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conversation, stepping to the background to watch as Bosola angrily tries to gain the
Cardinal's pardon, speaking of the time he has spent in the galleys in penal servitude, and in the service of the Cardinal. Bosola declares that he is surely done with service, but the Cardinal is not interested in Bosola's new merit and takes his leave. Bosola compares himself to Tantalus, never able to acquire the thing he most desires, like an injured soldier who can only depend on his crutches for support of any kind. When he leaves, Antonio and Delio comment on his past offence, and how he will surely come to no good if he is kept in neglect. Ferdinand comes into the palace, talking to his courtiers about a tournament that Antonio has just won. When the Cardinal, Duchess, and Cariola enter to speak with Ferdinand, Antonio and Delio have a moment to themselves to discuss the Cardinal's character; he is found to be a very dishonest, disagreeable person, as is his brother, Ferdinand. Only their sister, the Duchess, earns the approval of everyone, a very pleasant and gracious woman. After the two gentlemen leave, Ferdinand petitions his sister to make Bosola the manager of her horses; when everyone else leaves, Ferdinand and the Cardinal reveal that it is because Bosola is to spy on their sister. When Bosola is brought in and made aware of this plan, he at first refuses, but ultimately is given no choice. The Cardinal and Ferdinand then turn their attention to their sister, urging her not to marry again, now that she is a widow, going so far as to threaten her with death, in Ferdinand's case. She refuses to be bullied, and once her brothers are out of sight, she proposes to Antonio by giving him her wedding ring. Having Cariola, the Duchess's maid, as their witness, this private ceremony is legally binding and the Duchess and Antonio become husband and wife.
587:: a condition whereby he believes he is a wolf. The doctor thinks there is a chance of a relapse, in which case Ferdinand's diseased behaviour would return; namely, digging up dead bodies at night. Pescara and the doctor make way for the mad Ferdinand, who attacks his own shadow. The Cardinal, who has entered with Ferdinand, manages to catch Bosola, who has been watching Ferdinand's ravings. The Cardinal assigns Bosola to seek out Antonio (by following Delio) and then slay him. After the Cardinal leaves, Bosola does not even make it to the door before he is stopped by Julia, who is brandishing a pistol. She accuses him of having given her a love potion, and threatens to kill him to end her love. Bosola manages to disarm her and convince her to gather intelligence for him about the Cardinal. Bosola then hides while Julia uses all of her persuasive powers to get the Cardinal to reveal his part in the death of his sister and her children. The Cardinal then makes Julia swear to keep silent, forcing her to kiss the poisoned cover of a bible, causing her to die almost instantly. Bosola comes out of hiding to confront the Cardinal, although he declares that he still intends to kill Antonio. Giving him a master key, the Cardinal takes his leave. However, once he is alone, Bosola swears to protect Antonio, and goes off to bury Julia's body.
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sneaks in and startles her. He gives her a knife, intending her to kill herself, and his fury increases when she tells him she is married without his knowledge. Ferdinand leaves, declaring he will never see her again. He exits just in time, for
Antonio bursts in brandishing a pistol, but the Duchess forces him to leave again when Bosola knocks at the door. Bosola informs the Duchess that Ferdinand has left for Rome again, and she tells him that Ferdinand's bills of exchange (he has so far dealt with her accounts) will no longer work, since Antonio has been false with her accounts. This is, of course, a trick to get Antonio out of Malfi; she calls Antonio back in (once Bosola exits) to tell him to flee to Ancona, where she will send him all her treasure and valuables. The couple puts on a show argument for the benefit of the returning Bosola and officers, where she criticises his faulty record keeping and banishes him. Bosola does not believe the Duchess was justified in banishing Antonio, and tells her that Antonio is a good, honest man. This speech prompts the Duchess to confide the secret marriage to Bosola. He is then left on stage to lament his role as a spy, for now he must reveal all to Ferdinand.
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sneaks in with them, disguised as an old man, and tells the
Duchess that he is there to make her tomb. When she tries to pull rank on him, executioners with cords and a coffin come in. Cariola is removed from the room, leaving Bosola and the executioners with the Duchess. The Duchess makes a brave show, telling the executioners to "pull, and pull strongly", welcoming her strangulation. Cariola is brought back, and after struggling fiercely, she too is strangled. Ferdinand comes to view the scene, and is also shown the bodies of his sister's children, who were murdered as well. Ferdinand reveals that he and the Duchess were twins, and that he had hoped, if she had remained a widow, to inherit all her wealth. Bosola, sensing that Ferdinand is ready to turn on him next, demands payment for his atrocities. Ferdinand, distracted, leaves him alone with the bodies. Astonishingly, the Duchess is not dead. A shocked Bosola has no time to call for medicine; he manages to tell the Duchess that Antonio is not really dead; that the figures she saw were fake, before she finally dies. Bosola, remorseful at last, takes her body to the care of some good women, planning to leave immediately thereafter for Milan.
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in a position of power, she is expected to hold the throne and obey the patriarchal figures in the court, specifically her two brothers, the
Cardinal and Ferdinand. The Cardinal and Ferdinand are in line to receive the inheritance if the Duchess does not have any children, so controlling her sexual affairs becomes their singular focus. Rather than respecting her autonomy and wishes, they aim to control her sexuality and diminish her independence. In Act I, Scene I, Ferdinand makes this clear when he states, "Nay, / I mean the tongue: variety of courtship. / What cannot a neat knave with a smooth tale / Make a woman believe? Farewell, lusty widow" (1.1.247–250). He is solely focused on preserving her chastity, so he views her as an object, rather than a human being. The continued objectification of the Duchess from her brothers conveys males' perceived ability to control a woman's body in the society of the 16th century.
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remarried. Her assertion of her freedom of choice is best illustrated in her soliloquy following her conversation with her brothers when they strictly advise her to not even think about remarrying. Immediately after telling her brothers that she will never remarry, she says to herself: "If all my royal kindred / Lay in my way unto this marriage, / I'd make them my low foot-steps." The central conflict of the play involves the
Duchess' desire to marry for love and her brothers' desire to prevent her from remarrying (either to inherit her estate and control her choices, or perhaps out of Ferdinand's potentially incestuous love for his sister). Throughout, she refuses to submit to her brothers' attempts at control and even asserts her identity and self-control at the moment of her death, announcing "I am Duchess of Malfi still" (4.2).
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her that her brother wishes to speak with her, but will not do so where he can see her. She agrees to meet with her brother in the darkness. Once the lights are out, Ferdinand returns. He presents her with a dead man's hand, leading her to believe that it is
Antonio's, with her wedding ring on it. He then exits, leaving Bosola to show the Duchess lifelike figures of her husband and children, made to appear as though her family was dead. The Duchess believes them to be the genuine articles, and resolves to die—her despair is so deep it affects Bosola. When she leaves, Ferdinand re-enters; Bosola pleads with him to send his sister to a convent, refusing to be a part of the plot any more. Ferdinand is beyond reason at this point, and tells Bosola to go to Milan to find the real Antonio.
1034:, an acting group to which Shakespeare belonged. The printer was Nicholas Okes and the publisher was John Waterson. However, the play was not printed in quarto (a smaller, less expensive edition than the larger folio) until 1623. The title page of this particular edition tells us that the play was printed privately. The title page also informs readers that the play text includes numerous passages that were cut for performance. The 1623 quarto is the only substantive version of the play in circulation today, and modern editions and productions are based on it. Notable is that, on the title page of the 1623 quarto, a clear distinction is drawn between the play in performance and the play as a text to be read.
