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year in wood structure damage, but the true cost of damage worldwide cannot be determined. Drywood termites are responsible for a large proportion of the damage caused by termites. The goal of termite control is to keep structures and susceptible ornamental plants free from termites.; Structures may be homes or business, or elements such as wooden fence posts and telephone poles. Regular and thorough inspections by a trained professional may be necessary to detect termite activity in the absence of more obvious signs like termite swarmers or alates inside or adjacent to a structure. Termite monitors made of wood or cellulose adjacent to a structure may also provide indication of termite foraging activity where it will be in conflict with humans. Termites can be controlled by application of
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structural wood components, cellulose derived structural materials and ornamental vegetation provide termites with a reliable source of food and moisture. Their habit of remaining concealed often results in their presence being undetected until the timbers are severely damaged, with only a thin exterior layer of wood remaining, which protects them from the environment. Of the 3,106 species known, only 183 species cause damage; 83 species cause significant damage to wooden structures. In North
America, 18 subterranean species are pests; in Australia, 16 species have an economic impact; in the Indian subcontinent 26 species are considered pests, and in tropical Africa, 24. In Central America and the West Indies, there are 17 pest species. Among the termite genera,
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3878:. The alarm pheromone and other defensive chemicals are secreted from the frontal gland. Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and sex pheromones derive from two glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands. When termites go out to look for food, they forage in columns along the ground through vegetation. A trail can be identified by the faecal deposits or runways that are covered by objects. Workers leave pheromones on these trails, which are detected by other nestmates through olfactory receptors. Termites can also communicate through mechanical cues, vibrations, and physical contact. These signals are frequently used for alarm communication or for evaluating a food source.
676:
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pair may never surface again, spending the rest of their lives in the nest. Nuptial flight time varies in each species. For example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during the winter. The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with many lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation. The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species typically having 100–1,000 individuals. However, some termite colonies, including those with many individuals, can number in the millions.
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131:
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3042:. Workers are believed to have evolved from larvae, sharing many similarities to the extent that workers can be regarded as "larval", in that both lack wings, eyes, and functional reproductive organs while maintaining varying levels of developmental flexibility, although usually to a much lesser extent in workers. The main distinction being that while larvae are wholly dependent on other nestmates to survive, workers are independent and are able to feed themselves and contribute to the colony. Workers remain wingless and across many
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4605:. Anecdotal evidence suggests the infestation could date back 70 years before the official identification. There are reports that gardeners had seen white ants and that a greenhouse had had to be replaced in the past. The Saunton infestation was the first and only colony ever recorded in the UK. In 1998, Termite Eradication Programme was set-up, with the intention of containing and eradicating the colony. The TEP was managed by the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (now the
160:
3938:
4232:). Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are made out of earth and mud. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and providing shelter against predators. Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds. Primitive termites of today nest in wooden structures such as logs, stumps and the dead parts of trees, as did termites millions of years ago.
4624:
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predators, especially ants. Shelter tubes also provide high humidity and darkness and allow workers to collect food sources that cannot be accessed in any other way. These passageways are made from soil and faeces and are normally brown in colour. The size of these shelter tubes depends on the number of food sources that are available. They range from less than 1 cm to several cm in width, but may be dozens of metres in length.
15578:
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3799:, there are three phases in a foraging expedition: first, soldiers scout an area. When they find a food source, they communicate to other soldiers and a small force of workers starts to emerge. In the second phase, workers appear in large numbers at the site. The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers. Isolated termite workers may engage in
3115:
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predators. Subterranean termites construct tunnels and galleries to look for food, and workers who manage to find food sources recruit additional nestmates by depositing a phagostimulant pheromone that attracts workers. Foraging workers use semiochemicals to communicate with each other, and workers who begin to forage outside of their nest release trail pheromones from their sternal glands. In one species,
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objects such as pellets of soil or pillars cause termites to start building. The termite adds these objects onto existing structures, and such behaviour encourages building behaviour in other workers. The result is a self-organised process whereby the information that directs termite activity results from changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.
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2759:. Trophallaxis is an effective nutritional tactic to convert and recycle nitrogenous components. It frees the parents from feeding all but the first generation of offspring, allowing for the group to grow much larger and ensuring that the necessary gut symbionts are transferred from one generation to another. Workers are believed to have evolved from older wingless immatures (
4632:
2929:) female and male individuals, colloquially known as the queen and king. The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production of the colony. Unlike in ants, the male and female reproductives form lifelong pairs where the king will continue to mate with the queen throughout their lives. In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase
4712:
4548:, such as Termidor SC or Taurus SC, by a licensed professional, is a common remedy approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for economically significant subterranean termites. A growing demand for alternative, green, and "more natural" extermination methods has increased demand for mechanical and biological control methods such as
2848:) and closely resemble true workers in which they also perform most of the work and are similarly altruistic, however differ in developing from the linear developmental pathway where they exist in a stationary molt; i.e they have halted development before the growth of wing buds, and are regarded as pluripotent immatures.
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inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently). As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts. They have developed a gland that secrete a substance that attracts the workers by licking them. Mounds may also provide shelter and warmth to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.
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A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is the structure itself, which is constructed by the termites. Nests can be broadly separated into three main categories:
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Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage. Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into
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also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a predatory one) is known. In rare cases, certain species of termites live inside active ant colonies. Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell
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When termites construct their nests, they use predominantly indirect communication. No single termite would be in charge of any particular construction project. Individual termites react rather than think, but at a group level, they exhibit a sort of collective cognition. Specific structures or other
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Foraging behaviour depends on the type of termite. For example, certain species feed on the wood structures they inhabit, and others harvest food that is near the nest. Most workers are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from
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ancestors. Despite primarily consuming decaying plant material as a group, many termite species have been observed to opportunistically feed on dead animals to supplement their dietary needs. Termites are also known to harbor bacteriophages in their gut. Some of these bacteriophages likely infect the
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Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial
Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and
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capable of constructing intricate structures without human assistance has been inspired by the complex mounds that termites build. These robots work independently and can move by themselves on a tracked grid, capable of climbing and lifting up bricks. Such robots may be useful for future projects on
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per year, termites cause more damage to houses than fire, floods and storms combined. In
Malaysia, it is estimated that termites caused about RM400 million of damages to properties and buildings. The damage caused by termites costs the southwestern United States approximately $ 1.5 billion each
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Drywood termites thrive in warm climates, and human activities can enable them to invade homes since they can be transported through contaminated goods, containers and ships. Colonies of termites have been seen thriving in warm buildings located in cold regions. Some termites are considered invasive
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Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites the same protection as a nest but is stronger. Mounds located in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion due to their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can
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To termites, any breach of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites detect a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to attract other soldiers for defence and to recruit additional workers to repair any breach. Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into
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developed agriculture about 31 million years ago. It is assumed that more than 90 per cent of dry wood in the semiarid savannah ecosystems of Africa and Asia are reprocessed by these termites. Originally living in the rainforest, fungus farming allowed them to colonise the
African savannah and other
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living in termite guts capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen to a form usable by the insect. Scientists' understanding of the relationship between the termite digestive tract and the microbial endosymbionts is still rudimentary; what is true in all termite species, however, is that the workers feed
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and are present in all extant taxa such as
Rhinotermitidae. The majority of termite species have mandibulate soldiers which are easily identified by the disproportionately large sclerotized head and mandibles. Among certain termites, the soldier caste has evolved globular (phragmotic) heads to block
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and enriching the soil. Termites and ants can re-colonise untilled land that contains crop stubble, which colonies use for nourishment when they establish their nests. The presence of nests in fields enables larger amounts of rainwater to soak into the ground and increases the amount of nitrogen in
4748:, soybeans and vegetables. Mounds can disrupt farming activities, making it difficult for farmers to operate farming machinery; however, despite farmers' dislike of the mounds, it is often the case that no net loss of production occurs. Termites can be beneficial to agriculture, such as by boosting
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only mature into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the
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The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life (a termite queen can live between 30 and 50 years); this is very different from ant colonies, in which a queen mates once with the males and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants
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The queen only lays 10–20 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old. At maturity, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs a
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plays an important role in Nasute nutrition. Soldiers are normally a committed sterile caste and so do not molt into anything else, but in certain basal taxa like the
Archotermopsidae they are known to rarely molt into neotenic forms that develop functional sexual organs. In species with the linear
510:
due to the collective behaviors of the individuals which form a self-governing entity: the colony itself. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals. Most species are rarely seen, having a cryptic life-history where they remain
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are an important factor in the diets of native populations. Groups have different ways of collecting or cultivating insects; sometimes collecting soldiers from several species. Though harder to acquire, queens are regarded as a delicacy. Termite alates are high in nutrition with adequate levels of
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Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues. These methods of communication are used in a variety of activities, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, locating and
3050:
The development of larvae into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability and nutrition, temperature, and the size of the colony. Since larvae and nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of the colony and
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have a fontanelle, which appears as a circular pore or series of pores in a depressed region within the middle of the head. The fontanelle connects to the frontal gland, a novel organ unique to
Neoisopteran termites which evolved to excrete an array of defensive chemicals and secretions, and so is
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has the highest number of pest species of any genus, with 28 species known to cause damage. Less than 10% of drywood termites are pests, but they infect wooden structures and furniture in tropical, subtropical and other regions. Dampwood termites only attack lumber material exposed to rainfall or
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were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects. A total of 26 species of termites were present in the three sites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects. The termite assemblages were considerably different among sites, with a conspicuous reduction in both diversity and abundance with increased
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takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony. A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they do, they excavate a chamber big enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to mate. After mating, the
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Developmental biology of ants versus termites. As opposed to ants which have a linear and irreversible development from larval instars to adult (imago), termites exhibit a more complex and often bifurcated development which allows for more flexible caste pathways. Although in most termites, caste
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Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equal length. Most of the time, the alates are poor flyers; their technique is to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction. Studies show that in comparison to larger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a
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Termites can be major agricultural pests, particularly in East Africa and North Asia, where crop losses can be severe (3–100% in crop loss in Africa). Counterbalancing this is the greatly improved water infiltration where termite tunnels in the soil allow rainwater to soak in deeply, which helps
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begins. These swarms attract a wide variety of predators. The queens can be particularly long-lived for insects, with some reportedly living as long as 30 or 50 years. In both the linear and bifurcated developmental pathways, the primary reproductives only develop from winged immatures (nymphs).
4235:
To build their nests, termites use a variety of resources such as faeces which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and soil, used in
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Depending on their feeding habits, termites are placed into two groups: the lower termites and higher termites. The lower termites predominately feed on wood. As wood is difficult to digest, termites prefer to consume fungus-infected wood because it is easier to digest and the fungi are high in
2284:
Due to their soft cuticles, termites do not inhabit cool or cold habitats. There are three ecological groups of termites: dampwood, drywood and subterranean. Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests, and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests; subterranean termites live in
4498:
Owing to their wood-eating habits, many termite species can do significant damage to unprotected buildings and other wooden structures. Termites play an important role as decomposers of wood and vegetative material, and the conflict with humans occurs where structures and landscapes containing
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Termites construct shelter tubes, also known as earthen tubes or mud tubes, that start from the ground. These shelter tubes can be found on walls and other structures. Constructed by termites during the night, a time of higher humidity, these tubes provide protection to termites from potential
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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, some of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering. Dead termites from other colonies found in exploratory tunnels leads to the isolation of the area and thus the need to construct new
4240:
are good examples of subterranean nest builders, as they only dwell inside tunnels. Other termites live in wood, and tunnels are constructed as they feed on the wood. Nests and mounds protect the termites' soft bodies against desiccation, light, pathogens and parasites, as well as providing a
2823:
are individuals which arise from the linear developmental pathway that have regressively molted and lost their wing buds, and are regarded as totipotent immatures. They are capable of performing work but are overall less involved in labor and considered more cooperative than truly altruistic.
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is used for spiritual protection and to treat wounds and sick pregnant women. In
Southeast Asia, termites are used in ritual practices. In Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, termite mounds are commonly worshiped among the populace. Abandoned mounds are viewed as structures created by spirits,
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workers either sex may be restricted to a certain developmental path. Workers may also be fertile or sterile, however the term "worker" is normally reserved for the latter, having evolved in taxa that exhibit a bifurcated developmental pathway. As a result, sterile workers like in the family
2550:
The non-reproductive castes of termites are wingless and rely exclusively on their six legs for locomotion. The alates fly only for a brief amount of time, so they also rely on their legs. The appearance of the legs is similar in each caste, but the soldiers have larger and heavier legs. The
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Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species. Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and
486:, most termites have an analogous "worker" and "soldier" caste system consisting of mostly sterile individuals which are physically and behaviorally distinct. Unlike ants, most colonies begin from sexually mature individuals known as the "king" and "queen" that together form a lifelong
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populations – resulting in an event very rare in captivity: the mass migrations of young flying termites. This happened in
September 2008, when thousands of male termites left their mound each night, died, and covered the floors and water pits of the house holding their exhibit.
4853:. It is only relatively recently, however, that climate responsive construction techniques have become incorporated into modern architecture. Especially in Africa, the stack effect has become a popular means to achieve natural ventilation and passive cooling in modern buildings.
13642:
Vasconcellos, Alexandre; Bandeira, Adelmar G.; Moura, Flávia Maria S.; AraĂşjo, VirgĂnia Farias P.; GusmĂŁo, Maria Avany B.; Reginaldo, Constantino (February 2010). "Termite assemblages in three habitats under different disturbance regimes in the semi-arid
Caatinga of NE Brazil".
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Alates are collected when the rainy season begins. During a nuptial flight, they are typically seen around lights to which they are attracted, and so nets are set up on lamps and captured alates are later collected. The wings are removed through a technique that is similar to
2724:(wingless) lines. The bifurcation occurs early, either at the egg or the first two instars, and represents an irreversible and committed development to either the reproductive or non-reproductive lifestyles. As such, the apterous lineage consists mostly of wingless and truly
4033:
is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown balls, known as "termite balls", rarely kill the eggs, and in some cases the workers tend to them. This fungus mimics these eggs by producing cellulose-digesting enzymes known as
4191:
3841:
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens may compete with each other to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This struggle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, with the king, takes over the colony.
4523:
In addition to causing damage to buildings, termites can also damage food crops. Termites may attack trees whose resistance to damage is low but generally ignore fast-growing plants. Most attacks occur at harvest time; crops and trees are attacked during the dry season.
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caste is the most anatomically and behaviorally specialized, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws so enlarged that they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by workers.
3919:
In some species, some soldiers block tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may deliberately rupture themselves as an act of defence. In cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach that is larger than the soldier's head, soldiers form a
769:, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they possibly originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic. Possible evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct
4332:
arguably build the most complex structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the largest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 feet), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges. Another termite species,
4195:
3137:
primary reproductives are separated from the colony. Supplementaries have the ability to replace a dead primary reproductive, and there may also be more than a single supplementary within a colony. Some queens have the ability to switch from sexual reproduction to
3046:
become developmentally arrested, appearing to not change into any other caste until death. In some basal taxa, there is no distinction, with the "workers" (pseudergates) essentially being late instar larvae that retain the ability to change into all other castes.
828:, though, consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Other studies suggest that the origin of termites is more recent, having diverged from
3996:
have a defence strategy which involves front gland autothysis, with the body rupturing between the head and abdomen. When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block that denies entry to any attacker.
573:
of various diseases and ailments, such as influenza, asthma, bronchitis, etc. Termites are most famous for being structural pests; however, the vast majority of termite species are innocuous, with the regional numbers of economically significant species being:
3342:, which are nourished by the excrement of the insects. When the fungi are eaten, their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to complete the cycle by germinating in the fresh faecal pellets. Molecular evidence suggests that the family
3117:
4841:) creates an updraft of air within the mound. Wind blowing across the tops of the towers enhances the circulation of air through the mounds, which also include side vents in their construction. The solar chimney effect has been in use for centuries in the
3988:, also engages in suicidal defence. Workers physically unable to use their mandibles while in a fight form a pouch full of chemicals, then deliberately rupture themselves, releasing toxic chemicals that paralyse and kill their enemies. The soldiers of the
1480:
recognised, classified in 12 families; reproductive and/or soldier castes are usually required for identification. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification:
4163:, has been shown to repel termites; tests have shown that termites are strongly repelled by the toxic material to the extent that they will starve rather than consume the food. When kept close to the extract, they become disoriented and eventually die.
4563:. More recently developed, less expensive alternatives include tracking the termites using egg white, cow milk, or soy milk proteins, which can be sprayed on termites in the field. Termites bearing these proteins can be traced using a protein-specific
4667:
is not required as their bodies usually contain sufficient amounts of oil. Termites are typically eaten when livestock is lean and tribal crops have not yet developed or produced any food, or if food stocks from a previous growing season are limited.
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have certain other tasks to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen. Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.
2460:; the clypeus is divided into a postclypeus and anteclypeus. Termite antennae have a number of functions such as the sensing of touch, taste, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a
13752:
Eggleton, P.; Bignell, D.E.; Sands, W.A.; Mawdsley, N. A.; Lawton, J. H.; Wood, T.G.; Bignell, N.C. (1996). "The Diversity, Abundance and Biomass of Termites under Differing Levels of Disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, Southern Cameroon".
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and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial decay in the gut of the termites: they use their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for as much as 2% of above ground carbon storage in
3866:
fighting enemies, and defending the nests. The most common way of communicating is through antennation. A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (which are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and
4609:.) The TEP used "insect growth regulators" to prevent the termites from reaching maturity and reproducing. In 2021, the UK's Termite Eradication Programme announced the eradication of the colony, the first time a country has eradicated termites.
4787:
from a single sheet of paper. Approximately 200 species of microbes live inside the termite hindgut, releasing the hydrogen that was trapped inside wood and plants that they digest. Through the action of unidentified enzymes in the termite gut,
4354:. The north–south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase rapidly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun. The temperature then remains at a plateau for the rest of the day until the evening.
4324:
colonies build narrow tunnels used as strong points, as the diameter of the tunnels is small enough for soldiers to block. A highly protected chamber, known as the "queen's cell", houses the queen and king and is used as a last line of defence.
3982: – rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest. Another termite,
3243:
The microbial ecosystem present in the termite gut contains many species found nowhere else on Earth. Termites hatch without these symbionts present in their guts, and develop them after fed a culture from other termites. Gut protozoa, such as
855:) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. It has been proposed that the Isoptera and Cryptocercidae be grouped in the clade "
782:
consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals. Morrison Formation also yields social insect nest fossils close to that of termites. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the
4193:
3525:
that primarily feeds on termites; it locates its food by sound and also by detecting the scent secreted by the soldiers; a single aardwolf is capable of consuming thousands of termites in a single night by using its long, sticky tongue.
3716:
Termites are less likely to be attacked by parasites than bees, wasps and ants, as they are usually well protected in their mounds. Nevertheless, termites are infected by a variety of parasites. Some of these include dipteran flies,
2728:
sterile individuals (true workers, soldiers), whereas the nymphal lineage consists mainly of fertile individuals destined to become winged reproductives. The bifurcated developmental pathway is found mainly in the derived taxa (i.e.
3278:
symbiotic bacteria which play a key role in termite biology. The exact role and function of bacteriophages in the termite gut microbiome is not clearly understood. Termite gut bacteriophages also show similarity to bacteriophages (
863:
with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago. Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to those of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of
7153:
Wang, Menglin; Hellemans, Simon; Ĺ obotnĂk, Jan; Arora, Jigyasa; BuÄŤek, Aleš; Sillam-Dussès, David; Clitheroe, Crystal; Lu, Tomer; Lo, Nathan; Engel, Michael S.; Roisin, Yves; Evans, Theodore A.; Bourguignon, Thomas (2022-04-29).
3588:
uses a different strategy of termite hunting by pressing themselves into tight spaces, as they hunt through rotting wood housing termite colonies. Once inside, the ants seize their prey by using their short but sharp mandibles.
4885:
inspired by that used by the local termites. It was the first major building exploiting termite-inspired cooling techniques to attract international attention. Other such buildings include the Learning Resource Center at the
3908:
Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony. Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites always avoid nestmates infected with
2508:. On alates, the wings are located at the mesothorax and metathorax, which is consistent with all four-winged insects. The mesothorax and metathorax have well-developed exoskeletal plates; the prothorax has smaller plates.
4921:, and for this reason tribe members are forbidden to eat the reproductive alates. Termites are widely used in traditional popular medicine; they are used as treatments for diseases and other conditions such as asthma,
3133:
die shortly after mating. If a queen is absent, a termite king produces pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens. As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not occur.
5111:
Evangelista, Dominic A.; Wipfler, Benjamin; Béthoux, Olivier; Donath, Alexander; Fujita, Mari; Kohli, Manpreet K.; Legendre, Frédéric; Liu, Shanlin; Machida, Ryuichiro; Misof, Bernhard; Peters, Ralph S. (2019-01-30).
3815:
towards each other, resulting in fights. These fights can cause mortality on both sides and, in some cases, the gain or loss of territory. "Cemetery pits" may be present, where the bodies of dead termites are buried.
3003:
4339:, can build nests 3 to 4 metres (9 to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8 feet) wide. The tallest mound ever recorded was 12.8 metres (42 ft) long found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
14869:
Nchito, M.; Wenzel Geissler, P.; Mubila, L.; Friis, H.; Olsen, A. (2004). "Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka".
2733:), and is believed to have evolved in tandem with the sterile worker caste as species moved to foraging for food beyond their nests, as opposed to the nest also being the food (such as in obligate wood-dwellers).
4382:
3915:
spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates. Other methods of defence include headbanging and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.
3769:
only occurs when a colony is under great stress. Over 34 fungal species are known to live as parasites on the exoskeleton of termites, with many being host-specific and only causing indirect harm to their host.
2796:
have completely forgo development into a winged adult. They display altruistic behaviors and either have terminal molts or exhibit a low level of phenotypical potency. True workers across different termite taxa
4286:
Some species build complex nests called polycalic nests; this habitat is called polycalism. Polycalic species of termites form multiple nests, or calies, connected by subterranean chambers. The termite genera
15582:
3316:
Various woods differ in their susceptibility to termite attack; the differences are attributed to such factors as moisture content, hardness, and resin and lignin content. In one study, the drywood termite
2595:
molts before becoming an adult, the advent of eusociality has significantly altered the developmental patterns of this group of insects of which, although similar, is not homologous to that of the eusocial
12728:
Sobotnik, J.; Bourguignon, T.; Hanus, R.; Demianova, Z.; Pytelkova, J.; Mares, M.; Foltynova, P.; Preisler, J.; Cvacka, J.; Krasulova, J.; Roisin, Y. (2012). "Explosive backpacks in old termite workers".
4008:, in which a nestmate carries away a corpse from the colony to dispose of it elsewhere. Which strategy is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e. the age of the carcass).
2480:
of most castes is soft and flexible due to a resulting lack of sclerotization, particularly of the abdomen which often appears translucent. Pigmentation and sclerotization of the cuticle correlates with
14599:
Mogilicherla, Kanakachari; Chakraborty, Amrita; Taning, Clauvis Nji Tizi; Smagghe, Guy; Roy, Amit (2023). "RNAi in termites (Isoptera): current status and prospects for pest management". Review paper.
3789:
Because the worker and soldier castes lack wings and thus never fly, and the reproductives use their wings for just a brief amount of time, termites predominantly rely upon their legs to move about.
514:
Termites' success as a group has led to them colonizing almost every global landmass, with the highest diversity occurring in the tropics where they are estimated to constitute 10% of the animal
4171:
Termite populations can be substantially impacted by environmental changes including those caused by human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of
4180:
disturbance, related to the reduction of tree density and soil cover, and with the intensity of trampling by cattle and goats. The wood-feeders were the most severely affected feeding group.
4350:), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds with the long axis oriented approximately north–south, which gives them their common name. This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist
2698:
There is significant variation of the developmental patterns in termites even across closely related taxa, but can typically be generalized into the following two patterns: The first is the
14905:
Saathoff, E.; Olsen, A.; Kvalsvig, J.D.; Geissler, P.W. (2002). "Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".
12092:
Messenger, M.T.; Su, N.Y. (2005). "Agonistic behavior between colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from Louis Armstrong Park, New Orleans, Louisiana".
3595:
is a specialised predator species that feeds on small termites. A scout recruits 10–30 workers to an area where termites are present, killing them by immobilising them with their stinger.
663:). The word was first used in English in 1781. Earlier attested designations were "wood ants" or "white ants", though these may never have been in wide use as termites do not exist in the
14645:
6916:
Terrapon, Nicolas; Li, Cai; Robertson, Hugh M.; Ji, Lu; Meng, Xuehong; Booth, Warren; Chen, Zhensheng; Childers, Christopher P.; Glastad, Karl M.; Gokhale, Kaustubh; et al. (2014).
4192:
2767:
the late instar larvae are known to undertake the role of workers without differentiating as a true separate caste. Workers can either be male or female, although in some species with
3205:, consuming dead plants at any level of decomposition. They also play a vital role in the ecosystem by recycling waste material such as dead wood, faeces and plants. Many species eat
2813:
can widely vary in the level of developmental plasticity even between closely related taxa, with many species having true workers that can molt into the other apterous castes such as
5806:
Ware, J.L.; Litman, J.; Klass, K.-D.; Spearman, L.A. (2008). "Relationships among the major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology".
11848:
Jost, C.; Haifig, I.; de Camargo-Dietrich, C.R.R.; Costa-Leonardo, A.M. (2012). "A comparative tunnelling network approach to assess interspecific competition effects in termites".
4675:
are aware that termites are edible but do not consume them even in times of scarcity; there are few explanations as to why. Termite mounds are the main sources of soil consumption (
13879:) and their role in the mangrove C cycle (Puerto Rico): Chemical characterization and organic matter provenance using bulk δ13C, C/N, alkaline CuO oxidation-GC/MS, and solid-state"
7228:Ĺ obotnĂk, Jan; Bourguignon, Thomas; Hanus, Robert; Sillam-Dussès, David; Pflegerová, Jitka; Weyda, František; Kutalová, KateĹ™ina; Vytisková, Blahoslava; Roisin, Yves (2010-12-30).
3761:
are, however, major threats to a termite colony as they are not host-specific and may infect large portions of the colony; transmission usually occurs via direct physical contact.
4299:
are known to have polycalic species. Polycalic nests appear to be less frequent in mound-building species although polycalic arboreal nests have been observed in a few species of
12006:
Toledo Lima, J.; Costa-Leonardo, A.M. (2012). "Subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Exploitation of equivalent food resources with different forms of placement".
