:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
808:Tennessee Anthropologist
144:Antoine Court de GĂ©belin
3567:RPM Nautical Foundation
3304:Surviving ancient ships
3223:Marsala Punic shipwreck
636:"The Phoenician Theory"
3600:Giza Solar boat museum
3054:Underwater exploration
3049:Underwater archaeology
3014:Pre-Columbian theories
2869:John Sinclair Morrison
2830:Research and education
2280:Austronesian Expansion
991:Markoe, Glenn (2000).
585:Telegram & Gazette
443:
432:
379:. Hipparchus lived in
271:
199:
138:, believed them to be
119:
36:
3671:Legend and literature
3629:Viking ship museums:
3605:Grand Egyptian Museum
3365:Austronesian replicas
3340:Heyerdahl expeditions
3250:Caligula's Giant Ship
3110:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1772:Berenice Troglodytica
439:
427:
334:has surfaced with an
321:c. 350 BC.
280:Bat Creek inscription
261:Bat Creek inscription
258:
194:
114:
98:Rufus Festus Avienius
22:
16:Archaeological theory
3572:Sea Research Society
2974:Maritime archaeology
2783:Ameinias the Phocian
2778:Mediterranean piracy
901:Lucio Russo (2013).
557:. pp. 197â198.
410:Scholarly assessment
190:John Denison Baldwin
134:, then president of
2665:Maritime Jade Route
1818:Kaveri Poompattinam
830:Scott, J. M. 2005.
607:Christensen, Ross T
373:Ptolemy's world map
304:Ross T. Christensen
171:Ross T. Christensen
115:The petroglyphs on
72:first millennium BC
3213:Bajo de la Campana
2915:Peter Throckmorton
2900:Jean-Yves Empereur
2874:William L. Rodgers
2695:Maritime Silk Road
861:McMenamin, Mark A.
815:2007-08-16 at the
416:University of Iowa
300:John Philip Cohane
272:
259:Lithograph of the
230:, director of the
208:Phoenician writing
120:
37:
3817:Hyperdiffusionism
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3268:Madrague de Giens
2987:Temple of Isthmia
2983:Maritime temples
2969:Marine navigation
2928:
2927:
2920:Shelley Wachsmann
2910:J. Richard Steffy
2820:
2819:
2753:
2752:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2560:
2559:
2290:Ocean exploration
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1651:Rutter (nautical)
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1450:Mortise and tenon
1084:Ancient seafaring
1034:978-1-86189-430-4
876:978-1-893882-01-0
249:Frank Moore Cross
202:Alleged artifacts
184:In his 1871 book
165:became a part of
148:Le Monde primitif
35:, 2nd century AD.
31:ship carved on a
3844:
3790:
3789:
3684:Ark of bulrushes
3667:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3294:Oldest surviving
3004:Nusantao network
2879:Chester G. Starr
2844:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2788:Cilician pirates
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2685:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2680:Iron Age Britain
2628:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2335:
2334:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1914:Ptolemais Theron
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1194:Single-outrigger
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1022:Fritze, Ronald H
1019:
1013:
1012:
988:
982:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
951:
945:
943:
923:
917:
916:
898:
892:
891:
885:
883:
857:
851:
848:Mercator's World
844:McMenamin, M. A.
841:
835:
828:
819:
803:
797:
786:Gordon, Cyrus H.
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
722:Prometheus Books
711:
698:
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512:
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487:
435:Ronald H. Fritze
387:in those times.
25:Ship Sarcophagus
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3812:Fringe theories
3802:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3587:
3581:
3529:
3528:Institutes and
3523:
3478:Viking replicas
3419:Balangay Voyage
3332:
3326:
3310:
3065:
3058:
2934:
2924:
2883:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2807:
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265:Cyrus H. Gordon
245:Semitic writing
241:Cyrus H. Gordon
204:
186:Ancient America
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68:Semitic peoples
62:, but with the
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1042:External links
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1001:. p. 13.
