994:
931:
1210:
3117:
3127:
417:; however, the government limits these rights in practice. Individuals can generally criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. The law criminalizes libel, and libel laws are used to block or punish critical reporting and commentary. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.
827:
3106:
3137:
181:". A DXpedition is essentially a holiday planned for the purpose of making contacts with other amateur radio enthusiasts around the world. These short duration trips also help to promote interest in radio sports among the local residents who might otherwise not have the opportunity to experience radio communications for recreational and experimental purposes. More information may be obtained through the
220:
1061:
1033:
527:
405:
without appropriate legal authority. Individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the
Internet, including by e‑mail. However, in 2023 and 2024, the government shut down all mobile internet access by all poviders several times to prohibit communication during periods of unrest
68:
The
Government wants Senegal to be a haven for teleprocessing services, with its advantageous geographic position, relatively good telecommunications infrastructure and relatively low wages. A number of joint venture call centers and the telemarketing businesses have sprung up, most of them servicing
64:
for the telecommunications sector, the Agency for
Telecommunications and Postal Regulation (ARTP), was created in early 2002. Besides regulating providers of telecommunications services, the agency assigns and controls radio spectrum. The long-awaited telecommunications sector deregulation became
161:
Selective government media assistance appears to favor those government and independent outlets more friendly to the administration. The government frequently uses subsidies, and in a few cases threats and intimidation, to pressure the media not to publicize certain issues. The law criminalizes
157:
The government maintains control of locally televised information and opinion through RTS. By law, the government holds a majority interest in RTS, and the president directly or indirectly controls selection of all members of the 12-person RTS executive staff. However, in addition to RTS, five
433:
to scholarly communication in
Senegal is developing. The Consortium des Bibliothèques de l'Enseignement Supérieur du Sénégal (academic library consortium) and the Association Sénégalaise des Bibliothécaires, Archivistes et Documentalistes (professional society) have signed the
215:
for $ 200 million. The license permits
Sudatel to offer fixed line telephone and Internet service (for which Sonatel had a monopoly). In 2012 a fourth license was awarded to CSU/Hayo, permitting them to offer mobile, fixed, wifi, and wimax services.
65:
effective in July 2004, with the release of a sectoral letter that outlined the IT policy for the coming years. Telecommunications entrepreneurs who had hoped for a sweeping deregulation received a regime of guided deregulation instead.
207:
International
Cellular; Hayo/CSU; and Expresso/Sudatel. Orange has roughly two thirds of the cellular market, but Tigo is rapidly gaining market share. In November 2007 a third mobile license was awarded to
1065:
445:
funded in 2004–2007 the creation of scholarly publishing platforms in Africa ("Système d’information scientifique et technique"), which led to the 2006 launch of SIST Sénégal. According to
3226:
3241:
2021:
820:
367:
361:
3833:
3479:
117:
State-run
Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) operates five main stations at Dakar, Thies, Tambacouda, Ziguinchor, and Louga; there are also numerous relay stations.
3236:
473:
3554:
1473:
1965:
1735:
3888:
203:
There are currently four cellular companies: the former Alizé, now Orange owned by
Sonatel; Tigo/Sentel(now under the French Free Mobile brand), 75 percent owned by
3772:
3173:
3948:
3326:
3276:
652:
Dialing
Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))
270:
3363:
3211:
2381:
3564:
3489:
3429:
3281:
762:
1007:
655:, Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
49:
as the strategic partner. Sonatel continues to dominate the market. Liberalization of some services accompanied privatization. Two companies now provide
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3712:
3672:
3469:
3333:
3306:
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1880:
1720:
3529:
3499:
3383:
787:
1232:
3978:
3853:
3549:
3514:
3434:
3388:
3221:
944:
3898:
3813:
3803:
3571:
3519:
3484:
3444:
3348:
3338:
3291:
3182:
1740:
467:
147:
3923:
3848:
3534:
3504:
3439:
3403:
3353:
3271:
604:
3908:
683:
3509:
3378:
3343:
3286:
3266:
373:
344:
4034:
3682:
3647:
3612:
3544:
3393:
3231:
3166:
3089:
3061:
3056:
2081:
746:
379:
3368:
3296:
3216:
699:
4013:
3602:
554:
449:, the Bibliothèque SIST Sénégal is one of two open access repositories in Senegal, the other being Biens Culturels Africains at the
406:
due to trials and imprisonment of
Ousmane Sonko (2023) and the suspension and delay of the February 2024 national election (2024).