9482:
750:
within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and
4643:
from termites can help improve the human diet. Termites are consumed in many regions globally, but this practice has only become popular in developed nations in recent years.
4639:
43 termite species are used as food by humans or are fed to livestock. These insects are particularly important in impoverished countries where malnutrition is common, as the
6975:
Poulsen, Michael; Hu, Haofu; Li, Cai; Chen, Zhensheng; Xu, Luohao; Otani, Saria; Nygaard, Sanne; Nobre, Tania; Klaubauf, Sylvia; Schindler, Philipp M .; et al. (2014).
4555:
To better control the population of termites, various methods have been developed to track termite movements. One early method involved distributing termite bait laced with
2535:. There are ten tergites, of which nine are wide and one is elongated. The reproductive organs are similar to those in cockroaches but are more simplified. For example, the
4228:
hypogeal, i.e subterranean (completely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (built above ground, but always connected to the ground via
3838:
colonies may get into physical conflict, some termites squeeze tightly into foraging tunnels and die, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic activities.
2751:
termites undertake the most labor within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance. Workers are tasked with the digestion of
12339:
Dronnet, S.; Lohou, C.; Christides, J.P.; Bagnères, A.G. (2006). "Cuticular hydrocarbon composition reflects genetic relationship among colonies of the introduced termite
3287:
3110:
each. The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance.
4948:
and Datok Kong. In urban areas, local residents construct red-painted shrines over mounds that have been abandoned, where they pray for good health, protection and luck.
791:, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. Claims that termites emerged earlier have faced controversy. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that the
4063:
3845:
Ants and termites may compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites usually have a negative impact on arboreal nesting species.
2620:
or juvenile individuals that undertake the most labor in the colony, which is in contrast to the eusocial Hymenoptera where work is strictly undertaken by the adults.
4939:
4135:
Termites are known to carry pollen and regularly visit flowers, so are regarded as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants. One flower in particular,
2905:). In the more derived termite taxa, the soldier caste can be polymorphic and include minor and major forms. Other morphologically specialized soldiers includes the
699:
In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and
4318:
provide protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation. Certain areas in mounds are used as strong points in case of a breach. For example,
13404:"Ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) associated to arboreal nests of Nasutitermes spp: (Isoptera, Termitidae) in a cacao plantation in southeastern Bahia, Brazil"
5334:
Paoletti, M. G.; Buscardo, E.; Vanderjagt, D. J.; Pastuszyn, A.; Pizzoferrato, L.; Huang, Y.-S.; Chuang, L.-T.; Glew, R. H.; Millson, M.; Cerda, H. (March 2003).
4901:
Few zoos hold termites, due to the difficulty in keeping them captive and to the reluctance of authorities to permit potential pests. One of the few that do, the
4241:
fortification against predators. Nests made out of carton are particularly weak, and so the inhabitants use counter-attack strategies against invading predators.
2616:, which has uniquely allowed for the evolution of distinct yet flexible castes amongst the immatures. As a result the caste system of termites consists mostly of
2273:
to the country, with over 360 classified species. Because termites are highly social and abundant, they represent a disproportionate amount of the world's insect
12868:
Su, N.Y. (2005). "Response of the Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to baits or nonrepellent termiticides in extended foraging arenas".
6140:
Lo, N.; Engel, M.S.; Cameron, S.; Nalepa, C.A.; Tokuda, G.; Grimaldi, D.; Kitade, O..; Krishna, K.; Klass, K.-D.; Maekawa, K.; Miura, T.; Thompson, G.J. (2007).
3984:
3795:
884:
9248:
Matsuura, K.; Vargo, E.L.; Kawatsu, K.; Labadie, P. E.; Nakano, H.; Yashiro, T.; Tsuji, K. (2009). "Queen Succession Through Asexual Reproduction in Termites".
9163:
3739:
14378:
4833:, the shape and orientation of the mounds of the Australian compass termite stabilises their internal temperatures during the day. As the towers heat up, the
15293:
13136:
Howard, R.W.; McDaniel, C.A.; Blomquist, G.J. (1980). "Chemical mimicry as an integrating mechanism: cuticular hydrocarbons of a termitophile and its host".
9955:"Whole-Genome Sequence of the Novel Enterobacter Bacteriophage Arya with an Integrase Pseudogene, Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite"
2180:
2135:
2108:
2090:
689:
Termites were formerly placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus
4606:
3293:
2153:
2144:
2072:
1985:
1678:
1570:
275:
10493:
Culliney, T.W.; Grace, J.K. (2000). "Prospects for the biological control of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), with special reference to
5012:
3329:
woods to other woods that were generally rejected by the termite colony. These preferences may in part have represented conditioned or learned behaviour.
2539:
is not present in male alates, and the sperm is either immotile or aflagellate. However, Mastotermitidae termites have multiflagellate sperm with limited
4559:(IgG) marker proteins from rabbits or chickens. Termites collected from the field could be tested for the rabbit-IgG markers using a rabbit-IgG-specific
4236:
subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are visible, as many nests in tropical forests are located underground. Species in the subfamily
4057:
as the termites and even biosynthesize them. This chemical mimicry allows the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies. The developed
3611:, and so the termites are preyed on by these ants. No evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a predatory one) is known. Other ants, including
2171:
2126:
2054:
1594:
1582:
287:
281:
6758:
2991:
individuals of both sexes and develop from fertilised eggs. Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.
11235:
Mill, A.E. (1983). "Observations on Brazilian termite alate swarms and some structures used in the dispersal of reproductives (Isoptera: Termitidae)".
2883:
2627:, where each molt offers a varying level of phenotypic potency. Early instars typically exhibit the highest phenotypic potency and can be described as
2117:
1976:
1967:
1621:
396:. They are distinguished by their moniliform antennae and the soft-bodied and often unpigmented worker caste for which they have been commonly termed "
15172:
14406:
8630:
7297:"High-resolution analysis of gut environment and bacterial microbiota reveals functional compartmentation of the gut in wood-feeding higher termites (
2937:. Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive alates at a certain time of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when
4237:
2081:
1745:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1687:
299:
15357:
10309:"Oligocene termite nests with in situ fungus gardens from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, support a paleogene African origin for insect agriculture"
9051:
8109:
6291:"Description of an early Cretaceous termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) and its associated intestinal protozoa, with comments on their co-evolution"
4360:
1789:
1754:
1071:
949:
330:
14279:
4728:
can be severely damaged by termite infestations, with attacks on leaves, roots and woody tissue. Termites can also attack other plants, including
3934:
other termites which causes them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which is also a way to recruit extra workers.
3582:
before returning home, all the while recruiting additional nestmates to the raiding site through chemical trails. The Malaysian basicerotine ants
14826:
Knudsen, J.W. (2002). "Akula udongo (earth eating habit): a social and cultural practice among Chagga women on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro".
12193:
Evans, T.A.; Inta, R.; Lai, J.C.S.; Lenz, M. (2007). "Foraging vibration signals attract foragers and identify food size in the drywood termite,
4072:
4040:
1175:
813:
10061:"Complete Genome Sequence of Citrobacter Phage CVT22 Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki"
10012:"Discovery and Complete Genome Sequence of a Bacteriophage from an Obligate Intracellular Symbiont of a Cellulolytic Protist in the Termite Gut"
8232:
Machida, M.; Kitade, O.; Miura, T.; Matsumoto, T. (2001). "Nitrogen recycling through proctodeal trophallaxis in the Japanese damp-wood termite
4512:, the most widely introduced invasive termite species in the world, has been introduced to all the islands in the West Indies and to Australia.
2671:, which are able to retain high developmental plasticity even up to the late instars. In these basal taxa, the immatures are able to go through
14637:
13973:
Perna, A.; Jost, C.; Couturier, E.; Valverde, S.; Douady, S.; Theraulaz, G. (2008). "The structure of gallery networks in the nests of termite
4991:
It is unknown whether the termite was female or male. If it was a female, the body length would be far greater than 25 millimetres when mature.
2744:
development is restricted to closely related pathways dependent on a variety of factors such as pheromonal cues, sex and size of an individual.
1024:
856:
11382:
Chouvenc, T.; Efstathion, C.A.; Elliott, M.L.; Su, N.Y. (2012). "Resource competition between two fungal parasites in subterranean termites".
8421:
Prestwich, G. D.; Bentley, B.L.; Carpenter, E.J. (1980). "Nitrogen sources for neotropical nasute termites: Fixation and selective foraging".
8126:
Higashi, Masahiko; Yamamura, Norio; Abe, Takuya; Burns, Thomas P. (1991-10-22). "Why don't all termite species have a sterile worker caste?".
6342:"Phylogeny of Dictyoptera: Dating the Origin of Cockroaches, Praying Mantises and Termites with Molecular Data and Controlled Fossil Evidence"
2377:. Mandible descriptive terminology on the bottom right. The fontanelle is absent in basal termites, being found only in Neoisopteran termites.
16988:
4289:
4000:
Workers use several different strategies to deal with their dead, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether. To avoid
1286:
937:
9898:"Whole-Genome Sequence of the Novel Temperate Enterobacter Bacteriophage Tyrion, Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite"
2755:
in food and are thus the most likely caste to be found in infested wood. The process of worker termites feeding other nestmates is known as
2245:, where mounds are extremely abundant in certain regions. Approximately 1.1 million active termite mounds can be found in the northern
16288:
6628:
4320:
3953:
that they use for defence. Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the course of evolution and must be fed by workers. A wide variety of
3026:, which are defined as early nymph instars with absent wing buds, exhibit the highest developmental potentiality and are able to molt into
2901:
2877:
1165:
999:
962:
15105:
11959:"Effect of soil type and moisture availability on the foraging behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)"
3820:
tunnels. Conflict between two competitors does not always occur. For example, though they might block each other's passages, colonies of
2978:
A termite alate with shed wings from other alates on an interior window sill. Shedding of wings is associated with reproductive swarming.
2464:, a pedicel (typically shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a
12168:
10307:
Roberts, E.M.; Todd, C.N.; Aanen, D.K.; Nobre, T.; Hilbert-Wolf, H.L.; O'Connor, P.M.; Tapanila, L.; Mtelela, C.; Stevens, N.J. (2016).
4076:
captures termites, and those that try to escape are immediately seized and driven underground. Certain species of ants in the subfamily
7230:"Not Only Soldiers Have Weapons: Evolution of the Frontal Gland in Imagoes of the Termite Families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae"
7034:
Evangelista, Dominic A.; Wipfler, Benjamin; BĂ©thoux, Olivier; Donath, Alexander; Fujita, Mari; Kohli, Manpreet K.; et al. (2019).
13612:
9488:
4153:. A commercial product, "Blockaid", has been developed in Australia that uses a range of plant extracts to create a paint-on nontoxic
3232:. This community provides the enzymes that digests the cellulose, allowing the insects to absorb the end products for their own use.
2987:
the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs. In contrast, worker termites, which constitute the majority in a colony, are
522:
which has the richest diversity with more than 1000 described species. They are important decomposers of decaying plant matter in the
14732:
Global Delicacies: Discover Missing Links from Ancient Hawaiian Teachings to Clean the Plaque of your Soul and Reach Your Higher Self
7924:
Crosland, M.W.J.; Su, N.Y.; Scheffrahn, R.H. (2005). "Arolia in termites (Isoptera): functional significance and evolutionary loss".
4414:
14941:
14455:
8556:
6811:
Harrison, Mark C.; Jongepier, Evelien; Robertson, Hugh M.; Arning, Nicolas; Bitard-Feildel, Tristan; Chao, Hsu; et al. (2018).
3260:
enzymes, but they rely primarily upon the bacteria. The flagellates have been lost in Termitidae. Researchers have found species of
12284:
7406:
12620:
Chen, J.; Henderson, G.; Grimm, C. C.; Lloyd, S. W.; Laine, R. A. (1998-04-09). "Termites fumigate their nests with naphthalene".
8696:
7438:"Distribution and density of termite mounds in the northern Kruger National Park, with specific reference to those constructed by
16975:
15014:
9782:"The Cockroach origin of the termite gut microbiota: patterns in bacterial community structure reflect major evolutionary events"
4070:
Some species of ant are known to capture termites to use as a fresh food source later on, rather than killing them. For example,
3566:
Among all predators, ants are the greatest enemy to termites. Some ant genera are specialist predators of termites. For example,
3217:, produced from the breakdown of cellulose. Termites rely primarily upon a symbiotic microbial community that includes bacteria,
2579:
termite is in flight, its wings remain at a right angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to the body.
10532:
Dean, W.R.J.; Milton, S.J. (1995). "Plant and invertebrate assemblages on old fields in the arid southern Karoo, South Africa".
8485:"Evolution of eusociality and the soldier caste in termites: Influence of intraspecific competition and accelerated inheritance"
3141:. Studies show that while termite queens mate with the king to produce colony workers, the queens reproduce their replacements (
16572:
12111:
Korb, J.; Weil, T.; Hoffmann, K.; Foster, K.R.; Rehli, M. (2009). "A gene necessary for reproductive suppression in termites".
5497:
Govorushko, Sergey (March 2019). "Economic and ecological importance of termites: A global review: Termites: a global review".
1859:, literally meaning "newer termites" (in an evolutionary sense), are a recently coined clade that include families such as the
15387:
10148:
4127:
mounds is due to the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographical range; another is to protect themselves from floods.
3156:
and several other related species produce colonies that contain a primary king accompanied by a primary queen or by up to 200
3014:
are more strictly defined in termites as immature young with visible wing buds, which often invariably go through a series of
859:". Termites are sometimes called "white ants", but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is due to
722:
shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites. Termites and
530:
regions of the world, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable ecological importance. Many species are
15925:
15555:
15536:
14940:
Katayama, N.; Ishikawa, Y.; Takaoki, M.; Yamashita, M.; Nakayama, S.; Kiguchi, K.; Kok, R.; Wada, H.; Mitsuhashi, J. (2008).
14775:
14739:
14505:
14246:
14195:
14167:
14043:
13721:
13592:
13564:
13513:
13274:
Darlington, J. (1985). "Attacks by doryline ants and termite nest defences (Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Isoptera; Termitidae)".
12674:
12500:
12469:
11669:
11575:
11303:
11084:
10842:
10817:
10782:
10718:
10680:
10635:
10607:
10576:
10474:
9082:
9022:
8346:
8063:
7808:
7580:
6686:
6608:
6240:
6202:
6073:
5948:"Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach
5646:
4887:
4795:
are broken down into sugars and are transformed into hydrogen. The bacteria within the gut turns the sugar and hydrogen into
2485:, with species that spend more time in the surface in the open tending to have a more sclerotized and pigmented exoskeleton.
16980:
15202:
Werfel, J.; Petersen, K.; Nagpal, R. (2014). "Designing Collective Behavior in a Termite-Inspired Robot Construction Team".
12169:"Predation and interference competition between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and arboreal termites (Isoptera: Termitidae)"
9763:
9012:
3749:. Under imminent threat of an attack by parasites, a colony may migrate to a new location. Certain fungal pathogens such as
17113:
4635:
These flying alates were collected as they came out of their nests in the ground during the early days of the rainy season.
2708:), exhibit high phenotypic potency, and where there exists no true sterile caste other than the soldier. The second is the
1871:
have a bifurcated caste development with true workers, and so notably lack pseudergates (except in some basal taxa such as
12689:
Bordereau, C.; Robert, A.; Van Tuyen, V.; Peppuy, A. (1997). "Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in
7836:
Riparbelli, M.G; Dallai, R; Mercati, D; Bu, Y; Callaini, G (2009). "Centriole symmetry: a big tale from small organisms".
7086:
Hellemans, Simon; Wang, Menglin; Hasegawa, Nonno; Ĺ obotnĂk, Jan; Scheffrahn, Rudolf H.; Bourguignon, Thomas (2022-03-02).
6089:
Klass, K.D.; Nalepa, C.; Lo, N. (2008). "Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta: Dictyoptera):
2922:
developmental pathway, soldiers develop from apterous immatures and constitute the only true sterile caste in these taxa.
726:
share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, but
15627:
6499:
Rohr, D.M.; Boucot, A. J.; Miller, J.; Abbott, M. (1986). "Oldest termite nest from the Upper Cretaceous of west Texas".
5634:
4671:
In addition to Africa, termites are consumed in local or tribal areas in Asia and North and South America. In Australia,
4088:
ants attack underground. Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully. Some species of termite, including
2667:
In most termites, phenotypic potency decreases with every successive molt. Notable exceptions are basal taxa such as the
2571:. The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg varies. Some species of termite have an arolium, located between the
2422:
Most worker and soldier termites are completely blind as they do not have a pair of eyes. However, some species, such as
8942:
4265:
nests are mainly composed of partially biodegraded wood material from the stems and branches of mangrove trees, namely,
4094:, form associations with certain ant species to keep away predatory ant species. The earliest known association between
2869:. Amongst mandibulate soldiers, the mandibles have been adapted for a variety of defensive strategies: Biting/crushing (
14791:
Geissler, P.W. (2011). "The significance of earth-eating: social and cultural aspects of geophagy among Luo children".
2369:
General anatomy of a worker termite with Imago (reproductive) and soldier visualized; note the reduction and fusion of
3886:
environmental factors such as the termites' diet and the composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.
9167:
7717:
5336:"Nutrient content of termites (syntermes soldiers) consumed bymakiritare amerindians of the altoorinoco of Venezuela"
7496:
Sanderson, M.G. (1996). "Biomass of termites and their emissions of methane and carbon dioxide: A global database".
3269:
or anus. Judging from closely related bacterial species, it is strongly presumed that the termites' and cockroach's
16954:
16281:
14767:
11172:
7036:"An integrative phylogenomic approach illuminates the evolutionary history of cockroaches and termites (Blattodea)"
5114:"An integrative phylogenomic approach illuminates the evolutionary history of cockroaches and termites (Blattodea)"
15301:
13873:
Vane, C.H.; Kim, A.W.; Moss-Hayes, V.; Snape, C.E.; Diaz, M.C.; Khan, N.S.; Engelhart, S.E.; Horton, B.P. (2013).
11926:
Darlington, J.P.E.C. (1982). "The underground passages and storage pits used in foraging by a nest of the termite
11724:
Traniello, J.F.; Busher, C. (1985). "Chemical regulation of polyethism during foraging in the neotropical termite
2860:, simple holes in the forehead that lead to a gland which exudes defensive secretions, are a feature of the clade
17103:
16993:
16967:
16297:
16235:
14381:
13435:
Jaffe, K.; Ramos, C.; Issa, S. (1995). "Trophic Interactions Between Ants and Termites that Share Common Nests".
11298:. Vol. 76 (5th ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 398.
9502:
Ikeda-Ohtsubo, W.; Brune, A. (2009). "Cospeciation of termite gut flagellates and their bacterial endosymbionts:
8084:
JĂĽrgen, Korb, Judith Thomas-Poulsen, Michael Hu, Haofu Li, Cai Boomsma, Jacobus Jan Zhang, Guojie Liebig (2015).
5854:"Death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches"
3572:
is a strictly termite-eating (termitophagous) genus that perform raiding activities, some lasting several hours.
3373:
2241:, where over 400 species are known. Of the 2,972 extant termite species currently classified, 1,000 are found in
15414:
11591:
Reinhard, J.; Kaib, M. (2001). "Trail communication during foraging and recruitment in the subterranean termite
11173:"Driver Ants Invading a Termite Nest: why do the most catholic predators of all seldom take this abundant prey?"
10010:
Pramono, Ajeng K.; Kuwahara, Hirokazu; Itoh, Takehiko; Toyoda, Atsushi; Yamada, Akinori; Hongoh, Yuichi (2017).
6258:"Termites (Isoptera) from the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary: Evidence for the longevity of their earliest genera"
4715:
Scientists have developed a more affordable method of tracing the movement of termites using traceable proteins.
4398:
3949:
has a specialised caste of soldiers, known as nasutes, that have the ability to exude noxious liquids through a
3209:, having a specialised midgut that breaks down the fibre. Termites are considered to be a major source (11%) of
2954:'s can be found in both the derived and basal termite taxa, and generally serve as supplementary reproductives.
16687:
5016:
746:. Some researchers have suggested a more conservative measure of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an
9141:
4433:
3265:
the other members of the colony with substances derived from the digestion of plant material, either from the
16770:
16363:
15131:
14568:
14547:
14090:
Jacklyn, P.M.; Munro, U. (2002). "Evidence for the use of magnetic cues in mound construction by the termite
12394:
Rosengaus, R.B.; Traniello, J.F.A.; Chen, T.; Brown, J.J.; Karp, R.D. (1999). "Immunity in a social insect".
6791:
6520:
5090:
3962:
2465:
1521:
138:
9362:"The importance of termites (Isoptera) for the recycling of herbivore dung in tropical ecosystems: a review"
5685:
4342:
The sculptured mounds sometimes have elaborate and distinctive forms, such as those of the compass termite (
714:
sequences supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order
557:
Termites have several impacts on humans. They are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures such as the
15254:
15180:
10368:"Flagellates, bacteria, and fungi associated with termites: diversity and function in nutrition – a review"
10181:
Aanen, D.K.; Eggleton, P.; Rouland-Lefevre, C.; Guldberg-Froslev, T.; Rosendahl, S.; Boomsma, J.J. (2002).
8622:
4703:, as they are high in protein and can be used to convert inedible waste to consumable products for humans.
2453:
13811:"Trophic interactions among invertebrates in termitaria in the African savanna: a stable isotope approach"
10392:
Breznak, J.A.; Brune, A. (1993). "Role of microorganisms in the digestion of lignocellulose by termites".
8972:
Kaib, M.; Hacker, M.; Brandl, R. (2001). "Egg-laying in monogynous and polygynous colonies of the termite
8771:
7650:
Heidecker, J.L.; Leuthold, R.H. (1984). "The organisation of collective foraging in the harvester termite
4646:
Termites are consumed by people in many different cultures around the world. In many parts of Africa, the
2974:
17108:
17042:
16820:
16274:
16001:
15365:
9770:" and the reproductive castes obtain their nutrients from the workers through oral or anal trophallaxis."
9393:
de Souza, O.F.; Brown, V.K. (2009). "Effects of habitat fragmentation on Amazonian termite communities".
5713:
5170:
4221:
2543:. The genitals in females are also simplified. Unlike in other termites, Mastotermitidae females have an
2528:
2516:
2469:
2457:
2437:
445:
studies indicate that they evolved from cockroaches, as they are deeply nested within the group, and the
17:
10901:(F.) sur les populations récoltantes de Macrotermitinae dans un ecosystème semi-aride (Kajiado-Kenya)".
10367:
9839:"Metavirome Sequencing of the Termite Gut Reveals the Presence of an Unexplored Bacteriophage Community"
16800:
16780:
16153:
15981:
14287:
13530:
12518:"Soldier morphogenesis in a nasute termite: discovery of a disc-like structure forming a soldier nasus"
9717:"Character of Cellulase Activity in the Guts of Flagellate-Free Termites with Different Feeding Habits"
5999:
Lo, N.; Tokuda, G.; Watanabe, H.; Rose, H.; Slaytor, M.; Maekawa, K.; Bandi, C.; Noda, H. (June 2000).
3778:
627:(winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings. "Termite" derives from the
608:. Increased urbanization and connectivity is also predicted to expand the range of some pest termites.
12817:
Ulyshen, M.D.; Shelton, T.G. (2011). "Evidence of cue synergism in termite corpse response behavior".
10011:
7599:
Engel, M.S.; Gross, M. (2008). "A giant termite from the Late Miocene of Styria, Austria (Isoptera)".
6340:
Legendre, F.; Nel, A.; Svenson, G.J.; Robillard, T.; Pellens, R.; Grandcolas, P.; Escriva, H. (2015).
5288:
4655:
and protein. They are regarded as pleasant in taste, having a nut-like flavour after they are cooked.
3578:
is another termite-raiding species, with each individual stacking as many termites as possible in its
3550:
3355:, grass, leaves and roots. The gut of the lower termites contains many species of bacteria along with
17098:
15918:
15112:. United States Department of Energy. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006
14984:"Termites as pests of crops, forestry, rangeland and structures in Southern Africa and their control"
13930:
Roisin, Y.; Pasteels, J. M. (1986). "Reproductive mechanisms in termites: Polycalism and polygyny in
9561:
Slaytor, M. (1992). "Cellulose digestion in termites and cockroaches: What role do symbionts play?".
8716:"Developmental stages and caste composition of a mature and incipient colony of the drywood termite,
6399:
Luo, Z.X.; Wible, J.R. (2005). "A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification".
6001:"Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding cockroaches"
5287:
Jouquet, Pascal; Traoré, Saran; Choosai, Chutinan; Hartmann, Christian; Bignell, David (2011-07-01).
4541:
4080:
conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs. Ants such as
562:
159:
14035:
14029:
6451:
5666:(1st ed.). University of California: McGraw Hill Book Company, Incorporated. pp. 431–432.
2998:, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called
1494:
604:. The distribution of most known pest species is expected to increase over time as a consequence of
246:
16765:
16760:
15948:
15818:
10059:
Tikhe, Chinmay Vijay; Martin, Thomas M.; Gissendanner, Chris R.; Husseneder, Claudia (2015-08-27).
6065:
4770:
4580:
4456:
Nasutiterminae shelter tubes on a tree trunk provide cover for the trail from nest to forest floor.
2999:
2780:
and are the most derived, while those that are undifferentiated and fertile as in the wood-nesting
681:
598:, 17. Of known pest species, 28 of the most invasive and structurally damaging belong to the genus
495:
31:
4810:
of the microbes in the termite hindgut has been employed to provide a better understanding of the
3535:
2419:
and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres (3 in) and a body length of 25 millimetres (1 in).
17123:
16667:
16644:
16557:
16211:
16006:
15620:
15587:
14122:
4957:
4870:
4766:
4572:
4312:
3677:, also prey on termites. Specialized subterranean species of army ants such as ones in the genus
2641:
able to molt into reproductives and non-reproductives but cannot molt into at least one phenotype
2489:
866:
17006:
15499:
15146:
10809:
10800:
10626:
Bardgett, R.D.; Herrick, J.E.; Six, J.; Jones, T.H.; Strong, D.R.; van der Putten, W.H. (2013).