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312:Mark McMenamin
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179:Book of Mormon
90:, as the poem
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60:Norse settlers
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3837:Pseudohistory
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3240:Arles RhĂŽne 3
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1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Clinker built
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Boat building
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
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1400:
1398:
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1200:
1197:
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1192:
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1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Navis lusoria
1177:
1175:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
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1055:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1008:9780520226142
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
980:
979:
972:
956:
950:
941:
937:
933:
931:
922:
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908:
904:
897:
890:
878:
872:
868:
867:
862:
856:
849:
845:
840:
833:
827:
825:
818:
814:
811:
809:
802:
795:
791:
787:
782:
767:
765:9780664227272
761:
757:
756:
748:
733:
731:9781615926978
727:
723:
719:
718:
710:
708:
706:
704:
696:
692:
691:
684:
676:
674:0-590-40854-2
670:
666:
662:
655:
653:
637:
633:
627:
612:
608:
602:
587:
586:
581:
574:
566:
564:9780871692474
560:
556:
552:
551:
543:
535:
533:9781465608017
529:
525:
524:
517:
509:
507:9782760522091
503:
499:
495:
494:
486:
482:
473:
470:
468:
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460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
442:
438:
436:
431:
426:
423:
421:
417:
407:
405:
404:Santo Domingo
402:, Tunisia to
401:
397:
393:
390:In 2019, the
388:
386:
385:Mediterranean
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
332:
328:
324:
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137:
133:
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125:
118:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:was not with
53:
49:
46:
42:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3775:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3732:On the Ocean
3730:
3723:
3715:
3712:Literature:
3500:
3482:
3463:
3456:
3446:Aotearoa One
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3331:Experimental
3299:Museum ships
3266:
3259:
3232:
3204:Phoenician:
3195:
3190:Leontophoros
3188:
3152:Butuan boats
3147:Pontian boat
3085:Dufuna canoe
3024:Shipbuilding
3008:
2935:and theories
2905:Boris Rankov
2699:
2632:Economy and
2532:Incendiaries
2379:
2166:Indus Valley
2134:Tarumanagara
2061:Ubaid period
1979:Wadi al-Jarf
1894:Ostia Antica
1498:Fore-and-aft
1465:Shipbuilding
1440:Carvel built
1422:Construction
1380:Steering oar
1261:Sailing ship
1184:Obelisk ship
1142:Dugout canoe
1025:
1017:
993:
986:
976:
971:
959:. Retrieved
949:
944:(in Italian)
939:
935:
929:
921:
902:
896:
887:
880:. Retrieved
865:
855:
850:2(3): 46â51.
847:
839:
831:
807:
801:
793:
781:
769:. Retrieved
754:
747:
735:. Retrieved
716:
688:
683:
667:p. 31.
660:
639:. Retrieved
626:
614:. Retrieved
601:
589:. Retrieved
583:
573:
549:
542:
522:
516:
492:
485:
440:
433:
428:
424:
413:
396:Philip Beale
389:
365:Eratosthenes
354:
341:
325:minted gold
316:
297:
273:
236:Ernest Renan
205:
195:
185:
183:
160:
154:(modern-day
147:
136:Yale College
128:Dighton Rock
121:
117:Dighton Rock
102:Carthaginian
93:Ora Maritima
91:
84:Sargasso Sea
81:
40:
38:
3739:Argonautica
3726:(Herodotus)
3689:Flood myths
3586:Museums and
3530:conferences
3495:Vital Alsar
3333:archaeology
3142:Austronesia
3135:Hjortspring
3130:Rochelongue
3080:Pesse canoe
3034:Ship burial
3019:Sea Peoples
2952:Lighthouses
2947:Grave goods
2895:George Bass
2675:Spice trade
2272:exploration
2094:Philippines
2089:Austronesia
2082:Old Kingdom
1959:Trincomalee
1909:Prosphorion
1854:Myos Hormos
1698:Micronesian
1689:By region:
1661:Lighthouses
1469:By region:
1234:Quinquereme
1159:Kunlun ship
1152:Penteconter
1137:Dragon boat
994:Phoenicians
347:Phoenicians
343:Lucio Russo
132:Ezra Stiles
124:petroglyphs
64:Phoenicians
33:sarcophagus
3806:Categories
3748:(Polybius)
3392:Hawaiʻiloa
3274:Nemi ships
3159:Black Seaâ
3105:Khufu ship
3066:and relics
2964:Marine art
2957:Alexandria
2864:Fik Meijer
2847:Historians
2734:Indo-Roman
2547:Greek navy
2449:Salamis II
2439:Hellespont
2399:Artemisium
2389:Nile Delta
2352:Achaemenid
2245:Achaemenid
2114:Langkasuka
2109:Micronesia
2027:Prehistory
1954:Sounagoura
1782:Chittagong
1757:Barbarikon
1736:Alexandria
1678:Pilot boat
1628:Navigation
1460:Sewn-plank
1455:Lashed-lug
1333:Figurehead
1306:Components
1275:Propulsion
1229:Quadrireme
1210:Polyremes
1189:Outriggers
1024:. (2009).
