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548:, and more) may also be understood based on applying the principles of tensegrity to the spontaneous self-assembly of compounds, proteins, and even organs. This view is supported by how the tension-compression interactions of tensegrity minimize material needed to maintain stability and achieve structural resiliency, although the comparison with inert materials within a biological framework has no widely accepted premise within physiological science. Therefore,
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length of the tendon connecting the rod tops with the neighboring rod bottoms that causes the structure to hold a stable shape. For such a structure, it is straightforward to prove that the triangle formed by the rod tops and that formed by the rod bottoms are rotated with respect to each other by an angle of 5Ï/6 (radians).
248:: Fundamental to tensegrity, the tension elementsâtypically cables or tendonsâform a continuous network that encases the entire structure. This allows for the even distribution of mechanical stresses and maintains the structural form, contributing to the overall stability and flexibility of the system.
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A three-rod tensegrity structure (shown above in a spinning drawing of a T3-Prism) builds on this simpler structure: the ends of each green rod look like the top and bottom of the Skylon. As long as the angle between any two cables is smaller than 180°, the position of the rod is well defined. While
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based on the technology, and he and his students quickly developed further structures and applied the technology to building domes. After a hiatus, Snelson also went on to produce a plethora of sculptures based on tensegrity concepts. His main body of work began in 1959 when a pivotal exhibition at
260:: A key aspect of tensegrity structures is their pre-stressed state, in which tension elements are tightened during the assembly process. Pre-stressing contributes significantly to the structural stiffness and stability, ensuring that all elements are either in tension or compression at all times.
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The three-rod tensegrity structure (3-way prism) has the property that, for a given (common) length of compression member "rod" (there are three total) and a given (common) length of tension cable "tendon" (six total) connecting the rod ends together, there is a particular value for the (common)
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The tension-bearing members in these structures – whether Fuller's domes or
Snelson's sculptures – map out the shortest paths between adjacent members (and are therefore, by definition, arranged geodesically). Tensional forces naturally transmit themselves over the
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The simplest tensegrity structure (a T3-prism). Each of three compression members (green) is symmetric with the other two, and symmetric from end to end. Each end is connected to three cables (red), which provide tension and precisely define the position of that end in the same way as the three
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for one of the works at the 1921 constructivist exhibition. Snelson has acknowledged the constructivists as an influence for his work (query?). French engineer David
Georges Emmerich has also noted how KÄrlis Johansons's work (and industrial design ideas) seemed to foresee tensegrity concepts.
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Since the early 2000s, tensegrities have also attracted the interest of roboticists due to their potential to design lightweight and resilient robots. Numerous researches have investigated tensegrity rovers, bio-mimicking robots, and modular soft robots. The most famous tensegrity robot is the
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254:: The compression components, such as struts or rods, are distinct in that they do not make direct contact with each other but are instead suspended within the tension network. This eliminates the need for rigid connections, enhancing the structural efficiency and resilience of the system.
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in the plane of each cube face, such that each strut is parallel to one edge of the face and is centered on the face. Moreover, each strut should be parallel to the strut on the opposite face of the cube, but orthogonal to all other struts. If the
Cartesian coordinates of one strut are
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The T3-prism (also known as
Triplex) can be obtained through form finding of a straight triangular prism. Its self-equilibrium state is given when the base triangles are in parallel planes separated by an angle of twist of Ï/6. The formula for its unique self-stress state is given
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Tensegrity structures are found in both nature as well as human-made objects: in the human body, the bones are held in compression while the connective tissues are held in tension, and the same principles have been applied to furniture and architectural design and beyond.
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took place. At the MOMA exhibition, Fuller had shown the mast and some of his other work. At this exhibition, Snelson, after a discussion with Fuller and the exhibition organizers regarding credit for the mast, also displayed some work in a
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is an early prototype to land on another planet without an airbag, and then be mobile to explore. The tensegrity structure provides structural compliance absorbing landing impact forces and motion is applied by changing cable lengths,
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consists of a continuous network of muscles and connective tissues, while the bones provide discontinuous compressive support, whilst the nervous system maintains tension in vivo through electrical stimulus. Levin claims that the
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These principles collectively enable tensegrity structures to achieve a balance of strength, resilience, and flexibility, making the concept widely applicable across disciplines including architecture, robotics, and biomechanics.
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385:), as one of the first major structures to employ the principle of tensegrity. The roof uses an inclined surface held in check by a system of cables holding up its circumference. Tensegrity principles were also used in
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shortest distance between two points, so the members of a tensegrity structure are precisely positioned to best withstand stress. For this reason, tensegrity structures offer a maximum amount of strength.
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278:: The design principles of tensegrity allow for scalability and modular construction. Tensegrity structures to be easily adapted or expanded in size and complexity according to specific requirements.
266:: Tensegrity structures are self-equilibrating and so automatically distribute internal stresses across the structure. This allows them to adapt to varying loads without losing structural integrity.