10599:
10593:
9074:
7540:(Walker) (Isoptera : Kalotermitidae) and endemic Australian drywood termites in Queensland"
6232:
2511:
2407:, measuring up to over 10 centimetres (4 in) in length. Another giant termite, the extinct
16863:
16732:
12664:
11053:
9299:
Fougeyrollas R, Dolejšová K, Sillam-Dussès D, Roy V, Poteaux C, Hanus R, Roisin Y (June 2015).
7800:
6678:
4672:
4335:
3974:
3911:
3830:
3757:
3351:
protein. Meanwhile, the higher termites consume a wide variety of materials, including faeces,
2768:
2461:
2403:
1816:
878:
848:
491:
130:
14621:
14162:(2nd ed.). Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press. pp. 28–30.
11781:"LĂ©vy flights and self-similar exploratory behaviour of termite workers: beyond model fitting"
10672:
9044:
8339:
Insects and Hygiene The biology and control of insect pests of medical and domestic importance
7216:
4807:
3073:, than workers, soldiers and nymphs. The lower levels of damage appear to be due to increased
17001:
16901:
16825:
16717:
16507:
16502:
16353:
13081:"Cuckoo fungus mimics termite eggs by producing the cellulose-digesting enzyme β-glucosidase"
6564:
Tilyard, R.J. (1937). "Kansas Permian insects. Part XX the cockroaches, or order Blattaria".
4814:. Genetic engineering may enable hydrogen to be generated in bioreactors from woody biomass.
4699:. Researchers have suggested that termites are suitable candidates for human consumption and
4618:
4474:
4421:
4279:
4137:
4107:
4090:
4021:
3543:
3177:
2913:) on the head. These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing
1931:
872:
336:
15473:
14983:
12913:"Differential undertaking response of a lower termite to congeneric and conspecific corpses"
10766:
10664:
10116:
Allen, C.T.; Foster, D.E.; Ueckert, D.N. (1980). "Seasonal Food Habits of a Desert Termite,
9191:"Termite queens close the sperm gates of eggs to switch from sexual to asexual reproduction"
8207:
7792:
6670:
6224:
6057:
4175:
under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern
4016:
3900:
3313:
consume less food in spring than they do during autumn when their feeding activity is high.
2575:, which is present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites.
16923:
16910:
16672:
16466:
16453:
15911:
15594:
15211:
15052:
14956:
13986:
13893:
13822:
13762:
13652:
13620:
13353:
13306:
13237:
13145:
13092:
12984:
12924:
12826:
12738:
12629:
12578:
12403:
12352:
12120:
12015:
11802:
11737:
11391:
11244:
11187:
11125:
10871:
10541:
10320:
10261:
10194:
9793:
9624:
9519:
9257:
9202:
8866:
8806:
8496:
8430:
8045:
7608:
7505:
7312:
7241:
7167:
7107:
7099:
6988:
6929:
6880:
6824:
6711:
6573:
6508:
6408:
6353:
6106:
6012:
5815:
5591:"Connectivity and climate change drive the global distribution of highly invasive termites"
5545:
5347:
5300:
4663:. The best result comes when they are lightly roasted on a hot plate or fried until crisp.
4584:
3853:
3745:
3704:
3235:
3138:
2246:
1513:
860:
570:
264:
14326:
Grace, J.K.; Cutten, G.M.; Scheffrahn, R.H.; McEkevan, D.K. (1991). "First infestation by
11110:"Enemy deterrence in the recruitment strategy of a termite: Soldier-organized foraging in
10774:
9615:
Watanabe, H..; Noda, H.; Tokuda, G.; Lo, N. (1998). "A cellulase gene of termite origin".
7481:
7464:
4711:
3538:
to "fish" termites from their nest. Wear pattern analysis of bone tools used by the early
3069:. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including
2285:
widely diverse areas. One species in the drywood group is the West Indian drywood termite
8:
16830:
16775:
16657:
16542:
16527:
16411:
16251:
15961:
14470:
12973:"Do termites avoid carcasses? behavioral responses depend on the nature of the carcasses"
11779:
Miramontes, O.; DeSouza, O.; Paiva, L.R.; Marins, A.; Orozco, S.; Aegerter, C.M. (2014).
7212:
7209:
6977:"Complementary symbiont contributions to plant decomposition in a fungus-farming termite"
6058:
5450:"Usos de invertebrados na medicina popular no Brasil e suas implicações para conservação"
5289:"Influence of termites on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem services provided by termites"
4273:
3812:
3299:
3210:
2482:
2288:
583:
487:
423:
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13357:
13310:
13241:
13149:
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12928:
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12742:
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12582:
12407:
12356:
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12124:
12019:
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11395:
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11129:
10875:
10545:
10405:
10324:
10265:
10198:
9797:
9628:
9523:
9261:
9206:
9098:
Morrow, E.H. (2004). "How the sperm lost its tail: the evolution of aflagellate sperm".
9073:(Repr. with corrections 2004. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
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8500:
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7509:
7414:
7382:
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6992:
6933:
6884:
6828:
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6577:
6547:
6512:
6412:
6357:
6110:
6016:
5819:
5549:
5351:
5304:
5039:"Termites (Isoptera): their phylogeny, classification, and rise to ecological dominance"
2556:
799:, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of
17118:
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15613:
15437:
15270:
15235:
15073:
15040:
14808:
14700:
14673:
14393:
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12893:
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12517:
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12376:
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12214:
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11988:
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11908:
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11792:
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11368:
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11034:
10992:
10957:
10918:
10724:
10553:
10343:
10308:
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10093:
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10036:
9987:
9954:
9930:
9897:
9873:
9838:
9814:
9781:
9741:
9716:
9692:
9667:
9648:
9543:
9463:
9410:
9325:
9300:
9281:
9225:
9190:
9123:
9067:
9032:
8993:
8889:
8854:
8832:
8749:
8672:
8645:
8603:
8462:
8261:
8159:
8103:
7941:
7901:
7872:
7696:
Costa-Leonardo, A.M.; Haifig, I. (2010). "Pheromones and exocrine glands in Isoptera".
7671:
7632:
7556:
7535:
7333:
7296:
7272:
7229:
7191:
7135:
7060:
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7011:
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6481:
6432:
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6317:
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5902:
5878:
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5371:
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5229:
5198:
5186:
5146:
5113:
5072:
4721:
4370:
4159:
3924:-like formation around the breach and bite at intruders. If an invasion carried out by
3895:
3751:
3305:
3291:
have seasonal food habits. For example, they may preferentially consume Red three-awn (
2739:
2725:
2695:) molts, which typically indicates the developmental trajectory an individual follows.
2536:
817:, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in
803:
of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the
779:
587:
531:
154:
16224:
14918:
14883:
14612:
13297:
Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Two Nasutitermes Species (Isoptera: Termitidae)".
12049:
Jmhasly, P.; Leuthold, R.H. (1999). "Intraspecific colony recognition in the termites
11148:
11109:
10284:
10249:
10225:
10182:
8527:
8484:
7709:
6786:
6025:
6000:
4544:. In the United states, application of a soil termiticide with the active ingredient
4212:
2401: in) in length. The largest of all extant termites are the queens of the species
17093:
16552:
16522:
16471:
16461:
16436:
16370:
16177:
15551:
15532:
15441:
15274:
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15125:
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14995:
14922:
14887:
14851:
14843:
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14771:
14735:
14705:
14242:
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14163:
14039:
14002:
13913:
13834:
13717:
13668:
13588:
13560:
13509:
13381:
13340:
Coty, D.; Aria, C.; Garrouste, R.; Wils, P.; Legendre, F.; Nel, A.; Korb, J. (2014).
13161:
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13012:
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12897:
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11753:
11706:
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11571:
11407:
11299:
11199:
11153:
11090:
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10859:
10838:
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10778:
10714:
10676:
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10631:
10603:
10572:
10514:
10470:
10432:
10348:
10289:
10230:
10163:
10098:
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9992:
9974:
9935:
9917:
9878:
9860:
9819:
9746:
9697:
9640:
9574:
9535:
9531:
9455:
9330:
9273:
9230:
9115:
9078:
9018:
8894:
8824:
8741:
8700:
8677:
8586:
Keller, L. (1998). "Queen lifespan and colony characteristics in ants and termites".
8565:
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8514:
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8446:
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8143:
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6424:
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5251:
5190:
5151:
5133:
5064:
4811:
4796:
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4149:
the woody cell walls. This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the
3989:
3926:
3921:
3803:
behaviour as an optimised strategy for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.
3531:
3361:
3266:
2918:
2551:
structure of the legs is consistent with other insects: the parts of a leg include a
2477:
2274:
1758:
515:
15239:
14014:
13959:
13842:
13420:
13403:
13326:
13193:
a new termitophilous corotocine from Northern Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)"
13173:
13122:
12714:
12606:
12423:
12380:
12250:
12233:
12218:
12148:
12078:
12035:
11992:
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11765:
11616:
11544:
11505:
11419:
11207:
10996:
10975:
Longhurst, C.; Baker, R.; Howse, P.E. (1979). "Chemical crypsis in predatory ants".
10922:
10728:
10466:
10419:
Kok, O.B.; Hewitt, P.H. (1990). "Bird and mammal predators of the harvester termite
9547:
9414:
9285:
9127:
8997:
8753:
8607:
8265:
8163:
7945:
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7636:
6902:
6777:
6655:
6042:
5835:
5518:
5483:
5375:
5202:
5076:
4861:
3239:
Trichonymphid flagellate from Reticulitermes. Light microscope image of living cell.
2568:
2281:
comprise about 1% of insect species, but represent more than 50% of insect biomass.
17047:
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16492:
16358:
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13475:
13444:
13415:
13371:
13361:
13314:
13257:
13245:
13204:
13153:
13100:
13051:
13043:
13002:
12992:
12940:
12932:
12877:
12854:
12834:
12797:
12746:
12702:
12649:
12637:
12586:
12537:
12529:
12411:
12360:
12311:
12299:
12255:
12245:
12206:
12128:
12066:
12023:
11970:
11939:
11900:
11857:
11820:
11810:
11745:
11698:
11657:
11604:
11563:
11532:
11491:
11458:
11399:
11364:
11252:
11195:
11143:
11133:
11072:
11026:
10984:
10961:
10949:
10910:
10879:
10706:
10549:
10506:
10401:
10338:
10328:
10279:
10269:
10220:
10202:
10129:
10088:
10072:
10031:
10023:
9982:
9966:
9925:
9909:
9868:
9850:
9809:
9801:
9736:
9728:
9687:
9679:
9652:
9632:
9570:
9527:
9467:
9445:
9402:
9373:
9320:
9312:
9265:
9220:
9210:
9107:
8985:
8916:
8884:
8874:
8814:
8731:
8667:
8657:
8595:
8522:
8504:
8466:
8438:
8403:
8245:
8135:
8051:
8007:
7933:
7896:
7888:
7845:
7705:
7663:
7616:
7551:
7513:
7476:
7377:
7369:
7356:
Hellemans, Simon; Rocha, Mauricio M.; Wang, Menglin; Romero Arias, Johanna (2024).
7328:
7320:
7267:
7249:
7175:
7156:"Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of Teletisoptera (Blattaria: Isoptera)"
7117:
7055:
7047:
7006:
6996:
6947:
6937:
6888:
6840:
6832:
6781:
6773:
6729:
6719:
6643:
6581:
6543:
6516:
6463:
6436:
6416:
6371:
6361:
6312:
6302:
6269:
6165:
6157:
6114:
6020:
5971:
5963:
5926:
5918:
5873:
5865:
5823:
5778:
5745:
5602:
5561:
5553:
5506:
5461:
5420:
5402:
5355:
5308:
5259:
5241:
5182:
5141:
5125:
5054:
5046:
4818:
4762:
4556:
4533:
4351:
4154:
3946:
3774:
3419:
3256:. Most higher termites, especially in the family Termitidae, can produce their own
3253:
3078:
2906:
2781:
2668:
2564:
2560:
2449:
2162:
2019:
1994:
1648:
1517:
1247:
833:
784:
543:
468:
319:
16266:
14519:
12971:
Neoh, K.-B.; Yeap, B.-K.; Tsunoda, K.; Yoshimura, T.; Lee, C.Y.; Korb, J. (2012).
10742:
Wilson, D.S.; Clark, A.B. (1977). "Above ground defence in the harvester termite,
8836:
5335:
5038:
3930:
is successful, an entire colony may be destroyed, although this scenario is rare.
3365:, while the higher termites only have a few species of bacteria with no protozoa.
2552:
17033:
16915:
16198:
16021:
15986:
15971:
15966:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15759:
15015:"Landform development and bioturbation on the Khorat plateau, Northeast Thailand"
14839:
14428:
14238:
13366:
13157:
12997:
11815:
11702:
11661:
10333:
10183:"The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts"
9715:
Li, Z.-Q.; Liu, B.-R.; Zeng, W.-H.; Xiao, W.-L.; Li, Q.-J.; Zhong, J.-H. (2013).
8879:
7254:
6366:
5359:
5312:
4891:
4882:
4515:
3993:
3950:
3871:
3343:
3165:
3146:
2910:
2889:
2819:(worker reproductive; apterous neotenics), soldiers, or the other worker castes.
2612:
of termites remain developmentally flexible throughout all life stages up to the
2440:. Lateral ocelli, however, are not found in all termites, absent in the families
2063:
2028:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1884:
typically most developed in the soldier caste. Cellulose digestion in the family
1860:
1736:
1666:
1533:
1375:
1353:
1331:
1210:
1188:
1146:
1012:
807:
layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during the
792:
739:
731:
703:
591:
499:
438:
351:
346:
341:
309:
304:
269:
15600:
13874:
13713:
13342:"The First Ant-Termite Syninclusion in Amber with CT-Scan Analysis of Taphonomy"
13293:
Quinet Y, Tekule N & de Biseau JC (2005). "Behavioural Interactions Between
12881:
11567:
10767:
10465:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
9953:
Tikhe, Chinmay Vijay; Gissendanner, Chris R.; Husseneder, Claudia (2018-01-04).
9896:
Tikhe, Chinmay Vijay; Gissendanner, Chris R.; Husseneder, Claudia (2018-01-04).
9591:
9434:(Shiraki): distribution of cellulases and properties of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase"
7122:
7087:
6118:
2942:
These winged immatures are capable of regressively molting into a form known as
2712:, where immatures diverge into two distinct developmental lineages known as the
511:
hidden within the galleries and tunnels of their nests for most of their lives.
16962:
16949:
16848:
16739:
16712:
16638:
16512:
16396:
16329:
16095:
15888:
15842:
15834:
14672:
FigueirĂŞdo, R.E.C.R.; Vasconcellos, A.; Policarpo, I.S.; Alves, R.R.N. (2015).
7373:
5607:
5590:
5466:
5449:
4967:
4789:
4592:
4295:
4245:
4046:
3631:
3613:
3584:
3214:
3124:
3098:
3060:
3007:
2938:
2895:
2601:
2588:
2441:
2432:
which they use for orientation and to distinguish sunlight from moonlight. The
2198:
1812:
1657:
1299:
1232:
1037:
770:
617:
605:
324:
314:
15433:
15266:
14968:
14804:
14690:
14407:"A guide to termite infestations in Malaysia | Free Malaysia Today (FMT)"
14365:
13998:
13318:
13105:
13080:
12838:
12437:
Wilson, D.S. (1977). "Above ground predator defense in the harvester termite,
12364:
12303:
12210:
11861:
11608:
11536:
11403:
11256:
11076:
10883:
10710:
10510:
9406:
9111:
8819:
8794:
8055:
7937:
7620:
7112:
6836:
6585:
6468:
5246:
4829:
Termites use sophisticated means to control the temperatures of their mounds.
3800:
2966:
A young termite nymph featuring visible wing buds. Nymphs mainly develop into
891:
External phylogeny showing relationship of termites with other insect groups:
17087:
16886:
16795:
16340:
15991:
15976:
14999:
14855:
14847:
14123:"Some Consequences of the Shape and Orientation of 'magnetic' Termite Mounds"
13672:
12569:(Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae): Chemical variation in allopatric populations".
11094:
10436:
10250:"Fungus-farming insects: Multiple origins and diverse evolutionary histories"
10167:
10084:
10076:
9978:
9970:
9921:
9913:
9864:
9855:
8950:
8569:
8518:
8450:
8257:
8147:
8095:
8021:
8012:
7995:
7263:
7187:
6724:
6477:
5616:
5475:
5416:
5367:
5320:
5255:
5194:
5137:
5068:
4834:
4700:
4005:
3875:
3661:
3649:
3625:
3608:
3229:
3097:
Termite alates (winged virgin queens and kings) only leave the colony when a
3089:
3070:
2995:
2934:
2572:
2505:
2429:
2319:
2314:
2238:
2230:
2189:
2099:
1918:
in their hindguts. Extant families and subfamilies are organized as follows:
1610:
1537:
1525:
822:
808:
664:
575:
551:
507:
464:
88:
15605:
15223:
13810:
13448:
12750:
12132:
11883:
Polizzi, J.M.; Forschler, B.T. (1998). "Intra- and interspecific agonism in
11685:
Costa-Leonardo, A.M. (2006). "Morphology of the sternal gland in workers of
10180:
9269:
9215:
8699:. Entomology at Western Australian Department of Agriculture. Archived from
8509:
7208:
Constantino, Reginaldo; Termite taxonomist authority, University of Brazil:
7001:
6452:"New social insect nests from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah"
6420:
5750:
5729:
4204:
2592:
16727:
16692:
16616:
16386:
16229:
16121:
15953:
15789:
15696:
15231:
15082:
14926:
14891:
14709:
14527:
Department of Consumer Affairs, Structural Pest Control Board of California
14059:
Jacklyn, P. (1991). "Evidence for Adaptive Variation in the Orientation of
14006:
13774:
13385:
13165:
13114:
13065:
13047:
13016:
12954:
12889:
12846:
12758:
12598:
12551:
12533:
12488:
12372:
12269:
12140:
11984:
11847:
11834:
11757:
11710:
11463:
11446:
11411:
11157:
11138:
10518:
10352:
10293:
10274:
10234:
10207:
10102:
10045:
9996:
9939:
9882:
9823:
9750:
9701:
9683:
9539:
9334:
9316:
9277:
9234:
9119:
8898:
8828:
8745:
8681:
8662:
8536:
8458:
8312:
8139:
7910:
7892:
7857:
7727:
7628:
7342:
7281:
7131:
7069:
7051:
7020:
6961:
6854:
6743:
6601:
Symbiosis: Associations of Invertebrates, Birds, Ruminants, and Other Biota
6428:
6385:
6326:
6307:
6179:
6161:
6126:
6034:
5985:
5967:
5922:
5887:
5869:
5783:
5766:
5708:
5575:
5434:
5273:
5155:
5129:
4850:
4838:
4776:
4696:
4096:
4035:
3867:
3828:
are not always aggressive towards each other. Suicide cramming is known in
3693:
3655:
3643:
3597:
3574:
3338:
3333:
2871:
2866:
2756:
2624:
1898:
796:
774:
735:
707:
691:
675:
547:
451:
446:
442:
389:
211:
12706:
12415:
12070:
11904:
11480:"Virus-like symptoms in a termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) field colony"
11355:
Weiser, J.; Hrdy, I. (2009). "Pyemotes – mites as parasites of termites".
10027:
9644:
9459:
9378:
9361:
8599:
8155:
7358:"Genomic data provide insights into the classification of extant termites"
6952:
6274:
6257:
5792:
5407:
4724:. In South America, cultivated plants such as eucalyptus, upland rice and
4141:, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it is perhaps the only
3937:
2925:
The primary reproductive caste of a colony consists of the fertile adult (
2269:, all ecological groups of termites (dampwood, drywood, subterranean) are
17055:
16895:
16790:
16621:
16592:
16517:
16487:
16441:
16391:
16127:
16063:
16048:
16016:
15934:
15764:
15680:
14763:
14594:
14592:
13479:
11496:
11479:
10133:
9805:
9732:
7324:
6918:"Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome"
6450:
Smith, Elliott Armour; Loewen, Mark A.; Kirkland, James I. (2020-08-29).
4934:
4906:
4878:
4842:
4775:
The termite gut has inspired various research efforts aimed at replacing
4664:
4258:
4142:
4054:
3966:
3954:
3685:
3603:
3591:
3527:
3519:
3459:
3377:
3274:
3261:
3202:
3055:
2983:
2861:
2730:
2597:
2445:
2374:
2262:
1856:
1827:
1606:
1318:
755:
685:
is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches.
600:
595:
483:
374:
371:
293:
221:
63:
14456:"Economically important termites in the United States and their control"
13487:
13079:
Matsuura, K.; Yashiro, T.; Shimizu, K.; Tatsumi, S.; Tamura, T. (2009).
12780:Ĺ obotnĂŤk, J.; Bourguignon, T.; Hanus, R.; Weyda, F.; Roisin, Y. (2010).
12493:
A window on eternity: a biologist's walk through Gorongosa National Park
11211:
11038:
9301:"Asexual queen succession in the higher termite Embiratermes neotenicus"
7155:
3193:
1896:
have evolved additional symbiotic relationships such as with the fungus
16567:
16562:
16419:
16334:
16182:
16147:
16113:
16107:
16068:
15996:
15867:
15728:
15720:
15701:
15064:
13951:
13905:
12590:
12260:
11749:
10988:
10953:
10914:
10216:
8989:
8442:
8249:
7877:
Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae): homology with cockroach oothecae"
7667:
7179:
7088:"Using ultraconserved elements to reconstruct the termite tree of life"
6942:
6917:
5671:
4926:
4922:
4780:
4749:
4576:
4549:
4452:
4425:
4405:
4123:
mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones. One reason many ants live in
4058:
3979:
3728:
3637:
3619:
3568:
3390:
3279:
3218:
2857:
2773:
2623:
The developmental plasticity in termites can be described similarly to
2544:
2501:
2497:
2424:
2226:
2207:
2044:
1915:
1911:
1864:
1390:
987:
974:
876:, consists of roughly 500Mb, while two subsequently published genomes,
788:
766:
696:
632:
558:
523:
416:
409:
356:
108:
73:
17060:
15341:
15324:
14589:
14141:
14076:
13755:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12936:
9768:(Mar 09, 2017) Why Indians worship the mound of the much-hated termite
9450:
9429:
7517:
6813:"Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality"
5557:
5510:
3708:
are known to raid termite mounds during the termites' nuptial flight.
2604:
and as a result only exhibit developmental plasticity at the immobile
16936:
16785:
16401:
16140:
16135:
16073:
16011:
15754:
15668:
15656:
15637:
15445:
13292:
13249:
12666:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
11030:
10936:
Levieux, J. (1966). "Note préliminaire sur les colonnes de chasse de
9298:
8087:
A genomic comparison of two termites with different social complexity
8085:
7849:
7227:
5767:"A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite affinities"
5059:
4972:
4962:
4944:
believing a local guardian dwells within the mound; this is known as
4930:
4902:
4895:
4846:
4737:
4725:
4660:
4374:
4150:
4085:
4077:
4051:
4001:
3961:
have been identified in the liquids that nasutes secrete. Similarly,
3673:
3443:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3385:
3270:
3257:
3225:
3206:
3161:
3066:
2930:
2914:
2752:
2493:
2329:
2266:
2253:, there are 435 species of termites, which are mainly distributed in
2237:(10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America), but is high in
924:
747:
715:
579:
566:
539:
434:
430:
231:
191:
171:
113:
16857:
14671:
14598:
14107:
13402:
Santos, P.P.; Vasconcellos, A.; Jahyny, B.; Delabie, J.H.C. (2010).
13225:
11975:
11958:
8736:
8715:
6893:
6868:
4623:
2702:, where all immatures are capable of developing into winged adults (
2649:
able to molt into either reproductive or non-reproductive phenotypes
2381:
Termites are usually small, measuring between 4 and 15 millimetres (
1126:
Internal phylogeny showing relationship of extant termite families:
463:. More recent estimates suggest that they have an origin during the
455:. Previous estimates suggested the divergence took place during the
17027:
16941:
16880:
16682:
16587:
16429:
16424:
16243:
16085:
16078:
15674:
15601:
Jared Leadbetter seminar: Termites and Their Symbiotic Gut Microbes
13506:
An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia
11891:(Banks) and effects of arena and group size in laboratory assays".
10460:
5333:
4784:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4545:
4479:
4172:
3724:
3719:
3667:
3579:
3515:
3511:
3491:
3483:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3427:
3356:
3249:
3169:
3107:
3074:
3015:
2962:
2815:
2540:
2473:
2370:
2270:
2258:
1889:
908:
460:
456:
381:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
38:
16033:
15577:
14907:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
14872:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
13587:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 105–106.
12641:
11797:
11014:
9636:
6647:
5946:
Ohkuma, M.; Noda, S.; Hongoh, Y.; Nalepa, C.A.; Inoue, T. (2009).
5641:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 188.
5050:
408:
are currently described, 2,105 of which are members of the family
16677:
16633:
16599:
16577:
16532:
16100:
16090:
14638:"'A world first': Devon calls victory in 27-year war on termites"
13856:
13854:
13852:
13792:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13784:
12727:
12565:
Prestwich, G.D.; Chen, D. (1981). "Soldier defense secretions of
11519:
Al Fazairy, A.A.; Hassan, F.A. (2011). "Infection of Termites by
11478:
Chouvenc, T.; Mullins, A.J.; Efstathion, C.A.; Su, N.-Y. (2013).
11426:
11324:
10058:
9341:
9069:
Pheromones and animal behaviour: communication by smell and taste
8947:
Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
4945:
4800:
4792:
4729:
4640:
4598:
4490:
4483:
4440:
4217:
4038:. A unique mimicking behaviour exists between various species of
3958:
3698:
3679:
3539:
3435:
3322:
3221:
3157:
3142:
3002:, going through multiple gradual pre-adult molts that are highly
2988:
2617:
2416:
2412:
2365:
1477:
804:
762:
711:
569:, where they are commonly used as a spice. They are also used in
527:
405:
118:
93:
42:
14939:
14868:
14352:
Sands, W.A. (1973). "Termites as Pests of Tropical Food Crops".
8279:
8277:
8275:
8177:
8175:
8173:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
6810:
5728:
Cleveland, L.R.; Hall, S.K.; Sanders, E.P.; Collier, J. (1934).
3547:
suggests that they used these tools to dig into termite mounds.
695:, the woodroach) based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut
16611:
16312:
16301:
16058:
15662:
15650:
13641:
13401:
10837:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 71.
10671:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p.
