49:
544:
726:. Estabrook noted that Dugdale's conclusions were that the 1877 study "does not demonstrate the inheritance of criminality, pauperism, or harlotry, but it does show that heredity with certain environmental conditions determines criminality, harlotry, and pauperism". Estabrook reanalyzed Dugdale's data and updated it to include 2,820 persons, adding 2,111 Jukes to the 709 studied by Dugdale. He claimed that the living Jukes were costing the public at least $ 2,000,000.
673:, as well as poorhouses and courts, while researching the New York hill family's ancestry in an effort to find the basis for their criminality. His book claimed Max, a frontiersman who was the descendant of early Dutch settlers and who was born between 1720 and 1740, had been the ancestor of more than 76 convicted criminals, 18 brothel-keepers, 120 prostitutes, over 200 relief recipients, and two cases of "feeble-mindedness".
779:
However, "the mythology of so-called 'genetically problematic families' is still with us," said Paul A. Lombardo of the Center for
Biomedical Ethics at the University of Virginia. "Even today, the Jukeses seem to be getting a third life on the Internet as we see some religious and political groups invoking them as examples of inherited immorality."
729:
Estabrook's data suggested that the family had actually shown fewer problems over time, but he pronounced that the Jukes family were "unredeemed" and suffering from just as much "feeblemindedness, indolence, licentiousness and dishonesty" as they had been in the past. Strongly emphasizing heredity,
685:
in 1877. Dugdale debated the relative contribution of environment and heredity and concluded that the family's poor environment was largely to blame for their behavior: "environment tends to produce habits which may become hereditary" (page 66). He noted that the Jukes were not a single family, but
778:
and in records of a forgotten Ulster County poorhouse. A code book, labeled "classified", was found and listed the real surnames of the "Jukes" family. Hundreds of names were listed, including Plough, Miller, DuBois, Clearwater, Bank and Bush. Max, the "founder", was identified as Max Keyser.
689:
He urged public welfare changes and improvements in the environment in order to prevent criminality, poverty and disease, writing: "public health and infant education... are the two legs upon which the general morality of the future must travel" (page 119). The book was widely read in the 19th
762:
Research in the 1960s pointed out fundamental problems with the studies, such as the subjects were not one family and not necessarily related. In addition, the attempt to link a trait such as poverty to genetic makeup, ignoring environmental issues, has been "totally discredited", as noted by
676:
Many of the criminals could also be linked to "Margaret, the Mother of
Criminals", renamed "Ada" in his report, who had married one of Max's sons. Dugdale created detailed genealogical charts and concluded that poverty, disease, and criminality plagued the family. Dugdale estimated to the
737:
in New York City in 1921. Historians have noted that
Dugdale's conclusions have been misused by subsequent generations: "Estabrook's version is the one that carried the day. After 1915, the Jukes came to symbolize the futility of social change and the need for eugenic segregations and
637:
Elisha Harris, a doctor and former president of the
American Public Health Association, published reports that Margaret, in Upstate New York, was the "mother of criminals" and he described her children as "a race of criminals, paupers and harlots".
665:
he found six members of the same "Juke" family (a pseudonym), though they were using four different family names. On investigation, he found that, of 29 male "immediate blood relations", 17 had been arrested, and 15 convicted of crimes.
730:
Estabrook's conclusions reversed
Dugdale's argument about the environment, proposing that such families be prevented from reproducing, since no amount of environmental changes could alter their genetic inheritance towards criminality.
558:
733:
Photographs of members of the Jukes family and their homes, as well as family trees of some branches of the Jukes family, were displayed at the Second
International Congress of Eugenics, held at the
584:
234:
702:
states that very soon the Jukes family study was turned into a "genetic morality tale", which combined religious notions of the sins of the father and eugenic pseudoscience.
742:". American scientists, doctors, politicians, clergy and the legal profession all embraced the eugenic movement, and the Jukes family research was used as evidence in
577:
341:
570:
995:
Paul, Diane (1995), "Controlling Human
Heredity: 1865 to the Present, p.49, quoted in "Teaching Eugenics to Children: Heredity and Reform in Jean Webster's
774:, in Ulster County. Some of the unmarked graves belonged to members of the so-called Jukes family. Further information was found in the archives at the
698:" (other case studies of a similar nature), a cultural shorthand for the rural poor in the Southern and Northeastern United States. Legal historian
897:
272:
141:
750:
case which made forced sterilizations legal in the United States. In the 1930s eugenics was widely repudiated by geneticists, and after the
610:
854:
1048:
695:
614:
214:
605:"hill family" studied in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The studies are part of a series of other family studies, including the
794:
155:
1053:
1043:
775:
553:
523:
734:
279:
257:
690:
century and stimulated discussion about the roles of heredity and environment. The term "Jukes" became, along with "
814:
82:
17:
625:, placed considerable emphasis on the environment as a determining factor in criminality, disease and poverty (
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334:
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38:
799:
719:
905:
209:
804:
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739:
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a composite of 42 families and that only 540 of his 709 subjects were apparently related by blood.