532:. For instance, the expressed shapes of cells, whether it be their reactions to applied pressure, interactions with substrates, etc., all can be mathematically modelled by representing the cell's
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1501:, therefore the figure is the stable tensegrity icosahedron. This choice of parameters gives the vertices the positions of Jessen's icosahedron; they are different from the
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Lessard, Steven; Castro, Dennis; Asper, William; Chopra, Shaurya Deep; Baltaxe-Admony, Leya
Breanna; Teodorescu, Mircea; SunSpiral, Vytas; Agogino, Adrian (October 2016).
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326:, three at each end, hold the tower in position. The three cables connected to the bottom "define" its location. The other three cables are simply keeping it vertical.
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Biotensegrity, a term coined by
Stephen Levin, is an extended theoretical application of tensegrity principles to biological structures. Biological structures such as
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A good overview on the scope of tensegrity from Fuller's point of view, and an interesting overview of early structures with careful attributions most of the time.
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In fact, some scientific paper proves this fact, showing the images of the first
Simplex structures (made with 3 bars and 9 tendons) developed by Ioganson.
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Sabelhaus, Andrew P.; Bruce, Jonathan; Caluwaerts, Ken; Manovi, Pavlo; Firoozi, Roya Fallah; Dobi, Sarah; Agogino, Alice M.; SunSpiral, Vytas (May 2015).
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1966:"Biotensegrity: a unifying theory of biological architecture with applications to osteopathic practice, education, and research-a review and analysis"
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1875: â Symmetrical transformations of the cuboctahedron into related uniform polyhedra, the geometry of the motion of the tensegrity icosahedron
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Since the tensegrity icosahedron represents an extremal point of the above relation, it has infinitesimal mobility: a small change in the length
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of the tensegrity icosahedron. It was first described by H. S. M. Coxeter and later called the "jitterbug transformation" by
Buckminster Fuller.
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Here, the first three negative values correspond to the inner components in compression, while the rest correspond to the cables in tension.
272:: Tensegrity systems employ a minimalist design philosophy, utilizing the minimum amount of materials to achieve maximum structural strength.
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within the system. This can produce exceptionally strong and rigid structures for their mass and for the cross section of the components.
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439:. A multiple-mast, cable-stay structure based on the principles of tensegrity, it is currently the world's largest tensegrity bridge.
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three cables are the minimum required for stability, additional cables can be attached to each node for aesthetic purposes and for
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654:. Throughout his career, Fuller had experimented with incorporating tensile components in his work, such as in the framing of his
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Snelson's 1948 innovation spurred Fuller to immediately commission a mast from
Snelson. In 1949, Fuller developed a tensegrity-
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With an unusual mix of art and science, Vyacheslav
Koleichuk resurrected a legendary 1921 exhibition of Constructivist art.
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409:, home of the Tampa Bay Rays major league baseball team, also has a dome roof supported by a large tensegrity structure.
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Several papers on the tensegrity mechanics of biologic structures from viruses to vertebrates by an Orthopedic Surgeon.
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Souza, Thales R.; Fonseca, Sérgio T.; Gonçalves, Gabriela G.; Ocarino, Juliana M.; Mancini, Marisa C. (October 2009).
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was lecturing) and elsewhere. Some years later, the term "tensegrity" was coined by Fuller, who is best known for his
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Different shapes of tensegrity icosahedra, depending on the ratio between the lengths of the tendons and the struts.
214:, and arranged in such a way that the compressed members (usually bars or struts) do not touch each other while the
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French Patent No. 1,377,290, "Construction de Reseaux Autotendants", 28 September 1964, David Georges Emmerich.
904:. It is a stable construction, albeit with infinitesimal mobility. To see this, consider a cube of side length
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Zappetti, D.; Mintchev, S.; Shintake, J.; Floreano, D. (2017), "Bio-inspired Tensegrity Soft Modular Robots",
1549:, rather than 2. However both sets of coordinates lie along a continuous family of positions ranging from the
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is assembled in a bistable tensegrity structure at the apical end of cells called the 'cell state splitter'.
517:, is also a tensegrity structure although there is no support for this theory from a structural perspective.
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Levin, Stephen M. (1 September 2002). "The tensegrity-truss as a model for spine mechanics: biotensegrity".
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French Patent No. 1,377,291, "Structures Linéaires Autotendants", 28 September 1964, David Georges Emmerich.
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The stability ("prestressability") of several 2-stage tensegrity structures are analyzed by Sultan, et al.
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Masic, Milenko; Skelton, Robert E.; Gill, Philip E. (August 2005). "Algebraic tensegrity form-finding".
1425:: one realized by pushing the struts together, the other by pulling them apart. In the particular case
1361:{\displaystyle s^{2}=(d-l)^{2}+d^{2}+l^{2}=2\left(d-{\frac {1}{2}}\,l\right)^{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}\,l^{2}}
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Verheyen, H.F. (1989). "The complete set of Jitterbug transformers and the analysis of their motion".
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1099:. The coordinates of the other strut ends (vertices) are obtained by permuting the coordinates, e.g.,
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3261:. This is a good starting place for learning about the mathematics of tensegrity and building models.
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3303:
Gough, Maria (Spring 1998). "In the Laboratory of Constructivism: Karl Ioganson's Cold Structures".