3559:
1991:
1110:
4044:
3494:
665:
3159:
1755:
506:
450:
3983:
3958:
3838:
3206:
4065:
3943:
3752:
3083:
2038:
2034:
1659:
1523:
1282:
4008:
3843:
3251:
3882:
3863:
3078:
3068:
3048:
2850:
917:
731:
715:
600:
3993:
3973:
3953:
3928:
3893:
3201:
2047:
1368:
1356:
3757:
3657:
3408:
2215:
3727:
3373:
3196:
3140:
3073:
2919:
1795:
1308:
3808:
3316:
4039:
3998:
3737:
3697:
2845:
2030:
1905:
1895:
1700:
442:
328:
3717:
3818:
3777:
2939:
1910:
1800:
1730:
1612:
1267:
1194:
1123:
1069:
797:
3933:
3722:
3424:
4029:
3732:
3662:
3627:
2724:
2272:
2074:
1970:
1890:
1855:
1840:
1825:
1780:
1715:
1054:
513:
3988:
3301:
561:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
3762:
3707:
3677:
3539:
2835:
1845:
1252:
435:
3667:
3963:
3903:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3823:
3782:
3687:
3398:
3321:
2830:
1945:
1920:
1770:
1765:
1745:
1710:
1695:
132:
Radio is the most important medium of mass information and source of news due to the high illiteracy rate. The
3459:
4003:
3968:
3873:
3828:
3607:
3454:
3311:
2855:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1930:
1900:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1815:
1810:
1760:
1705:
1680:
952:
3913:
3767:
3747:
3702:
3652:
3632:
3617:
3524:
3246:
3130:
2891:
2788:
2331:
2126:
2098:
1940:
1935:
1875:
1830:
1790:
1685:
1498:
1336:
1323:
1149:
1103:
1037:
849:
323:
and other towns either by private subscription or through Senegal's extensive network of "telecentres" and
198:
3622:
3597:
3642:
3474:
3120:
2627:
2067:
1995:
1915:
1865:
1820:
1805:
1785:
1775:
1750:
1690:
1456:
1237:
773:
331:(ADSL) broadband subscriber base is growing rapidly, though the penetration rate is less than 1 percent.
182:
137:
3637:
397:
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet, or reports that the government monitors
166:, and libel laws are used to block or punish critical reporting and commentary. Occasional incidents of
2979:
2901:
2840:
2547:
1925:
1835:
1725:
1652:
1581:
1346:
1262:
1159:
3464:
3256:
2751:
2712:
2557:
2457:
2386:
2319:
2146:
1586:
1378:
1272:
1257:
1247:
1154:
727:
711:
650:
596:
385:
242:
993:
930:
680:
3110:
2352:
2287:
2240:
2200:
1488:
1199:
1189:
299:
3151:
382:: 293,248 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 22.6 addresses per 1000 people.
3742:
3592:
3576:
2949:
2934:
2778:
2729:
2652:
2552:
2230:
2116:
2111:
1551:
1513:
1478:
1442:
1351:
1341:
1318:
1209:
1096:
111:
54:
743:
22:
In 2012 the country had roughly 338,200 landlines for its 13.0 million inhabitants. A number of
3918:
2871:
2657:
2472:
2417:
2412:
2225:
2190:
1508:
1414:
1404:
1139:
73:
72:
In 2007, sales generated by the telecommunications sector accounted for more than 7 percent of
879:
364:: 94,548 subscriptions, 103rd in the world; 0.7% of the population, 145th in the world (2012).
2773:
2577:
2542:
2462:
2442:
2364:
2252:
2173:
1645:
1566:
1363:
904:
85:
2106:
634:
370:: 486,490 subscribers, 92nd in the world; 3.8% of the population, 117th in the world (2012).
3449:
2687:
2647:
2617:
2374:
2309:
2131:
1503:
1483:
1437:
1373:
1331:
1220:
414:
8:
2697:
2637:
2396:
2358:
2156:
2141:
1518:
1468:
1296:
1277:
1169:
353:
2.5 million users, 84th in the world; 19.2% of the population, 145th in the world (2012).