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to seal my peace with you. / Here's a hand, / To which you have vowed much love. / The ring upon't / You gave"(4.1 42–44). In the darkness, the
Duchess thinks that Ferdinand is asking for her forgiveness when he reaches out his hand, and so she kisses it; when the lights come on she sees the dead bodies of her husband and children, and believes she just kissed her husband's severed hand. But in reality, Ferdinand used wax figures to trick her into thinking her family is dead. This deception and cruelty cause the Duchess physical and emotional torment throughout the play. At the end of the play, the Duchess is strangled at the request of her brothers.
254:– The protagonist, sister to Ferdinand and the Cardinal. At the beginning she is a widow whose brothers take every precaution to keep from marriage, though later she secretly marries Antonio, and for this her brothers arrange to have her strangled. She is described as having a sweet countenance and noble virtue, unlike her brothers. She is also witty and clever, helping her keep up with her brothers' banter, and has a tenderness and warmth which they lack. She has three children, two sons and a daughter by Antonio. (There is an inconsistency surrounding earlier children by her deceased husband, put down to a careless mistake by Webster.) Based on
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that no amount of make-up would help. He also accuses her of being too like a witch; the old lady and
Castruchio leave Bosola alone to muse on the mysterious way the Duchess is acting of late. He believes she is pregnant (no one but Delio and Cariola know that the Duchess and Antonio are married), and aims to prove it by using apricots both to spark her pregnant appetite and to induce labour, as apricots were believed to do. The Duchess, when she enters, accepts the fruit from Bosola, and quickly starts going into labour. She then retires to her chamber claiming to be ill, with a worried Antonio following in her wake.
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previous scene, while they can hear him calling, have no desire to go to his aid (because of his previous order to not at any cost try to help
Ferdinand). Bosola kills the servant of the Cardinal first, and then stabs the Cardinal. Ferdinand bursts in, also attacking his brother; in the fight, he accidentally wounds Bosola. Bosola kills Ferdinand, and is left with the dying Cardinal. The gentlemen who heard the cries now enter the room to witness the deaths of the Cardinal and Bosola. Delio enters too late with Antonio's eldest son, and laments the unfortunate events that have passed.
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Julia presents
Pescara with a letter from the Cardinal, which states that she should receive Antonio's property, and which Pescara grants to her. When Delio confronts him about this, Pescara says that he would not give an innocent man a property that was taken from someone by such vile means (the Cardinal took the property for himself once Antonio was banished), for it will now become an appropriate place for the Cardinal's mistress. This statement impresses the hidden Antonio. When Pescara leaves to visit an ill Ferdinand, Antonio decides to pay a night-time visit to the Cardinal.
279:– A former servant of the Cardinal, now returned from a sentence in the galleys for murder. Publicly rejected by his previous employer the Cardinal, he is sent by Ferdinand to spy on the Duchess as her Provisor of Horse. (Ferdinand hopes to keep her away from marriage.) Bosola is involved in the murder of the Duchess, her children, Cariola, Antonio, the Cardinal, Ferdinand, and a servant. Witnessing the nobility of the Duchess and Antonio facing their deaths, he finally feels guilty, and seeks to avenge them. This change of heart makes him the play's most complex character. A
414:. She will join them later, while pretending to make a pilgrimage to a nearby town. The Cardinal hears of the plan, instructs Bosola to banish the two lovers, and sends soldiers to capture them. Antonio escapes with their eldest son, but the Duchess, her maid, and her two younger children are returned to Malfi and die at the hands of Bosola's executioners, who are under Ferdinand's orders. This experience leads Bosola to turn against the brothers, and he decides to take up the cause of "revenge for the Duchess of Malfi" (5.2).
263:– Antonio returned from France, full of scorn for the Italian courtiers whom he sees as more corrupt than the French. Antonio is the steward of the Duchess of Malfi's palace. His honesty and good judgment of character are traits well known to the other characters. He accepts the Duchess' proposal of marriage because of her disposition rather than her beauty. Her marrying beneath her status is a problem, however, and their marriage has to remain a secret, as Antonio shares neither her title nor her money.
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tells him the ordinary people think the Duchess is a whore. While they talk, the Duchess and Ferdinand enter. He tells her that he has found a husband for her, the Count Malateste. She disregards this, as she is already married (still secretly of course) to Antonio. When left alone, Ferdinand consults with Bosola to discover the father of the three seemingly illegitimate children; Bosola has acquired a skeleton key to the Duchess's room, which Ferdinand takes, telling him to guess what will happen next.
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406:), Italy, from 1504 to 1510. The recently widowed Duchess falls in love with Antonio, a lowly steward. Her brothers, Ferdinand and the Cardinal, forbid her from remarrying, seeking to defend their inheritance and desperate to avoid a degrading association with a social inferior. Suspicious of her, they hire Bosola to spy on her. She elopes with Antonio and bears him three children secretly. Bosola eventually discovers that the Duchess is pregnant but does not know who the father is.
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unwillingly exit, and Bosola enters to find the Cardinal planning to have him killed. Antonio, unaware of Bosola, sneaks in while it is dark, planning to seek audience with the Cardinal. Not realising who has entered, Bosola attacks Antonio; he is horrified to see his mistake. He manages to relate the death of the Duchess and children to the dying Antonio, who is glad to be dying in sadness, now that life is pointless for him. Bosola then leaves to bring down the Cardinal.
998:, were lavishly entertained by a subsequent Duchess of Malfi and her son, Innico, in the Castello di Amalfi in 1550. Hoby was clearly very impressed by the decor, by implication superior to what he was used to in England, describing the chamber in which they were accommodated as: 'hanged with clothe of gold and vellett, wherein were two beddes, th'one of silver worke and the other of vellett, with pillowes bolsters and the shetes curiouslie wrowght with needle worke.'
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1010:: This was the Jacobean era, and Renaissance clothing, often hand-me-downs from noble patrons, would have been appropriate during this time. Especially since this play takes place among wealthy, prestigious characters who belong to The Royal Court, there would have been long dresses with elaborate sleeves and headpieces for most female characters, and doublets for most of the men as a general rule. Men would wear
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990:: As this play would have first been produced in the Globe, the set would probably been a bare stage with movable set pieces such as tables, stools, beds, hangings, and altars, all of which would have been stock pieces used in every show. Props would also have been minimal, with essentials like swords, pistols, and candles, and dummies. The traveller and future translator of Castiglione's
1022:, deep purple was restricted to the nobility of the times. During this period, and until the Restoration (1660) women were not generally accepted on stage. Because of this, the roles of women were played by apprentice boys or the younger men. Padding would be built into their costumes, their heads would be adorned with wigs, and extra make-up would be applied to their faces.
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considering him too cowardly to fight in an upcoming battle. Bosola, meanwhile, interrupts the Cardinal's private conference with news of his sister. The Cardinal leaves to petition for her and her family's exile from Ancona, while Bosola goes to tell the Duchess's first child (from her first husband) what has happened with his mother. Ferdinand goes to find Antonio.