10644:
9484:
The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography
9014:
Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology
8855:"An Efficient Antioxidant System in a Long-Lived Termite Queen"
7743:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7436:
Meyer, V.W.; Braack, L.E.O.; Biggs, H.C.; Ebersohn, C. (1999).
7411:
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics Chemicals Branch
7033:
6534:
Weesner, F.M. (1960). "Evolution and Biology of the Termites".
6064:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
5534:"Invasive termites in a changing climate: A global perspective"
5110:
4874:
4779:
with cleaner, renewable energy sources. Termites are efficient
4745:
4733:
4688:
4537:
4253:
4176:
4030:
3733:
3522:
3503:
3499:
3455:
3439:
3431:
3399:
3173:
2763:) that evolved cooperative behaviors; and indeed in some basal
2609:
2532:
2524:
2324:
2309:
2242:
2234:
751:
519:
404:, to which they are only distantly related. About 2,972 extant
377:
201:
181:
16843:
15903:
13849:
13781:
13730:
12688:
12338:
10630:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 178.
9668:"Hidden cellulases in termites: revision of an old hypothesis"
8483:
Thorne, B. L.; Breisch, N. L.; Muscedere, M. L. (2003-10-28).
8044:
Bignell, David Edward; Roisin, Yves; Lo, Nathan, eds. (2011).
7753:
7355:
6627:
Krishna, K.; Grimaldi, D.A.; Krishna, V.; Engel, M.S. (2013).
4627:
Mozambican boys from the Yawo tribe collecting flying termites
4157:
for buildings. An extract of a species of Australian figwort,
2547:, a feature strikingly similar to that in female cockroaches.
30:
This article is about the social insects. For other uses, see
16582:
14904:
14325:
13679:
13078:
12779:
12167:
Mathew, T.T.G.; Reis, R.; DeSouza, O.; Ribeiro, S.P. (2005).
11015:"Ecological relations of Ponerine and other ants to termites"
9359:
8272:
8170:
7994:
Revely, Lewis; Sumner, Seirian; Eggleton, Paul (2021-02-18).
7964:
7817:
7765:
7294:
7085:
5734:, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach"
4918:
4823:
4803:
4741:
4680:
4647:
4602:
4564:
4560:
3765:
is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with
3692:
Ants are not the only invertebrates that perform raids. Many
3507:
3352:
3326:
3043:
3019:
2967:
2764:
2704:
2613:
2605:
2433:
2254:
1893:
628:
503:
393:
16928:
13751:
11778:
11652:
Termite communication during different behavioral activities
11445:
Wilson, Megan; Barden, Phillip; Ware, Jessica (2021-04-30).
11336:
11312:
11275:
11263:
8852:
7952:
7734:
5286:
3462:
being specialist termite predators. Other predators include
3252:
embedded on their surfaces to produce some of the necessary
16626:
15325:"Parameterization Studies of Solar Chimneys in the Tropics"
12782:"Structure and function of defensive glands in soldiers of
12393:
11477:
11381:
9952:
9895:
9427:
9247:
8394:
Prestwich, G.D. (1982). "From tetracycles to macrocycles".
8231:
7795:
Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology
7217:
http://www.pesquisar.unb.br/professor/reginaldo-constantino
6626:
6339:
5727:
5209:
4568:
3861:
on a march for food, following and leaving trail pheromones
3487:
3479:
3451:
3447:
3407:
3395:
2665:
no longer able to change phenotype, functionally an adult.)
2523:
Termites have a ten-segmented abdomen with two plates, the
2304:
2250:
839:
639:("woodworm, white ant"), altered by the influence of Latin
535:
479:
385:
14190:. Bolinas, California: Shelter Publications. p. 198.
13972:
11447:"A Review of Ectoparasitic Fungi Associated With Termites"
9428:
Tokuda, G.; Watanabe, H.; Matsumoto, T.; Noda, H. (1997).
9360:
Freymann, B.P.; Buitenwerf, R.; Desouza, O.; Olff (2008).
7152:
6677:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
5532:
Buczkowski, Grzegorz; Bertelsmeier, Cleo (February 2017).
2452:. Like other insects, termites have a small tongue-shaped
742:. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus
16053:
12495:(First ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 85, 90.
12231:
12005:
10667:
The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids
10009:
9100:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
8420:
8366:. American Defense Preparedness Association. p. 159.
7835:
7295:
Kohler, T; Dietrich, C; Scheffrahn, RH; Brune, A (2012).
5664:
Geomorphology; an Introduction to the Study of Landscapes
5230:"Cultural significance of termites in sub-Saharan Africa"
4652:
4631:
3495:
3475:
3336:. They maintain a "garden" of specialised fungi of genus
2373:
on the thorax and more membranous body compared to other
2278:
475:
401:
15041:"Ants and termites increase crop yield in a dry climate"
14063:(Isoptera, Termitinae) Mounds From Northern Australia".
13808:
12970:
12232:
Costa-Leonardo, A.M.; Casarin, F.E.; Lima, J.T. (2009).
12166:
11019:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
9430:"Cellulose digestion in the wood-eating higher termite,
7996:"The Plasticity and Developmental Potential of Termites"
7435:
6521:
10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<87:OTNFTU>2.0.CO;2
2488:
Consistent with all insects, the anatomy of the termite
2436:(winged males and females) have eyes along with lateral
15006:
13875:"Degradation of mangrove tissues by arboreal termites (
13635:
13135:
13036:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12619:
12522:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12443:
Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa
10625:
8941:
Gouge, D.H.; Smith, K.A.; Olson, C.; Baker, P. (2001).
8128:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8125:
7881:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7040:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5956:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5900:
5851:
5805:
5169:
Nalepa, Christine A.; Jones, Susan C. (February 1991).
5118:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4104:
termites date back to the Oligocene to Miocene period.
2736:
There are three main castes which are discussed below:
2257:. Within China, termite species are restricted to mild
718:, which included the cockroaches. The cockroach genus
14760:
Insects as Human Food: A Chapter of the Ecology of Man
14548:"EPA Registration and Label for Taurus SC Termiticide"
13872:
12656:
12285:"Intracolony chemical communication in social insects"
12110:
9487:. University of Wisconsin. p. 450. Archived from
9011:
Gilbert, executive editors, G.A. Kerkut, L.I. (1985).
8482:
8378:"Worker mandible shape and feeding groups in termites"
8341:(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Springer US. p. 545.
7413:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from
7213:
http://164.41.140.9/catal/statistics.php?filtro=extant
7210:
http://164.41.140.9/catal/statistics.php?filtro=fossil
6498:
5945:
5531:
4025:
is the only orchid known to be pollinated by termites.
679:
The external appearance of the giant northern termite
15039:
Evans, T.A.; Dawes, T.Z.; Ward, P.R.; Lo, N. (2011).
14734:. Bloomington, Indiana: BalboaPress. pp. 40–41.
14396:
Victorian Building Authority. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
14231:
in Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology
13809:
De Visse, S.N.; Freymann, B.P.; Schnyder, H. (2008).
13706:
in Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology
13339:
10488:
10486:
10306:
9017:(1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 167.
6915:
5448:
Alves, RĂ´mulo R. N.; Dias, Thelma L. P. (June 2010).
4917:
African tribes in several countries have termites as
4392:) oriented north–south, thereby avoiding mid-day heat
15300:. Architectural Association of Kenya. Archived from
15201:
14422:
14420:
14418:
14416:
14330:
of a Canadian building (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)".
13559:. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Press. p. 169.
13032:"Termite-egg mimicry by a sclerotium-forming fungus"
11648:
10860:"Assessing the function of early hominin bone tools"
10857:
10808:. New York, NY: Facts on File Publication. pp.
10773:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p.
10748:
Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa
9614:
8940:
7993:
7923:
7695:
6139:
5998:
5738:
Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5391:"Fauna used in popular medicine in Northeast Brazil"
5036:
4607:
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
4166:
4011:
3727:
parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order
3394:, was reported (1990) in the stomach contents of 65
2950:), which retain juvenile and adult characteristics.
2792:
are individuals which irreversibly develop from the
1928:
1786:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1675:
1618:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1510:
1476:
There are currently 3,173 living and fossil termite
16296:
13704:
Termite Nests: Architecture, Regulation and Defence
13531:"Orchid Pollination: exploring a fascinating world"
13462:Trager, J.C. (1991). "A Revision of the fire ants,
10974:
10300:
9779:
8853:Tasaki E, Kobayashi K, Matsuura K, Iuchi Y (2017).
8558:
Termites in New South Wales Part 1. Termite biology
6704:"Family-group names for termites (Isoptera), redux"
6673:
Cockroaches: ecology, behavior, and natural history
6622:
6620:
6449:
5639:
Bugs Rule!: An Introduction to the World of Insects
5013:"Fossilworks, Gateway to the Paleobiology Database"
4783:, theoretically capable of producing two litres of
3811:Competition between two colonies always results in
3711:
3065:are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing
1484:
506:stages. Termite colonies are commonly described as
14674:"Edible and medicinal termites: a global overview"
13696:
13694:
10799:
10703:Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology
10483:
10115:
9501:
9066:
8614:
6636:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4753:the soil, both essential for the growth of crops.
4720:reduce runoff and consequent soil erosion through
4145:flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.
3530:break open mounds to consume the nestmates, while
3347:new environments, eventually expanding into Asia.
2657:able to molt into developmentally close phenotypes
2591:, where the young go through multiple and gradual
2531:. The tenth abdominal segment has a pair of short
754:, and they are classified in the same superorder (
546:, vegetative growth, and consequently surrounding
15173:"Termite Power: Can Pests' Guts Create New Fuel?"
14413:
14160:Australian Termites and Other Common Timber Pests
11557:
10797:
10700:
7799:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
7649:
5589:Duquesne, Edouard; Fournier, Denis (2024-04-30).
5037:Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A.; Krishna, K. (2009).
4873:is a shopping centre and office block in central
4849:for passive cooling, as well as in Europe by the
616:The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the
17085:
15100:
15098:
15096:
15094:
15092:
15038:
13866:
13700:
12192:
11956:
11882:
11525:International Journal of Tropical Insect Science
11518:
11444:
11051:
10621:
10619:
10598:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
10458:
9586:
9584:
8971:
7575:. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library. p. 38.
7215:Total: 3,173 extant and extinct sp in Catalogue
6617:
5901:Eggleton, P.; Beccaloni, G.; Inward, D. (2007).
5852:Inward, D.; Beccaloni, G.; Eggleton, P. (2007).
5588:
4806:of cellulose on which termites rely for energy.
3106:day. The two mature ovaries may have some 2,000
3093:Alates swarming during nuptial flight after rain
2476:that help termites sense food and handling. The
821:, the only living insect with the same pattern.
15526:
15012:
14828:African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems
14429:"New Assay Helps Track Termites, Other Insects"
13860:
13796:
13736:
13691:
13685:
12048:
11723:
11170:
11118:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11008:
11006:
10897:Lepage, M.G. (1981). "Étude de la prédation de
10650:
10423:(Hagen) in semi-arid regions of South Africa".
10254:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10187:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9837:Tikhe, Chinmay V.; Husseneder, Claudia (2018).
9836:
9347:
9195:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9188:
8848:
8846:
8564:(Technical report). Forest Resources Research.
8554:
8489:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8283:
8181:
8043:
7970:
7958:
7823:
7778:
7759:
7747:
6981:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6974:
6806:
6804:
5215:
2600:. Unlike ants, bees, and wasps which undergo a
437:). Termites were once classified in a separate
15474:"Termites and human society in Southeast Asia"
14286:. Government of Victoria. 2014. Archived from
13929:
13578:
13576:
13466:group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)".
13437:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
13434:
13397:
13395:
12816:
12515:
12387:
11684:
11451:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
10696:
10694:
10692:
10247:
9665:
8792:
8646:"Termites, hemimetabolous diploid white ants?"
7529:
7527:
6668:
6255:
6231:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp.
6197:. Harvard University Press. pp. 135–136.
5771:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
5010:
3309:during spring, summer and autumn. Colonies of
643:("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word
16282:
15919:
15635:
15621:
15545:
15195:
15089:
14490:NPMA Research Report On Subterranean Termites
14347:
14345:
14312:NPMA Research Report On Subterranean Termites
14265:NPMA Research Report On Subterranean Termites
14221:
14219:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14207:
13468:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
12966:
12964:
12910:
12564:
11432:
11342:
11330:
11318:
11281:
11269:
10616:
10492:
10149:"Studies of Termite Wood-feeding Preferences"
9714:
9581:
9392:
9292:
8581:
8579:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
6669:Bell, W.J.; Roth, L.M.; Nalepa, C.A. (2007).
6142:"Comment. Save Isoptera: a comment on Inward
6088:
6055:
4067:allows the beetle to mimic a termite worker.
2293:, which is an invasive species in Australia.
2229:. The diversity of termite species is low in
2220:
1923:Early-Diverging Neoisoptera (Non-Geoisoptera)
15467:
15465:
15294:"Termites Green Architecture in the Tropics"
15022:Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society
14725:
14723:
14721:
14719:
14569:"EPA Registration and Label for Termidor SC"
14486:
14453:
14308:
14261:
14225:
14153:
14151:
14089:
14083:
14052:
13557:Journey to a Waterfall a biologist in Africa
11590:
11560:Behavior and Ecology of Foraging in Termites
11003:
10929:
10764:
10701:Abe, Y.; Bignell, D.E.; Higashi, T. (2014).
10391:
9780:Dietrich, C.; Kohler, T.; Brune, A. (2014).
9592:"The Termite Gut and its Symbiotic Microbes"
8843:
8364:Termite Control at an Ordnance Storage Depot
8108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6801:
6603:. New York, New York: Elsevier. p. 59.
4756:
4478:Termite mound as an obstacle on a runway at
4388:Mounds of "compass" or "magnetic" termites (
3904:Termites rush to a damaged area of the nest.
2909:, which have a horn-like nozzle projection (
2633:able to molt into all alternative phenotypes
2225:Termites are found on all continents except
2121:Romero Arias, Roisin, & Scheffrahn, 2024
811:. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach
15500:"Tips Termite Prevention untuk Bisnis Anda"
15288:
15286:
15284:
14757:
14667:
14665:
14663:
14181:
14179:
14034:. Guinness World Records Limited. pp.
13925:
13923:
13747:
13745:
13606:
13604:
13573:
13392:
12282:
12091:
10832:
10741:
10689:
10591:
9757:
8919:. Virginia Tech (Virginia State University)
8917:"Subterranean Termite Biology and Behavior"
8793:Simpson, S.J.; Sword, G.A.; Lo, N. (2011).
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7524:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
6861:
5628:
5626:
5168:
4464:
4044:beetles and certain termite species within
3773:Termites are infected by viruses including
3384:Termites are consumed by a wide variety of
2994:The life cycle of a termite begins with an
888:, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.
730:takes care of its young and exhibits other
16289:
16275:
15926:
15912:
15628:
15614:
15550:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
15527:Bignell, D.E.; Roisin, Y.; Lo, N. (2010).
14729:
14342:
14233:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 437–453.
14204:
14185:
14157:
13536:. The American Orchid Society. p. 344
13499:
13497:
13273:
12961:
12483:
12481:
11925:
11656:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 161–190.
11562:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 141–168.
11558:Traniello, J.F.A.; Leuthold, R.H. (2000).
11354:
10798:Richardson, P.K.R.; Bearder, S.K. (1984).
10662:
10531:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10446:
8765:
8763:
8620:
8576:
8543:
8289:
8227:
8225:
7870:
7598:
7570:
7469:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
6559:
6557:
6218:
6216:
6214:
5764:
5496:
5004:
3784:
3006:before becoming an adult. Unlike in other
2832:, are most represented in basal lineages (
129:
15462:
15349:
15340:
15147:"Termites' gut reaction set for biofuels"
15144:
15072:
14942:"Entomophagy: A key to space agriculture"
14753:
14751:
14716:
14699:
14689:
14678:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
14620:
14435:. United States Department of Agriculture
14148:
13701:Noirot, C.; Darlington, J.P.E.C. (2000).
13419:
13375:
13365:
13208:
13104:
13055:
13006:
12996:
12944:
12801:
12790:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
12541:
12259:
12249:
11974:
11824:
11814:
11796:
11649:Costa-Leonardo, A.M.; Haifig, I. (2013).
11644:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11595:De Feytaud (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)".
11495:
11462:
11375:
11147:
11137:
11107:
11045:
10418:
10342:
10332:
10283:
10273:
10224:
10206:
10092:
10035:
9986:
9929:
9872:
9854:
9813:
9740:
9691:
9563:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B
9449:
9377:
9324:
9224:
9214:
9134:
9050:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8936:
8934:
8888:
8878:
8818:
8769:
8735:
8671:
8661:
8526:
8508:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8011:
7900:
7594:
7592:
7573:A colony of ants, and other insect groups
7555:
7495:
7480:
7381:
7332:
7271:
7253:
7121:
7111:
7059:
7010:
7000:
6951:
6941:
6892:
6844:
6785:
6733:
6723:
6467:
6375:
6365:
6316:
6306:
6273:
6169:
6024:
5975:
5930:
5877:
5847:
5845:
5782:
5749:
5700:
5606:
5565:
5465:
5447:
5424:
5406:
5395:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
5263:
5245:
5234:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
5145:
5058:
3164:of a founding primary queen. The form of
2175:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2157:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2148:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2139:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2130:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2112:Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
2014:Engel, Hellemans, & Bourguignon, 2024
670:
15412:
15281:
14981:
14790:
14660:
14176:
13920:
13742:
13601:
13528:
13029:
12911:Sun, Q.; Haynes, K.F.; Zhou, X. (2013).
8910:
8908:
7790:
7682:
7462:
7390:
6766:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
6398:
6222:
5632:
5623:
5227:
5030:
4860:
4710:
4630:
4622:
4514:
4489:
4473:
4451:
4211:
4203:
4187:
4119:54 species of ants are known to inhabit
4106:
4015:
3936:
3899:
3852:
3549:
3372:
3234:
3192:
3183:
3112:
3088:
2973:
2961:
2738:
2510:
2364:
2265:habitats south of the Yangtze River. In
838:
674:
490:pair. Also unlike ants, which undergo a
449:to wood eating cockroaches of the genus
15529:Biology of Termites: a Modern Synthesis
15497:
15415:"Insects as food in Sub-Saharan Africa"
15388:"Im Zoo Basel fliegen die Termiten aus"
15355:
15322:
15255:"Termite-inspired robots build castles"
14825:
14503:
14058:
14027:
13494:
12478:
12162:
12160:
12158:
11957:Cornelius, M.L.; Osbrink, W.L. (2010).
11052:Shattuck, S.O.; Heterick, B.E. (2011).
11012:
10935:
10890:
10443:
10146:
9560:
9010:
8949:. University of Arizona. Archived from
8760:
8713:
8621:Srinivasan, Amia (September 10, 2018).
8336:
8222:
8047:Biology of Termites: a Modern Synthesis
7533:
6629:"Treatise on the Isoptera of the world"
6563:
6554:
6533:
6211:
6099:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution
3683:are known to commonly predate on young
3176:from mother to daughter, thus avoiding
2515:Diagram showing a wing, along with the
467:, with the first fossil records in the
14:
17086:
16573:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
15252:
14748:
14520:"Questions and Answers About Termites"
14506:"How can copper keep termites at bay?"
14426:
13503:
13461:
13223:
13186:
12487:
12459:
12436:
11623:
11357:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Angewandte Entomologie
11293:
10896:
10595:The food web of a tropical rain forest
9786:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
9480:
9166:. University of Hawaii. Archived from
9097:
8931:
8914:
8585:
8555:Horwood, M.A.; Eldridge, R.H. (2005).
8384:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8083:
7589:
7305:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
6759:"Evolution of eusociality in termites"
6756:
6288:
5842:
5661:
4597:, were identified in two bungalows in
3941:Nasute termite soldiers on rotten wood
1836:see below for families and subfamilies
16862:
16861:
16270:
15907:
15609:
15531:(1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer.
15358:"What's that building? Eastgate Mall"
15170:
14648:from the original on 21 December 2021
14379:Termites quietly reveal their secrets
14351:
14120:
13610:
13554:
12662:
10571:. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 216.
10459:Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E.O. (1990).
10365:
9064:
8905:
8772:"Termite Life Cycle and Caste System"
8478:
8476:
8121:
8119:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8031:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7482:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035
7092:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7081:
7079:
6701:
6598:
6192:
6186:
5388:
4888:Catholic University of Eastern Africa
4527:In Australia, at a cost of more than
4519:Termite damage in wooden house stumps
3303:) from May to August, and blue grama
2982:Termites are often compared with the
2865:their narrow tunnels such as seen in
870:, which was published in the journal
27:Social insects related to cockroaches
16968:ce4994bc-7a06-4b4d-90ae-20f212d8a580
15471:
14635:
14497:
14493:. Dunn Loring, VA: NPMA. p. 40.
14268:. Dunn Loring, VA: NPMA. p. 22.
13977:spp. revealed by X-ray tomography".
13886:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
13226:"Termites Kept in Captivity by Ants"
12234:"Chemical communication in isoptera"
12155:
11234:
11171:Schöning, C.; Moffett, M.W. (2007).
10566:
8643:
8361:
5106:
5104:
4583:is concern about high potential for
4494:Termite damage on external structure
2635:), whereas following instars can be
2297:Diversity of Isoptera by continent:
1832:Engel, Grimaldi, & Krishna, 2009
1652:Engel, Grimaldi, & Krishna, 2009
1556:Engel, Grimaldi, & Krishna, 2009
647:. A termite nest is also known as a
15520:
14454:Su, N.Y.; Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990).
14315:. Dunn Loring, VA: NPMA. p. 2.
14226:Su, N.Y.; Scheffrahn, R.H. (2000).
13613:"Plant extract stops termites dead"
13582:
13508:. Rotterdam: Balkema. p. 224.
12464:. New York: Routledge. p. 27.
12283:Richard, F.-J.; Hunt, J.H. (2013).
10858:d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L. (2009).
10628:Soil ecology and ecosystem services
10406:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.002321
10248:Mueller, U.G.; Gerardo, N. (2002).
8633:from the original on March 7, 2020.
8310:
8187:
7656:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
6548:10.1146/annurev.en.05.010160.001101
5688:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
5171:"Evolution of Monogamy in Termites"
3297:) during the summer, Buffalograss (
3160:queens that had originated through
24:
15422:Insect Science and Its Application
15145:Hirschler, B. (22 November 2007).
15013:Löffler, E.; Kubiniok, J. (1996).
14622:1854/LU-01H7T2H1DB5XMEKN7APN3SEPYR
13210:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01678.x
12867:
11944:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02073.x
11369:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1962.tb04062.x
10592:Reagan, D.P.; Waide, R.B. (1996).
10554:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1995.tb00777.x
10499:Bulletin of Entomological Research
9189:Yashiro, T.; Matsuura, K. (2014).
8473:
8116:
8072:
8028:
8000:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
7976:
7838:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton
7557:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00022.x
7465:"The State of the World's Insects"
7076:
6056:Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M.S. (2005).
5706:
5389:Alves, RĂ´mulo RN (December 2009).
5187:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01136.x
4590:In 1994, termites, of the species
4571:insecticides specific to termites
4229:
4208:An arboreal termite nest in Mexico
4004:, termites occasionally engage in
3077:, an enzyme that protects against
2504:. Each segment contains a pair of
25:
17135:
15570:
14487:Thorne, Ph.D, Barbara L. (1999).
14309:Thorne, Ph.D, Barbara L. (1999).
14262:Thorne, Ph.D, Barbara L. (1999).
13611:Clark, Sarah (15 November 2005).
13408:Revista Brasileira de Entomologia
13295:Crematogaster brevispinosa rochai
12516:Miura, T.; Matsumoto, T. (2000).
10864:Journal of Archaeological Science
10765:Lavelle, P.; Spain, A.V. (2001).
10663:Choe, J.C.; Crespi, B.J. (1997).
9666:Tokuda, G.; Watanabe, H. (2007).
8694:
6456:Geology of the Intermountain West
6256:Vrsanky, P.; Aristov, D. (2014).
5101:
5083:
4706:
4536:or other substances that contain
4167:Relationship with the environment
4084:attack the outside of mounds and
4012:Relationship with other organisms
3332:Some species of termite practice
1876:
16842:
16032:
15576:
15491:
15406:
15380:
15316:
15246:
15164:
15138:
15032:
14975:
14933:
14898:
14862:
14819:
14784:
14636:Pidd, Helen (21 December 2021).
14629:
14561:
14540:
14512:
14480:
14447:
14399:
14387:
14372:
14319:
14302:
14272:
14255:
14114:
14021:
13966:
13835:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01029.x
13802:
13548:
13522:
13455:
13428:
13333:
13286:
13267:
13217:
13197:Australian Journal of Entomology
13180:
13129:
13072:
13023:
12904:
12861:
12810:
12803:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01392.x
12773:
12721:
12682:
12613:
12558:
12509:
12462:The Coming Shape of Organization
12453:
12430:
12332:
12276:
12225:
12186:
12104:
12085:
12042:
12028:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01453.x
11999:
11950:
11919:
11876:
11841:
11772:
11717:
11678:
11584:
11551:
11512:
11471:
11438:
11348:
11287:
11228:
11200:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00296.x
11164:
11101:
11058:(Hymenoptera : Formicidae)"
10968:
10851:
10826:
10791:
10758:
10735:
10656:
10585:
10560:
10525:
10425:South African Journal of Science
10412:
10385:
10359:
10241:
10174:
10140:
10109:
10052:
10003:
9946:
9889:
9830:
9773:
9708:
9659:
9608:
9554:
9532:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04029.x
9495:
9474:
9421:
9386:
9353:
9241:
9182:
9156:
9091:
9058:
9004:
8965:
7544:Australian Journal of Entomology
7442:Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae)"
5828:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00424.x
5293:European Journal of Soil Biology
5011:Behrensmeyer, A. K.; Turner, A.
4937:and whooping cough. In Nigeria,
4447:
4432:
4413:
4397:
4381:
4359:
4115:termites after a successful raid
4111:An ant raiding party collecting
3848:
3712:Parasites, pathogens and viruses
2710:bifurcated developmental pathway
2492:consists of three segments: the
1485:Early-diverging termite families
571:traditional medicinal treatments
554:constructed by certain species.
158:
61:
16236:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
15933:
14427:Flores, A. (17 February 2010).
14382:University of Technology Sydney
14094:(Isoptera : Termitinae)".
