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191:. c. 10), was passed that prohibited the wearing of printed calicos manufactured in China, India or Persia. This inadvertently established a calico bleaching and printing industry using unbleached Indian calico. A second law in 1721 prohibited the use and wear of all printed, painted, stained or dyed calicoes which stimulated demand for
355:
of the substrate that makes the substrate capable of absorbing visible light. Hence, it looks yellower and need bleaching. When bleaching action carries out with oxygen, it removes the chromophoric sites and makes the cloths whiter. Oxygen is a degrading bleaching agent. Its bleaching action is based
276:
The term "bleach" originates from a French word signifying "to whiten." In essence, the process of bleaching involves whitening by removing substances that impart color to the material undergoing the bleaching treatment. Bleaching is the process of decolorizing the material after it has been scoured.
110:
Bleaching can be dated back to at least 1000BC from an
Egyptian list found in the tomb of Rekh-mi-re at Thebes, which mentioned both bleached and unbleached linen. Mulrooney dates it back as far as 5000BC, while Walton claims it was introduced to Egypt from Asia. It’s plausible that it was discovered
101:
range is a set of machines to carry out bleaching action. It consists of several compartments in which fabric moves from one side to another with the help of guide rollers and is treated with chemicals, heated, rinsed, and squeezed. Continuous bleaching is possible for the fabrics in open-width or
163:
The Dutch were bleaching by about the 12th century and are credited with soaking the bleached cloth in a bath of soured milk for 5 – 8 days. This softened and neutralised the harsh effects of the caustic lye. By the 17th century the Dutch were renowned for their bleaching skills and much of their
473:
is the degree to which a surface is white. The term "whiteness" refers to the degree to which a surface resembles the properties of a perfect reflecting diffuser, i.e. an ideal reflecting surface that neither absorbs nor transmits light, but instead reflects it evenly in all directions.
74:. They have their natural color, odor and impurities that are not suited to clothing materials. Not only the natural impurities will remain in the greige material, but also the add-ons that were made during its cultivation, growth and manufacture in the form of
1290:
939:
Grassing . — The oldest bleaching method is that of "grassing", still used to a certain extent in Europe for bleaching linens . The linen fabrics are laid on the grass or ground for weeks . The oxygen of the air and that given off by green
384:, (–O–O–). When this breaks down it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world Hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp.
150:-based fabrics, the Grassing method has been used. Linen has long been bleached in Europe with Grassing method. The linens were laid out on the grass for over seven days after boiling with the ''lyes of ashes and rinsing''.
552:
612:
624:
1317:
1264:
434:. After scouring and bleaching, optical brightening agents are applied to make the textile material appear a more brilliant white. These OBAs are available in different tints such as
1052:
600:
540:
493:
765:
158:
588:
482:
CIE Whiteness is a formula that measures the degree of whiteness. The CIE Whiteness Index is a measure or methodology developed by the
Commission on illumination.
791:
Code of
Federal Regulations: Containing a Codification of Documents of General Applicability and Future Effect as of December 31, 1948, with Ancillaries and Index
576:
564:
215:
in the late 18th century, when chemical bleaching came into existence, the chemical bleaching rose above
Grassing, as it was quicker and possible in indoors.
517:
749:
111:
independently by different cultures. It’s generally assumed to have developed after noticing that garments are naturally bleached by sunlight and washing.
418:
Bleaching of textiles may include an additional application of optical brighteners (OBAs). Optical brightening agents are chemical compounds that absorb
454:
94:, etc. The removal of these natural coloring matters and add-ons during the previous state of manufacturing is called scouring and bleaching.
277:
Bleaching textiles can be classified as oxidative bleaching and reductive bleaching which can be carried out with oxidizing and reductive
723:
1193:
1404:
Smulders, Eduard; Rybinski, Wolfgang von; Sung, Eric; Rähse, Wilfried; Steber, Josef; Wiebel, Frederike; Nordskog, Anette (2007),
154:
was an open area to spread cloth, it was a field near watercourse used by a bleachery. Bleachfields were common in and around the
1449:. János Schanda, International Commission on Illumination. Vienna, Austria: CIE/Commission internationale de l'eclairage. 2007.
805:
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1027:
The Rise and
Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350-1800
356:
on ''destroying the phenolic groups and the carbon–carbon double bonds.''. The major source of chemical bleaching is
1333:
1053:"Francis Home and Joseph Black: the Chemistry and Testing of Alkaline Salts in the Early Bleaching and Alkali Trade"
505:
1249:
A dictionary of dyeing and calico printing : containing a brief account of dyeing and printing textile fabrics
183:
from India during the 17th century. This disrupted the
English silk and wool trades and an act of parliament, the
127:, known to have been used in bleaching since at least 1AD. This process of washing cloth in a solution of ashes (
222:
first demonstrated the bleaching properties of chlorine and subsequently developed liquid bleaches around 1789.