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by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Applied Computing and Mechanics Laboratory (IMAC)
900:, first studied by Snelson in 1949, has struts and tendons along the edges of a polyhedron called
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Tensegrity is characterized by several foundational principles that define its unique properties:
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of the tendon (e.g. by stretching the tendons) results in a much larger change of the distance 2
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2005:
Hartley, Eleanor (19 February â 21 March 2009), "Ken Snelson and the Aesthetics of Structure",
1612:, "Continuous Tension, Discontinuous Compression Structure," 16 February 1965, Kenneth Snelson.
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points out visual transparency as an important aesthetic quality of these structures. Korkmaz
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1557:(as limit cases), which are linked by a helical contractive/expansive transformation. This
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A tensegrity dome made of garden stakes and nylon twine built in the yard of a house, 2009
8:
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Liu, Yixiang; Dai, Xiaolin; Wang, Zhe; Bi, Qing; Song, Rui; Zhao, Jie; Li, Yibin (2022).
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See photo of Fuller's work at this exhibition in his 1961 article on tensegrity for the
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3365:"Determining Control Strategies for Damage Tolerance of an Active Tensegrity Structure"
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1620:, "Non-symmetrical Tension-Integrity Structures," 18 February 1975, Buckminster Fuller.
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as a tensegrity. Furthermore, geometric patterns found throughout nature (the helix of
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Aloui, Omar; Flores, Jessica; Orden, David; Rhode-Barbarigos, Landolf (1 April 2019).
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3003:(1973) . "3.7 Coordinates for the vertices of the regular and quasi-regular solids".
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2209:"A Tensegrity-Based Inchworm-Like Robot for Crawling in Pipes With Varying Diameters"
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2099:"A bio-inspired tensegrity manipulator with multi-DOF, structurally compliant joints"
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1987:
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529:
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Juan, S. J.; Tur, J M (July 2008). "Tensegrity frameworks: Static analysis review".
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Tensegrities saw increased application in architecture beginning in the 1960s, when
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2849:"The prestressability problem of tensegrity structures: some analytical solutions"
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1791:, an hourglass tower art sculpture including tensegrity structure, constructed at
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The origins of tensegrity are controversial. Many traditional structures, such as
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pressures would likely favor biological systems organized in a tensegrity manner.
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1604:, "Suspension Building" (also called aspension), 7 July 1964, Buckminster Fuller.
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has developed a theory of tensegrity to describe numerous phenomena observed in
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3650:
2948:
Design, Control, and Motion Planning of Cable-Driven Flexible Tensegrity Robots
2208:
2177:
2152:
Zappetti, Davide; Arandes, Roc; Ajanic, Enrico; Floreano, Dario (5 June 2020).
2103:
2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
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1982:
1965:
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uses a repeated pattern built using nodes that are connected to 5 cables each.
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tensioned members (usually cables or tendons) delineate the system spatially.
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3418:"Configuration of Control System for Damage Tolerance of a Tensegrity Bridge"
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International Association of Spatial Structures IASS Symposium 2009, Valencia
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2747:
Tensegrity Applications to Architecture, Engineering and Robotics: A Review
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2447:
2153:
2044:"System design and locomotion of SUPERball, an untethered tensegrity robot"
1991:
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Kenneth Snelson's 1948 X-Module Design as embodied in a two-module column
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87:
61:
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2352:
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136:
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3288:. Santander: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cantabria.
1852:
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1590:, "Tensile-Integrity Structures," 13 November 1962, Buckminster Fuller.
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508:, are made strong by the unison of tensioned and compressed parts. The
203:
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2757:
2560:"The organelle of differentiation in embryos: The cell state splitter"
623:
descent, who contributed some works to the main exhibition of Russian
28:
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3765:
3531:
The Gecko's Foot: How Scientists are Taking a Leaf from Nature's Book
2846:
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497:
473:
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323:
2736:, Paris: Ecole d'Architecture de Paris la Villette, 1988, pp. 30â31.
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2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)
3959:
3954:
3719:
Wang, Bin-Bing (1998). "Cable-strut systems: Part I â Tensegrity".
3316:
2898:
2882:"Cellular morphogenesis of three-dimensional tensegrity structures"
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2111:
1823: â Type of unbounded quadratic surface-shaped building or work
1817:, giant sky-floating tensegrity spheres named by Buckminster Fuller
693:
655:
620:
489:
421:
378:
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has argued that lightweight tensegrity structures are suitable for
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Structural design made of isolated members held in place by tension
3363:
Korkmaz, Sinan; Bel Hadj Ali, Nizar; Smith, Ian F.C. (June 2011).
597:
3713:
Cable Nets and Tensegric Shells: Analysis and Design Applications
2618:
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642:
produced his innovative "X-Piece" after artistic explorations at
501:
3759:
2879:
2529:"Globally stable minimal mass compressive tensegrity structures"
2253:
3554:
Beyond the Cube: The Architecture of Space Frames and Polyhedra
3190:
Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking
541:
493:
485:
382:
374:
3637:
Motro, R. (1992). "Tensegrity Systems: The State of the Art".
3445:"Origins of Tensegrity: Views of Emmerich, Fuller and Snelson"
2951:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 5.