882:8 February
794:Orientalia
641:29 January
616:29 January
591:29 January
478:References
420:Canaanites
377:Hipparchus
308:Barry Fell
284:Phoenician
269:Phoenician
146:argues in
104:navigator
78:Background
29:Phoenician
3761:Geography
3699:Gilgamesh
3588:memorials
3512:Viracocha
3425:Faʻafaite
3378:Sarimanok
3284:Yassi Ada
3197:Syracusia
3120:Canaanite
3095:Moor Sand
2565:By region
2527:Grappling
2499:Naulochus
2489:Myonessus
2444:Echinades
2429:Arginusae
2424:Cynossema
2409:Naupactus
2404:Eurymedon
2238:Classical
2213:Phoenicia
2208:Mycenaean
2171:Tamilakam
2154:Polynesia
2144:Srivijaya
1939:Satingpra
1899:Palembang
1883:Cattigara
1825:(Kadaram)
1808:Jambukola
1802:Guangzhou
1743:(Podouke)
1741:Arikamedu
1703:Polynesia
1636:Celestial
1549:Armaments
1535:Spritsail
1493:Crab claw
1435:Careening
1402:Sternpost
1256:Reed boat
1199:Catamaran
1174:Multihull
942:: 75â113.
356:Geography
319:New World
175:Mulekites
167:Mormonism
70:) in the
50:with the
45:Old World
3777:TÄkitimu
3680:Legend:
3638:Roskilde
3517:Tangaroa
3458:Olympias
3432:Gaualofa
3371:HĆkĆ«leÊ»a
3346:Kon-Tiki
3179:Ashkelon
3115:Uluburun
3074:Earliest
2840:Scholars
2722:shipping
2522:Boarding
2434:Mytilene
2419:Syracuse
2384:Alashiya
2347:Egyptian
2331:Military
2322:Timeline
2300:Sardinia
2223:Carthage
2139:Kalingga
2099:Sa Huỳnh
2034:Timeline
1984:Zanzibar
1934:Sarapion
1929:Rhacotis
1859:Martaban
1804:(Canton)
1797:Godavaya
1792:Giao Chá»
1762:Barygaza
1752:Avalites
1673:Piloting
1561:Catapult
1556:Ballista
1530:Mast-aft
1343:Planking
1282:Paddling
1239:Hexareme
1204:Trimaran
1169:Longship
1117:Balangay
863:(2000).