277:
2924:
2881:
2812:
2682:
2612:
2587:
2522:
2369:
2090:
1605:
1556:
1533:
1432:
1422:
1392:
1313:
1174:
1164:
1131:
766:
517:
236:
91:
826:
753:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
3787:
3692:
2964:
2886:
2800:
2783:
2746:
2592:
2422:
2391:
2257:
2151:
1546:
1493:
1409:
978:
913:
854:
793:
690:, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
410:
133:
61:
42:
2632:
2969:
2929:
2909:
2876:
2805:
2763:
2677:
2532:
2517:
2492:
2467:
2427:
2277:
2136:
2121:
1621:
1576:
1571:
844:
702:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
584:
462:
335:
105:
324:
2597:
2452:
2220:
2195:
2183:
1561:
1179:
912:(in English and French). Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. 2007.
750:
687:
608:
167:
97:
Approximately 80 community, public, and private commercial radio stations (2012);
2795:
2667:
2642:
2602:
2572:
2447:
2282:
2235:
2210:
2168:
1637:
1626:
789:
Intellectual Property Rights in China: Politics of Piracy, Trade and Protection
666:"Rapport trimestriel sur le marché des télécommunications au 30 septembre 2018"
641:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
307:
125:
858:
814:
23:
4059:
2944:
2717:
2707:
2622:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2482:
2304:
2163:
1541:
982:
770:
531:
293:
174:
2822:
2662:
2607:
2537:
2502:
2437:
2336:
2326:
2178:
232:
50:
1042:
19:
include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
3022:
2672:
2582:
2567:
2527:
2487:
2346:
1144:
840:
430:
177:
operators from Western and European points of origin who participate in "
46:
3027:
2734:
2432:
2341:
2297:
2267:
2245:
1184:
986:
402:
289:
274:
224:
178:
170:
by journalists occurred, particularly in government-controlled media.
3012:
2477:
2292:
2059:
1242:
975:
Revue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication
3181:
3007:
2997:
2914:
2739:
2562:
1088:
923:
303:
204:
1082:
776:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
219:
3002:
2987:
2205:
1119:
530:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
212:
38:
973:[Open access seen from francophone Sub-Saharan Africa].
821:
Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
816:
Les revues sénégalaises en ligne: Quelques expériences concrètes
728:"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
712:"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
3032:
2992:
2314:
970:
693:
446:
398:
281:
3017:
2954:
2262:
320:
280:(SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) fiber-optic cable provides connectivity to
209:
163:
141:
27:
721:
705:
2959:
679:
Calculated using penetration rate and population data from
285:
151:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
3358:
1048:
339:
700:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012"
971:"Le libre accès vu d'Afrique francophone subsaharienne"
537:
392:
186:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
587:, BBC News, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
158:privately owned television channels are operating.
613:
597:Communication from the Senegalese regulator (ARTP)
559:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012
350:68.5%, or approximately 10.4 million users in 2018
474:Terrestrial fibre optic cable projects in Senegal
4057:
1667:
681:"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"
251:338,200 lines in use, 110th in the world (2012);
3183:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
100:8 AM, 20 FM, and one shortwave stations (2001).
968:
3167:
2075:
1653:
1104:
470:, the Senegalese public broadcasting company.
275:South Atlantic 3/West Africa Submarine Cable/
262:11.5 million lines, 73rd in the world (2012);
356:1.8 million users, 76th in the world (2009).
3090:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
812:
574:. Oxford, UK: WRTH Publications, Ltd. 2010.
292:fiber-optic cable provides connectivity to
3174:
3160:
3126:
2082:
2068:
1660:
1646:
1111:
1097:
420:
675:
673:
239:to most countries can be dialed directly.
572:World Radio and Television Handbook 2010
564:
319:Internet service is widely available in
218:
839:
507:"Senegal Country Commercial Guide 2008"
376:: 237 hosts, 197th in the world (2012).
79:
4058:
2089:
786:Cheung, Gordon C. K. (12 March 2009).
785:
670:
3155:
2063:
1641:
1092:
732:International Telecommunication Union
716:International Telecommunication Union
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
468:Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise
409:The constitution and law provide for
173:Senegal is a popular destination for
148:Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise
53:services, and there is a competitive
3136:
1200:Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement
1118:
969:Florence Piron; et al. (2017).
451:Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire
393:Internet censorship and surveillance
227:cable system. #4 is Dakar, Senegal.