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and tendons (connecting neighboring vertices) of given length
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are propagated by an 'organelle of differentiation' where the
318:
A conceptual building block of tensegrity is seen in the 1951
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Because of these patterns, no structural member experiences a
3478:"Prestress revealed by passive co-tension at the ankle joint"
2258:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 497â508,
2151:
1180:{\displaystyle (0,d,l)\rightarrow (d,l,0)\rightarrow (l,0,d)}
692:
The loading of at least some tensegrity structures causes an
600:, use tension and compression elements in a similar fashion.
593:
3475:
2613:. Series in Mathematical Biology and Medicine. Vol. 3.
2468:
Edwards, Scott A.; Wagner, Johannes; GrÀter, Frauke (2012).
2358:
1843: â Rigid three dimensional load bearing truss structure
3286:
Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture
1945:
2847:
Sultan, Cornel; Martin Corless; Robert E. Skelton (2001).
1421:. The relation tells us there are two possible values for
678:
Snelson's best-known piece is his 26.5-meter-high (87 ft)
607:
claimed that the idea of tensegrity was invented first by
302:
3602:"Historical Review: Viruses, Crystals and Geodesic Domes"
537:
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principle based on a system of isolated components under
19:
For the movement system created by Carlos Castaneda, see
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3267:
Tensegridad. Estructuras TensegrĂticas en Ciencia y Arte
2096:
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2019:
1189:(rotational symmetry in the main diagonal of the cube).
700:, e.g. the T3-prism and 6-strut tensegrity icosahedron.
3753:
1868:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1815:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4016:
The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fullerâs Dream Restored
1371:
Imagine this figure built from struts of given length
185:
A similar structure but with four compression members.
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Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking
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Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
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A similar structure but with four compression members
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1006:, those of its parallel strut will be, respectively,
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2338:. Oxford University Press. pp. 155â56, 158â60.
1849: â Empirical study of systems in transformation
1836:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
892:
A tensegrity icosahedron made from straws and string
3269:(in Spanish). Santander: Universidad de Cantabria.
2602:
2467:
1970:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
1860: â Structure whose members are only in tension
1706:
Tensegrity Tetrahedron, Francesco della Salla, 1952
3754:Scientific Publications in the Field of Tensegrity
3234:
2723:In Snelson's article for Lalvani, 1996, I believe.
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1517:
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1413:
1360:
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911:, centered at the origin. Place a strut of length
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2611:The Hierarchical Genome and Differentiation Waves
4058:
3980:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
3570:
3009:(3rd ed.). New York: Dover. pp. 51â52.
876:Mathematical model of the tensegrity icosahedron
2813:
1768:A 12m high tensegrity structure exhibit at the
3573:International Journal of Solids and Structures
3283:
3264:
2856:International Journal of Solids and Structures
2653:
2050:. Seattle, WA, USA: IEEE. pp. 2867â2873.
1951:
1892:
1624:
1414:{\displaystyle s>{\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\,l}
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3054:Computers & Mathematics with Applications
2964:, pp. 11â19, §2. Spherical tensegrities.
3596:
3589:They present the remarkable result that any
3077:, pp. 16â19, Elasticity multiplication.
2558:Gordon, Natalie K.; Gordon, Richard (2016).
2557:
2374:Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
2206:
1638:The simplest tensegrity structure, a 3-prism
687:
627:in 1921. Koleichuk's claim was backed up by
37:define the bottom end of its tapered pillar.
3210:
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2756:&rdquo. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 8669;
2669:
2336:Oxford Textbook of Musculoskeletal Medicine
2009:(exhibition catalogue), Marlborough Gallery
1916:
1904:
1457:{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\,l}
3788:
3774:
3416:—; —; — (January 2012).
3029:Fuller, R. Buckminster (22 October 2010),
2840:
579:
3705:International Journal of Space Structures
3639:International Journal of Space Structures
3619:
3493:
3449:International Journal of Space Structures
3391:
3345:
3139:Learn how and when to remove this message
2897:
2819:
2675:
2585:
2575:
2564:Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
2503:
2493:
2470:"Dynamic Prestress in a Globular Protein"
2406:
2404:
2334:. In Hutson, Michael; Ward, Adam (eds.).
2263:
2110:
2063:
2007:Kenneth Snelson: Selected Work: 1948â2009
1981:
1487:
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1407:
1347:
1319:
611:(in Russian as German as Karl Ioganson) (
3721:Journal of Constructional Steel Research
3550:"13. Tensegrity: Theory and Application"
3214:The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller
3102:This article includes a list of general
3051:
2977:. UniversitÀt Regensburg. Archived from
1727:
887:
879:
871:
867:
583:
468:, a rover for space exploration using a
446:
416:Largest tensegrity bridge in the world,
411:
301:
27:
3698:
3442:
3331:
2999:
2793:
2647:
2526:
2024:
2013:
2004:
1963:
1928:
857:{\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{1}^{T}}
4059:
3795:
3547:
3527:"9. The Push and Pull Building System"
3524:
3232:
3186:
3165:
3152:
3074:
3028:
2961:
2823:A Practical Guide to Tensegrity Design
2820:Burkhardt, Robert William Jr. (2008),
2608:
2410:
2401:
2332:"16. Tensegrity, The New Biomechanics"
2031:Korkmaz, Bel Hadj Ali & Smith 2012
2020:Korkmaz, Bel Hadj Ali & Smith 2011
4008:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
3769:
3636:
3593:of a tensegrity is also a tensegrity.
