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534:, which releases neutrally buoyant seeds into the water column. If an event occurs producing significant water turbulence, an immature fruit may break off from the peduncle. This buoyant fruit acts as a transportation vessel as it continues to develop. The fruit will be moved around by wind, currents, and tides until it eventually splits open to release the negatively buoyant seedlings into a new area. If the new location has favorable environmental conditions, the seedling will begin to grow. This is one way
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5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) deep, exceptionally down to 25 centimetres (9.8 in). Some nodes are leafless but others bear a tuft of several erect, linear leaf blades. These are up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long and 2 cm (0.8 in) wide and have rounded tips. The flowers grow on
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area. One such episode in 1987 killed off a large proportion of the plants and the resulting increased sedimentation and greater growth of epiphytes on the remaining plants caused a secondary dieback event. The areas affected have since been reseeded and planted with rhizomes and have recovered. In
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of 10 parts per thousand. The plant's preferred salinity range is 25 to 38.5 parts per thousand with a temperature range of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F). It is found from the low-tide mark down to depths of 30 metres (98 ft), depending on water clarity. It often grows in meadows with
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and can put the meadow at severe risk if there is a disease outbreak. It has been found that where plants have been damaged mechanically, such as by the propellers of boats, the cut ends of rhizomes are unable to grow and holes may develop in the turtle grass meadow.
499:. Female plants typically grow one green flower, while males often produce three to five pink or white flowers. At night when male flowers are fully mature, they release mucilaginous pollen into the water column. The following morning, female flowers open.
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Seeds begin to develop in about 2–4 weeks if fertilization occurred. Female turtle grass fruits develop into green capsule about 20–25 mm in diameter and can include 1-6 small seeds. After about 8 weeks of growth, the fruit undergoes
526:—a carbohydrate-rich substance that houses pollen. As the invertebrates feed on the mucilage, excess pollen grains stick to their bodies. They move from flower to flower, feeding and spreading the pollen from male to female.
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containing only one sex. Sexual reproduction takes place from April to July depending on location, though flowering has been observed during warm winters in Tampa Bay, Florida. The small flowers are each borne by a
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which are genetic replicates of the parent plant. Although asexual propagation results in an increase in the size of the turtle grass bed, extensive asexual reproduction limits
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and biotic pollination. In hydrophilic pollination, the pollen grains are carried through the water column by tides or currents and deposited upon an open
590:. Decaying turtle grass leaves are responsible for the majority of detritus in meadow areas. This grass is subject to periodic dieback episodes in the
1116:
van
Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (2016).
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Turtle grass and other seagrasses form meadows which are important habitats and feeding grounds. Associated seagrass species include
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Turtle grass grows in meadows in calm shallow waters throughout the
Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and as far north as
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in
Florida. Extensive meadows can be formed on muddy sand, and coarse sandy and clayey seabeds, especially those with a
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short stalks in the axils of the leaves and are greenish-white, sometimes tinged pink, and are followed by seed pods.
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927:(2005). "Taxonomy and biogeorgraphy of seagrasses". In Larkum, Anthony W.D.; Duarte, Carlos; Orth, Robert J. (eds.).
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which are important habitats and feeding grounds. The grass is eaten by turtles and herbivorous fish, supports many
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1240:(2012): Beautiful Seagrasses – Keeping True Flowering Plants in Your Marine Aquarium|Reefland.com.
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van
Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Monroy-Velazquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (2012-11-26).
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650:), turtle grass makes its way into the aquarium trade and it may be cropped at 12 in/30 cm.
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1015:(Hydrocharitaceae). III. Floral morphology and anatomy. Bulletin of Marine Science. 19: 286-305.
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swimming towards open male flowers. These creatures were attracted to the seagrass's nutritious
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Turtle grass can also sexually reproduce through the production of underwater flowers and
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van
Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Wong, J. G. Ricardo; Márquez-Guzman, Judith (2008-02-07).
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films cover the surface of the leaf blades. The grass is eaten by turtles, herbivorous
434:, such as calm lagoons. It cannot grow in fresh water but some growth is possible at a
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Konig, with reference to temperature and salinity effects. Aquatic Botany. 1: 107-123.
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Moffler MD, Durako MJ and Grey WF. 1981. Observations on the reproductive ecology of
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Phillips RC, McMillan C, Bridges KW. 1981. Phenology and reproductive physiology of
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1178:"Meso-fauna foraging on seagrass pollen may serve in marine zoophilous pollination"
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1118:"Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna"
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Short, F.T.; Carruthers, T.J.R.; van
Tussenbroek, B.; Zieman, J. (2010).
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470:, or stem. This increase in rhizome length results in asexual ramets, or
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1068:"Synchronized anthesis and predation on pollen in the marine angiosperm
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Darnell and Dunton (2016). "Reproductive phenology of the subtropical
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328:, and provides habitat for juvenile fish and many invertebrate taxa.
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Tomlinson P.B. 1969. On the morphology and anatomy of turtle grass,
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Orpurt PA and Boral, LL. 1964. The flowers, fruits and seeds of
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from the western tropical
Atlantic. Aquatic Botany. 11: 263-277.
624:, juvenile fish (which hide among the leaf blades), sea urchin,
586:, while the leaf surface films are a food source for many small
1218:"Scientists Discover an Underwater Pollinator | Hakai Magazine"
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312:. It forms meadows in shallow sandy or muddy locations in the
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flower. Underwater video cameras have more recently revealed
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content. This grass favours high-salinity waters with low
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772:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
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Zieman JC. 1975. Seasonal variation of turtle grass,
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Guiry, Michael D. (2012). Guiry MD, Guiry GM (eds.).