13421:10.1590/S0085-56262010000300016
12693:Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)".
12669:, Greenwood Press, p. 26,
12251:10.1590/S1519-566X2009000100001
8786:
8707:
8688:
8637:
8414:
8370:
8355:
8330:
7917:
7871:Nalepa, C.A.; Lenz, M. (2000).
7864:
7829:
7784:
7643:
7564:
7489:
7456:
7429:
7349:
7288:
7221:
7202:
7146:
7027:
6968:
6909:
6778:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.27
6750:
6695:
6662:
6592:
6527:
6492:
6443:
6392:
6333:
6282:
6249:
6133:
6082:
6049:
5992:
5939:
5894:
5799:
5758:
5721:
5678:
5655:
5582:
5525:
5490:
5441:
5382:
5228:van Huis, Arnold (2017-01-26).
4985:
4061:on the physogastric abdomen of
3084:
2693:size increase, remains wingless
2582:
2472:. The maxillae and labium have
761:The oldest unambiguous termite
16688:Home-stored product entomology
14229:Termites as Pests of Buildings
13708:. Springer. pp. 121–139.
13665:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.07.007
12870:Journal of Economic Entomology
11963:Journal of Economic Entomology
11689:(Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)".
11654:in Biocommunication of Animals
10833:Mills, G.; Harvey, M. (2001).
10705:. Springer. pp. 124–149.
10156:Hawaiian Entomological Society
9510:Endomicrobium trichonymphae".
9366:European Journal of Entomology
9142:"Native subterranean termites"
8976:(Isoptera, Macrotermitidae)".
8724:Journal of Economic Entomology
8714:Neoh, K.B.; Lee, C.Y. (2011).
6817:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6262:European Journal of Entomology
5327:
5280:
5221:
5162:
4679:) in many countries including
3963:Formosan subterranean termites
3806:
3696:and several species including
3562:termite soldier during a raid.
2360:
2067:Kemner, 1934, nomen protectum
1850:
149:Workers (pale-coloured heads)
13:
1:
16771:Decline in insect populations
16364:List of insect-inspired songs
15597:at CSIRO Australia Entomology
14919:10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90413-X
14884:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00045-2
14613:10.1127/entomologia/2022/1636
14504:Elliott, Sara (26 May 2009).
14433:Agricultural Research Service
14186:Kahn, L.; Easton, B. (2010).
14130:Australian Journal of Zoology
14096:Australian Journal of Zoology
14065:Australian Journal of Zoology
13861:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
13797:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
13737:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
13686:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
13504:Cingel, N.A. van der (2001).
11523:Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus".
10940:F. (Hyménoptère Formicidæ)".
10651:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
9348:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
8915:Miller, D.M. (5 March 2010).
8284:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
8182:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7971:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7959:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7824:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7779:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7760:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7748:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
7710:10.1016/S0083-6729(10)83021-3
7407:"Termite Biology and Ecology"
6026:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00561-3
5454:Tropical Conservation Science
5340:Ecology of Food and Nutrition
5216:Bignell, Roisin & Lo 2010
4998:
4877:, Zimbabwe, whose architect,
4865:The pink-hued Eastgate Centre
4856:
4050:. The beetles share the same
3723:mites, and a large number of
3388:. One termite species alone,
3248:, in turn, rely on symbiotic
2957:
1989:Quennedey & Deligne, 1975
1944:Holmgren & Holmgren, 1917
441:from cockroaches, but recent
147:Soldiers (red-coloured heads)
139:Formosan subterranean termite
15887:Classification is based on
15498:Pratama, Rian (2024-04-26).
15394:(in German). 8 February 2014
14840:10.4314/indilinga.v1i1.26322
14284:Victorian Building Authority
14239:10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_20
13645:Journal of Arid Environments
13367:10.1371/journal.pone.0104410
13158:10.1126/science.210.4468.431
12998:10.1371/journal.pone.0036375
12786:(Isoptera: Serritermitidae)"
11816:10.1371/journal.pone.0111183
11703:10.1016/j.micron.2005.12.006
11662:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_10
10334:10.1371/journal.pone.0156847
9575:10.1016/0305-0491(92)90194-V
9164:"Supplementary reproductive"
8880:10.1371/journal.pone.0167412
8623:"What Termites Can Teach Us"
8408:10.1016/0040-4020(82)80040-9
7536:"The exotic drywood termite
7498:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
7255:10.1371/journal.pone.0015761
6367:10.1371/journal.pone.0130127
5360:10.1080/036702403902-2255177
5313:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.05.005
4113:Pseudocanthotermes militaris
3951:horn-like frontal projection
3368:
2933:, a characteristic known as
2788:, which are the most basal.
2700:linear developmental pathway
2336:Estimated number of species
1935:Krishna & Grimaldi, 2003
1625:Krishna & Grimaldi, 2000
795:termites may go back to the
611:
7:
17114:Lopingian first appearances
16002:Sexual selection in insects
15548:Parasites in Social Insects
15356:Tsoroti, S. (15 May 2014).
15171:Roach, J. (14 March 2006).
14031:Guinness World Records 2014
13714:10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_6
12882:10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.2143
12571:Journal of Chemical Ecology
12345:Journal of Chemical Ecology
11730:Journal of Chemical Ecology
11568:10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_7
11054:"Revision of the ant genus
10806:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
10394:Annual Review of Entomology
9395:Journal of Tropical Ecology
8720:(Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)"
7123:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107520
6869:"Termites had first castes"
6566:American Journal of Science
6536:Annual Review of Entomology
6119:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.028
5714:Online Etymology Dictionary
4951:
4830:
4469:
3965:have been known to secrete
3607:colonies sometimes nest in
3454:consume termites, with two
3282:) found in the human gut.
3162:thelytokous parthenogenesis
1040:(brown-hooded cockroaches)
498:that proceeds through egg,
474:Similarly to ants and some
384:, generally in the form of
380:which consume a variety of
10:
17140:
16801:Pesticide toxicity to bees
16781:List of endangered insects
16154:Austroplatypus incompertus
15982:Identity in social insects
15792:(brown-hooded cockroaches)
15546:Schmid-Hempel, P. (1998).
15323:Tan, A.; Wong, N. (2013).
15110:DOE Joint Genome Institute
14949:Advances in Space Research
14758:Bodenheimer, F.S. (1951).
13585:Environmental Soil Science
13299:Journal of Insect Behavior
12567:Trinervitermes bettonianus
12341:Reticulitermes santonensis
11597:Journal of Insect Behavior
11593:Reticulitermes santonensis
11237:Journal of Natural History
11108:Traniello, J.F.A. (1981).
10804:. In MacDonald, D. (ed.).
10534:African Journal of Ecology
10118:Gnathamitermes tubiformans
9432:Nasutitermes takasagoensis
8236:(Isoptera, Termopsidae)".
7374:10.1038/s41467-024-51028-y
6757:Thorne, Barbara L (1997).
6227:Encyclopedia of Entomology
6195:The other insect societies
5608:10.3897/neobiota.92.115411
5467:10.1177/194008291000300204
4760:
4616:
4612:
4310:
3945:The pantropical subfamily
3893:
3889:
3779:Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
3731:; others are in the genus
3288:Gnathamitermes tubiformans
3168:likely employed maintains
3122:Egg grooming behaviour of
2893:), asymmetrical snapping (
2821:Pseudergates sensu stricto
2221:Distribution and diversity
2085:Grassé & Noirot, 1954
36:
29:
17017:
16870:
16839:
16811:
16753:
16705:
16656:
16541:
16480:
16452:
16410:
16379:
16322:
16308:
16191:
16170:
16041:
16030:
15941:
15884:
15801:
15782:
15773:
15747:
15740:
15713:
15689:
15645:
15434:10.1017/s1742758400023572
15267:10.1038/nature.2014.14713
15130:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
14969:10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.027
14805:10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.653
14691:10.1186/s13002-015-0016-4
14384:. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
14366:10.1080/09670877309412751
13999:10.1007/s00114-008-0388-6
13319:10.1007/s10905-005-9343-y
13106:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.030
12839:10.1007/s00114-011-0871-3
12365:10.1007/s10886-006-9043-x
12304:10.1007/s00040-013-0306-6
12211:10.1007/s00040-007-0958-1
12057:(Isoptera, Termitidae)".
11862:10.1007/s00040-012-0229-7
11537:10.1017/S1742758400009991
11404:10.1007/s00114-012-0977-2
11257:10.1080/00222938300770231
11077:10.11646/zootaxa.2743.1.1
10884:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.005
10711:10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9
10569:Ecology of Desert Systems
10511:10.1017/S0007485300000663
10016:Microbes and Environments
9843:Frontiers in Microbiology
9721:Journal of Insect Science
9407:10.1017/S0266467400007847
9112:10.1017/S1464793104006451
8820:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.006
8056:10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4
7938:10.1007/s00040-004-0779-4
7621:10.1007/s00114-008-0480-y
7571:Claybourne, Anna (2013).
7113:10.1101/2021.12.09.472027
6837:10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1
6586:10.2475/ajs.s5-34.201.169
6572:(201): 169–202, 249–276.
6469:10.31711/giw.v7.pp281-299
5765:McKittrick, F.A. (1965).
5247:10.1186/s13002-017-0137-z
5043:American Museum Novitates
4757:In science and technology
4542:chromated copper arsenate
4306:
4244:Arboreal carton nests of
3128:workers in a nursery cell
2887:), symmetrical snapping (
2468:, a labium, and a set of
2335:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2103:Engel & Krishna, 2004
2058:Engel & Krishna, 2004
1682:Engel & Jouault, 2024
1388:
1373:
1366:
1351:
1344:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1297:
1290:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1144:
1137:
1051:
1035:
1028:
1010:
1003:
985:
978:
960:
953:
935:
928:
912:
902:
400:"; however, they are not
259:
254:
155:Scientific classification
153:
137:
128:
59:Early Cretaceous – Recent
52:
16766:Colony collapse disorder
16761:Bees and toxic chemicals
15949:Evolution of eusociality
15895:are paraphyletic groups.
15821:(giant northern termite)
15177:National Geographic News
14354:Tropical Pest Management
13651:(2). Elsevier: 298–302.
13191:Austrospirachtha mimetes
10122:Environmental Entomology
10077:10.1128/genomeA.00408-15
9971:10.1128/genomeA.00838-17
9914:10.1128/genomeA.00839-17
9856:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02548
9481:Ritter, Michael (2006).
8795:"Polyphenism in Insects"
8774:. University of Freiburg
8770:Schneider, M.F. (1999).
8697:"Termite Identification"
8013:10.3389/fevo.2021.552624
7875:Mastotermes darwiniensis
6725:10.3897/zookeys.148.1682
6060:Evolution of the insects
5730:"The Wood-Feeding Roach
5662:Lobeck, A. Kohl (1939).
4978:
4808:Community DNA sequencing
4771:Sustainable architecture
4581:research and development
4465:Relationship with humans
4183:
4064:Austrospirachtha mimetes
3972:Soldiers of the species
3969:to protect their nests.
3585:Eurhopalothrix heliscata
3285:Certain species such as
3152:The neotropical termite
3000:incomplete metamorphosis
1892:gut microbiota and many
1639:Barden & Engel, 2021
853:Mastotermes darwiniensis
843:Macro image of a worker.
682:Mastotermes darwiniensis
538:characteristics such as
496:incomplete metamorphosis
482:from the separate order
37:Not to be confused with
32:Termite (disambiguation)
17068:Isoptera Species File:
16668:Insect bites and stings
16645:Drosophila melanogaster
16558:Biological pest control
16212:Charles Duncan Michener
15591:Volume 27, October 1885
15588:Popular Science Monthly
15583:The White Ant: A Theory
15224:10.1126/science.1245842
14982:Mitchell, J.D. (2002).
14730:Nyakupfuka, A. (2013).
14469:: 77–94. Archived from
14158:Hadlington, P. (1996).
14028:Glenday, Craig (2014).
13979:Die Naturwissenschaften
13263:(subscription required)
13187:Watson, J.A.L. (1973).
12751:10.1126/science.1219129
12133:10.1126/science.1170660
12051:Macrotermes subhyalinus
11928:Macrotermes michaelseni
11885:Reticulitermes flavipes
11609:10.1023/A:1007881510237
11384:Die Naturwissenschaften
9270:10.1126/science.1169702
9216:10.1073/pnas.1412481111
9144:. University of Florida
8974:Macrotermes michaelseni
8510:10.1073/pnas.2133530100
8317:Encyclopædia Britannica
7791:Robinson, W.H. (2005).
7463:Eggleton, Paul (2020).
7002:10.1073/pnas.1319718111
6421:10.1126/science.1108875
6295:Parasites & Vectors
6223:Capinera, J.L. (2008).
6095:Parasphaeria boleiriana
4958:Mound-building termites
4940:Macrotermes nigeriensis
4767:Termite-inspired robots
4313:Mound-building termites
4261:mangrove swamps. These
4200:Termite workers at work
3826:Macrotermes subhyalinus
3785:Locomotion and foraging
3201:Termites are primarily
3188:
3154:Embiratermes neotenicus
3125:Reticulitermes speratus
3004:developmentally plastic
2944:brachypterous neotenics
2826:Pseudergates sensu lato
867:Zootermopsis nevadensis
422:, or alternatively the
382:decaying plant material
17104:Household pest insects
16733:Rats, Lice and History
14092:Amitermes meridionalis
13932:Nasutitermes polygynus
13877:Nasutitermes acajutlae
13775:10.1098/rstb.1996.0004
13048:10.1098/rspb.2005.3434
12691:Globitermes sulphureus
12534:10.1098/rspb.2000.1127
12439:Hodotermes mossambicus
12238:Neotropical Entomology
12055:Macrotermes bellicosus
11139:10.1073/pnas.78.3.1976
11013:Wheeler, W.M. (1936).
10744:Hodotermes mossambicus
10495:Coptotermes formosanus
10421:Hodotermes mossambicus
10275:10.1073/pnas.242594799
10208:10.1073/pnas.222313099
10147:McMahan, E.A. (1966).
9684:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0073
9317:10.1098/rspb.2015.0260
8663:10.1186/1742-9994-5-15
8337:Busvine, J.R. (2013).
8234:Hodotermopsis japonica
8140:10.1098/rspb.1991.0120
7893:10.1098/rspb.2000.1214
7652:Hodotermes mossambicus
7534:Heather, N.W. (1971).
7052:10.1098/rspb.2018.2076
6308:10.1186/1756-3305-2-12
6162:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0264
5968:10.1098/rspb.2008.1094
5923:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0367
5870:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0102
5130:10.1098/rspb.2018.2076
4911:Macrotermes bellicosus
4866:
4822:Mars, or for building
4716:
4673:Indigenous Australians
4636:
4628:
4575:. One factor reducing
4520:
4495:
4487:
4457:
4344:Amitermes meridionalis
4336:Amitermes meridionalis
4224:
4209:
4201:
4116:
4026:
3975:Globitermes sulphureus
3942:
3912:Metarhizium anisopliae
3905:
3862:
3831:Coptotermes formosanus
3822:Macrotermes bellicosus
3758:Metarhizium anisopliae
3563:
3560:Macrotermes bellicosus
3391:Hodotermes mossambicus
3381:
3240:
3198:
3197:Termite faecal pellets
3172:in the passage of the
3129:
3094:
2979:
2971:
2881:), slashing/snapping (
2745:
2602:complete metamorphosis
2589:hemimetabolous insects
2587:Due to termites being
2520:
2425:Hodotermes mossambicus
2404:Macrotermes bellicosus
2378:
1636:Minorder Teletisoptera
879:Macrotermes natalensis
849:giant northern termite
844:
686:
671:Taxonomy and evolution
494:, termites undergo an
492:complete metamorphosis
415:Termites comprise the
143:Coptotermes formosanus
17002:Paleobiology Database
16718:Alfred Russel Wallace
16503:Entomological warfare
16354:Insects in literature
16217:The Bees of the World
15413:Van-Huis, H. (2003).
15045:Nature Communications
14601:Entomologia Generalis
13815:Ecological Entomology
13529:McHatton, R. (2011).
13449:10.1093/aesa/88.3.328
13224:Forbes, H.O. (1878).
13030:Matsuura, K. (2006).
12784:Glossotermes oculatus
12707:10.1007/s000400050049
12460:Belbin, R.M. (2013).
12416:10.1007/s001140050679
12195:Cryptotermes secundus
12071:10.1007/s000400050128
11905:10.1007/s000400050067
11726:Nasutitermes costalis
11521:Spodoptera littoralis
11294:Wilson, E.O. (1971).
11112:Nasutitermes costalis
10028:10.1264/jsme2.ME16175
9379:10.14411/eje.2008.025
8600:10.1007/s000400050084
7698:Vitamins and Hormones
7362:Nature Communications
7160:Systematic Entomology
7098:: 2021.12.09.472027.
6922:Nature Communications
6289:Poinar, G.O. (2009).
6275:10.14411/eje.2014.014
6193:Costa, James (2006).
5808:Systematic Entomology
5751:10.1093/aesa/28.2.216
5633:Cranshaw, W. (2013).
5538:Ecology and Evolution
5499:Entomological Science
5408:10.1186/1746-4269-5-1
4864:
4826:to prevent flooding.
4714:
4634:
4626:
4619:Entomophagy in humans
4518:
4493:
4477:
4455:
4422:Analamazoatra Reserve
4420:Termites in a mound,
4328:Species in the genus
4280:Laguncularia racemosa
4277:(black mangrove) and
4215:
4207:
4199:
4138:Rhizanthella gardneri
4110:
4091:Nasutitermes corniger
4022:Rhizanthella gardneri
4019:
3985:Neocapriterme taracua
3940:
3903:
3856:
3796:Nasutitermes costalis
3575:Paltothyreus tarsatus
3553:
3544:Paranthropus robustus
3380:with a captured alate
3376:
3238:
3196:
3184:Behaviour and ecology
3178:inbreeding depression
3121:
3092:
2977:
2965:
2828:, otherwise known as
2742:
2514:
2368:
1932:Archeorhinotermitidae
1902:; in contrast, basal
1802:Microrder Icoisoptera
885:Cryptotermes secundus
873:Nature Communications
842:
678:
337:Archeorhinotermitidae
16963:Fauna Europaea (new)
16673:Insect sting allergy
16467:Cicadas in mythology
15889:Inward et al. (2007)
15837:(harvester termites)
15392:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
14770:. pp. 331–350.
14121:Grigg, G.C. (1973).
13480:10.5281/zenodo.24912
12663:Piper, Ross (2007),
11930:in Kajiado, Kenya".
11497:10.1653/024.096.0450
11484:Florida Entomologist
11464:10.1093/aesa/saab001
11296:The Insect Societies
10065:Genome Announcements
9959:Genome Announcements
9902:Genome Announcements
9806:10.1128/AEM.04206-13
9733:10.1673/031.013.3701
9065:Wyatt, T.D. (2003).
8718:Cryptotermes dudleyi
8650:Frontiers in Zoology
7325:10.1128/aem.00683-12
6599:Henry, M.S. (2013).
5784:10.1093/aesa/58.1.18
4585:resistance evolution
3740:Diplogaster aerivora
3139:asexual reproduction
3071:oxidative DNA damage
2794:apterous lineage and
2659:), and then finally
2409:Gyatermes styriensis
2247:Kruger National Park
1888:has co-evolved with
1774:Minorder Artisoptera
1553:Parvorder Euisoptera
1514:Cratomastotermitidae
861:convergent evolution
832:sometime during the
534:capable of altering
265:Cratomastotermitidae
16776:Habitat destruction
16528:Insects in religion
16252:Journey to the Ants
15829:(dampwood termites)
15731:(giant cockroaches)
15566:pest control Sydney
15472:Neoh, K.B. (2013).
15253:Gibney, E. (2014).
15216:2014Sci...343..754W
15057:2011NatCo...2..262E
14961:2008AdSpR..41..701S
13991:2008NW.....95..877P
13898:2013GGG....14.3176V
13827:2008EcoEn..33..758D
13767:1996RSPTB.351...51E
13657:2010JArEn..74..298V
13464:Solenopsis geminata
13358:2014PLoSO...9j4410C
13311:2005JIBeh..18....1Q
13242:1878Natur..19....4F
13150:1980Sci...210..431H
13097:2009CBio...19...30M
13042:(1591): 1203–1209.
12989:2012PLoSO...736375N
12929:2013NatSR...3E1650S
12831:2012NW.....99...89U
12819:Naturwissenschaften
12743:2012Sci...337..436S
12634:1998Natur.392..558C
12583:1981JCEco...7..147P
12528:(1449): 1185–1189.
12408:1999NW.....86..588R
12396:Naturwissenschaften
12357:2006JCEco..32.1027D
12125:2009Sci...324..758K
12020:2012InsSc..19..412T
11807:2014PLoSO...9k1183M
11742:1985JCEco..11..319T
11687:Coptotermes gestroi
11435:, pp. 38, 102.
11396:2012NW.....99..949C
11333:, pp. 301–302.
11249:1983JNatH..17..309M
11192:2007Biotr..39..663S
11130:1981PNAS...78.1976T
10876:2009JArSc..36.1764D
10567:Wade, W.W. (2002).
10546:1995AfJEc..33....1D
10325:2016PLoSO..1156847R
10266:2002PNAS...9915247M
10260:(24): 15247–15249.
10199:2002PNAS...9914887A
10193:(23): 14887–14892.
9798:2014ApEnM..80.2261D
9629:1998Natur.394..330W
9524:2009MolEc..18..332I
9262:2009Sci...323.1687M
9207:2014PNAS..11117212Y
9201:(48): 17212–17217.
8953:on 10 November 2016
8871:2017PLoSO..1267412T
8811:2011CBio...21.R738S
8501:2003PNAS..10012808T
8495:(22): 12808–12813.
8435:1980Oecol..46..397P
8362:Meek, S.P. (1934).
8210:. Australian Museum
7887:(1454): 1809–1813.
7613:2009NW.....96..289E
7601:Naturwissenschaften
7538:Cryptotermes brevis
7510:1996GBioC..10..543S
7417:on 10 November 2014
7317:2012ApEnM..78.4691K
7246:2010PLoSO...515761S
7172:2022SysEn..47..581W
7104:2022MolPE.17307520H
6993:2014PNAS..11114500P
6987:(40): 14500–14505.
6934:2014NatCo...5.3636T
6885:2016Natur.530Q.256.
6879:(7590): 256. 2016.
6829:2018NatEE...2..557H
6716:2011ZooK..148..171E
6578:1937AmJS...34..169T
6513:1986Geo....14...87R
6413:2005Sci...308..103L
6358:2015PLoSO..1030127L
6111:2008MolPE..46..809K
6017:2000CBio...10..801L
5820:2008SysEn..33..429W
5550:2017EcoEv...7..974B
5352:2003EcoFN..42..177P
5305:2011EJSB...47..215J
5095:Merriam-Webster.com
4909:, has two thriving
4817:The development of
4510:Cryptotermes brevis
4274:Avicennia germinans
4222:Palm Beach, Sydney.
3813:agonistic behaviour
3746:Harteria gallinarum
3592:Tetramorium uelense
3321:strongly preferred
3319:Cryptotermes brevis
3311:G. tubiformans
3300:Buchloe dactyloides
3273:derives from their
3213:, one of the prime
3211:atmospheric methane
3147:parthenogenetically
2298:
2289:Cryptotermes brevis
2181:Mirocapritermitinae
2136:Protohamitermitinae
2109:Forficulitermitinae
2091:Microcerotermitinae
1491:Infraorder Isoptera
1054:Isoptera (Termites)
584:Indian subcontinent
532:ecosystem engineers
429:, within the order
17109:Insects in culture
16849:Insects portal
16821:Insects and humans
16349:Arthropods in film
16298:Human interactions
15723:(wood cockroaches)
15704:(sand cockroaches)
15595:Isoptera: termites
15065:10.1038/ncomms1257
14328:Incisitermes minor
14290:on 3 February 2018
13952:10.1007/BF02224595
13906:10.1002/ggge.20194
13583:Tan, K.H. (2009).
13555:Cowie, R. (2014).
12917:Scientific Reports
12591:10.1007/BF00988642
11932:Journal of Zoology
11750:10.1007/BF01411418
11433:Schmid-Hempel 1998
11343:Schmid-Hempel 1998
11331:Schmid-Hempel 1998
11319:Schmid-Hempel 1998
11282:Schmid-Hempel 1998
11270:Schmid-Hempel 1998
10989:10.1007/BF01955119
10954:10.1007/BF02223567
10915:10.1007/BF02223627
10899:Megaponera foetens
10801:"The Hyena Family"
10366:Radek, R. (1999).
10134:10.1093/ee/9.4.461
10120:, in West Texas".
9438:Zoological Science
9311:(1809): 20150260.
9170:on 30 October 2014
9043:has generic name (
8990:10.1007/PL00001771
8943:"Drywood Termites"
8443:10.1007/BF00346270
8250:10.1007/PL00001745
7668:10.1007/BF00299619
7446:African Entomology
7180:10.1111/syen.12548
6943:10.1038/ncomms4636
6702:Engel, M. (2011).
5175:Biological Reviews
5124:(1895): 20182076.
4867:
4831:As discussed above
4717:
4637:
4629:
4573:are in development
4521:
4496:
4488:
4458:
4371:Northern Territory
4283:(white mangrove).
4225:
4216:Termite nest in a
4210:
4202:
4117:
4027:
3978:commit suicide by
3943:
3906:
3863:
3836:C. formosanus
3763:M. anisopliae
3752:Aspergillus nomius
3564:
3382:
3306:Bouteloua gracilis
3294:Aristida longiseta
3241:
3199:
3130:
3095:
2980:
2972:
2917:at their enemies.
2746:
2685:winged-to-wingless
2537:intromittent organ
2521:
2379:
2296:
2154:Neocapritermitinae
2145:Cylindrotermitinae
2073:Foraminitermitinae
1986:Prorhinotermitinae
1679:Hodotermopsellinae
1571:Melqartitermitidae
845:
780:Morrison Formation
765:date to the early
687:
550:through the large
518:, particularly in
276:Melqartitermitidae
17081:
17080:
16864:Taxon identifiers
16855:
16854:
16744:Insect Literature
16701:
16700:
16600:Carmine/Cochineal
16553:Beneficial insect
16523:Insects in ethics
16472:Scarab (artifact)
16462:Bees in mythology
16371:Insects on stamps
16264:
16263:
16178:Bees in mythology
15901:
15900:
15896:
15880:
15879:
15876:
15875:
15838:
15830:
15827:Archotermopsidae
15822:
15812:
15793:
15732:
15724:
15705:
15557:978-0-691-05924-2
15538:978-90-481-3977-4
15504:UMAS Pest Control
15342:10.3390/en6010145
15210:(6172): 754–758.