637:, was a powerful cardinal under Pope Julius II. Bandello says that the brothers arranged the kidnapping of the Duchess, her maid, and two of her three children by Antonio, all of whom were then murdered. Antonio, unaware of their fate, escaped to Milan with his oldest son, where he was later assassinated by a gang led by one Daniele Bozzolo.
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to dismantle her marriage to Antonio while disapproving of their sister's love life. Ferdinand is particularly obsessed with the idea of inheriting the fortune to which his sister is entitled, because it would protect his social and financial status. Ultimately the Duchess is put to death for remarrying into a lower class.
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The Duchess is often criticised (Clifford Leech condemned her for her 'irresponsible overturning of a social code') for stepping out of the societal expectations of a widow in sixteenth century England. As a widow, the Duchess gains a new power and independence, which angers her brothers. As a female
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The spring in his face is nothing but the engend'ring of toads; where he is jealous of any man, he lays worse plot for them than ever was impos'd on Hercules, for he strews in his way flatterers, panders, intelligencers, atheists, and a thousand such political monsters. He should have been Pope; but
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Scene 2—Same place and time as the previous scene: The Duchess and her maid, Cariola, come back, distracted by the noises being made by a group of madmen (Ferdinand brought them in to terrorise her). A servant tells her that they were brought for sport, and lets in several of the madmen. Bosola, too,
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Scene 1—The Duchess's palace in Malfi, nine months later: Bosola and Castruchio enter, Bosola criticising his companion's appearance, and telling him that he would make a ridiculous judge. When an old woman intrudes on their conversation, Bosola's insults turn on her, calling her hideous to the point
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The Duchess argues that high class is not an indicator of a good man. At the time, Italy was moving into capitalism and one no longer needed to be born into wealth to obtain it. Though the Duchess and her brothers are aware of this, her brothers, concerned with wealth and honour, nevertheless strive
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Scene 1—A prison (or the Duchess's lodgings serving as a prison) near Loreto: Ferdinand comes in with Bosola, who is describing to him how the Duchess is dealing with her imprisonment. It seems she is not affected to Ferdinand's satisfaction, and he leaves angrily. Bosola greets the Duchess, telling
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Scene 5—Rome, in Ferdinand's private apartments: An enraged Ferdinand, with the letter from Bosola, and his brother the Cardinal, meet to discuss what they think is an awful treachery by their sister. Ferdinand is angry to the point of shouting about his sister's "whorish" behaviour (he knows of the
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Scene 3—Same place and time as the previous scene: Bosola re-enters the now empty room, having heard a woman (the Duchess) shriek. Antonio discovers him and questions his purpose in being there, since everyone had been commanded to keep to their rooms. Antonio tells him to stay away from the Duchess
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Scene 2—Same place and time as the previous scene: Bosola, alone, realises that the Duchess is indeed pregnant. After accosting the hapless old lady again, he watches as Antonio and the servants in a commotion about a Swiss mercenary who had invaded the Duchess's room, and the loss of several jewels
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The conclusion is controversial for some readers because they find reason to believe the inheriting son is not the rightful heir of the Duchess. The play briefly mentions a son who is the product of her first marriage and would therefore have a stronger claim to the duchy. Other scholars believe the
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In 2010, the production was staged for Stage on Screen at the Greenwich Theatre, London. It was directed by Elizabeth Freestone and starred Aislin McGuckin in a production that set the play in the first half of the twentieth century. In The Guardian, the reviewer noted that 'Much of the pleasure of
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The relationship between the Duchess and her brothers is rooted in cruelty. The brothers often try to manipulate her and drive her mad. This cruelty is first evident when the Cardinal and Ferdinand lock the Duchess in her own home. Ferdinand deceives the Duchess into thinking that he cares: "I come
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The brothers repeatedly abuse their power. Ferdinand is caught committing adultery but is not punished. The Cardinal abuses his ecclesiastical powers to have Antonio's property confiscated and to have the Duchess and her family banished from the state of Ancona. Ferdinand and the Cardinal order the
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The Cardinal gambles, keeps the wife of one of his courtiers as a mistress, and fights duels. Conspiracy and intrigue are the air he breathes. Duke Ferdinand is his brother's willing conspirator in villainy, and at times his rages shock even the Cardinal's sense of decorum. The Duke's corruption in
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Webster's play follows this story fairly faithfully, but departs from the source material by depicting Bozzolo as a conflicted figure who repents, kills Antonio by mistake, then turns on the brothers killing them both. In fact the brothers were never accused of the crime in their lifetimes and died
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Scene 5—The same apartments, near Julia's lodging: The Cardinal, unaware of what has just happened, is reading a book when Bosola enters with a servant, who is bearing Antonio's body. He threatens the Cardinal, who calls for help. Help is not forthcoming, for the gentlemen from the beginning of the
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Scene 4—The Cardinal's apartments in Milan: The Cardinal enters, trying to dissuade Pescara, Malateste, Roderigo and Grisolan from staying to keep watch over Ferdinand. He goes so far as to say that he might feign mad fits to test their obedience; if they come to help, they will be in trouble. They
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Scene 1—Outside Ferdinand and the Cardinal's palace in Milan: Antonio returns to see if he can reconcile with Ferdinand and the Cardinal, but Delio is dubious as to the wisdom of this. Delio asks Pescara, a marquis, to give him possession of Antonio's estate for safekeeping, but Pescara denies him.
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was perhaps the first to note that the play struck an audience differently in the wake of the revelation of the Holocaust; this note is, from 1945 on, continually struck in discussions of the appropriateness of Webster for the modern age. A 1946 production on Broadway did not fare as well; Rylands
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Act V, Scene iii, features an important theatrical device, echo, which seems to emanate from the grave of the Duchess, in her voice. In its totality, it reads: "Deadly accent. A thing of sorrow. That suits it best. Ay, wife's voice. Be mindful of thy safety. O fly your fate. Thou art a dead thing.
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A vein of corruption runs throughout the play, notably in the character of the deadly Cardinal, a man ready to employ lesser beings (such as Bosola) to commit murders for him, then cast them aside as rotten fruit. He is no stranger to murder himself, however, as he slays his own mistress by making
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Scene 5—Near Loreto: The newly banished family, and the maid Cariola, enter Loreto. Shortly after their arrival, Bosola comes and presents the Duchess with a letter from Ferdinand, which indirectly states that Ferdinand wants Antonio dead. Antonio tells Bosola that he will not go to Ferdinand, and
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Scene 4—The Cardinal's rooms: The Cardinal and his mistress, Julia, are discussing their rendezvous when a messenger calls the Cardinal away with an important message. Delio enters to find Julia alone. He was once a suitor of hers and offers her money. Julia leaves to meet her husband, Castruccio,
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The Cardinal confesses his part in the killing of the Duchess to his mistress, Julia, then murders her with a poisoned Bible. Bosola overhears the Cardinal plotting to kill him, so he visits the darkened chapel to kill the Cardinal at his prayers. Instead, he mistakenly kills Antonio, who has just
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Ferdinand, shown by now to be a depraved lunatic, threatens and disowns the Duchess. In an attempt to escape, she and Antonio concoct a story that Antonio has swindled her out of her fortune and must flee into exile. The Duchess takes Bosola into her confidence, unaware that he is Ferdinand's spy,
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and twin brother of the Duchess. Unlike his rational brother the Cardinal, Ferdinand has rages and violent outbursts disproportionate to the perceived offence. As a result of his regret for hiring Bosola to kill the Duchess, he gradually loses his sanity—he believes he is a wolf and digs up graves
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Scene 1—The Duchess's palace in Malfi, after some time has passed: Antonio greets the returning Delio, who has come from Rome with Ferdinand. Antonio reveals that the Duchess has had two more children in the time Delio was gone. Antonio fears the wrath of the recently arrived Ferdinand, and Delio
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Scene 4—The shrine of Our Lady of Loreto, Italy, in the Ancona province: Two pilgrims are visiting the shrine in Ancona, and witness the Cardinal being symbolically prepared for war. The Cardinal then proceeds to take the Duchess's wedding ring, banish her, Antonio, and their children, while the
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Scene 2—The Duchess's bedchamber: Antonio comes up to the Duchess's bedroom to spend the night, and they banter back and forth about the point of lovers just sleeping together. Antonio and Cariola leave to allow the Duchess to complete her night-time preparations, but she is not alone; Ferdinand
2160:. The first part of the collection was a long poem for a friend who had died young, and the collection also features love poems about unattainable and beautiful women; the title of the book combined both themes, having been taken from the line: "Cover her face; mine eyes dazzle; she died young".