813:Archived
452:Atlantis
446:See also
400:Carthage
369:Antilles
323:Carthage
276:Columbus
263:, which
224:Necho II
152:Carthage
88:mariners
56:Columbus
52:Americas
3717:Odyssey
3694:Genesis
3491:Others
3290:Lists:
3279:Marausa
3229:Roman:
3219:Punic:
3184:Kyrenia
3175:Greek:
3171:Marsala
3164:Sinop D
3039:Tacking
2773:History
2660:Meluhha
2650:Fishing
2645:Whaling
2552:Ramming
2474:Aegates
2469:Drepana
2464:Ecnomus
2394:Salamis
2382:
2372:Battles
2250:Nabatea
2233:Archaic
2203:Nuragic
2193:Somalia
2044:Oceania
2039:Britain
2016:History
1949:Socotra
1919:Qandala
1904:Piraeus
1874:Muziris
1844:Madurai
1839:Manthai
1777:Canopus
1747:Arsinoe
1719:harbors
1668:History
1656:Coastal
1586:Sambuca
1571:Dolphin
1485:Rigging
1297:Poling
1287:Sailing
1224:Trireme
1164:Liburna
1127:Coracle
1097:Vessels
961:4 April
351:Ptolemy
336:exergue
331:exergue
327:staters
220:Necho I
212:ParaĂba
177:in the
156:Tunisia
106:Himilco
48:contact
3768:Aeneid
3484:Viking
3465:Regina
3234:Alkedo
3090:Abydos
3064:Wrecks
2933:Topics
2763:Piracy
2717:Greece
2577:Odisha
2509:Actium
2504:Mycale
2339:Navies
2228:Greece
2218:Olmecs
2186:Pandya
2161:Minoan
2124:Champa
2104:Lapita
2049:Remote
1969:Tyndis
1924:Quilon
1869:Muscat
1834:Lothal
1829:Korkai
1813:Jeddah
1787:Essina
1731:Adulis
1641:Charts
1576:Harpax
1566:Corvus
1540:Square
1508:Settee
1503:Lateen
1412:Tiller
1407:Strake
1375:Rudder
1365:Paddle
1313:Anchor
1292:Towing
1214:Bireme
1147:Galley
1122:Bangka
1032:
1005:
909:
873:
771:10 May
762:
737:10 May
728:
671:
561:
530:
504:
381:Rhodes
216:Brazil
140:Hebrew
3704:Greek
3507:Abora
3501:Ivlia
3413:Saina
3357:Ra II
3315:Sites
3100:Dokos
2712:Egypt
2634:trade
2599:Rafts
2584:Japan
2572:India
2484:Chios
2454:Mylae
2414:Olpae
2362:Roman
2357:Greek
2255:Aksum
2181:Chera
2176:Chola
2149:Sunda
2129:Kutai
2119:Kedah
1964:Tulum
1944:Sidon
1889:Opone
1879:Ăc Eo
1849:Malao
1823:Kedah
1767:Basra
1715:Ports
1693:Inuit
1513:Tanja
1473:Egypt
1323:Cabin
1266:Tomol
1109:Types
3633:Oslo
3355:and
3261:Isis
3208:Gozo
2729:Rome
2707:Maya
2589:Rome
2494:Nile
2260:Rome
2198:Maya
2054:Near
1974:Tyre
1726:Aden
1525:Junk
1397:Stem
1385:Sail
1370:Rope
1355:Mast
1350:Keel
1338:Hull
1328:Deck
1251:Raft
1132:Dhow
1030:ISBN
1003:ISBN
963:2021
907:ISBN
884:2020
871:ISBN
773:2014
760:ISBN
739:2014
726:ISBN
690:Life
669:ISBN
643:2013
618:2013
593:2013
559:ISBN
528:ISBN
502:ISBN
310:and
82:The
39:The
27:: a
23:The
2670:Tin
1717:and
1581:Ram
1360:Oar
1318:Bow
940:XXI
792:",
788:, "
394:by
353:'s
222:or
158:).
126:on
58:or
3808::
3353:Ra
3322:H3
3076::
997:.
938:.
934:.
886:.
823:^
720:.
702:^
651:^
634:.
609:.
582:.
553:.
496:.
314:.
306:,
302:,
214:,
188:,
169:.
142:.
108:.
74:.
1885:)
1881:(
1076:e
1069:t
1062:v
1011:.
965:.
932:"
915:.
775:.
741:.
697:.
677:.
645:.
620:.
595:.
567:.
536:.
510:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