15183:on March 16, 2006
14777:978-94-017-6159-8
14741:978-1-4525-6791-4
14409:. 2 October 2021.
14248:978-94-017-3223-9
14197:978-0-936070-49-0
14169:978-0-86840-399-1
14142:10.1071/ZO9730231
14077:10.1071/ZO9910569
14045:978-1-908843-15-9
13723:978-94-017-3223-9
13594:978-1-4398-9501-6
13566:978-1-304-66939-1
13515:978-90-5410-486-5
13144:(4468): 431–433.
12937:10.1038/srep01650
12676:978-0-313-33922-6
12628:(6676): 558–559.
12502:978-1-4767-4741-5
12471:978-1-136-01553-3
11671:978-94-007-7413-1
11577:978-94-017-3223-9
11305:978-0-674-45495-8
11086:978-1-86977-676-3
10938:Megaponera fœtens
10844:978-1-56098-096-4
10835:African Predators
10819:978-0-87196-871-5
10784:978-0-306-48162-8
10720:978-94-017-3223-9
10682:978-0-521-58977-2
10637:978-0-19-968816-6
10609:978-0-226-70599-6
10578:978-0-08-050499-5
10476:978-0-674-04075-5
9623:(6691): 330–331.
9512:Molecular Ecology
9451:10.2108/zsj.14.83
9350:, pp. 13–14.
9084:978-0-521-48526-5
9024:978-0-08-026850-7
8644:Korb, J. (2008).
8402:(13): 1911–1919.
8348:978-1-4899-3198-6
8065:978-90-481-3976-7
7810:978-1-139-44347-0
7582:978-1-4329-6487-0
7518:10.1029/96GB01893
7311:(13): 4691–4701.
6688:978-0-8018-8616-4
6610:978-1-4832-7592-5
6407:(5718): 103–107.
6242:978-1-4020-6242-1
6204:978-0-674-02163-1
6075:978-0-521-82149-0
5962:(1655): 239–245.
5707:Harper, Douglas.
5648:978-0-691-12495-7
5558:10.1002/ece3.2674
5511:10.1111/ens.12328
4819:autonomous robots
4812:metabolic pathway
4797:cellulose acetate
4701:space agriculture
4439:Termite mound in
4404:Termite mound in
4268:Rhizophora mangle
4197:
4082:Megaponera analis
3927:Megaponera analis
3556:Megaponera analis
3362:Holomastigotoides
3254:digestive enzymes
3119:
3018:to become winged
2919:Nitrogen fixation
2899:), and piercing (
2358:
2357:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2172:Promirotermitinae
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2127:Crepititermitinae
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2055:Sphaerotermitinae
2050:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2010:Clade Geoisoptera
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1833:
1820:
1806:
1794:
1778:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1692:
1683:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1626:
1614:
1599:
1595:Krishnatermitidae
1587:
1583:Mylacrotermitidae
1575:
1557:
1541:
1529:
1498:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1063:
914: (Mantises)
542:, decomposition,
365:
364:
288:Krishnatermitidae
282:Mylacrotermitidae
250:
16:(Redirected from
17131:
17099:Building defects
17074:
17073:
17064:
17063:
17051:
17050:
17038:
17037:
17036:
17010:
17009:
16997:
16996:
16984:
16983:
16971:
16970:
16958:
16957:
16945:
16944:
16932:
16931:
16919:
16918:
16906:
16905:
16904:
16891:
16890:
16889:
16859:
16858:
16847:
16846:
16723:Jean-Henri Fabre
16498:Cricket fighting
16493:Cockroach racing
16359:Insects in music
16320:
16319:
16291:
16284:
16277:
16268:
16267:
16204:The Dancing Bees
16036:
15928:
15921:
15914:
15905:
15904:
15886:
15836:
15828:
15820:
15819:Mastotermitidae
15811:
15810:
15806:
15791:
15780:
15779:
15776:
15745:
15744:
15730:
15722:
15703:
15630:
15623:
15616:
15607:
15606:
15580:
15561:
15542:
15521:Cited literature
15515:
15514:
15512:
15511:
15495:
15489:
15488:
15478:
15469:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15456:
15450:
15444:. Archived from
15419:
15410:
15404:
15403:
15401:
15399:
15384:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15368:on 11 April 2021
15364:. Archived from
15353:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15320:
15314:
15313:
15311:
15309:
15304:on 22 March 2016
15290:
15279:
15278:
15250:
15244:
15243:
15199:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15188:
15179:. Archived from
15168:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15157:
15142:
15136:
15135:
15129:
15121:
15119:
15117:
15102:
15087:
15086:
15076:
15036:
15030:
15029:
15019:
15010:
15004:
15003:
14979:
14973:
14972:
14946:
14937:
14931:
14930:
14902:
14896:
14895:
14866:
14860:
14859:
14823:
14817:
14816:
14788:
14782:
14781:
14755:
14746:
14745:
14727:
14714:
14713:
14703:
14693:
14669:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14633:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14596:
14587:
14586:
14584:
14582:
14573:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14552:
14544:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14524:
14516:
14510:
14509:
14508:. HowStuffWorks.
14501:
14495:
14494:
14484:
14478:
14477:
14475:
14460:
14451:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14424:
14411:
14410:
14403:
14397:
14391:
14385:
14376:
14370:
14369:
14349:
14340:
14339:
14323:
14317:
14316:
14306:
14300:
14299:
14297:
14295:
14276:
14270:
14269:
14259:
14253:
14252:
14223:
14202:
14201:
14183:
14174:
14173:
14155:
14146:
14145:
14127:
14118:
14112:
14111:
14087:
14081:
14080:
14056:
14050:
14049:
14025:
14019:
14018:
13970:
13964:
13963:
13940:Insectes Sociaux
13927:
13918:
13917:
13892:(8): 3176–3191.
13883:
13870:
13864:
13858:
13847:
13846:
13806:
13800:
13794:
13779:
13778:
13749:
13740:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13698:
13689:
13683:
13677:
13676:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13628:
13619:. Archived from
13608:
13599:
13598:
13580:
13571:
13570:
13552:
13546:
13545:
13543:
13541:
13535:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13501:
13492:
13491:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13399:
13390:
13389:
13379:
13369:
13337:
13331:
13330:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13271:
13265:
13264:
13261:
13250:10.1038/019004b0
13221:
13215:
13214:
13212:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13133:
13127:
13126:
13108:
13076:
13070:
13069:
13059:
13027:
13021:
13020:
13010:
13000:
12968:
12959:
12958:
12948:
12908:
12902:
12901:
12876:(6): 2143–2152.
12865:
12859:
12858:
12814:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12777:
12771:
12770:
12725:
12719:
12718:
12695:Insectes Sociaux
12686:
12680:
12679:
12660:
12654:
12653:
12617:
12611:
12610:
12562:
12556:
12555:
12545:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12485:
12476:
12475:
12457:
12451:
12450:
12434:
12428:
12427:
12391:
12385:
12384:
12351:(5): 1027–1042.
12336:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12326:
12320:
12314:. Archived from
12292:Insectes Sociaux
12289:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12263:
12253:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12199:Insectes Sociaux
12190:
12184:
12183:
12173:
12164:
12153:
12152:
12108:
12102:
12101:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12059:Insectes Sociaux
12046:
12040:
12039:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11978:
11954:
11948:
11947:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11893:Insectes Sociaux
11880:
11874:
11873:
11850:Insectes Sociaux
11845:
11839:
11838:
11828:
11818:
11800:
11776:
11770:
11769:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11646:
11621:
11620:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11499:
11490:(4): 1612–1614.
11475:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11442:
11436:
11430:
11424:
11423:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11352:
11346:
11340:
11334:
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11291:
11285:
11279:
11273:
11267:
11261:
11260:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11216:
11210:. Archived from
11177:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11151:
11141:
11124:(3): 1976–1979.
11105:
11099:
11098:
11062:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11031:10.2307/20023221
11010:
11001:
11000:
10972:
10966:
10965:
10942:Insectes Sociaux
10933:
10927:
10926:
10903:Insectes Sociaux
10894:
10888:
10887:
10870:(8): 1764–1773.
10855:
10849:
10848:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10803:
10795:
10789:
10788:
10772:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10739:
10733:
10732:
10698:
10687:
10686:
10670:
10660:
10654:
10648:
10642:
10641:
10623:
10614:
10613:
10589:
10583:
10582:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10529:
10523:
10522:
10490:
10481:
10480:
10456:
10441:
10440:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10389:
10383:
10382:
10372:
10363:
10357:
10356:
10346:
10336:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10287:
10277:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10228:
10210:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10153:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10096:
10056:
10050:
10049:
10039:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9990:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9933:
9893:
9887:
9886:
9876:
9858:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9817:
9792:(7): 2261–2269.
9777:
9771:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9744:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9695:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9588:
9579:
9578:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9453:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9357:
9351:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9228:
9218:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9072:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9028:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8978:Insectes Sociaux
8969:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8938:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8912:
8903:
8902:
8892:
8882:
8850:
8841:
8840:
8822:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8767:
8758:
8757:
8739:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8675:
8665:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8588:Insectes Sociaux
8583:
8574:
8573:
8563:
8552:
8541:
8540:
8530:
8512:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8391:
8382:
8381:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8308:
8287:
8281:
8270:
8269:
8238:Insectes Sociaux
8229:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8204:
8185:
8179:
8168:
8167:
8123:
8114:
8113:
8107:
8099:
8081:
8070:
8069:
8041:
8026:
8025:
8015:
7991:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7926:Insectes Sociaux
7921:
7915:
7914:
7904:
7873:"The ootheca of
7868:
7862:
7861:
7850:10.1002/cm.20417
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7798:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7732:
7731:
7693:
7680:
7679:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7596:
7587:
7586:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7531:
7522:
7521:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7403:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7257:
7225:
7219:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7125:
7115:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7063:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6955:
6945:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6896:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6790:. Archived from
6789:
6763:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6727:
6710:(148): 171–184.
6699:
6693:
6692:
6676:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6561:
6552:
6551:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6471:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6369:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6310:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6230:
6220:
6209:
6208:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6063:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6028:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5903:"Response to Lo
5898:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5469:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5410:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5249:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5062:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5015:. Archived from
5008:
4992:
4989:
4763:Renewable energy
4557:immunoglobulin G
4534:Bordeaux mixture
4530:
4436:
4417:
4401:
4385:
4367:Cathedral mounds
4363:
4352:thermoregulation
4271:(red mangrove),
4252:are enriched in
4198:
3947:Nasutitermitinae
3775:Entomopoxvirinae
3554:A Matabele ant (
3215:greenhouse gases
3120:
3079:oxidative stress
2884:Dentispicotermes
2838:Archotermopsidae
2782:Archotermopsidae
2669:Archotermopsidae
2610:adultoid instars
2450:Archotermopsidae
2411:, flourished in
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2299:
2295:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2163:Nasutitermitinae
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2118:Engelitermitinae
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2026:
2022:
2020:Heterotermitidae
2013:
1997:
1995:Psammotermitinae
1988:
1979:
1977:Psammotermitidae
1970:
1968:Termitogetonidae
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1831:
1815:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1649:Archotermopsidae
1638:
1624:
1622:Carinatermitidae
1620:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1536:
1516:
1512:
1493:
1369:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1293:
1292:
1248:Archotermopsidae
1226:
1225:
1204:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1031:
1030:
1006:
1005:
981:
980:
956:
955:
931:
930:
905:
904:
895:
894:
834:Early Cretaceous
785:Upper Cretaceous
732:social behaviour
544:nutrient cycling
469:Early Cretaceous
320:Archotermopsidae
245:
163:
162:
133:
123:
60:
56:Temporal range:
50:
49:
21:
17139:
17138:
17134:
17133:
17132:
17130:
17129:
17128:
17084:
17083:
17082:
17077:
17069:
17067:
17059:
17054:
17046:
17041:
17032:
17031:
17026:
17013:
17005:
17000:
16992:
16987:
16979:
16974:
16966:
16961:
16953:
16948:
16940:
16935:
16927:
16922:
16914:
16909:
16900:
16899:
16894:
16885:
16884:
16879:
16866:
16856:
16851:
16841:
16835:
16813:
16807:
16749:
16697:
16659:
16652:
16544:
16537:
16476:
16448:
16406:
16375:
16315:
16310:
16304:
16295:
16265:
16260:
16225:Bert Hölldobler
16199:Karl von Frisch
16192:Pioneers, works
16187:
16166:
16037:
16028:
16022:Worker policing
16007:Social conflict
15987:Kin recognition
15972:Group selection
15958:Social insects
15937:
15932:
15902:
15897:
15872:
15863:Stylotermitidae
15858:Stolotermitidae
15853:Serritermitidae
15848:Rhinotermitidae
15835:Hodotermitidae
15808:
15807:
15805:
15797:
15790:Cryptocercidae
15783:Cryptocercoidae
15774:
15769:
15760:Lamproblattidae
15736:
15709:
15685:
15641:
15634:
15573:
15558:
15539:
15523:
15518:
15509:
15507:
15506:(in Indonesian)
15496:
15492:
15476:
15470:
15463:
15454:
15452:
15448:
15417:
15411:
15407:
15397:
15395:
15386:
15385:
15381:
15371:
15369:
15354:
15350:
15321:
15317:
15307:
15305:
15292:
15291:
15282:
15251:
15247:
15200:
15196:
15186:
15184:
15169:
15165:
15155:
15153:
15143:
15139:
15123:
15122:
15115:
15113:
15106:"Termite Power"
15104:
15103:
15090:
15037:
15033:
15017:
15011:
15007:
14980:
14976:
14944:
14938:
14934:
14903:
14899:
14867:
14863:
14824:
14820:
14789:
14785:
14778:
14756:
14749:
14742:
14728:
14717:
14670:
14661:
14651:
14649:
14634:
14630:
14597:
14590:
14580:
14578:
14571:
14567:
14566:
14562:
14550:
14546:
14545:
14541:
14531:
14529:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14513:
14502:
14498:
14485:
14481:
14473:
14458:
14452:
14448:
14438:
14436:
14425:
14414:
14405:
14404:
14400:
14392:
14388:
14377:
14373:
14350:
14343:
14324:
14320:
14307:
14303:
14293:
14291:
14278:
14277:
14273:
14260:
14256:
14249:
14224:
14205:
14198:
14184:
14177:
14170:
14156:
14149:
14125:
14119:
14115:
14108:10.1071/ZO01061
14088:
14084:
14057:
14053:
14046:
14026:
14022:
13971:
13967:
13928:
13921:
13881:
13871:
13867:
13859:
13850:
13807:
13803:
13795:
13782:
13761:(1335): 51–68.
13750:
13743:
13735:
13731:
13724:
13699:
13692:
13684:
13680:
13640:
13636:
13626:
13624:
13623:on 15 June 2009
13609:
13602:
13595:
13581:
13574:
13567:
13553:
13549:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13527:
13523:
13516:
13502:
13495:
13460:
13456:
13433:
13429:
13400:
13393:
13338:
13334:
13291:
13287:
13272:
13268:
13262:
13222:
13218:
13185:
13181:
13134:
13130:
13085:Current Biology
13077:
13073:
13028:
13024:
12969:
12962:
12909:
12905:
12866:
12862:
12815:
12811:
12778:
12774:
12726:
12722:
12687:
12683:
12677:
12661:
12657:
12618:
12614:
12563:
12559:
12514:
12510:
12503:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12458:
12454:
12435:
12431:
12402:(12): 588–591.
12392:
12388:
12337:
12333:
12324:
12322:
12318:
12287:
12281:
12277:
12230:
12226:
12191:
12187:
12171:
12165:
12156:
12109:
12105:
12090:
12086:
12047:
12043:
12004:
12000:
11976:10.1603/EC09250
11955:
11951:
11924:
11920:
11881:
11877:
11846:
11842:
11791:(10): e111183.
11777:
11773:
11722:
11718:
11683:
11679:
11672:
11647:
11624:
11589:
11585:
11578:
11556:
11552:
11517:
11513:
11476:
11472:
11443:
11439:
11431:
11427:
11380:
11376:
11353:
11349:
11341:
11337:
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11306:
11292:
11288:
11280:
11276:
11268:
11264:
11233:
11229:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11175:
11169:
11165:
11106:
11102:
11087:
11060:
11050:
11046:
11011:
11004:
10973:
10969:
10934:
10930:
10895:
10891:
10856:
10852:
10845:
10831:
10827:
10820:
10796:
10792:
10785:
10763:
10759:
10740:
10736:
10721:
10699:
10690:
10683:
10661:
10657:
10649:
10645:
10638:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10565:
10561:
10530:
10526:
10491:
10484:
10477:
10457:
10444:
10417:
10413:
10390:
10386:
10370:
10364:
10360:
10319:(6): e0156847.
10305:
10301:
10246:
10242:
10179:
10175:
10151:
10145:
10141:
10114:
10110:
10057:
10053:
10008:
10004:
9951:
9947:
9894:
9890:
9835:
9831:
9778:
9774:
9762:
9758:
9713:
9709:
9672:Biology Letters
9664:
9660:
9613:
9609:
9600:
9598:
9590:
9589:
9582:
9559:
9555:
9500:
9496:
9491:on 18 May 2007.
9479:
9475:
9426:
9422:
9391:
9387:
9358:
9354:
9346:
9342:
9305:Proc. Biol. Sci
9297:
9293:
9246:
9242:
9187:
9183:
9173:
9171:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9140:
9139:
9135:
9096:
9092:
9085:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9040:
9039:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9009:
9005:
8970:
8966:
8956:
8954:
8939:
8932:
8922:
8920:
8913:
8906:
8865:(1): e0167412.
8851:
8844:
8805:(18): 738–749.
8799:Current Biology
8791:
8787:
8777:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8737:10.1603/ec10346
8712:
8708:
8693:
8689:
8642:
8638:
8619:
8615:
8584:
8577:
8561:
8553:
8544:
8481:
8474:
8419:
8415:
8392:
8385:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8360:
8356:
8349:
8335:
8331:
8321:
8319:
8309:
8290:
8282:
8273:
8230:
8223:
8213:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8188:
8180:
8171:
8134:(1315): 25–29.
8124:
8117:
8101:
8100:
8082:
8073:
8066:
8042:
8029:
7992:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7922:
7918:
7869:
7865:
7834:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7811:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7766:
7762:, pp. 7–9.
7758:
7754:
7746:
7735:
7720:
7694:
7683:
7648:
7644:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7569:
7565:
7532:
7525:
7494:
7490:
7461:
7457:
7434:
7430:
7420:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7391:
7354:
7350:
7293:
7289:
7226:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7151:
7147:
7084:
7077:
7032:
7028:
6973:
6969:
6914:
6910:
6894:10.1038/530256a
6867:
6866:
6862:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6667:
6663:
6631:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6597:
6593:
6562:
6555:
6532:
6528:
6497:
6493:
6448:
6444:
6397:
6393:
6352:(7): e0130127.
6338:
6334:
6287:
6283:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6221:
6212:
6205:
6191:
6187:
6150:Biology Letters
6138:
6134:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6054:
6050:
6011:(13): 801–814.
6005:Current Biology
5997:
5993:
5944:
5940:
5911:Biology Letters
5899:
5895:
5858:Biology Letters
5850:
5843:
5804:
5800:
5763:
5759:
5726:
5722:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5631:
5624:
5587:
5583:
5530:
5526:
5495:
5491:
5446:
5442:
5387:
5383:
5332:
5328:
5285:
5281:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5167:
5163:
5109:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5035:
5031:
5022:
5020:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4954:
4892:Council House 2
4883:passive cooling
4871:Eastgate Centre
4859:
4773:
4759:
4740:, fruit trees,
4709:
4621:
4615:
4528:
4472:
4467:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4428:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4364:
4315:
4309:
4238:Apicotermitinae
4188:
4186:
4169:
4155:termite barrier
4014:
3994:Serritermitidae
3992:termite family
3898:
3896:Insect defences
3892:
3851:
3809:
3787:
3714:
3536:developed tools
3371:
3344:Macrotermitinae
3191:
3186:
3166:parthenogenesis
3113:
3087:
2960:
2846:Serritermitidae
2842:Hodotermopsidae
2807:Rhinotermitidae
2799:Mastotermitidae
2585:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2363:
2277:. Termites and
2223:
2211:Latreille, 1802
2082:Apicotermitinae
2064:Macrotermitinae
2049:Latreille, 1802
2029:Coptotermitinae
2011:
1959:Rhinotermitidae
1950:Serritermitidae
1941:Stylotermitidae
1873:Serritermitidae
1861:Rhinotermitidae
1853:
1746:Stolotermitinae
1737:Stolotermitidae
1726:Cosmotermitinae
1714:Arceotermitinae
1702:Arceotermitidae
1688:Hodotermopsinae
1667:Hodotermopsidae
1534:Mastotermitidae
1487:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1376:Rhinotermitidae
1354:Serritermitidae
1332:Stylotermitidae
1277:
1268:
1259:
1211:Hodotermopsidae
1189:Stolotermitidae
1147:Mastotermitidae
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1065:
1013:Lamproblattidae
793:Mastotermitidae
673:
614:
592:Central America
588:tropical Africa
370:are a group of
361:
352:Rhinotermitidae
347:Serritermitidae
342:Stylotermitidae
310:Hodotermopsidae
305:Stolotermitidae
300:Arceotermitidae
270:Mastotermitidae
244:
157:
148:
146:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
58:
57:
54:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17137:
17127:
17126:
17124:Superorganisms
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17079:
17078:
17076:
17075:
17065:
17052:
17039:
17023:
17021:
17015:
17014:
17012:
17011:
16998:
16985:
16972:
16959:
16950:Fauna Europaea
16946:
16933:
16920:
16907:
16892:
16876:
16874:
16868:
16867:
16853:
16852:
16840:
16837:
16836:
16834:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16817:
16815:
16809:
16808:
16806:
16805:
16804:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16757:
16755:
16751:
16750:
16748:
16747:
16740:Lafcadio Hearn
16737:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16713:Jan Swammerdam
16709:
16707:
16703:
16702:
16699:
16698:
16696:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16664:
16662:
16654:
16653:
16651:
16650:
16649:
16648:
16639:Model organism
16636:
16631:
16630:
16629:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16608:
16607:
16597:
16596:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16575:
16570:
16560:
16555:
16549:
16547:
16539:
16538:
16536:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16513:Insect farming
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16484:
16482:
16478:
16477:
16475:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16458:
16456:
16450:
16449:
16447:
16446:
16445:
16444:
16434:
16433:
16432:
16427:
16416:
16414:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16404:
16399:
16397:Artificial fly
16394:
16389:
16383:
16381:
16377:
16376:
16374:
16373:
16368:
16367:
16366:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16337:
16330:Insects in art
16326:
16324:
16317:
16306:
16305:
16294:
16293:
16286:
16279:
16271:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16258:
16257:
16256:
16248:
16240:
16227:
16222:
16221:
16220:
16209:
16208:
16207:
16195:
16193:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16185:
16180:
16174:
16172:
16168:
16167:
16165:
16164:
16159:
16158:
16157:
16145:
16144:
16143:
16133:
16132:
16131:
16119:
16118:
16117:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16098:
16096:Dwarf mongoose
16093:
16083:
16082:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16066:
16061:
16056:
16045:
16043:
16039:
16038:
16031:
16029:
16027:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15956:
15951:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15938:
15931:
15930:
15923:
15916:
15908:
15899:
15898:
15885:
15882:
15881:
15878:
15877:
15874:
15873:
15871:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15843:Kalotermitidae
15840:
15832:
15824:
15815:
15813:
15799:
15798:
15796:
15795:
15786:
15784:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15768:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15751:
15749:
15742:
15738:
15737:
15735:
15734:
15726:
15717:
15715:
15711:
15710:
15708:
15707:
15699:
15693:
15691:
15687:
15686:
15684:
15683:
15677:
15671:
15665:
15659:
15653:
15646:
15643:
15642:
15633:
15632:
15625:
15618:
15610:
15604:
15603:
15598:
15592:
15572:
15571:External links
15569:
15563:
15562:
15556:
15543:
15537:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15516:
15490:
15481:The Newsletter
15461:
15428:(3): 163–185.
15405:
15379:
15348:
15335:(1): 145–163.
15315:
15280:
15245:
15194:
15163:
15137:
15088:
15031:
15005:
14974:
14955:(5): 701–705.
14932:
14913:(5): 485–490.
14897:
14878:(4): 218–227.
14861:
14818:
14799:(4): 653–682.
14783:
14776:
14747:
14740:
14715:
14659:
14628:
14588:
14560:
14539:
14511:
14496:
14479:
14476:on 2011-08-12.
14446:
14412:
14398:
14386:
14371:
14360:(2): 167–177.
14341:
14318:
14301:
14271:
14254:
14247:
14203:
14196:
14175:
14168:
14147:
14136:(2): 231–237.
14113:
14082:
14051:
14044:
14020:
13985:(9): 877–884.
13965:
13946:(2): 149–167.
13919:
13865:
13848:
13821:(6): 758–764.
13801:
13780:
13741:
13729:
13722:
13690:
13678:
13634:
13600:
13593:
13572:
13565:
13547:
13521:
13514:
13493:
13474:(2): 141–198.
13454:
13443:(3): 328–333.
13427:
13414:(3): 450–454.
13391:
13352:(8): e104410.
13332:
13285:
13266:
13216:
13203:(4): 307–310.
13179:
13128:
13071:
13022:
12960:
12903:
12860:
12809:
12796:(4): 839–848.
12772:
12720:
12701:(3): 289–297.
12681:
12675:
12655:
12612:
12577:(1): 147–157.
12557:
12508:
12501:
12477:
12470:
12452:
12429:
12386:
12331:
12298:(3): 275–291.
12275:
12224:
12205:(4): 374–382.
12185:
12154:
12103:
12084:
12065:(2): 164–170.
12041:
12014:(3): 412–418.
12008:Insect Science
11998:
11969:(3): 799–807.
11949:
11938:(2): 237–247.
11918:
11875:
11856:(3): 369–379.
11840:
11771:
11716:
11697:(6): 551–556.
11677:
11670:
11622:
11603:(2): 157–171.