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The ideal quality her brothers would foist on the Duchess is that of being submissive to (their) male control, though ironically widowhood was often the first time women might be independent of the control of husbands or male relatives. However, the Duchess went against her brothers' wishes and
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scene, in which a song is sung in honour of the Cardinal, who gives up his robes and invests himself with the attire of a soldier, and then performs the act of banishing the Duchess. The whole scene is commented upon by two pilgrims, who condemn the harsh behaviour of the Cardinal towards the
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Scene 3—A room in a palace at Rome: The Cardinal, Ferdinand, Malateste, Pescara, Silvio and Delio are discussing the new fortifications that are being made in Naples. Ferdinand and his men, leaving the Cardinal and Malateste to speak privately, are very harsh in their critique of Malateste,
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Scene 1—The Duchess's palace in Malfi: Antonio and Delio are discussing the former's return from France, and discussing how the French king runs his court, comparing it to an easily poisoned fountain. They are interrupted by the entry of Bosola and the Cardinal. Antonio and Delio hold their
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who keeps a mistress. He has arranged a spy (Bosola) to spy upon his sister – all this on the quiet, however, leaving others ignorant of his plotting. Of remorse, love, loyalty, or even greed, he knows nothing, and his reasons for hating his sister are a mystery. (Historically, his name was
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1461:. The staging was highly stylised, the scenic backdrop segmented, and the actors' movements tightly controlled. The result, as Jarka Burian noted, was "a unified, consistent mise-en-scene...without enough inner turbulence to create a completely satisfying theatre experience."
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Scene 3—A courtyard outside the same palace: Delio and Antonio are near the Duchess's tomb; as they talk, an echo from the tomb mirrors their conversation. Delio leaves to find Antonio's eldest son, and Antonio leaves to escape the distressing echo of his wife's resting
273:'s self-depiction under this name, his purpose is to be the sounding board for his friend Antonio. Because he asks so many pertinent questions, he serves as a source of important information to the audience, and is privy to the secrets of Antonio's marriage and children.
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as Bosola. It was the first production performed in the Globe's Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. The production was filmed and broadcast on BBC4 on 25 May 2014. This production coincided with a representation of the aforementioned Theobald text of 1736 as part of the Globe's
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the end destroys his sanity: incestuous desire for his own sister. Realizing she has married and borne children by Antonio, his rage drives him to do everything in his power to bring his sister to despair, madness and death, but in the end he is driven mad himself.
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The play begins as a love story, when the Duchess marries beneath her class, and ends as a nightmarish tragedy as her two brothers undertake their revenge, destroying themselves in the process. Jacobean drama continued the trend of stage violence and horror set by
1004:: Lighting for a theatre like the Globe is completely dependent upon the sun. Performances would occur in the afternoon so as to see the performers, since no other sources of lighting were accessible. However, indoor playhouses would have been lit with candles.
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Matteo Bandello, «Il signor Antonio Bologna sposa la duchessa di Malfi e tutti dui sono ammazzati», Novelle, Novella XXVI. In: La prima parte de le novelle del Bandello. Tomo secondo, Londra: presso Riccardo Bancker (i.e. Livorno: Tommaso Masi), 1791, pp. 212
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Antonio's elder son by the Duchess appears in the final scene and takes his place as the heir to the Malfi fortune. The son's decision is in spite of his father's explicit wish that he "fly the court of princes", a corrupt and increasingly deadly environment.
364:– The Duchess's waiting-woman who is privy to her secrets. She witnesses the Duchess's wedding and delivers her children. She dies tragically by strangling following the murder of the Duchess and the youngest children. Her name plays on the Italian
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The play was written for and performed by the King's Men in 1613 or 1614. The double cast lists included in the 1623 quarto suggest a revival around 1619. Contemporary reference also indicated that the play was performed in 1618, for in that year
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in 1892, with Mary Rorke as the Duchess and Murray Carson as Bosola. Poel's playscript followed Webster's text closely apart from scene rearrangements; however, reaction had set in, and the production received generally scathing reviews.
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since he doesn't trust Bosola. In Antonio's agitation, he accidentally drops a horoscope for his son's birth, which Bosola retrieves. He realises what it means, and resolves to send it to the Duchess's brothers with Castruccio.
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and gold utensils. Even with all the uproar, Antonio is not distracted from his wife's "illness"; she is actually in labour. Cariola, the lady's maid, enters with good news once Antonio is alone—he is the father of a son.
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the Duchess urges him to take the oldest child and go to Milan to find safety, which he promptly does. Bosola and masked guards then take the Duchess and her remaining children captive, on the orders of her brothers.
2086:(1958), the character Cully quotes from the play: "Why, but two nights since, one met the duke 'bout midnight in a lane behind Saint Mark's Church, with the leg of a man upon his shoulder: and he howled fearfully."
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in Milan before his assassination. He recounted the story of Antonio's secret marriage to Giovanna after the death of her first husband, stating that it brought down the wrath of her two brothers, one of whom,
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Never see her more." The echo repeats the last words of what Antonio and Delio speak, but is selective. It adds to the sense of the inevitability of Antonio's death, while highlighting the role of fate.
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instead of coming to it by the primitive decency of the church, he did bestow bribes so largely and so impudently as if he would have carried it away without heaven's knowledge. Some good he hath done.
380:– A hanger-on at the Cardinal's court. The name means 'headache'. Referred to as a "mere stick of sugar candy" by the Duchess, he is yet another interchangeable courtier serving the sycophantic court.
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on the play, for instance by eliminating the Duchess's child and preserving the Duchess at the end. By mid-century, the play had fallen, with Webster, out of the repertory, where it stayed until the
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child, but not of the marriage), and the Cardinal struggles to control his brother's temperamental outburst. Ferdinand resolves to discover the man his sister is seeing, threatening all and sundry.
1237:." These would become the cornerstones of criticisms of Webster for the next century. Still, the play was popular enough for Glyn to revive her performance periodically for the next two decades.
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as the Duchess; Robert Farquharson played Ferdinand. The production was widely disparaged. For many of the newspaper critics, the failure indicated that Webster had become a "curio";
1233:, however, registered disapproval of the play's violence and what he termed its shoddy construction: "Instead of 'holding the mirror up to nature,' this drama holds the mirror up to
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returned to Malfi to attempt a reconciliation with the Cardinal. Bosola then stabs the Cardinal, who dies. In the brawl that follows, Ferdinand and Bosola stab each other to death.