3302:
2836:from the original on 20 December 2004
2711:
2656:"Controversial Origins of Tensegrity"
2641:
2370:
2329:
2154:"Variable-stiffness tensegrity spine"
1196:between any two neighboring vertices
3820:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
3718:
3665:
3533:. Harper Collins. pp. 197â230.
3356:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.06.010
3088:
2944:
2303:
2213:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
703:
3211:—; Marks, Robert W. (1973) .
2758:https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158669
2734:Structures Tendues et Autotendantes
2676:Droitcour, Brian (18 August 2006).
1866: â Thin-walled geometric solid
1494:{\displaystyle d={\frac {1}{2}}\,l}
13:
3760:Stephen Levin's Biotensegrity site
3699:Snelson, Kenneth (November 1990).
3672:. University of California Press.
3511:
3241:. University of California Press.
3108:it lacks sufficient corresponding
2945:Cera, Angelo Brian Micubo (2020).
2745:GĂłmez-JĂĄuregui, V. et al. (2023) â
2411:Ingber, Donald E. (January 1998).
1813: â Proposed airborne habitats
472:, currently under developments at
14:
4083:
3965:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
3747:
3552:. In Gabriel, J. François (ed.).
3265:GĂłmez-JĂĄuregui, Valentin (2007).
2440:10.1038/scientificamerican0198-48
1718:Tensegrity X-Module Tetrahedron,
3423:Advanced Engineering Informatics
3093:
2545:10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.105
2256:Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems
1781:
1761:
1749:
1734:
1711:
1699:
1683:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
297:
163:
156:
143:
121:
108:
86:
60:
3715:, New York: Ellis Horwood Ltd.
3402:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.031
3237:Geodesic Math and How to Use It
3217:. Anchor Books. Figs. 261â280.
3153:Fuller, R. Buckminster (1961).
3084:
3045:
3013:
2993:
2967:
2938:
2873:
2799:
2774:
2739:
2726:
2717:
2551:
2520:
2461:
2364:
2323:
2297:
2247:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1873:Kinematics of the cuboctahedron
1559:kinematics of the cuboctahedron
1464:the two extremes coincide, and
570:embryonic differentiation waves
520:
360:
355:
236:
210:inside a network of continuous
3905:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
3607:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
3585:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.01.014
3495:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.06.033
2200:
2158:Smart Materials and Structures
2145:
2090:
2035:
1998:
1957:
1834: â type of roof structure
1744:'s Needle Tower art sculpture.
1256:
1243:
1174:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1108:
1084:
1063:
1039:
1015:
991:
970:
946:
928:
845:
739:
1:
3733:10.1016/S0143-974X(97)00075-8
3669:An Introduction to Tensegrity
3621:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)00007-5
3443:Lalvani, Haresh, ed. (1996).
3159:Portfolio and Art News Annual
2782:Portfolio and Art News Annual
1938:
1827:Interactions of actors theory
4002:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
3975:Old Man River's City project
3950:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
3334:Mechanism and Machine Theory
3062:10.1016/0898-1221(89)90160-0
2495:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002509
2304:Hall, Loura (2 April 2015).
2274:10.1007/978-3-319-63537-8_42
2105:. IEEE. pp. 5515â5520.
153:
118:
83:
57:
7:
3741:Seeking the Gift Tensegrity
3556:. Wiley. pp. 385â408.
2654:GĂłmez-JĂĄuregui, V. (2009).
1804:
1625:Basic tensegrity structures
442:
233:of "tensional integrity".
10:
4088:
3651:10.1177/026635119200700201
3193:. Vol. 2. Macmillan.
3172:. Vol. I. Macmillan.
3056:. 17, 1â3 (1â3): 203â250.
2474:PLOS Computational Biology
2413:"The Architecture of Life"
1983:10.7556/jaoa.2013.113.1.34
1674:Proto-Tensegrity Prism by
1579:
479:
470:6-bar tensegrity structure
276:Scalability and Modularity
18:
4036:
3938:Design science revolution
3914:
3843:
3803:
3436:10.1016/j.aei.2011.10.002
2916:10.1016/j.cma.2018.10.048
2577:10.1186/s12976-016-0037-2
2387:10.1142/S0219519402000472
2121:10.1109/iros.2016.7759811
2056:10.1109/ICRA.2015.7139590
1505:, for which the ratio of
1045:{\displaystyle (0,-d,-l)}
688:Mathematics of Tensegrity
540:, the geodesic dome of a
334:. For example, Snelson's
270:Minimalism and Efficiency
252:Discontinuous Compression
177:
135:
105:Cross-eye view
100:
74:
48:
43:
3863:Dymaxion deployment unit
3739:Wilken, Timothy (2001).
3461:10.1177/026635119601-204
2732:David Georges Emmerich,
2609:Gordon, Richard (1999).
2527:Skelton, Robert (2016).