11583:
11576:
11550:
11511:
11470:
11457:(4): 373–396.
11437:
11425:
11390:(11): 949–58.
11374:
11363:(1–4): 94–97.
11347:
11335:
11323:
11311:
11304:
11286:
11274:
11262:
11243:(3): 309–320.
11227:
11186:(5): 663–667.
11163:
11100:
11085:
11044:
11025:(3): 159–171.
11002:
10983:(7): 870–872.
10967:
10948:(2): 117–126.
10928:
10909:(3): 247–262.
10905:(in Spanish).
10889:
10850:
10843:
10825:
10818:
10790:
10783:
10757:
10734:
10719:
10688:
10681:
10655:
10653:, p. 509.
10643:
10636:
10615:
10608:
10584:
10577:
10559:
10524:
10482:
10475:
10442:
10411:
10400:(1): 453–487.
10384:
10358:
10299:
10240:
10173:
10162:(2): 239–250.
10139:
10128:(4): 461–466.
10108:
10051:
10022:(2): 112–117.
10002:
9945:
9888:
9829:
9772:
9756:
9707:
9678:(3): 336–339.
9658:
9607:
9580:
9569:(4): 775–784.
9553:
9518:(2): 332–342.
9494:
9473:
9420:
9401:(2): 197–206.
9385:
9372:(2): 165–173.
9352:
9340:
9291:
9256:(5922): 1687.
9240:
9181:
9155:
9133:
9106:(4): 795–814.
9090:
9083:
9057:
9023:
9003:
8984:(3): 231–237.
8964:
8930:
8904:
8842:
8785:
8759:
8706:
8703:on 2009-06-12.
8687:
8636:
8627:The New Yorker
8613:
8594:(3): 235–246.
8575:
8542:
8472:
8429:(3): 397–401.
8413:
8383:
8369:
8354:
8347:
8329:
8288:
8271:
8221:
8186:
8169:
8115:
8071:
8064:
8027:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7916:
7863:
7844:(12): 1100–5.
7828:
7816:
7809:
7783:
7764:
7752:
7733:
7718:
7681:
7662:(3): 195–202.
7642:
7607:(2): 289–295.
7588:
7581:
7563:
7550:(2): 134–141.
7523:
7504:(4): 543–557.
7488:
7455:
7428:
7389:
7348:
7287:
7240:(12): e15761.
7220:
7201:
7166:(4): 581–590.
7145:
7075:
7026:
6967:
6953:2286/R.I.44873
6908:
6860:
6823:(3): 557–566.
6800:
6797:on 2010-05-30.
6749:
6694:
6687:
6661:
6616:
6609:
6591:
6553:
6542:(1): 153–170.
6526:
6491:
6442:
6391:
6332:
6281:
6268:(1): 137–141.
6248:
6241:
6210:
6203:
6185:
6156:(5): 562–563.
6132:
6105:(3): 809–817.
6081:
6074:
6048:
5991:
5938:
5917:(5): 564–565.
5893:
5841:
5814:(3): 429–450.
5798:
5757:
5744:(2): 185–382.
5720:
5699:
5677:
5654:
5647:
5622:
5581:
5544:(3): 974–985.
5524:
5489:
5460:(2): 159–174.
5440:
5381:
5346:(2): 177–191.
5326:
5299:(4): 215–222.
5279:
5220:
5208:
5161:
5100:
5097:. 23 May 2023.
5082:
5045:(3650): 1–27.
5029:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4968:Termite shield
4965:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4858:
4855:
4790:lignocellulose
4758:
4755:
4708:
4707:In agriculture
4705:
4614:
4611:
4593:Reticulitermes
4529:A$ 1.5 billion
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4438:
4431:
4429:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4365:
4358:
4308:
4305:
4296:Trinervitermes
4246:mangrove swamp
4185:
4182:
4168:
4165:
4047:Reticulitermes
4013:
4010:
3891:
3888:
3876:sex pheromones
3850:
3847:
3808:
3805:
3786:
3783:
3767:A. nomius
3713:
3710:
3694:sphecoid wasps
3632:Cylindromyrmex
3614:Acanthostichus
3609:termite mounds
3458:in the family
3370:
3367:
3271:gut microbiota
3230:hypermastigids
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3170:heterozygosity
3099:nuptial flight
3086:
3083:
3061:Reticulitermes
3054:Queens of the
3008:hemimetabolous
2959:
2956:
2939:nuptial flight
2896:Neocapritermes
2834:Kalotermitidae
2803:Hodotermitidae
2677:nymph-to-imago
2584:
2581:
2442:Hodotermitidae
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2199:Cubitermitinae
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2094:Holmgren, 1910
2087:
2078:
2076:Holmgren, 1912
2069:
2060:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:Holmgren, 1910
2023:Froggatt, 1897
2009:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:Holmgren, 1910
1991:
1980:Holmgren, 1910
1973:
1971:Holmgren, 1910
1964:
1962:Froggatt, 1897
1955:
1953:Holmgren, 1910
1946:
1937:
1906:and all other
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1813:Kalotermitidae
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:Tanytermitidae
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1755:Porotermitinae
1751:
1749:Holmgren, 1910
1740:Holmgren, 1910
1733:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1663:
1658:Hodotermitidae
1654:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1486:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:Kalotermitidae
1296:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:Hodotermitidae
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:Tutricablattae
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:Cryptocercidae
1034:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
984:
979:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
954:
952:
950:Solumblattodea
946:
945:
942:
941:
934:
929:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
903:
901:
893:
847:The primitive
672:
669:
613:
610:
606:climate change
508:superorganisms
372:detritophagous
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
331:Tanytermitidae
327:
325:Kalotermitidae
322:
317:
315:Hodotermitidae
312:
307:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
267:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17136:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17091:
17089:
17072:
17066:
17062:
17057:
17053:
17049:
17044:
17040:
17035:
17029:
17025:
17024:
17022:
17020:
17016:
17008:
17003:
16999:
16995:
16990:
16986:
16982:
16977:
16973:
16969:
16964:
16960:
16956:
16951:
16947:
16943:
16938:
16934:
16930:
16925:
16921:
16917:
16912:
16908:
16903:
16897:
16893:
16888:
16882:
16878:
16877:
16875:
16873:
16869:
16865:
16860:
16850:
16845:
16838:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16818:
16816:
16810:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16796:Neonicotinoid
16794:
16792:
16789:
16788:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16758:
16756:
16752:
16745:
16741:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16708:
16704:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16663:
16661:
16655:
16647:
16646:
16642:
16641:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16628:
16625:
16624:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16606:
16603:
16602:
16601:
16598:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16565:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16548:
16546:
16540:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16485:
16483:
16481:Other aspects
16479:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16459:
16457:
16455:
16451:
16443:
16440:
16439:
16438:
16435:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16422:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16413:
16409:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16384:
16382:
16378:
16372:
16369:
16365:
16362:
16361:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16343:
16342:
16341:Musca depicta
16338:
16336:
16333:
16332:
16331:
16328:
16327:
16325:
16321:
16318:
16314:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16292:
16287:
16285:
16280:
16278:
16273:
16272:
16269:
16254:
16253:
16249:
16246:
16245:
16241:
16238:
16237:
16233:
16232:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16213:
16210:
16205:
16202:
16201:
16200:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16190:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16169:
16163:
16160:
16156:
16155:
16151:
16150:
16149:
16146:
16142:
16139:
16138:
16137:
16134:
16130:
16129:
16125:
16124:
16123:
16120:
16116:
16115:
16111:
16110:
16109:
16106:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16084:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16051:
16050:
16047:
16046:
16044:
16040:
16035:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15992:Kin selection
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15977:Haplodiploidy
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15959:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15940:
15936:
15929:
15924:
15922:
15917:
15915:
15910:
15909:
15906:
15894:
15890:
15883:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15833:
15831:
15825:
15823:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15804:
15800:
15794:
15788:
15787:
15785:
15781:
15778:
15772:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15752:
15750:
15746:
15743:
15739:
15733:
15727:
15725:
15719:
15718:
15716:
15712:
15706:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15694:
15692:
15688:
15682:
15678:
15676:
15672:
15670:
15666:
15664:
15660:
15658:
15654:
15652:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15639:
15631:
15626:
15624:
15619:
15617:
15612:
15611:
15608:
15602:
15599:
15596:
15593:
15590:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15575:
15574:
15568:
15567:
15559:
15553:
15549:
15544:
15540:
15534:
15530:
15525:
15524:
15505:
15501:
15494:
15486:
15482:
15475:
15468:
15466:
15451:on 2017-07-13
15447:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15431:
15427:
15423:
15416:
15409:
15393:
15389:
15383:
15367:
15363:
15359:
15352:
15343:
15338:
15334:
15330:
15326:
15319:
15303:
15299:
15298:The Architect
15295:
15289:
15287:
15285:
15276:
15272:
15268:
15264:
15260:
15256:
15249:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15225:
15221:
15217:
15213:
15209:
15205:
15198:
15182:
15178:
15174:
15167:
15152:
15148:
15141:
15133:
15127:
15111:
15107:
15101:
15099:
15097:
15095:
15093:
15084:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15066:
15062:
15058:
15054:
15050:
15046:
15042:
15035:
15027:
15023:
15016:
15009:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14978:
14970:
14966:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14950:
14943:
14936:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14912:
14908:
14901:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14865:
14857:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14841:
14837:
14833:
14829:
14822:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14787:
14779:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14761:
14754:
14752:
14743:
14737:
14733:
14726:
14724:
14722:
14720:
14711:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14668:
14666:
14664:
14647:
14643:
14639:
14632:
14623:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14595:
14593:
14577:
14570:
14564:
14556:
14549:
14543:
14528:
14521:
14515:
14507:
14500:
14492:
14491:
14483:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14457:
14450:
14434:
14430:
14423:
14421:
14419:
14417:
14408:
14402:
14395:
14390:
14383:
14380:
14375:
14367:
14363:
14359:
14355:
14348:
14346:
14337:
14333:
14329:
14322:
14314:
14313:
14305:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14275:
14267:
14266:
14258:
14250:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14228:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14216:
14214:
14212:
14210:
14208:
14199:
14193:
14189:
14182:
14180:
14171:
14165:
14161:
14154:
14152:
14143:
14139:
14135:
14131:
14124:
14117:
14109:
14105:
14101:
14097:
14093:
14086:
14078:
14074:
14070:
14066:
14062:
14055:
14047:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14032:
14024:
14016:
14012:
14008:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13980:
13976:
13969:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13933:
13926:
13924:
13915:
13911:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13887:
13880:
13878:
13869:
13863:, p. 22.
13862:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13816:
13812:
13805:
13799:, p. 21.
13798:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13787:
13785:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13756:
13748:
13746:
13739:, p. 20.
13738:
13733:
13725:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13697:
13695:
13687:
13682:
13674:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13638:
13622:
13618:
13614:
13607:
13605:
13596:
13590:
13586:
13579:
13577:
13568:
13562:
13558:
13551:
13532:
13525:
13517:
13511:
13507:
13500:
13498:
13489:
13485:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13458:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13431:
13422:
13417:
13413:
13409:
13405:
13398:
13396:
13387:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13336:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13312:
13308:
13304:
13300:
13296:
13289:
13281:
13277:
13270:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13220:
13211:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13192:
13183:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13132:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13098:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13082:
13075:
13067:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13049:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13026:
13018:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12990:
12986:
12983:(4): e36375.
12982:
12978:
12974:
12967:
12965:
12956:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12907:
12899:
12895:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12871:
12864:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12832:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12813:
12804:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12787:
12785:
12776:
12768:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12737:(6093): 436.
12736:
12732:
12724:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12659:
12651:
12647:
12643:
12642:10.1038/33305
12639:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12616:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12561:
12553:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12512:
12504:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12473:
12467:
12463:
12456:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12433:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12397:
12390:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12335:
12321:on 2016-03-04
12317:
12313:
12309:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12271:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12244:(1): 747–52.
12243:
12239:
12235:
12228:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12189:
12182:(2): 409–419.
12181:
12177:
12170:
12163:
12161:
12159:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12119:(5928): 758.
12118:
12114:
12107:
12100:(2): 331–345.
12099:
12095:
12088:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12045:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12002:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11953:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11914:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11889:R. virginicus
11887:(Kollar) and
11886:
11879:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11844:
11836:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11775:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11736:(3): 319–32.
11735:
11731:
11727:
11720:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11681:
11673:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11587:
11579:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11554:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11515:
11507:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11474:
11465:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11441:
11434:
11429:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11378:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11351:
11345:, p. 19.
11344:
11339:
11332:
11327:
11321:, p. 59.
11320:
11315:
11307:
11301:
11297:
11290:
11284:, p. 75.
11283:
11278:
11272:, p. 61.
11271:
11266:
11258:
11254:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11231:
11217:on 2015-11-12
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11174:
11167:
11159:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11113:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11059:
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11048:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11009:
11007:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10971:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10944:(in French).
10943:
10939:
10932:
10924:
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10893:
10885:
10881:
10877:
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10869:
10865:
10861:
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10840:
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10468:
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10438:
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10422:
10415:
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10399:
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10380:
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10354:
10350:
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10335:
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10127:
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10078:
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10070:
10066:
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10055:
10047:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10006:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9949:
9941:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9892:
9884:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9767:
9760:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9703:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9637:10.1038/28527
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9597:
9593:
9587:
9585:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9486:
9485:
9477:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9433:
9424:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9389:
9380:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9295:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9185:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9143:
9137:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9094:
9086:
9080:
9076:
9071:
9070:
9061:
9053:
9046:
9041:|first1=
9034:
9026:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8968:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8937:
8935:
8918:
8911:
8909:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8847:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8789:
8773:
8766:
8764:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8719:
8710:
8702:
8698:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8582:
8580:
8571:
8567:
8560:
8559:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8538:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8477:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8417:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8390:
8388:
8379:
8373:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8286:, p. 18.
8285:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8228:
8226:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8184:, p. 13.
8183:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8122:
8120:
8111:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7973:, p. 10.
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7876:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7826:, p. 12.
7825:
7820:
7812:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7796:
7787:
7781:, p. 11.
7780:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7761:
7756:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7719:9780123815163
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7654:(Isoptera)".
7653:
7646:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7593:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7558:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7452:(1): 123–130.
7451:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
7344:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7300:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7080:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6805:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6648:10.1206/377.1
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6621:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6558:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6238:
6235:–3037, 3754.
6234:
6229:
6228:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6077:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5846:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5687:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5627:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5051:10.1206/651.1
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5019:on 2021-12-13
5018:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4929:, influenza,
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4898:, Australia.
4897:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4835:solar chimney
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4462:
4454:
4448:Shelter tubes
4442:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4230:shelter tubes
4223:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:Formica nigra
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:Trichopsenius
4037:
4032:
4029:A species of
4024:
4023:
4018:
4009:
4007:
4006:necrophoresis
4003:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3855:
3849:Communication
3846:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:Rhytidoponera
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:Ophthalmopone
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:Crematogaster
3622:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3520:insectivorous
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2935:physogastrism
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:), slashing (
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:false workers
2827:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:(winged) and
2717:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:, the mobile
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:compound eyes
2427:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:South America
2316:
2315:North America
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:South America
2236:
2232:
2231:North America
2228:
2209:
2205:
2202:Weidner, 1956
2200:
2196:
2191:
2190:Amitermitinae
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:Syntermitinae
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Neoisopterans
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1881:Neoisopterans
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Neoisopterans
1866:
1862:
1858:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:Desneux, 1904
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
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1558:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:Teletisoptera
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
983:
982:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
933:
932:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:
823:Kumar Krishna
820:
816:
815:
814:Pycnoblattina
810:
809:Carboniferous
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
693:
684:
683:
677:
668:
666:
665:British Isles
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:
609:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:North America
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:Late Jurassic
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
334:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
297:
295:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
277:
273:
271:
268:
266:
262:
261:
258:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
17018:
16871:
16826:Insecticides
16743:
16731:
16728:Hans Zinsser
16693:Clothes moth
16643:
16454:In mythology
16387:Fishing bait
16339:
16250:
16242:
16234:
16230:E. O. Wilson
16216:
16203:
16161:
16152:
16126:
16122:Thysanoptera
16112:
15954:Presociality
15892:
15802:
15775:Xylophagodea
15697:Nocticolidae
15679:Superorder:
15673:Infraclass:
15586:
15581: "
15564:
15547:
15528:
15508:. Retrieved
15503:
15493:
15484:
15480:
15453:. Retrieved
15446:the original
15425:
15421:
15408:
15396:. Retrieved
15391:
15382:
15370:. Retrieved
15366:the original
15361:
15351:
15332:
15328:
15318:
15306:. Retrieved
15302:the original
15297:
15258:
15248:
15207:
15203:
15197:
15187:11 September
15185:. Retrieved
15181:the original
15176:
15166:
15154:. Retrieved
15150:
15140:
15116:11 September
15114:. Retrieved
15109:
15048:
15044:
15034:
15025:
15021:
15008:
14994:(1): 47–69.
14991:
14988:Sociobiology
14987:
14977:
14952:
14948:
14935:
14910:
14906:
14900:
14875:
14871:
14864:
14834:(1): 19–26.
14831:
14827:
14821:
14796:
14792:
14786:
14759:
14731:
14681:
14677:
14650:. Retrieved
14642:The Guardian
14641:
14631:
14607:(1): 55–68.
14604:
14600:
14579:. Retrieved
14575:
14563:
14554:
14542:
14530:. Retrieved
14526:
14514:
14499:
14489:
14482:
14471:the original
14466:
14463:Sociobiology
14462:
14449:
14437:. Retrieved
14432:
14401:
14389:
14374:
14357:
14353:
14335:
14332:Sociobiology
14331:
14327:
14321:
14311:
14304:
14294:20 September
14292:. Retrieved
14288:the original
14283:
14274:
14264:
14257:
14230:
14227:
14187:
14159:
14133:
14129:
14116:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14085:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14054:
14030:
14023:
13982:
13978:
13974:
13968:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13931:
13889:
13885:
13876:
13868:
13818:
13814:
13804:
13758:
13754:
13732:
13705:
13702:
13688:, p. 3.
13681:
13648:
13644:
13637:
13625:. Retrieved
13621:the original
13616:
13584:
13556:
13550:
13538:. Retrieved
13524:
13505:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13457:
13440:
13436:
13430:
13411:
13407:
13349:
13345:
13335:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13288:
13279:
13276:Sociobiology
13275:
13269:
13236:(471): 4–5.
13233:
13229:
13219:
13200:
13196:
13190:
13182:
13141:
13137:
13131:
13091:(1): 30–36.
13088:
13084:
13074:
13039:
13035:
13025:
12980:
12976:
12920:
12916:
12906:
12873:
12869:
12863:
12825:(2): 89–93.
12822:
12818:
12812:
12793:
12789:
12783:
12775:
12734:
12730:
12723:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12665:
12658:
12625:
12621:
12615:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12560:
12525:
12521:
12511:
12492:
12489:Wilson, E.O.
12461:
12455:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12432:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12334:
12323:. Retrieved
12316:the original
12295:
12291:
12278:
12241:
12237:
12227:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12188:
12179:
12176:Sociobiology
12175:
12116:
12112:
12106:
12097:
12094:Sociobiology
12093:
12087:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12050:
12044:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11966:
11962:
11952:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11899:(1): 43–49.
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11878:
11853:
11849:
11843:
11788:
11784:
11774:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11719:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11680:
11653:
11650:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11586:
11559:
11553:
11531:(1): 37–39.
11528:
11524:
11520:
11514:
11487:
11483:
11473:
11454:
11450:
11440:
11428:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11338:
11326:
11314:
11295:
11289:
11277:
11265:
11240:
11236:
11230:
11219:. Retrieved
11212:the original
11183:
11179:
11166:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11103:
11068:
11064:
11055:
11047:
11022:
11018:
10980:
10976:
10970:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10931:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10892:
10867:
10863:
10853:
10834:
10828:
10805:
10793:
10769:Soil ecology
10768:
10760:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10737:
10702:
10666:
10658:
10646:
10627:
10594:
10587:
10568:
10562:
10537:
10533:
10527:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10461:
10431:(1): 34–37.
10428:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10397:
10393:
10387:
10378:
10374:
10361:
10316:
10312:
10302:
10257:
10253:
10243:
10190:
10186:
10176:
10159:
10155:
10142:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10068:
10064:
10054:
10019:
10015:
10005:
9962:
9958:
9948:
9905:
9901:
9891:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9789:
9785:
9775:
9765:
9764:Geetha Iyer
9759:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9675:
9671:
9661:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9599:. Retrieved
9595:
9566:
9562:
9556:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9506:species and
9504:Trichonympha
9503:
9497:
9489:the original
9483:
9476:
9444:(1): 83–93.
9441:
9437:
9431:
9423:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9369:
9365:
9355:
9343:
9308:
9304:
9294:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9198:
9194:
9184:
9174:16 September
9172:. Retrieved
9168:the original
9158:
9146:. Retrieved
9136:
9103:
9099:
9093:
9068:
9060:
9013:
9006:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8957:16 September
8955:. Retrieved
8951:the original
8946:
8921:. Retrieved
8862:
8858:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8776:. Retrieved
8730:(2): 622–8.
8727:
8723:
8717:
8709:
8701:the original
8690:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8626:
8616:
8591:
8587:
8557:
8492:
8488:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8399:
8395:
8372:
8363:
8357:
8338:
8332:
8322:11 September
8320:. Retrieved
8316:
8311:Krishna, K.
8244:(1): 52–56.
8241:
8237:
8233:
8212:. Retrieved
8131:
8127:
8086:
8046:
8003:
7999:
7966:
7961:, p. 9.
7954:
7932:(1): 63–66.
7929:
7925:
7919:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7866:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7819:
7794:
7786:
7755:
7750:, p. 7.
7701:
7697:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7604:
7600:
7572:
7566:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7472:
7468:
7458:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7431:
7419:. Retrieved
7415:the original
7410:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7308:
7304:
7299:Nasutitermes
7298:
7290:
7237:
7233:
7223:
7204:
7163:
7159:
7148:
7095:
7091:
7043:
7039:
7029:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6876:
6872:
6863:
6820:
6816:
6792:the original
6772:(5): 27–53.
6769:
6765:
6752:
6707:
6697:
6672:
6664:
6642:(7): 1–200.
6639:
6635:
6600:
6594:
6569:
6565:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6301:(1–17): 12.
6298:
6294:
6284:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6226:
6194:
6188:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6135:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6091:Cryptocercus
6090:
6084:
6059:
6051:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5959:
5955:
5950:Cryptocercus
5949:
5941:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5896:
5864:(3): 331–5.
5861:
5857:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5777:(1): 18–22.
5774:
5770:
5760:
5741:
5737:
5732:Cryptocercus
5731:
5723:
5712:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5680:
5663:
5657:
5638:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5505:(1): 21–35.
5502:
5498:
5492:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5218:, p. 2.
5211:
5181:(1): 83–97.
5178:
5174:
5164:
5121:
5117:
5094:
5085:
5042:
5032:
5021:. Retrieved
5017:the original
5006:
4987:
4938:
4916:
4910:
4900:
4894:building in
4868:
4839:stack effect
4828:
4816:
4777:fossil fuels
4774:
4722:bioturbation
4718:
4697:South Africa
4670:
4657:
4645:
4638:
4591:
4589:
4554:
4526:
4522:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4459:
4389:
4348:A. laurensis
4347:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4316:
4301:Nasutitermes
4300:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4263:Nasutitermes
4262:
4259:Puerto Rican
4250:Nasutitermes
4249:
4243:
4234:
4226:
4170:
4158:
4147:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4125:Nasutitermes
4124:
4121:Nasutitermes
4120:
4118:
4112:
4102:Nasutitermes
4101:
4095:
4089:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4055:hydrocarbons
4045:
4039:
4036:glucosidases
4028:
4020:
3999:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3957:hydrocarbon
3944:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3884:
3880:
3864:
3859:Nasutitermes
3858:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3810:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3718:
3715:
3705:Angiopolybia
3703:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3656:Pachycondyla
3654:
3648:
3644:Odontomachus
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3598:Centromyrmex
3596:
3590:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3542:
3389:
3383:
3360:
3349:
3339:Termitomyces
3337:
3334:fungiculture
3331:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3275:dictyopteran
3246:Trichonympha
3245:
3242:
3203:detritivores
3200:
3153:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3104:
3096:
3085:Reproduction
3059:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3011:
2993:
2981:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2926:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2872:Incisitermes
2870:
2867:Cryptotermes
2852:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:True workers
2789:
2786:pseudergates
2785:
2778:true workers
2777:
2760:
2757:trophallaxis
2748:
2747:
2735:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:cell potency
2622:
2606:larval stage
2586:
2583:Caste system
2577:
2549:
2522:
2487:
2483:life history
2423:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2380:
2286:
2283:
2224:
2193:Kemner, 1934
2184:Kemner, 1934
2042:
2008:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1899:Termitomyces
1897:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1854:
1825:
1801:
1773:
1635:
1552:
1490:
1475:
1389:
1374:
1352:
1330:
1298:
1246:
1231:
1209:
1187:
1145:
1133:
1125:
1053:
1052:
1036:
1025:Xylophagodea
1011:
986:
961:
936:
913:
898:
890:
883:
877:
871:
865:
857:Xylophagodea
852:
846:
830:Cryptocercus
829:
825:
818:
812:
800:
797:Late Permian
775:Fruitafossor
773:
771:mammaliaform
760:
744:Cryptocercus
743:
740:allogrooming
736:trophallaxis
728:Cryptocercus
727:
724:Cryptocercus
723:
720:Cryptocercus
719:
708:DNA analysis
701:Cryptocercus
700:
697:flagellates.
692:Cryptocercus
690:
688:
680:
661:termitariums
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
624:
623:(equal) and
620:
615:
599:
565:province of
563:Alto Orinoco
556:
548:biodiversity
513:
473:
452:Cryptocercus
450:
447:sister group
443:phylogenetic
433:(along with
426:
419:
414:
397:
367:
366:
241:
238:Infraorder:
218:Superorder:
212:Polyneoptera
142:
47:
17056:iNaturalist
17048:Termitoidae
17019:Termitoidae
16902:Termitoidae
16896:Wikispecies
16812:Categories,
16791:Insecticide
16622:Sericulture
16593:Royal jelly
16518:Flea circus
16508:Entomophagy
16442:Cantharidin
16437:Spanish fly
16412:In medicine
16392:Fly fishing
16323:In the arts
16128:Kladothrips
16064:Crabronidae
16049:Hymenoptera
15962:Agriculture
15935:Eusociality
15803:Termitoidae
15765:Tryonicidae
15729:Blaberidae
15721:Ectobiidae
15714:Blaberoidea
15702:Corydiidae
15690:Corydioidea
15681:Dictyoptera
15362:Harare News
14764:Netherlands
14652:22 December
13936:N. costalis
13540:5 September
13305:(1): 1–17.