2106:, most notably the line "hairy on the inside", but also "the howling of the wolf is music to the screech-owl", and "I'll go hunt the badger by owl-light. 'Tis a deed of darkness."
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The internal struggle faced by the Duchess when fighting her brothers and hiding her marriage was all part of Webster's intention to reflect and refer to the Roman paradigms and
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327:", suggesting impotence. He's the conventional elderly man with a young, unfaithful wife (Julia). He is genial and easygoing, attempting to stay on good terms with all.
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Stark added, in which the Duchess and Ferdinand are reunited in heaven. The most popular American productions, however, were produced by Wilmarth Waller and his wife
1018:, very royal members of The Court might wear doublets and jerkins and both men and women would be able to wear clothing with some type of colour to it. Due to the
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and cynic, he makes numerous critical comments on the nature of Renaissance society. (He is based on the historical Daniele de Bozolo, about whom little is known.)
1278:, conversely, argued that the production had failed to uncover the elements that made Webster a great dramatist—specifically his poetry. A 1935 production at the
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as the Duchess. This production was a part of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse 10th Anniversary collection, the 2014 production opening the theatre 10 years prior.
1151:; however, in tone and in some details of staging (particularly the use of special lighting effects) the play is clearly meant primarily for the indoor stage.
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came to the United States. Working with Horne's text, director James Stark staged a production in San Francisco; this version is noteworthy for a sentimental
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Pandey, Nandini B. (1 October 2015). "Medea's Fractured Self on the Jacobean Stage: Webster's Duchess of Malfi as a Case Study in Renaissance Readership".
1909:(initial copyright 1962) uses the first part of the quote as the title and as a comment made by the first witness on the scene of a young murdered woman.
234:. The complexity of some of the play's characters, particularly Bosola and the Duchess, and Webster's poetic language, have led many critics to consider
2181:'s novel "Next Season" a small company is staging a production of The Duchess of Malfi, with the protagonist playing the supporting role of the Doctor.
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adapted Webster's text for the modern audience. However, the production's most notable innovation was in the character of Bosola, which was played by
1507:. The production was staged in a promenade style and performed at a mysterious vacant site at Great Eastern Quay in London's Royal Albert Basin.
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Charles R. Forker, Skull beneath the Skin: The Achievement of John Webster, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL., 1986, p.115ff.
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Scene 2—Inside the same palace: Pescara, come to visit Ferdinand, is discussing his condition with the doctor, who believes Ferdinand may have
2850:"Morfydd Clark, Sam Riley & Dominic Cooper Circling 'The Duchess of Malfi' For Guillem Morales, Good Films Collective & WestEnd Films"
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1426:. This production received excellent notices; it was transferred to London, where it won the London Drama Critic's Award for best play.
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Jankowski, Theodora A. (1990). "Defining/Confining the Duchess: Negotiating the Female Body in John Webster's 'The Duchess of Malfi'".
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DVD – 2010, Stage on Screen, with Aislin McGuckin (Duchess), Tim Treloar (Bosola), Tim Steed (Ferdinand) and Mike Hadfield (Cardinal).
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Hemming, Sue (2010). "'Farewell, lusty widow': Sue Hemming examines the significance of the marital status of the Duchess of Malfi".
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Richard Sharpe played the title role not in the original 1612 production, presumably due to his age, but in the revival of 1619–23.
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in whiteface. The production received savage reviews from the popular press, and it fared little better in the literary reviews.
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noted that the audience left "rather with superior smiles than with emotional surrender." In 1938, a production was broadcast on
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in his delirium – "I bade thee when I was distracted of my wits go kill my dearest friend, and thou hast done it", according to
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chose Webster's play as one of their first productions. The production opened in January 1986 in the Lyttelton Theatre of the
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Dowd, Michelle M. (September 2009). "Delinquent Pedigrees: Revision, Lineage, and Spatial Rhetoric in The Duchess of Malfi".
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includes a visit to a performance of the play, where the minor character Moreland is in love with the actress playing Julia.
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There are also minor roles including courtiers, servants, officers, a mistress, the Duchess's children, executioners, etc.
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this revival lies in re-encountering Webster's language...full of savage poetry.' The production is now available on DVD.
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These two perverse villains destroy or poison all that is within their reach, all semblance of warmth or human affection.
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Mr. Merryman, a retired school teacher and one of several passengers suspected of being a serial killer, argues that
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In 1919, the Phoenix Society revived the play in London for the first time in two decades. The production featured
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Kathman, David (2004). "Grocers, Goldsmiths, and Drapers: Freemen and Apprentices in the Elizabethan Theater".
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Brückl, O. (March 1965). "Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia as a Source for John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi".
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By the early eighteenth century, Webster's violence and sexual frankness had gone out of taste. In 1733,
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ambassador to England, complained of the play's treatment of Catholics in the character of the Cardinal.
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University, The Open . John Webster, The duchess of malfi . Milton Keynes: Monica Kendall, 1969. Print.
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Published in 1623, the play is loosely based on events that occurred between 1508 and 1513 surrounding
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in 1630; there is little reason to doubt that it was performed intermittently throughout the period.
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put it, "Blood runs right over the footlights, spreads slowly up the aisle and spills well out into
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and Delio fears that her husband's arrival means Antonio's secret marriage is about to be revealed.
1207:. In 1850, after a generation of critical interest and theatrical neglect, the play was staged by
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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reports seeing the play several times; it was performed by the Duke of York's company under
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collaborated to stage the production, which had been commissioned by the ENO from composer
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played Bosola. The production received generally favourable but lukewarm reviews. In 1971,
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The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance
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played Ferdinand, casting which highlighted the sexual element of the play's siblings.
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played Forobosco, and Robert Pallant doubled numerous minor roles, including Cariola.
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The quarto's cast list allows more precision about casting than is usually available.
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in 1957. Directed by Jack Landau, who had earlier staged a brief but well-reviewed
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The first successful postwar performance in America was staged at the off-Broadway
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2757:"Radio plays drama, BBC, The Duchess of Malfi, by John Webster, DIVERSITY website"
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2014:. The play is abbreviated and made into a 'McMalfi' script by Heathcote Williams.
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and arranges for him to deliver her jewellery to Antonio at his hiding-place in
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The play makes use of various theatrical devices, some of them derived from
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death of the Duchess without any proper judgement passed by a court of law.
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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which includes violence and bloodshed on the stage. Act III, Scene IV is a
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The quarto title page announces that the play was performed at both the
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1834: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Radio – on BBC Radio 3, 12/10/2008, with Sophie Okonedo as the Duchess.
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1626: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1072: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
915: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Equestrian steward; one who had the care of providing for her stables.
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The Duchess of Malfi was first performed between 1613 and 1614 by the
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1963:
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1290:; it was no better received than the previous two stage productions.
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The play remained current through the first part of the Restoration.
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Radio – on BBC Radio 3, 11/07/2021, with Pippa Nixon as the Duchess.
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2002:. The actors playing the Duchess, Antonio and Bosola are played by
1995:
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Radio – In 1988 on Australia's ABC, with Fay Kelton as the Duchess.