164:
trade was for customers abroad. Around 1756 an alternative to soured milk was proposed by the
Scottish doctor,
1588:
1160:
1126:
830:. citing N Davies "The Tomb of Rekh-mi-re at Thebes" 1943, p.47. Cambridge University Press. p. 280.
1593:
1405:
1143:
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and reduced the soaking time to 12 – 24 hours. A final rinse and drying finished the bleaching process.
1478:
230:
patented a more practical bleaching powder that made chlorine-based bleaching a commercial success.
531:
427:
19:
1358:
1176:
1101:
959:
Dyeing: Comprising the Dyeing and
Bleaching of Wool, Silk, Cotton, Flax, Hemp, China Grass &c
219:
44:
1010:
The
Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature: Bleaching
1075:
1025:
1008:
911:
825:
48:
54:. The objective of bleaching is to remove the natural color for the following steps such as
393:
51:
8:
294:
239:
132:
120:
1247:
682:
1472:
1220:
892:
706:
413:
248:, at room temperature or at suitable higher temperatures with the addition of suitable
245:
897:. University of California Libraries. Boston, Mass., J. S. Lawrence. pp. 111–115.
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1199:
1081:
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983:
977:
831:
729:
661:
656:
651:
357:
352:
1131:. Vol. 10. University of Michigan. Great Britain: Cambridge . pp. 328–331.
1504:
1413:
1370:
1077:
The
English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640
401:
87:
59:
1508:
1417:
1165:. Vol. 30. University of Michigan. Cambridge : Charles Bathurst. p. 437.
725:
Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing: Principles, Processes and Types of Dyes
687:. Harvard University. London New York, Cassell and company, limited. p. 86.
298:
227:
1496:
1359:"Applications of Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching"
1102:"House of Commons Journal Volume 11: 19 February 1696 | British History Online"
439:
867:
203:
were repealed in 1774 when cloth was made using imported cotton from America.
168:
using a weak solution of sulphuric acid. This was made commercially viable by
1577:
1464:
1382:
794:. Division of the Federal Register, the National Archives. 1992. p. 668.
381:
320:
302:
249:
173:
1390:
1374:
462:
458:
431:
312:
169:
165:
83:
71:
810:. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1953. p. 147.
470:
423:
282:
200:
151:
268:
or water absorbent. Scouring is then followed by the bleaching process.
404:
and polyacetates can be bleached using reductive bleaching technology.
308:
265:
223:
188:
430:, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470 nm) by
179:
The English East India Company imported bleached, painted and printed
1252:. University of California Libraries. Philadelphia : H.C. Baird.
397:
155:
91:
79:
75:
16:
Textile wet process that improves whiteness by removing natural color
212:
112:
196:
139:
67:
913:
Crops in peace and war - The yearbook of agriculture 1950 - 1951
27:
1567:
646:
340:
324:
278:
261:
253:
180:
147:
136:
116:
55:
1266:
Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles
641:
419:
328:
316:
192:
143:
63:
1148:. Vol. 14. Cambridge: Joseph Bentham. pp. 318–321.
226:
is credited with bringing it to Britain, and a fellow Scot,
1195:
Handbook of Technical Textiles: Technical Textile Processes
435:
336:
332:
124:
244:
Scouring is the first process carried out with or without
1403:
443:
285:
and alter the color absorbing properties of the objects.
257:
128:
23:
Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns
618:
Bleaching—Mather & Platt’s Horizontal Drying Machine
70:
materials, when they are in natural form, are known as '
630:
Bleaching—Horizontal Drying Machine threaded with Cloth
1334:"Bleaching Agent - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1291:"Bleaching Agent - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1192:
Horrocks, A. Richard; Anand, Subhash C. (2015-12-01).
916:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1950. p. 410.
293:
Generally oxidative bleachings are carried out using
1322:. Indian Textile Journal Limited. 2012. p. 113.
426:and violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the
343:are all generally bleached with oxidative methods.
256:and so on. Scouring removes the impurities such as
1245:
754:. Marsden and Company, Limited. 1919. p. 470.
465:. Popes have traditionally worn white since 1566.
1128:Statutes at large 8 Gui III - 1 Ann (1696 - 1701)
982:. Aylesbury: Shire Publications Ltd. p. 24.
499:Grassing, laying out linens to bleach in sunlight
1575:
1447:Colorimetry : understanding the CIE system
1145:The Statutes at Large 5 - 9 Geo 1 (1718 - 1721)
766:"Impurity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
606:Bleaching—The Mather Kier, longitudinal section
1503:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–5,
1410:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1191:
1162:Statutes at large 13 - 14 Geo 3 (1773 - 1774)
823:
1501:Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology
857:
824:Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian (2000-03-23).
1356:
346:
1246:O'Neill, Charles; Fesquet, A. A. (1869).
1158:
1141:
1124:
1073:
1013:. Maxwell Sommerville. 1894. p. 704.
827:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
396:, a powerful reducing agent. Fibres like
1494:
1262:
1219:Trotman, E. R. (Edward Russell) (1968).