12261:11449/19749
11056:Iridomyrmex
10977:Experientia
10540:(1): 1–13.
10505:(1): 9–21.
8396:Tetrahedron
7704:: 521–549.
7440:Macrotermes
6462:: 281–299.
5601:: 281–314.
4935:tonsillitis
4907:Switzerland
4879:Mick Pearce
4843:Middle East
4781:bioreactors
4750:crop yields
4501:Coptotermes
4408:, Australia
4330:Macrotermes
4290:Apicotermes
4143:Orchidaceae
4129:Iridomyrmex
3990:neotropical
3967:naphthalene
3955:monoterpene
3807:Competition
3801:LĂ©vy flight
3686:Macrotermes
3604:Iridomyrmex
3532:chimpanzees
3528:Sloth bears
3460:Ammoxenidae
3424:dragonflies
3416:cockroaches
3378:Crab spider
3262:spirochetes
2862:Neoisoptera
2858:Fontanelles
2811:Termitidae)
2784:are termed
2776:are termed
2769:polymorphic
2731:Neoisoptera
2673:progressive
2645:multipotent
2637:pluripotent
2598:Hymenoptera
2446:Termopsidae
2415:during the
2375:Dictyoptera
2361:Description
2263:subtropical
1916:prokaryotes
1912:flagellates
1857:Neoisoptera
1851:Neoisoptera
1828:Neoisoptera
1805:Engel, 2013
1793:Engel, 2021
1777:Engel, 2021
1729:Engel, 2021
1717:Engel, 2021
1705:Engel, 2021
1691:Engel, 2021
1670:Engel, 2021
1607:Termopsidae
1598:Engel, 2021
1586:Engel, 2021
1574:Engel, 2021
1319:Neoisoptera
1287:Icoisoptera
938:Blaberoidea
899:Dictyoptera
819:Mastotermes
801:Mastotermes
756:Dictyoptera
653:termitarium
618:Greek words
601:Coptotermes
596:West Indies
524:subtropical
484:Hymenoptera
435:cockroaches
427:Termitoidae
390:leaf litter
294:Termopsidae
222:Dictyoptera
18:Termitoidae
17088:Categories
16831:Pesticides
16568:Bee pollen
16563:Beekeeping
16545:entomology
16488:Biomimicry
16420:Apitherapy
16380:In fishing
16335:Beetlewing
16316:in culture
16183:Coalescent
16171:In culture
16148:Coleoptera
16114:Synalpheus
16108:Crustacean
16069:Halictidae
15997:Polyethism
15868:Termitidae
15809:(termites)
15748:Blattoidae
15741:Blattoidea
15667:Subclass:
15657:Arthropoda
15585:" in
15510:2024-07-30
15487:(66): 1–2.
15455:2015-09-20
15308:17 October
15028:: 199–216.
14439:15 January
14338:: 299–304.
14280:"Termites"
14188:Shelter II
14102:(4): 357.
14071:(5): 569.
13975:Cubitermes
13627:8 February
13282:: 189–200.
12449:: 271–282.
12441:(Hagen)".
12343:Feytaud".
12325:2015-10-08
11221:2015-09-20
11180:Biotropica
10754:: 271–282.
10381:: 183–196.
10375:Ecotropica
9727:(37): 37.
9601:2020-05-16
9508:Candidatus
8695:Davis, P.
8208:"Termites"
7421:12 January
5672:B002P5O9SC
5023:2021-12-17
4999:References
4927:hoarseness
4923:bronchitis
4857:In culture
4761:See also:
4617:See also:
4577:investment
4550:orange oil
4426:Madagascar
4406:Queensland
4321:Cubitermes
4311:See also:
4248:-dwelling
4160:Eremophila
4059:appendages
3980:autothysis
3894:See also:
3857:Hordes of
3729:Rhabditida
3689:colonies.
3668:Solenopsis
3638:Leptogenys
3620:Camponotus
3569:Megaponera
3558:) kills a
3468:aardwolves
3444:amphibians
3412:centipedes
3404:Arthropods
3280:CrAssphage
3226:metamonads
3219:flagellate
2958:Life cycle
2915:diterpenes
2902:Armitermes
2878:Cubitermes
2774:Termitidae
2726:altruistic
2689:stationary
2681:regressive
2629:totipotent
2614:final molt
2557:trochanter
2545:ovipositor
2502:metathorax
2498:mesothorax
2249:alone. In
2227:Antarctica
2208:Termitinae
2206:Subfamily
2197:Subfamily
2188:Subfamily
2179:Subfamily
2170:Subfamily
2166:Hare, 1937
2161:Subfamily
2152:Subfamily
2143:Subfamily
2134:Subfamily
2125:Subfamily
2116:Subfamily
2107:Subfamily
2098:Subfamily
2089:Subfamily
2080:Subfamily
2071:Subfamily
2062:Subfamily
2053:Subfamily
2045:Termitidae
1993:Subfamily
1984:Subfamily
1908:Euisoptera
1886:Termitidae
1865:Termitidae
1753:subfamily
1744:subfamily
1721:subfamily
1709:subfamily
1686:subfamily
1674:subfamily
1391:Termitidae
1166:Euisoptera
1000:Kittrickea
988:Blattoidae
975:Blattoidea
963:Corydiodea
789:West Texas
767:Cretaceous
706:. In 2008
657:termitaria
633:Late Latin
559:Makiritare
488:monogamous
417:infraorder
410:Termitidae
398:white ants
394:soil humus
357:Termitidae
192:Arthropoda
17119:Symbiosis
17034:Q21069206
16814:templates
16786:Pesticide
16402:Fly tying
16141:Aphididae
16136:Hemiptera
16074:Honey bee
16012:Thelytoky
15967:Gamergate
15755:Blattidae
15669:Pterygota
15649:Kingdom:
15638:Blattodea
15442:198497332
15372:8 January
15275:112117767
15156:8 January
15000:0361-6525
14856:145403765
14848:1683-0296
14813:145754470
14684:(1): 29.
14061:Amitermes
13914:130782273
13673:0140-1963
12898:196618597
12767:206540025
11798:1410.0930
11095:1175-5334
10437:0038-2353
10168:0073-134X
10085:2169-8287
9979:2169-8287
9922:2169-8287
9865:1664-302X
9766:Scroll.in
9148:8 January
9033:cite book
8923:8 January
8778:8 January
8656:(1): 15.
8570:0155-7548
8519:0027-8424
8451:1432-1939
8423:Oecologia
8313:"Termite"
8258:1420-9098
8214:8 January
8148:0962-8452
8104:cite book
8096:937913325
8022:2296-701X
7475:: 61–82.
7264:1932-6203
7196:248457693
7188:0307-6970
7140:245133526
6507:(1): 87.
6486:225189490
6478:2380-7601
5709:"Termite"
5692:5 January
5686:"Termite"
5617:1314-2488
5476:1940-0829
5417:1746-4269
5368:0367-0244
5321:1164-5563
5256:1746-4269
5195:1464-7931
5138:0962-8452
5091:"Termite"
5069:0003-0082
5060:2246/5969
4973:Xylophagy
4963:Stigmergy
4931:sinusitis
4903:Zoo Basel
4896:Melbourne
4847:Near East
4726:sugarcane
4661:winnowing
4508:species.
4390:Amitermes
4375:Australia
4151:cellulose
4100:ants and
4086:Dorylinae
4078:Ponerinae
4002:pathogens
3674:Wasmannia
3580:mandibles
3512:pangolins
3472:anteaters
3464:aardvarks
3428:scorpions
3386:predators
3369:Predators
3258:cellulase
3207:cellulose
3108:ovarioles
3067:fecundity
3036:Neotenics
3010:insects,
2948:nymphoids
2931:fecundity
2816:ergatoids
2753:cellulose
2661:committed
2653:unipotent
2618:neotenous
2529:sternites
2494:prothorax
2470:mandibles
2371:sclerites
2330:Australia
2267:Australia
1890:bacterial
1826:Nanorder
925:Blattodea
748:epifamily
716:Blattodea
649:termitary
612:Etymology
580:Australia
567:Venezuela
540:hydrology
431:Blattodea
424:epifamily
255:Families
232:Blattodea
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
17094:Termites
17028:Wikidata
16916:Isoptera
16881:Wikidata
16872:Isoptera
16754:Concerns
16706:Pioneers
16683:Woodworm
16588:Propolis
16543:Economic
16430:Melittin
16425:Apitoxin
16244:The Ants
16162:Isoptera
16086:Mammalia
16079:Vespidae
15675:Neoptera
15655:Phylum:
15651:Animalia
15640:families
15329:Energies
15240:38776920
15232:24531967
15151:ABC News
15126:cite web
15083:21448161
14927:12474473
14892:15049460
14768:Springer
14710:25925503
14646:Archived
14581:19 April
14532:19 April
14394:Termites
14015:15326313
14007:18493731
13960:41799894
13843:33877331
13488:25009890
13386:25140873
13346:PLOS ONE
13327:33487814
13174:33221252
13166:17837424
13123:18604426
13115:19110429
13066:16720392
13017:22558452
12977:PLOS ONE
12955:23598990
12923:: 1650.
12890:16539144
12847:22167071
12759:22837520
12715:19770804
12607:27654745
12599:24420434
12552:10902684
12491:(2014).
12424:10769345
12381:23956394
12373:16739021
12270:19347093
12219:40214049
12149:31608071
12141:19423819
12079:23037986
12036:82046133
11993:23173060
11985:20568626
11913:36235510
11870:14885485
11835:25353958
11785:PLOS ONE
11766:27799126
11758:24309963
11711:16458523
11617:40887791
11545:84743428
11506:73570814
11420:16393629
11412:23086391
11208:13689479
11158:16592995
11071:: 1–74.
11039:20023221
10997:39854106
10923:28763771
10729:30804981
10519:10948359
10462:The Ants
10353:27333288
10313:PLOS ONE
10294:12438688
10235:12386341
10103:26184927
10046:28321010
9997:29301894
9940:29301895
9883:29354098
9849:: 2548.
9824:24487532
9751:23895662
9702:17374589
9596:iBiology
9548:28048145
9540:19192183
9415:85721748
9335:26019158
9286:21785886
9278:19325106
9235:25404335
9128:25878093
9120:15682871
8998:35656795
8899:28076409
8859:PLOS ONE
8829:21959164
8754:23356632
8746:21510214
8682:18822181
8631:Archived
8608:24541087
8572:. 96-38.
8537:14555764
8459:28310050
8266:21310420
8164:23067349
7946:26873138
7911:12233781
7858:19746415
7728:20831960
7676:22158321
7637:21795900
7629:19052720
7383:11306793
7343:22544239
7282:21209882
7234:PLOS ONE
7132:35577300
7070:30963947
7046:(1895).
7021:25246537
6962:24845553
6928:: 3636.
6903:49905391
6855:29403074
6744:22287896
6656:87276148
6429:15802602
6386:26200914
6346:PLOS ONE
6327:19226475
6180:17698448
6127:18226554
6043:14059547
6035:10898984
5986:18812290
5888:17412673
5836:86777253
5595:NeoBiota
5576:28168033
5519:92474272
5484:86904054
5435:19128461
5401:(1): 1.
5376:73373107
5274:28126033
5240:(1): 8.
5203:84398573
5156:30963947
5077:56166416
4952:See also
4890:and the
4837:effect (
4793:polymers
4785:hydrogen
4693:Zimbabwe
4685:Tanzania
4677:geophagy
4546:Fipronil
4540:such as
4480:Khorixas
4470:As pests
4173:Caatinga
3959:solvents
3834:. Since
3777:and the
3725:nematode
3720:Pyemotes
3516:aardwolf
3492:echidnas
3446:such as
3438:such as
3436:reptiles
3420:crickets
3406:such as
3357:protozoa
3250:bacteria
3224:such as
3222:protists
3158:neotenic
3145:queens)
3143:neotenic
3075:catalase
3063:speratus
3058:termite
3056:eusocial
3032:Soldiers
2721:apterous
2593:adultoid
2567:and the
2541:motility
2527:and the
2525:tergites
2500:and the
2466:maxillae
2259:tropical
1817:Froggatt
1611:Holmgren
1524:, &
1522:Grimaldi
1134:Isoptera
909:Mantodea
734:such as
712:16S rRNA
655:(plural
594:and the
528:tropical
461:Triassic
457:Jurassic
420:Isoptera
375:eusocial
368:Termites
242:Isoptera
208:Cohort:
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
39:Thermite
16887:Q546583
16678:Bed bug
16660:insects
16658:Harmful
16634:Shellac
16578:Beeswax
16533:Jingzhe
16313:insects
16309:Aspects
16302:insects
16101:Meerkat
16091:Blesmol
15663:Insecta
15661:Class:
15636:Extant
15212:Bibcode
15204:Science
15074:3072065
15053:Bibcode
15051:: 262.
14957:Bibcode
14701:4427943
14576:EPA.gov
14555:EPA.gov
13987:Bibcode
13894:Bibcode
13823:Bibcode
13763:Bibcode
13653:Bibcode
13377:4139309
13354:Bibcode
13307:Bibcode
13258:4125839
13238:Bibcode
13146:Bibcode
13138:Science
13093:Bibcode
13057:1560272
13008:3338677
12985:Bibcode
12946:3629736
12925:Bibcode
12855:2616753
12827:Bibcode
12739:Bibcode
12731:Science
12650:4419882
12630:Bibcode
12579:Bibcode
12543:1690655
12404:Bibcode
12353:Bibcode
12312:8108234
12121:Bibcode
12113:Science
12016:Bibcode
11826:4213025
11803:Bibcode
11738:Bibcode
11392:Bibcode
11245:Bibcode
11188:Bibcode
11126:Bibcode
11065:Zootaxa
10962:2031222
10872:Bibcode
10810:158–159
10542:Bibcode
10467:559–566
10344:4917219
10321:Bibcode
10262:Bibcode
10217:3073687
10195:Bibcode
10094:4505115
10037:5478533
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9794:Bibcode
9742:3738099
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9625:Bibcode
9520:Bibcode
9468:2877588
9460:9200983
9326:4590441
9258:Bibcode
9250:Science
9226:4260566
9203:Bibcode
8890:5226355
8867:Bibcode
8807:Bibcode
8673:2564920
8497:Bibcode
8467:6134800
8431:Bibcode
8156:1684665
7902:1690738
7609:Bibcode
7506:Bibcode
7334:3370480
7313:Bibcode
7273:3012694
7242:Bibcode
7168:Bibcode
7108:bioRxiv
7100:Bibcode
7061:6364590
7012:4209977
6989:Bibcode
6930:Bibcode
6881:Bibcode
6846:6482461
6825:Bibcode
6735:3264418
6712:Bibcode
6708:ZooKeys
6574:Bibcode
6509:Bibcode
6501:Geology
6437:7031381
6409:Bibcode
6401:Science
6377:4511787
6354:Bibcode
6318:2669471
6171:2391185
6107:Bibcode
6013:Bibcode
5977:2674353
5932:2391203
5879:2464702
5816:Bibcode
5793:5834489
5567:5288252
5546:Bibcode
5426:2628872
5348:Bibcode
5301:Bibcode
5265:5270236
5147:6364590
4946:Keramat
4881:, used
4801:acetate
4746:peanuts
4730:cassava
4641:protein
4613:As food
4599:Saunton
4595:grassei
4579:in its
4484:Namibia
4441:Namibia
4369:in the
4218:Banksia
4052:cuticle
3922:phalanx
3890:Defence
3699:Polybia
3680:Dorylus
3540:hominin
3504:numbats
3500:galagos
3486:, many
3484:bilbies
3456:spiders
3440:lizards
3432:spiders
3400:mammals
3398:and 19
3040:Workers
2989:diploid
2907:Nasutes
2853:soldier
2715:nymphal
2519:and leg
2517:clypeus
2478:cuticle
2458:clypeus
2428:, have
2417:Miocene
2413:Austria
2396:⁄
2386:⁄
2275:biomass
2271:endemic
2043:Family
2018:Family
1975:Family
1966:Family
1957:Family
1948:Family
1939:Family
1927:Family
1879:). All
1811:Family
1785:Family
1759:Emerson
1735:Family
1697:Family
1665:Family
1656:Family
1647:Family
1617:Family
1602:Family
1590:Family
1578:Family
1566:Family
1538:Desneux
1532:Family
1526:Krishna
1509:Family
1478:species
805:Permian
763:fossils
752:mantids
561:in the
516:biomass
406:species
378:insects
228:Order:
202:Insecta
198:Class:
53:Termite
43:Turmite
17071:585557
17061:118903
17007:277547
16981:102430
16942:1ISOPO
16617:Kermes
16612:Chitin
16605:Polish
16059:Apidae
16042:Groups
15942:Topics
15893:Italic
15554:
15535:
15440:
15398:21 May
15273:
15259:Nature
15238:
15230:
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4919:totems
4875:Harare
4851:Romans
4824:levees
4769:, and
4738:cotton
4734:coffee
4689:Zambia
4648:alates
4567:test.
4538:copper
4504:soil.
4307:Mounds
4254:lignin
4177:Brazil
4097:Azteca
4031:fungus
3734:Mermis
3523:mammal
3518:is an
3514:. The
3442:, and
3323:poplar
3174:genome
3028:Alates
3024:Larvae
3020:adults
3016:moults
3012:nymphs
2984:social
2968:alates
2890:Termes
2809:&
2761:Larvae
2749:Worker
2705:Alates
2687:) and
2651:), to
2643:), to
2569:tarsus
2496:, the
2490:thorax
2456:and a
2454:labrum
2448:, and
2438:ocelli
2434:alates
2342:1,000
2325:Europe
2310:Africa
2243:Africa
2235:Europe
1875:: see
1819:, 1897
1761:, 1942
1613:, 1911
1540:, 1904
1528:, 2009
1497:, 1832
1495:Brullé
826:et al.
704:nymphs
645:tarmes
641:terere
637:termes
590:, 24;
586:, 26;
582:, 16;
552:mounds
520:Africa
502:, and
392:, and
249:, 1832
247:Brullé
16955:11922
16583:Honey
16300:with
15477:(PDF)
15449:(PDF)
15438:S2CID
15418:(PDF)
15271:S2CID
15236:S2CID
15018:(PDF)
14945:(PDF)
14809:S2CID
14572:(PDF)
14551:(PDF)
14523:(PDF)
14474:(PDF)
14459:(PDF)
14126:(PDF)
14011:S2CID
13956:S2CID
13910:S2CID
13882:(PDF)
13839:S2CID
13534:(PDF)
13484:JSTOR
13323:S2CID
13254:S2CID
13170:S2CID
13119:S2CID
12894:S2CID
12851:S2CID
12763:S2CID
12711:S2CID
12646:S2CID
12603:S2CID
12420:S2CID
12377:S2CID
12319:(PDF)
12308:S2CID
12288:(PDF)
12215:S2CID
12172:(PDF)
12145:S2CID
12075:S2CID
12032:S2CID
11989:S2CID
11909:S2CID
11866:S2CID
11793:arXiv
11762:S2CID
11613:S2CID
11541:S2CID
11502:S2CID
11416:S2CID
11215:(PDF)
11204:S2CID
11176:(PDF)
11061:(PDF)
11035:JSTOR
10993:S2CID
10958:S2CID
10919:S2CID
10725:S2CID
10371:(PDF)
10213:JSTOR
10152:(PDF)
10071:(4).
9965:(1).
9908:(1).
9649:S2CID
9544:S2CID
9464:S2CID
9411:S2CID
9282:S2CID
9124:S2CID
8994:S2CID
8833:S2CID
8750:S2CID
8604:S2CID
8562:(PDF)
8463:S2CID
8262:S2CID
8160:S2CID
7942:S2CID
7672:S2CID
7633:S2CID
7192:S2CID
7136:S2CID
6899:S2CID
6795:(PDF)
6762:(PDF)
6652:S2CID
6638:. 1.
6632:(PDF)
6482:S2CID
6433:S2CID
6039:S2CID
5832:S2CID
5515:S2CID
5480:S2CID
5372:S2CID
5199:S2CID
5073:S2CID
4979:Notes
4804:ester
4799:, an
4742:maize
4681:Kenya
4603:Devon
4565:ELISA
4561:assay
4184:Nests
3872:trail
3868:alarm
3534:have
3496:foxes
3488:birds
3480:bears
3452:toads
3448:frogs
3396:birds
3353:humus
3327:maple
3267:mouth
3038:, or
2927:imago
2911:nasus
2573:claws
2565:tibia
2561:femur
2533:cerci
2474:palps
2462:scape
2255:China
1910:have
1877:below
1518:Engel
778:from
710:from
635:word
629:Latin
625:ptera
578:, 9;
504:adult
500:nymph
480:wasps
439:order
16994:7499
16989:NCBI
16976:ITIS
16937:EPPO
16627:Silk
16255:1994
16247:1990
16239:1975
16219:2000
16206:1927
15552:ISBN
15533:ISBN
15400:2011
15374:2015
15310:2015
15228:PMID
15189:2015
15158:2015
15132:link
15118:2015
15079:PMID
14996:ISSN
14923:PMID
14888:PMID
14852:OCLC
14844:ISSN
14772:ISBN
14736:ISBN
14706:PMID
14654:2021
14583:2021
14534:2021
14441:2015
14296:2015
14243:ISBN
14192:ISBN
14164:ISBN
14040:ISBN
14003:PMID
13934:and
13718:ISBN
13669:ISSN
13629:2014
13589:ISBN
13561:ISBN
13542:2015
13510:ISBN
13382:PMID
13162:PMID
13111:PMID
13062:PMID
13013:PMID
12951:PMID
12886:PMID
12843:PMID
12755:PMID
12671:ISBN
12595:PMID
12548:PMID
12497:ISBN
12466:ISBN
12369:PMID
12266:PMID
12137:PMID
12053:and
11981:PMID
11831:PMID
11754:PMID
11707:PMID
11666:ISBN
11572:ISBN
11408:PMID
11300:ISBN
11154:PMID
11091:ISSN
11081:ISBN
11069:2845
10839:ISBN
10814:ISBN
10779:ISBN
10715:ISBN
10677:ISBN
10632:ISBN
10604:ISBN
10573:ISBN
10515:PMID
10471:ISBN
10433:ISSN
10349:PMID
10290:PMID
10231:PMID
10164:ISSN
10099:PMID
10081:ISSN
10042:PMID
9993:PMID
9975:ISSN
9936:PMID
9918:ISSN
9879:PMID
9861:ISSN
9820:PMID
9747:PMID
9698:PMID
9641:PMID
9536:PMID
9456:PMID
9331:PMID
9274:PMID
9231:PMID
9176:2015
9150:2015
9116:PMID
9079:ISBN
9052:link
9045:help
9019:ISBN
8959:2015
8925:2015
8895:PMID
8825:PMID
8780:2015
8742:PMID
8678:PMID
8566:ISSN
8533:PMID
8515:ISSN
8455:PMID
8447:ISSN
8343:ISBN
8324:2015
8254:ISSN
8216:2015
8152:PMID
8144:ISSN
8110:link
8092:OCLC
8060:ISBN
8018:ISSN
7907:PMID
7854:PMID
7805:ISBN
7724:PMID
7714:ISBN
7625:PMID
7577:ISBN
7423:2015
7339:PMID
7278:PMID
7260:ISSN
7184:ISSN
7128:PMID
7066:PMID
7017:PMID
6958:PMID
6851:PMID
6740:PMID
6683:ISBN
6605:ISBN
6474:ISSN
6425:PMID
6382:PMID
6323:PMID
6237:ISBN
6233:3033
6199:ISBN
6176:PMID
6123:PMID
6093:vs.
6070:ISBN
6031:PMID
5982:PMID
5884:PMID
5789:PMID
5694:2015
5668:ASIN
5643:ISBN
5635:"11"
5613:ISSN
5572:PMID
5472:ISSN
5431:PMID
5413:ISSN
5364:ISSN
5317:ISSN
5270:PMID
5252:ISSN
5191:ISSN
5152:PMID
5134:ISSN
5065:ISSN
4869:The
4845:and
4695:and
4569:RNAi
4346:and
4293:and
3874:and
3824:and
3755:and
3743:and
3702:and
3671:and
3601:and
3510:and
3508:mice
3476:bats
3450:and
3430:and
3408:ants
3359:and
3325:and
3228:and
3189:Diet
3044:taxa
2851:The
2765:taxa
2553:coxa
2506:legs
2391:and
2354:360
2348:400
2339:435
2305:Asia
2279:ants
2261:and
2251:Asia
2233:and
1914:and
1894:taxa
1863:and
1855:The
882:and
738:and
631:and
536:soil
526:and
478:and
476:bees
402:ants
386:wood
64:Preęž’
17043:AFD
16929:742
16924:EoL
16911:ADW
16311:of
16054:Ant
16017:War
15430:doi
15337:doi
15263:doi
15220:doi
15208:343
15069:PMC
15061:doi
14965:doi
14915:doi
14880:doi
14836:doi
14801:doi
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14686:doi
14617:hdl
14609:doi
14362:doi
14235:doi
14138:doi
14104:doi
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13948:doi
13938:".
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13831:doi
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13617:ABC
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13246:doi
13205:doi
13154:doi
13142:210
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13044:doi
13040:273
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12941:PMC
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12835:doi
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12747:doi
12735:337
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12626:392
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12530:doi
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12024:doi
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11940:doi
11936:198
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11821:PMC
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11728:".
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11564:doi
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11253:doi
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11073:doi
11027:doi
10985:doi
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10880:doi
10775:316
10746:".
10707:doi
10600:294
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10280:PMC
10270:doi
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10130:doi
10089:PMC
10073:doi
10032:PMC
10024:doi
9983:PMC
9967:doi
9926:PMC
9910:doi
9869:PMC
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9810:PMC
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9737:PMC
9729:doi
9688:PMC
9680:doi
9633:doi
9621:394
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9567:103
9528:doi
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9313:doi
9309:282
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9211:doi
9199:111
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9075:119
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8885:PMC
8875:doi
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8732:doi
8728:104
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7801:291
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