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352:
368:, meaning "trundle-bed", where personal servants would have slept.
2824:"Dylan Thomas Unabridged: The Caedmon Collection [audio]"
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2139:
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played the Duchess and Ferdinand respectively in a production at
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2550:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 25.
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as Ferdinand and Donald Burton as Bosola, is shown in the 1987
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in a Victorian castle theatre. The novel takes its title from
1791:
Stage – Upcoming London West End theatre adaptation will star
825:. This is compelled through the Duchess's speech and actions.
1736:
Recording – (full dramatisation) In 1969 by Caedmon starring
1371:
Ashcroft returned as the Duchess in a 1960 production at the
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mention of a prior son is just a careless error in the text.
386:– Sent for to diagnose Ferdinand's madness and his supposed "
156:
1442:
was Antonio. Mirren's performance received special acclaim.
1872:(Williams, Collins Sons & Co Ltd. 1976) uses the lines
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Duchess. That the scene is set against the backdrop of the
550:
pilgrims muse over the reason for what they have just seen.
289:– The brother to the Duchess and Ferdinand. A corrupt, icy
152:
1929:'s famous characterisation of Webster's work in his poem '
2027:, a character that does not want to tell his name quotes
1884:
2671:"BBC Four – the Duchess of Malfi: BBC Arts at the Globe"
2044:, the students produce and rehearse lines from the play.
721:
her kiss a poisoned bible. Antonio describes him thus:
317:). (In reality, his name was Carlo, Marquis of Gerace.)
2597:"Theatre Download | Theatre Play Download Or DVD"
202:(d. 1511), whose father, Enrico d'Aragona, Marquis of
187:
in 1612–1613. It was first performed privately at the
2864:"Cast Announced for The Duchess with Jodie Whittaker"
2328:
Chandra, Sandhita. "Webster and the Social Tragedy."
1970:
as a quote from Lestat to his vampire child, Claudia.
1921:
centres around an aging actress who plans to perform
1293:
In 1937, it was performed in Dublin, Ireland, at the
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in which the names of all the characters are changed
1037:
2912:
Inside the Bloody Chamber: Aspects of Angela Carter
2541:
2539:
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1694:Radio – on BBC Third Programme, 16 May 1954, with
747:Status of women and responsibility for the tragedy
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1968:Cover her face. Mine eyes dazzle. She died young,
1682:A Question of Happiness #1: A Question About Hell
3248:
2801:"BBC Radio 3 – Drama on 3, The Duchess of Malfi"
2779:"BBC Radio 3 – Drama on 3, The Duchess of Malfi"
2645:"the duchess of malfi – Sam Wanamaker Playhouse"
2621:. Oldvictheatre.com. 1 June 2013. Archived from
2536:
2344:International Journal of the Classical Tradition
2050:mentioned this play along with John Webster and
1874:Cover her face; mine eyes dazzle; she died young
1982:takes its title from Bosola's line in the play.
1879:A fragment of Scene 2, Act 4 of the play, with
1356:, the production emphasised (and succeeded as)
1329:attempted to duplicate his London staging with
269:– A courtier, who tries to woo Julia. Based on
3086:Summary of John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi
2941:The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature
3106:
2939:. In Robinson, Roger; Wattie, Nelson (eds.).
1729:Recording – (excerpts only) In 1952, read by
1158:The play is known to have been performed for
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2109:In "Death's Shadow," season 2, episode 1 of
2031:The quotation allows Nero Wolfe to find him.
1465:played the Duchess; McKellen played Bosola,
1223:. The production was favourably reviewed by
2489:, 2nd ed., Routledge, 2000, pp. 65–7, 139n.
2226:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2092:drew inspiration for her werewolf stories,
1219:in the title role. The text was adapted by
785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
688:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
323:– An old lord. His name plays on the word "
3113:
3099:
2241:. Cambridge, England: Polity. p. 12.
2224:The Oxford Companion to English Literature
2029:Other sins only speak; murder shrieks out.
1469:Ferdinand, and Petherbridge the Cardinal.
36:
3120:
2822:Christopher White and Huw Collingbourne.
2420:
2152:The first collection of New Zealand poet
1850:Learn how and when to remove this message
1677:Television – In 1972, produced by the BBC
1642:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:Learn how and when to remove this message
975:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:Learn how and when to remove this message
708:Learn how and when to remove this message
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
2909:
2332:. N.p., 25 Oct. 2005. Web. 5 March 2017.
2054:in their song "My White Devil" on their
1708:Radio – on BBC Radio 3, 8/11/1992, with
2990:
2647:. shakespearesglobe.com. Archived from
2507:
2401:
2261:Jack, Ian. "The Case of John Webster."
2222:, ed. (2000). "Duchess of Malfi, The".
402:The play is set in the court of Malfi (
210:. As in the play, she secretly married
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3217:
2934:
2732:The Grove Dictionary of American Music
2570:
2455:
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1994:involves a film crew trying to make a
1946:is reported to have been quoting from
1936:In the culmination of John le Carré's
1748:as Bosola and Jeremy Brett as Antonio.
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2894:
2723:
2545:
2397:
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1799:
1691:Audio – In 1980, produced by the BBC.
1312:that at last caught the public mood.
1282:received similarly negative reviews;
880:
855:
256:Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi
214:after the death of her first husband
200:Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi
191:, then later to a larger audience at
173:The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy
21:The Duchess of Malfi (disambiguation)
2953:10.1093/acref/9780195583489.001.0001
2914:. Oberon Books. pp. Chapter 2.
2826:. Greenmanreview.com. Archived from
2619:"the duchess of malfi – The Old Vic"
2274:
1832:adding citations to reliable sources
1803:
1624:adding citations to reliable sources
1595:
1591:
1565:In 2018, a production was staged in
1297:, with incidental music composed by
1070:adding citations to reliable sources
1041:
913:adding citations to reliable sources
884:
783:adding citations to reliable sources
750:
686:adding citations to reliable sources
653:
433:
3073:Web links for Webster and his plays
2571:Wardle, Irving (19 February 1995).
616:(1567), which was a translation of
13:
3063:The Duchess of Malfi
2706:"The Duchess of Malfi | What's On"
2585:from the original on 18 June 2022.
2392:
2330:https://thefablesoup.wordpress.com
1510:From March to June 2012, London's
1424:Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester
1304:In the aftermath of World War II,
1184:wrote and directed an adaptation,
1025:
846:
608:Webster's principal source was in
14:
3313:
3013:
2036:Oxford University Film Foundation
1754:Television – 2014. BBC, starring
1514:staged a production, directed by
1457:and was directed and designed by
1411:as the Cardinal. Dench's husband
1120:successively played Ferdinand to
1038:Reception and performance history
737:
3228:
3216:
3045:
2759:. Suttonelms.org.uk. 16 May 1954
2574:"The spies who loved each other"
2289:10.1111/j.1475-6757.2009.01055.x
2156:, published in 1950, was titled
2149:is much better than all of them.
1808:
1781:Film – Upcoming film will stars
1600:
1529:staged a production directed by
1445:The actor-centred troupe led by
1046:
889:
755:
658:
438:
238:among the greatest tragedies of
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2384:. February 2017. Archived from
2370:
1876:as the novel's central refrain.
1819:needs additional citations for
1611:needs additional citations for
1057:needs additional citations for
900:needs additional citations for
2910:Frayling, Christopher (2016).