2225:10.1109/LRA.2022.3203585
2178:10.1088/1361-665x/ab87e0
1879:
1690:Tensegrity Icosahedron,
1090:{\displaystyle (0,-d,l)}
997:{\displaystyle (0,d,-l)}
391:Olympic Gymnastics Arena
140:Parallel view
3812:Nine Chains to the Moon
3525:Forbes, Peter (2010) .
3517:Edmondson, Amy (2007).
3482:Journal of Biomechanics
3161:(4): 112â127, 144, 148.
3123:more precise citations.
2769:Fuller & Marks 1960
2330:Levin, Stephen (2015).
1917:Fuller & Marks 1960
1905:Fuller & Marks 1960
952:{\displaystyle (0,d,l)}
580:Origins and art history
504:, or rigid and elastic
427:On 4 October 2009, the
225:The term was coined by
3666:Pugh, Anthony (1976).
3548:Hanaor, Ariel (1997).
3519:"A Fuller Explanation"
3372:Engineering Structures
1895:, p. 28. Fig. 2.1
1539:
1519:
1495:
1458:
1415:
1362:
1181:
1091:
1046:
998:
953:
893:
885:
877:
858:
696:response and negative
644:Black Mountain College
589:
562:
510:musculoskeletal system
460:
424:
315:
53:Right frame
38:
21:Tensegrity (Castaneda)
3922:Allegra Fuller Snyder
3711:Vilnay, Oren (1990).
3591:linear transformation
3411:on 29 September 2011.
3233:Kenner, Hugh (1976).
2862:: 145. Archived from
1821:Hyperboloid structure
1728:Tensegrity structures
1617:U.S. patent 3,866,366
1609:U.S. patent 3,169,611
1601:U.S. patent 3,139,957
1587:U.S. patent 3,063,521
1540:
1520:
1496:
1459:
1416:
1363:
1182:
1092:
1047:
999:
954:
891:
883:
875:
868:Tensegrity icosahedra
859:
605:Viatcheslav Koleichuk
587:
557:
450:
437:Queensland, Australia
415:
350:adaptive architecture
305:
79:Left frame
31:
4072:Tensile architecture
3995:Buckminsterfullerene
3928:Current solar income
3701:"Letter to R. Motro"
3579:(16â17): 4833â4858.
3521:, Emergent World LLC
2975:"Tensegrity Figuren"
2533:Composite Structures
1964:Swanson, RL (2013).
1864:Thin-shell structure
1529:
1509:
1468:
1429:
1386:
1227:
1105:
1060:
1012:
967:
925:
902:Jessen's icosahedron
720:
668:Museum of Modern Art
594:skin-on-frame kayaks
555:As Ingber explains:
546:Buckminsterfullerene
403:1996 Summer Olympics
395:1988 Summer Olympics
200:floating compression
3835:Dymaxion Chronofile
3384:2011EngSt..33.1930K
2908:2019CMAME.346...85A
2869:on 23 October 2015.
2486:2012PLSCB...8E2509E
2432:1998SciAm.278a..48I
2420:Scientific American
2170:2020SMaS...29g5013Z
1952:GĂłmez-JĂĄuregui 2010
1893:GĂłmez-JĂĄuregui 2010
1503:regular icosahedron
312:Festival of Britain
196:tensional integrity
4067:Buckminster Fuller
4019:(2012 documentary)
4011:(1996 documentary)
3797:Buckminster Fuller
3032:Vector Equilibrium
2752:2024-01-19 at the
2219:(4): 11553â11560.
1692:Buckminster Fuller
1563:geometry of motion
1535:
1515:
1491:
1454:
1411:
1358:
1177:
1087:
1042:
994:
949:
894:
886:
878:
854:
648:Buckminster Fuller
590:
461:
431:opened across the
425:
377:arena complex (in
316:
264:Self-equilibration
246:Continuous Tension
229:in the 1960s as a
227:Buckminster Fuller
39:
4054:
4053:
3679:978-0-520-03055-8
3563:978-0-471-12261-6
3540:978-0-00-740547-3
3295:978-84-8102-575-0
3276:978-84-8102-437-1
3248:978-0-520-02924-8
3224:978-0-385-01804-3
3200:978-0-02-092640-5
3187:— (1983) .
3179:978-0-02-065320-2
3166:— (1982) .
3149:
3148:
3141:
3006:Regular Polytopes
2771:, Ch. Tensegrity.
2690:on 7 October 2008
2678:"Building Blocks"
2628:978-981-02-2268-0
2359:Souza et al. 2009
2345:978-0-19-967410-7
2283:978-3-319-63536-1
2130:978-1-5090-3762-9
2075:978-1-4799-6923-4
1858:Tensile structure
1538:{\displaystyle l}
1518:{\displaystyle d}
1485:
1448:
1447:
1405:
1404:
1345:
1317:
806:
796:
786:
776:
763:
750:
704:Tensegrity prisms
550:natural selection
530:molecular biology
286:and there are no
189:
188:
173:
172:
131:
130:
96:
95:
70:
69:
4079:
4023:Karlis Johansons
3985:Ephemeralization
3790:
3783:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3736:
3708:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3682:. Archived from
3662:
3633:
3623:
3588:
3567:
3544:
3507:
3497:
3472:
3439:
3412:
3410:
3404:. Archived from
3395:
3378:(6): 1930â1939.