518:
361:
662:
410:
224:
715:
496:
458:
199:
72:
933:
Keely, Karen (Sep 2004), "Teaching
Eugenics to Children:Heredity and Reform in Jean Webster's
134:
77:
678:
548:
267:
8:
984:, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Disability History Museum, www.disabilitymuseum.org
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262:
48:
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327:
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that the family had cost the state $ 1,308,000. He published his findings in
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809:
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219:
120:
1016:
954:
647:
819:
789:
771:
767:
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653:, a member of the executive committee of the Prison Association of
618:
898:"Bad Seed or Bad Science? The Story of the Notorious Jukes Family"
657:, and a colleague of Harris' was delegated to visit jails in
763:
geneticist Andrés Ruiz
Linares in a 2011 historical review.
683:
The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and
Heredity
669:
He studied the records of inmates of the 13 county jails in
617:, that were often quoted as arguments in support of
1035:
142:Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital
754:program became known, its influence died out.
578:
892:
215:Society for Biodemography and Social Biology
973:
971:
852:
795:Educational attainment in the United States
156:Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia
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571:
977:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
968:
928:
926:
924:
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14:
1036:
888:
833:
776:State University of New York at Albany
621:, though the original Jukes study, by
524:Sterilization of Native American women
932:
886:
884:
882:
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876:
874:
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870:
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994:
919:
705:
1049:American families of Dutch ancestry
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710:A follow-up study was published by
24:
865:
735:American Museum of Natural History
641:
632:
280:Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
258:Average Young American Male (1921)
25:
1070:
855:"Most Popular E-mail Newsletter"
815:Impact of health on intelligence
542:
273:Selective Reproduction of Slaves
47:
1054:Families from New York (state)
988:
13:
1:
1044:Eugenics in the United States
978:Estabrook, Arthur H. (1916),
826:
335:The Passing of the Great Race
190:American Birth Control League
800:Environment and intelligence
770:graveyard was discovered in
720:Cold Spring Harbor, New York
27:A New York hill family study
7:
782:
210:Human Betterment Foundation
10:
1075:
853:Dan Vergano (2012-06-30).
805:Fertility and intelligence
492:Social degeneration theory
421:Charles Benedict Davenport
205:Race Betterment Foundation
426:Gertrude Crotty Davenport
195:American Eugenics Society
1005:The Lion and the Unicorn
943:The Lion and the Unicorn
549:United States portal
519:Sterilization of Latinas
342:The Rising Tide of Color
411:Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen
225:Human Betterment League
716:Eugenics Record Office
497:Social purity movement
459:Wallace H. Kuralt. Sr.
200:Eugenics Record Office
1017:10.1353/uni.2004.0032
955:10.1353/uni.2004.0032
908:on September 28, 2007
135:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1059:History of sociology
896:(February 8, 2003),
679:New York legislature
268:Oneida stirpiculture
894:Christianson, Scott
820:The Kallikak family
712:Arthur H. Estabrook
314:The Kallikak Family
230:Heredity Commission
128:Skinner v. Oklahoma
33:Part of a series on
651:Richard L. Dugdale
623:Richard L. Dugdale
507:Racial nationalism
406:David Starr Jordan
362:Annals of Eugenics
321:Eugenics manifesto
981:The Jukes in 1915
724:The Jukes in 1915
706:Estabrook's study
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532:
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487:Scientific racism
467:
466:
401:Joseph DeJarnette
396:Harry H. Laughlin
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288:
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165:
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149:Stump v. Sparkman
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41:the United States
16:(Redirected from
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904:, archived from
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758:Further research
748:US Supreme Court
700:Paul A. Lombardo
659:upstate New York
587:
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431:Frederick Osborn
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263:The Relf Sisters
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21:
18:The Jukes family
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997:Daddy-Long-Legs
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935:Daddy-Long-Legs
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661:. In a jail in
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642:Dugdale's study
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633:Harris' reports
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1011:(3): 363–389,
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752:Nazi eugenics
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740:sterilization
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663:Ulster County
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502:Feeble-minded
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436:Madison Grant
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55:
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50:
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37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
980:
946:
942:
938:
934:
910:, retrieved
906:the original
901:
858:
810:Flynn effect
765:
761:
744:Buck v. Bell
732:
728:
723:
709:
688:
682:
675:
668:
645:
636:
599:Jukes family
598:
596:
513:Race suicide
360:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
278:
277:
253:Jukes family
252:
220:Pioneer Fund
181:Institutions
154:
147:
140:
133:
126:
121:Buck v. Bell
119:
722:in 1916 as
648:sociologist
445:Politicians
111:Court cases
39:Eugenics in
1038:Categories
1001:Dear Enemy
939:Dear Enemy
827:References
766:In 2001 a
380:Proponents
297:Literature
73:California
1025:143332948
963:143332948
859:USA Today
790:Dysgenics
772:New Paltz
768:poorhouse
746:, a 1927
692:Kallikaks
646:In 1874,
627:euthenics
607:Kallikaks
387:Academics
78:Minnesota
783:See also
655:New York
619:eugenics
613:and the
603:New York
554:Category
352:Journals
912:July 8,
714:of the
694:" and "
476:Related
244:General
174:History
1023:
961:
609:, the
601:was a
235:AASPIM
88:Oregon
65:States
58:States
1021:S2CID
959:S2CID
611:Zeros
559:Index
304:Books
1003:"",
999:and
937:and
914:2007
696:Nams
615:Nams
597:The
1013:doi
951:doi
941:",
718:at
629:).
104:Law
1040::
1019:,
1009:28
1007:,
970:^
957:,
947:28
945:,
921:^
900:,
867:^
857:.
835:^
1015::
953::
861:.
586:e
579:t
572:v
515:"
511:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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