2335:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2268:
2255:
2230:
2212:
2192:
1518:and starring, amongst others,
644:
1:
3292:Plays set in the 16th century
2205:
1308:directed a production at the
871:Shrine of Our Lady of Loretto
649:
630:Antonio Beccadelli di Bologna
245:
212:Antonio Beccadelli di Bologna
206:, was an illegitimate son of
183:written by English dramatist
2546:Brown, John Russell (1997).
2277:English Literary Renaissance
2070:A Dance to the Music of Time
463:Knowledge's inclusion policy
16:1612/13 play by John Webster
7:
3055:public domain audiobook at
2852:. Deadline. 27 August 2021.
1663:, staged at Oxford in 1971.
1580:staged a production at the
1375:. The play was directed by
628:(1554). Bandello had known
397:
10:
3318:
3068:Internet Broadway Database
2880:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2685:"Globe Read Not Dead 2014"
2154:Alistair Te Ariki Campbell
1914:The Skull Beneath the Skin
1403:took the title role, with
1395:directed the play for the
828:
603:
18:
3257:English Renaissance plays
3212:
3186:Anything for a Quiet Life
3132:
2735:. OUP USA. January 2013.
2470:10.1080/00138396508691115
2458:English Studies in Africa
2356:10.1007/s12138-015-0372-4
1571:Royal Shakespeare Company
1422:directed the play at the
1397:Royal Shakespeare Company
240:English renaissance drama
230:, under the influence of
170:(originally published as
144:
134:
116:
106:
95:
87:
63:
53:
35:
30:
3302:Fiction set in the 1510s
3297:Fiction set in the 1500s
2897:The Once and Future King
2185:
2083:The Once and Future King
837:
620:'s French adaptation of
573:
558:
531:
504:
493:
2991:Purcell, Laura (2023).
2945:Oxford University Press
2935:Wattie, Nelson (2006).
2048:Echo & the Bunnymen
1979:The Stars' Tennis Balls
1931:Whispers of Immortality
1582:Sam Wanamaker Playhouse
1430:played the title role;
1258:staged the play at the
618:François de Belleforest
429:
321:Castruchio (Castruccio)
2868:Theatre Tickets London
2781:. BBC. 12 October 2008
2378:"The Duchess of Malfi"
2237:Clark, Sandra (2007).
2123:Singing in the Shrouds
1668:Stephen Douglas Burton
1497:English National Opera
1455:Royal National Theatre
1434:played Ferdinand, and
1105:, the chaplain to the
924:"The Duchess of Malfi"
728:
614:The Palace of Pleasure
3272:Plays by John Webster
2522:10.1353/shq.2004.0049
2510:Shakespeare Quarterly
2388:on 21 September 2015.
2094:The Company of Wolves
1558:series – directed by
1383:played Ferdinand and
723:
216:Alfonso I Piccolomini
208:Ferdinand I of Naples
3282:House of Piccolomini
3194:A Cure for a Cuckold
3178:The Devil's Law Case
3170:The Duchess of Malfi
3079:The Duchess of Malfi
3052:The Duchess of Malfi
3035:The Duchess of Malfi
3021:The Duchess of Malfi
2895:White, T.H. (2016).
2548:The Duchess of Malfi
2423:Studies in Philology
2172:The Duchess of Malfi
2129:The Duchess of Malfi
2104:The Duchess of Malfi
2000:The Duchess of Malfi
1948:The Duchess of Malfi
1923:The Duchess of Malfi
1828:improve this article
1672:The Duchess of Malfi
1661:The Duchess of Malfi
1620:improve this article
1066:improve this article
909:improve this article
779:improve this section
682:improve this section
236:The Duchess of Malfi
167:The Duchess of Malfi
111:Early Modern English
79:The Duchess of Malfi
47:The Duchess of Malfi
31:The Duchess of Malfi
19:For other uses, see
3202:Appius and Virginia
2993:The Whispering Muse
2710:Shakespeare's Globe
2168:The Whispering Muse
2096:and Wolf-Alice, in
1959:Queen of the Damned
1891:'s detective novel
1887:TV film version of
1712:in the title role,
1698:as the Duchess and
1684:, an adaptation by
1674:, completed in 1978
1578:Shakespeare's Globe
1567:Stratford-upon-Avon
1527:Shakespeare's Globe
1478:Simon Russell-Beale
1451:Edward Petherbridge
1221:Richard Henry Horne
1188:; the play imposed
641:of natural causes.
228:Elizabethan tragedy
189:Blackfriars Theatre
100:Blackfriars Theatre
2937:"Mine Eyes Dazzle"
2651:on 2 February 2014
2404:The English Review
2099:The Bloody Chamber
2012:Heathcote Williams
1800:In popular culture
1440:Pete Postlethwaite
1405:Geoffrey Hutchings
1231:George Henry Lewes
881:Historical staging
856:Theatrical devices
3244:
3243:
3040:Project Gutenberg
2962:978-0-1917-3519-6
2899:. Penguin Galaxy.
2830:on 30 August 2014
2742:978-0-19-531428-1
2599:. Stage on Screen
2557:978-0-7190-4357-4
2248:978-0-7456-3311-4
2239:Renaissance Drama
2220:Drabble, Margaret
2179:Michael Blakemore
1939:Call for the Dead
1860:
1859:
1852:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1592:Media adaptations
1541:as the Cardinal,
1531:Dominic Dromgoole
1525:In January 2014,
1482:Greenwich Theatre
1393:Clifford Williams
1335:Elisabeth Bergner
1333:as Ferdinand and
1310:Haymarket Theatre
1098:
1097:
1090:
985:
984:
977:
959:
823:Senecan tragedies
815:
814:
807:
718:
717:
710:
491:
490:
483:
357:Fernando d'Avalos
163:
162:
107:Original language
3309:
3235:Wikisource texts
3232:
3220:
3219:
3154:Sir Thomas Wyatt
3115:
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2216:
2199:
2196:
2158:Mine Eyes Dazzle
2131:is better than
2111:Midsomer Murders
2020:Too Many Clients
1855:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1812:
1804:
1740:as the Duchess,
1647:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1604:
1596:
1549:as Antonio, and
1537:as the Duchess,
1474:Juliet Stevenson
1413:Michael Williams
1377:Donald McWhinnie
1337:as the Duchess.
1272:Cathleen Nesbitt
1186:The Fatal Secret
1175:Thomas Betterton
1164:Cockpit-in-Court
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
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1042:
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973:
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486:
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466:
442:
441:
434:
310:Duke of Calabria
277:Daniel de Bosola
195:, in 1613–1614.
71:Daniel de Bosola
40:
28:
27:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3208:
3162:The White Devil
3128:
3119:
3046:
3032:
3026:Standard Ebooks
3016:
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2625:on 25 June 2013
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2579:The Independent
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2265:XVI (1949): 43.
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2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2052:The White Devil
2004:Saffron Burrows
1966:uses the lines
1894:Sleeping Murder
1889:Agatha Christie
1870:Agatha Christie
1865:Sleeping Murder
1856:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1825:
1813:
1802:
1793:Jodie Whittaker
1760:David P. Dawson
1746:Robert Stephens
1738:Barbara Jefford
1648:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1605:
1594:
1586:Francesca Mills
1512:Old Vic Theatre
1438:played Bosola.