3369:
3359:
3349:
3328:
3299:
3284:— (2010).
3280:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3204:
3183:
3162:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3119:this article by
3110:inline citations
3097:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2901:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2686:. Archived from
2683:The Moscow Times
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2450:. Archived from
2417:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2381:(3n04): 375â88.
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2306:"Super Ball Bot"
2301:
2295:
2294:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2114:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2065:2060/20160001750
2039:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1869:
1837:
1816:
1785:
1765:
1753:
1738:
1715:
1703:
1687:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1589:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1207:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1005:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
960:
958:
956:
955:
950:
917:
910:
863:
861:
860:
855:
853:
852:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
764:
759:
751:
746:
738:
737:
638:In 1948, artist
609:KÄrlis Johansons
526:Donald E. Ingber
371:Maciej KrasiĆski
342:Eleanor Heartney
184:
167:
160:
149:
147:
137:
125:
114:
112:
102:
90:
76:
64:
50:
41:
40:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4032:
4028:Kenneth Snelson
3910:
3839:
3799:
3794:
3750:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3564:
3541:
3514:
3512:Further reading
3488:(14): 2374â80.
3408:
3393:10.1.1.370.6243
3367:
3347:10.1.1.574.7510
3296:
3277:
3249:
3225:
3201:
3180:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3115:Please help to
3114:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3025:Wayback Machine
3018:
3014:
3001:Coxeter, H.S.M.
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2754:Wayback Machine
2744:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2691:
2674:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2607:
2603:
2556:
2552:
2525:
2521:
2480:(5): e1002509.
2466:
2462:
2457:on 15 May 2005.
2454:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2252:
2248:
2205:
2201:
2150:
2146:
2131:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1835:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1786:
1777:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1742:Kenneth Snelson
1739:
1730:
1723:
1720:Kenneth Snelson
1716:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1651:
1650:Another 3-prism
1648:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1585:
1582:
1576:of the struts.
1530:
1527:
1526:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
968:
965:
964:
962:
926:
923:
922:
920:
912:
905:
896:The tensegrity
870:
848:
844:
801:
791:
781:
771:
758:
745:
733:
729:
721:
718:
717:
706:
690:
640:Kenneth Snelson
603:Russian artist
582:
564:In embryology,
523:
482:
445:
407:Tropicana Field
363:
358:
300:
239:
178:
169:
168:
161:
141:
127:
126:
106:
92:
91:
66:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:Design science
3940:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3899:Fly's Eye Dome
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3851:Dymaxion house
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3748:External links
3746:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3716:
3709:
3696:
3678:
3663:
3634:
3594:
3568:
3562:
3545:
3539:
3522:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3473:
3455:(1â2): 27â55.
3440:
3430:(1): 145â155.
3413:
3360:
3329:
3317:10.2307/779210
3300:
3294:
3281:
3275:
3262:
3247:
3230:
3223:
3208:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3163:
3147:
3146:
3101:
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3092:
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3080:
3079:
3067:
3044:
3012:
2992:
2981:on 26 May 2013
2966:
2954:
2937:
2872:
2839:
2812:
2807:"Needle tower"
2798:
2786:
2773:
2761:
2738:
2725:
2716:
2704:
2668:
2646:
2644:, p. 109.
2634:
2627:
2601:
2550:
2519:
2460:
2400:
2363:
2351:
2344:
2322:
2296:
2282:
2246:
2199:
2144:
2129:
2089:
2074:
2034:
2023:
2012:
1997:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:regional event
1787:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1534:
1514:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
869:
866:
851:
847:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
767:
762:
757:
754:
749:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:
705:
702:
689:
686:
652:geodesic domes
625:constructivism
581:
578:
568:proposed that
566:Richard Gordon
522:
519:
506:cell membranes
481:
478:
466:Super Ball Bot
456:Super Ball Bot
444:
441:
433:Brisbane River
429:Kurilpa Bridge
418:Kurilpa Bridge
367:Maciej Gintowt
362:
359:
357:
354:
299:
296:
288:shear stresses
284:bending moment
280:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
238:
235:
187:
186:
175:
174:
171:
170:
162:
155:
154:
151:
150:
133:
132:
129:
128:
120:
119:
116:
115:
98:
97:
94:
93:
85:
84:
81:
80:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
33:cables in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4084:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:Geodesic dome
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:Critical Path
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:(3): 281â89.
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3686:on 4 May 2008
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:(7): 859â81.
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:2003 reprint
3250:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2796:, p. 47.
2795:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:(7): 075013.
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1954:, p. 19.
1953:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:Karl Ioganson
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:cuboctahedron
1548:
1545:would be the
1532:
1512:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1424:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:The distance
1190:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
916:
909:
903:
899:
890:
882:
874:
865:
849:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
765:
760:
755:
752:
747:
742:
734:
730:
726:
723:
713:
710:
701:
699:
698:Poisson ratio
695:
685:
683:
682:
676:
674:
669:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
561:
556:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
518:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
457:
453:
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
423:
419:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
327:
325:
321:
313:
309:
304:
298:Early Example
295:
291:
289:
285:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
234:
232:
228:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
182:
176:
166:
159:
152:
146:
139:
138:
134:
124:
117:
111:
104:
103:
99:
89:
82:
78:
77:
73:
63:
56:
52:
51:
47:
42:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4014:
4006:
3874:
3869:Dymaxion map
3857:Dymaxion car
3826:
3818:
3810:
3743:, TrustMark
3740:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3688:. Retrieved
3684:the original
3668:
3645:(2): 75â84.