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827:Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef
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604:often live among the grasses and many animal make
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595:general, the population of this grass is stable.
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1036:(shoal grass) in the northwest Gulf of Mexico".
971:(Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Botany. 10: 183-187.
1002:Konig. Bulletin of Marine Science. 14: 296-302.
697:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173346A6995927.en
929:Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation
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538:seedlings can start new patches of seagrass.
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320:. Turtle grass and other seagrasses form
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458:Turtle grass can reproduce both through
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906:. Marine Species Identification Portal
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502:There are two methods of pollination:
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904:Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving
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770:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
598:Rhizomatous green algae in the genus
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1691:IUCN Red List least concern species
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791:Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. (2012).
683:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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646:(which shares its common name with
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446:Its temporal range spans from the
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931:. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC.
439:other seagrasses where it is the
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831:. T.F.H. Publications. pp.
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1706:Biota of the Atlantic Ocean
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823:Colin, Patrick L. (1978).
608:their home. These include
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153:Scientific classification
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1711:Plants described in 1805
375:Seagrass bed with dense
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16:Species of aquatic plant
394:with sponge and anemone
111:Turtle grass meadow in
636:Relationship to humans
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1562:Paleobiology Database
1264:on Sealife Collection
1122:Nature Communications
1050:10.1515/bot-2016-0080
724:Banks ex König, 1805"
690:: e.T173346A6995927.
555:Syringodium filiforme
549:Halophila engelmannii
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32:Middle Eocene–Present
1312:Thalassia testudinum
1282:Thalassia testudinum
1262:Thalassia testudinum
1245:. In: Reefland.com.
1070:Thalassia testudinum
1030:Thalassia testudinum
1013:Thalassia testudinum
1000:Thalassia testudinum
982:Thalassia testudinum
969:Thalassia testudinum
953:Thalassia testudinum
898:Thalassia testudinum
873:Thalassia testudinum
795:Thalassia testudinum
764:Thalassia testudinum
722:Thalassia testudinum
676:Thalassia testudinum
648:Thalassia testudinum
643:Thalassia hemprichii
412:Thalassia testudinum
392:Thalassia testudinum
377:Thalassia testudinum
365:Thalassia testudinum
337:Thalassia testudinum
297:, commonly known as
294:Thalassia testudinum
271:Thalassia testudinum
25:Thalassia testudinum
1194:2012MEPS..469....1V
1142:10.1038/ncomms12980
1134:2016NatCo...712980V
1088:2008MEPS..354..119V
1072:(Hydrocharitaceae)"
1032:(turtle grass) and
532:dehiscence (botany)
464:sexual reproduction
123:Conservation status
114:San Salvador Island
486:. Turtle grass is
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253:T. testudinum
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1549:Open Tree of Life
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1097:10.3354/meps07212
1034:Halodule wrightii
938:978-1-4020-2942-4
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450:to present.
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1614:SeaLifeBase
1497:NatureServe
1432:iNaturalist
1306:Wikispecies
1082:: 119–124.
640:Along with
592:Florida Bay
584:sea urchins
580:surgeonfish
516:polychaetes
512:crustaceans
381:queen conch
332:Description
299:turtlegrass
219:Alismatales
196:Angiosperms
1685:Categories
1580:kew-308879
1575:Plant List
1260:Photos of
1227:2017-02-01
910:2012-11-08
881:2012-11-07
806:2012-11-08
776:9 December
758:USDA, NRCS
743:2012-11-07
654:References
612:and other
576:parrotfish
536:viviparous
508:pistillate
504:hydrophily
484:hydrophily
460:vegetative
428:calcareous
416:Archer Key
1398:220013429
1321:AlgaeBase
801:AlgaeBase
729:AlgaeBase
622:amphipods
572:bacterial
560:epiphytes
520:amphipods
488:dioecious
432:turbidity
349:substrate
341:perennial
326:epiphytes
247:Species:
240:Thalassia
166:Kingdom:
1696:Seagrass
1632:16100047
1627:Tropicos
1502:2.151379
1463:10697106
1450:431950-1
1297:Q3519445
1291:Wikidata
1160:27680661
760:(n.d.).
614:molluscs
610:bivalves
601:Caulerpa
524:mucilage
497:peduncle
436:salinity
367:up close
316:and the
310:seagrass
225:Family:
209:Monocots
143:IUCN 3.1
1642:4962841
1411:5329591
1385:1089018
1190:Bibcode
1188:: 1–6.
1151:5056424
1130:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
833:474–475
703:30 June
568:diatoms
558:. Many
542:Ecology
468:rhizome
414:nearby
345:rhizome
322:meadows
303:species
301:, is a
235:Genus:
215:Order:
170:Plantae
141: (
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1588:PLANTS
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1372:55ZF9
1343:APA:
1326:21549
626:crabs
564:algae
339:is a
284:König
278:Banks
203:Clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
1601:POWO
1536:OBIS
1510:NCBI
1484:IUCN
1471:ITIS
1445:IPNI
1419:GRIN
1406:GBIF
1354:BOLD
1346:4295
1156:PMID
933:ISBN
837:ISBN
778:2015
705:2021
688:2010
570:and
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418:, FL
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