1373:Aldwych Theatre
1350:Phoenix Theatre
1280:Embassy Theatre
1240:Shortly after,
1235:Madame Tussauds
1205:William Hazlitt
1138:Nicholas Tooley
1128:played Bosola;
1114:Richard Burbage
1094:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1040:
1028:
1026:The 1623 quarto
981:
970:
964:
961:
918:
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906:
894:
883:
862:Senecan Tragedy
858:
849:
847:Objectification
840:
831:
811:
800:
794:
791:
776:
760:
749:
740:
714:
703:
697:
694:
679:
663:
652:
647:
635:Luigi d'Aragona
622:Matteo Bandello
610:William Painter
606:
576:
561:
534:
507:
496:
487:
476:
470:
467:
453:Please help by
452:
443:
439:
432:
400:
300:Luigi d'Aragona
295:Catholic Church
271:Matteo Bandello
261:Antonio Bologna
248:
181:revenge tragedy
139:Revenge tragedy
96:Place premiered
82:
80:
78:
76:
74:
72:
70:
68:
67:Antonio Bologna
49:
24:
17:
12:
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3015:
3014:External links
3012:
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2995:. Bloomsbury.
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2150:
2120:'s 1959 novel
2114:
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2065:Anthony Powell
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2015:
1983:
1971:
1955:
1934:
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1902:Cover Her Face
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1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
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1789:
1779:
1756:Gemma Arterton
1752:
1749:
1744:as Ferdinand,
1734:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1706:
1703:
1696:Peggy Ashcroft
1692:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1664:
1657:Stephen Oliver
1650:
1649:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1545:as Ferdinand,
1535:Gemma Arterton
1495:In July 2010,
1484:, directed by
1407:as Bosola and
1389:Patrick Wymark
1387:the Cardinal.
1331:John Carradine
1322:Cecil Trouncer
1318:Peggy Ashcroft
1306:George Rylands
1288:BBC television
1265:William Archer
1213:Sadler's Wells
1182:Lewis Theobald
1153:Robert Johnson
1130:William Ostler
1096:
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1024:
1020:sumptuary laws
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738:Abuse of power
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2038:'s 1982 film
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2017:In the novel
2016:
2013:
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2005:
2001:
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1783:Morfydd Clark
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1718:John Shrapnel
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:as Ferdinand.
1701:
1700:Paul Scofield
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:Kingsley Amis
1683:
1680:Television –
1679:
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1609:This section
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1556:Read Not Dead
1552:
1548:
1547:Alex Waldmann
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:and starring
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1508:
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1505:Torsten Rasch
1502:
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1366:Second Avenue
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1358:Grand Guignol
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1332:
1327:
1326:Edmund Wilson
1323:
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1295:Abbey Theatre
1291:
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1273:
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1260:Opera Comique
1257:
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1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1226:The Athenaeum
1222:
1218:
1217:Isabella Glyn
1214:
1210:
1209:Samuel Phelps
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1145:Globe Theatre
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:was Antonio.
1131:
1127:
1124:'s Cardinal.
1123:
1122:Henry Condell
1119:
1118:Joseph Taylor
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:Orazio Busino
1092:
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1055:This section
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988:Set and props
979:
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965:November 2018
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898:This section
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764:This section
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667:This section
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1826:Please help
1821:verification
1818:
1776:Denise Gough
1764:James Garnon
1742:Alec McCowen
1731:Dylan Thomas
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1618:Please help
1613:verification
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1539:James Garnon
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1447:Ian McKellen
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1314:John Gielgud
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129:social class
91:1613 or 1614
73:The Cardinal
58:John Webster
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3138:Westward Ho
2516:(1): 1–49.
2118:Ngaio Marsh
2078:T. H. White
2008:Max Beesley
1992:Mike Figgis
1974:Stephen Fry
1927:T. S. Eliot
1919:P. D. James
1907:P. D. James
1768:Sean Gilder
1714:Roger Allam
1560:David Oakes
1551:Sean Gilder
1516:Jamie Lloyd
1436:Bob Hoskins
1432:Mike Gwilym
1409:Emrys James
1381:Eric Porter
1362:Walter Kerr
1354:White Devil
1339:W. H. Auden
1299:Arthur Duff
1276:T. S. Eliot
1199:revival of
1149:Blackfriars
645:Main themes
355:, possibly
252:The Duchess
3262:1614 plays
3251:Categories
2690:19 January
2581:. London.
2443:1291657946
2206:References
2041:Privileged
1840:March 2020
1733:by Caedmon
1710:Fiona Shaw
1632:March 2020
1501:Punchdrunk
1401:Judi Dench
1385:Max Adrian
1343:Canada Lee
1284:Ivor Brown
1246:apotheosis
1134:Boy player
1126:John Lowin
1078:March 2020
1032:King's Men
996:Art of War
992:Cortegiano
935:newspapers
795:April 2017
698:April 2017
650:Corruption
459:relocating
281:malcontent
246:Characters
121:corruption
77:Castruchio
64:Characters
54:Written by
43:Title page
3223:Wikiquote
3205:(1608–34)
3197:(1624–25)
3181:(1616–20)
3173:(1612–13)
2971:865265749
2530:191999954
2364:161148535
2297:145702142
2166:'s novel
2143:and that
2080:'s novel
2057:Porcupine
2025:Rex Stout
1976:'s novel
1964:Anne Rice
1787:Sam Riley
1576:In 2024,
1472:In 1995,
1418:In 1980,
1160:Charles I
1016:codpieces
766:does not
669:does not
378:Malateste
325:castrated
306:Ferdinand
193:The Globe
159:; 1504–10
75:Ferdinand
3141:(1603–4)
3057:LibriVox
2976:19 March
2876:cite web
2715:27 April
2583:Archived
2439:ProQuest
2263:Scrutiny
1998:film of
1666:Opera –
1655:Opera –
1520:Eve Best
1197:Romantic
1107:Venetian
1008:Costumes
1002:Lighting
398:Synopsis
366:carriolo
337:Grisolan
331:Roderigo
291:cardinal
178:Jacobean
102:, London
3066:at the
2834:26 June
2807:11 July
2785:26 June
2763:26 June
2629:26 June
2603:26 June
2435:4174360
2146:Othello
2140:Macbeth
2034:In the
1584:, with
1569:by the
1242:Duchess
1215:, with
1193:unities
1162:at the
1147:and at
949:scholar
829:Cruelty
787:removed
772:sources
690:removed
675:sources
626:Novelle
604:Sources
362:Cariola
353:marquis
349:Pescara
176:) is a
145:Setting
125:cruelty
117:Subject
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1944:Smiley
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308:– The
232:Seneca
204:Gerace
3122:Plays
2803:. BBC
2526:S2CID
2431:JSTOR
2360:S2CID
2293:S2CID
2186:Notes
2102:from
1996:Dogme
1987:Hotel
1360:. As
956:JSTOR
942:books
838:Class
574:Act 5
559:Act 4
532:Act 3
505:Act 2
494:Act 1
372:Julia
267:Delio
157:Milan
149:Malfi
135:Genre
83:Julia
69:Delio
2997:ISBN
2978:2022
2967:OCLC
2957:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2882:link
2836:2013
2809:2021
2787:2013
2765:2013
2737:ISBN
2717:2024
2692:2014
2657:2014
2631:2013
2605:2013
2552:ISBN
2243:ISBN
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