3642:
3638:
3614:(2): 86â90.
3611:
3605:
3598:Morgan, G.J.
3576:
3572:
3553:
3530:
3485:
3481:
3452:
3448:
3427:
3421:
3406:the original
3375:
3371:
3337:
3333:
3308:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3236:
3213:
3189:
3168:
3158:
3155:"Tensegrity"
3135:
3126:
3107:
3085:Bibliography
3070:
3053:
3047:
3036:, retrieved
3031:
3021:Ghostarchive
3019:Archived at
3015:
3005:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2969:
2957:
2947:
2940:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2864:the original
2859:
2855:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2794:Lalvani 1996
2789:
2781:
2776:
2764:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2707:
2699:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:the original
2681:
2671:
2662:
2649:
2637:
2619:10.1142/2755
2610:
2604:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2452:the original
2426:(1): 48â57.
2423:
2419:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2354:
2335:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2255:
2249:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2102:
2092:
2047:
2037:
2026:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1976:(1): 34â52.
1973:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1931:, p. 47
1929:Lalvani 1996
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1788:
1770:Science City
1573:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1547:golden ratio
1422:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
914:
907:
895:
714:
711:
707:
691:
681:Needle Tower
679:
677:
660:
637:
634:
615:), a Soviet
602:
591:
574:cytoskeleton
563:
558:
554:
534:cytoskeleton
524:
521:Biochemistry
483:
462:
426:
399:Georgia Dome
387:David Geiger
364:
361:Architecture
356:Applications
345:
340:
336:Needle Tower
328:
317:
292:
281:
275:
269:
263:
258:Pre-stressed
257:
251:
245:
240:
237:Core Concept
224:
220:
199:
195:
191:
190:
179:
44:Stereo image
25:
3933:Synergetics
3893:Octet truss
3121:introducing
3075:Kenner 1976
3038:22 February
2962:Kenner 1976
1919:, Fig. 268.
1847:Synergetics
1841:Space frame
1832:Saddle roof
1797:Burning Man
898:icosahedron
663:icosahedron
629:Maria Gough
617:avant-garde
515:human spine
397:), and the
231:portmanteau
216:prestressed
208:compression
4061:Categories
3924:(daughter)
3887:World Game
3875:Tensegrity
3311:: 90â117.
3259:0520239318
3129:March 2009
3104:references
2899:1902.09953
2892:: 85â108.
2712:Gough 1998
2642:Gough 1998
2539:: 346â54.
2265:1703.10139
2112:1604.08667
1939:References
1907:, Fig. 270
1853:Tensairity
1811:Cloud Nine
1795:, 2015, a
1793:AfrikaBurn
1555:octahedron
619:artist of
332:redundancy
204:structural
192:Tensegrity
3990:Fullerene
3970:Gold Dome
3659:107820090
3469:114004009
3388:CiteSeerX
3342:CiteSeerX
2924:0045-7825
2395:0219-5194
2241:252030788
2233:2377-3766
2194:216237847
2186:0964-1726
1789:Dissipate
1307:−
1250:−
1154:→
1130:→
1073:−
1034:−
1025:−
986:−
769:−
756:−
743:−
731:ω
724:ω
684:of 1968.
498:ligaments
474:NASA Ames
401:(for the
393:(for the
389:'s Seoul
373:designed
181:Animation
4041:Category
3960:Dymaxion
3955:Geoscope
3630:12575996
3600:(2003).
3504:19647832
3023:and the
2932:67856423
2831:archived
2784:(No. 4).
2750:Archived
2694:28 March
2596:26965444
2514:22589712
2448:11536845
1992:23329804
1805:See also
658:houses.
656:dymaxion
443:Robotics
422:Brisbane
379:Katowice
4046:Commons
3915:Related
3380:Bibcode
3305:October
3117:improve
2985:2 April
2904:Bibcode
2587:4785624
2505:3349725
2482:Bibcode
2428:Bibcode
2315:18 June
2166:Bibcode
2139:4507700
2084:8548412
1774:Kolkata
1580:Patents
1561:is the
1553:to the
1382:, with
1187:
1101:
1097:
1056:
1052:
1008:
1004:
963:
959:
921:
694:auxetic
673:vitrine
646:(where
621:Latvian
502:tendons
486:muscles
480:Anatomy
310:at the
212:tension
3907:(1967)
3901:(1965)
3895:(1961)
3889:(1961)
3883:(1953)
3877:(1949)
3871:(1946)
3865:(1940)
3859:(1933)
3853:(1928)
3831:(1981)
3823:(1968)
3815:(1938)
3676:
3657:
3628:
3560:
3537:
3502:
3467:
3390:
3344:
3325:779210
3323:
3292:
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