594:Bleaching—The Mather Kier, cross section
582:Bleaching—The Mather Kier, cross section
453:
206:
159:during the British Industrial Revolution
26:
18:
1363:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1218:
955:
929:
860:"Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite): History"
1576:
1536:
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680:
558:Bleaching vats for cloth in the piece.
387:
288:
185:Encouragement of Manufactures Act 1698
1490:
1488:
1312:
1310:
1080:. Taylor & Francis. p. 199.
1063:(2): 107–113 – via docslib.org.
1057:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
975:
819:
817:
721:
705:Hall, A. J. (Archibald John) (1969).
1540:A Practical Guide to Textile Testing
1357:Hage, Ronald; Lienke, Achim (2006).
1198:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 191.
1050:
962:. A. Heywood & son. p. 109.
858:Bach, Julie; Varatharajan, Jenenee.
853:
851:
849:
847:
704:
700:
698:
696:
694:
546:Market and washing place in Flanders
407:
1030:. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 134.
996:
966:
946:
920:
901:
881:
681:Hummel, J. J. (John James) (1898).
13:
1485:
1307:
1185:
1169:
814:
135:, is one of the oldest methods of
14:
1605:
1561:
844:
715:
708:The standard handbook of textiles
691:
392:Reductive bleaching is done with
339:, and regenerated fibers such as
976:Aspin, C. (Christopher) (1981).
623:
611:
599:
587:
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563:
551:
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131:) and left in the sun, known as
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1135:
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1044:
1017:
570:High Pressure Blow-through Kier
264:and makes the textile material
1263:Karmakar, S. R. (1999-11-02).
1222:Textile scouring and bleaching
798:
782:
758:
751:The Cotton Year Book and Diary
742:
674:
281:. Bleaching agents attack the
1:
1509:10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_5-1
1418:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
728:. Elsevier. pp. 65, 66.
711:. New York: Chemical Pub. Co.
684:The dyeing of textile fabrics
667:
319:are the three major types of
1024:Davids, Karel (2008-08-31).
936:. D. Appleton. p. 266.
930:Nystrom, Paul Henry (1916).
449:
271:
7:
1412:, American Cancer Society,
635:
233:
10:
1610:
1543:. CRC Press. p. 105.
1495:Westland, Stephen (2014),
1319:The Indian Textile Journal
1051:Page, Frederick G (2002).
485:
411:
237:
105:
1537:Amutha, K. (2016-04-05).
1499:, in Luo, Ronnier (ed.),
1159:Pickering, Danby (1762).
1142:Pickering, Danby (1765).
1125:Pickering, Danby (1762).
1106:www.british-history.ac.uk
1074:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1999).
956:Sansone, Antonio (1888).
511:Linen Bleaching/ Grassing
323:. Natural fibers such as
1568:Textile Processing Guide
722:Clark, M. (2011-10-25).
532:Jan Brueghel the Younger
528:Bleachfield in a village
428:electromagnetic spectrum
864:whatisbleach.weebly.com
353:conjugated double bonds
347:Oxygen bleaching action
220:Claude Louis Berthollet
123:) was an early form of
1477:: CS1 maint: others (
1375:10.1002/anie.200500525
1178:Faculty Of Engineering
891:Walton, Perry (1912).
466:
32:
24:
1338:www.sciencedirect.com
1295:www.sciencedirect.com
894:The story of textiles
770:www.sciencedirect.com
524:Bleekveld in een dorp
457:
207:Discovery of Chlorine
49:textile manufacturing
41:bleaching of textiles
30:
22:
1589:Industrial processes
1406:"Laundry Detergents"
394:sodium hydrosulphite
99:continuous bleaching
1570:at thesmarttime.com
1225:. London: Griffin.
979:The cotton industry
388:Reductive bleaching
295:sodium hypochlorite
289:Oxidative bleaching
240:Scouring (textiles)
218:The French chemist
121:potassium hydroxide
62:or to achieve full
1594:Textile techniques
467:
414:Optical brightener
211:After discovering
33:
25:
1550:978-93-85059-62-9
1518:978-3-642-27851-8
1456:978-0-470-17563-7
1427:978-3-527-30673-2
1276:978-0-08-053947-8
1232:978-0-85264-067-8
1205:978-1-78242-481-9
1087:978-0-415-19076-3
1037:978-90-474-4332-2
989:978-0-85263-545-2
837:978-0-521-45257-1
735:978-0-85709-397-4
662:History of cotton
657:Color temperature
652:Color of clothing
408:Textile whitening
380:that contains a
358:Hydrogen peroxide
142:goods. To bleach
37:textile bleaching
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870:on 11 March 2023
866:. Archived from
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309:Vegetable fibres
279:bleaching agents
72:greige' material
45:one of the steps
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1497:"CIE Whiteness"
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172:manufacture of
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31:A bleach worker
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174:sulphuric acid
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