13:
1208:
1068:from websites or documents of the
590:
486:
443:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
329:Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
14:
4077:
1076:
1070:United States Department of State
3135:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3104:
2725:Free-space optical communication
1966:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1736:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1064: This article incorporates
1059:
1036: This article incorporates
1031:
992:
929:
906:SIST: Pour la science en Afrique
825:
525:
1085:, registrar for the .sn domain.
1000:
962:
937:
897:
884:Budapest Open Access Initiative
872:
833:
806:
779:
756:
737:
730:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,
714:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,
436:Budapest Open Access Initiative
658:
644:
578:
425:
154:are the two main TV channels.
45:, was privatized in 1997 with
1:
4066:Telecommunications in Senegal
479:
192:
33:
17:Telecommunications in Senegal
3111:Telecommunication portal
2892:Telecommunications equipment
1668:Telecommunications in Africa
850:Open Access Tracking Project
734:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
718:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
603:. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
254:224,600 lines in use (2002).
199:Telephone numbers in Senegal
26:are located in the capital,
7:
2628:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1524:Water supply and sanitation
951:(in French). Archived from
945:"SIST Sénégal est en ligne"
774:Central Intelligence Agency
456:
314:
183:American Radio Relay League
138:Radio France Internationale
43:telecommunications operator
10:
4082:
2332:Telecommunications history
1357:Chief of the General Staff
386:Internet service providers
196:
83:
4022:
3796:
3585:
3417:
3189:
3099:
3041:
2978:
2940:Public Switched Telephone
2900:
2864:
2821:
2762:
2752:telecommunication circuit
2713:Fiber-optic communication
2696:
2458:Francis Blake (telephone)
2405:
2253:Optical telecommunication
2097:
1979:
1954:
1673:
1599:
1532:
1464:
1455:
1400:
1391:
1304:
1295:
1228:
1219:
1206:
1155:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1130:
1012:Global Open Access Portal
635:"Communications: Senegal"
265:3.2 million lines (2007).
243:International call prefix
3227:Central African Republic
2851:Orbital angular-momentum
2288:Satellite communications
2127:Communications satellite
1721:Central African Republic
1309:Administrative divisions
1190:Senegambia Confederation
1055:(Archived 2014 edition.)
300:Satellite earth stations
3713:Palestinian territories
2730:Molecular communication
2553:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2382:Undersea telegraph line
2117:Cable protection system
514:U.S. Commercial Service
421:Scholarly communication
140:are available on FM in
3883:YouTube video blocking
3834:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2872:Communication protocol
2658:Charles Sumner Tainter
2473:Walter Houser Brattain
2418:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2226:Information revolution
1213:
1066:public domain material
1038:public domain material
853:. Harvard University.
607:28 August 2011 at the
516:. 2008. Archived from
228:
2846:Polarization-division
2578:Narinder Singh Kapany
2543:Erna Schneider Hoover
2463:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2443:Alexander Graham Bell
2174:online video platform
1881:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1741:Republic of the Congo
1212:
686:29 March 2017 at the
271:Communications cables
222:
136:(105.6 MHz) and
108:: 1.2 million (1997).
86:Television in Senegal
3773:United Arab Emirates
2688:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2648:Almon Brown Strowger
2618:Charles Grafton Page
2273:Prepaid mobile phone
2201:Electrical telegraph
1283:World Heritage Sites
1253:Environmental issues
1150:Precolonial kingdoms
955:on 8 December 2007.
949:Sist-sciencesdev.net
813:Diéyi Diouf (2008),
80:Radio and television
30:, and other cities.
3555:Trinidad and Tobago
2638:Johann Philipp Reis
2397:Wireless revolution
2359:The Telephone Cases
2216:Hydraulic telegraph
1956:States with limited
1324:Court of Cassation
1170:African slave trade
749:13 May 2009 at the
237:international calls
112:Television stations
69:the French market.
3480:Dominican Republic
2836:Frequency-division
2813:Telephone exchange
2683:Charles Wheatstone
2613:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2588:Innocenzo Manzetti
2523:Reginald Fessenden
2258:Optical telegraphy
2091:Telecommunications
1428:Telecommunications
1314:Casamance conflict
1233:Biosphere Reserves
1214:
1165:French West Africa
1044:The World Factbook
977:(in French) (11).
767:The World Factbook
388:: 762 ISPs (2014).
368:Wireless broadband
229:
51:cellular telephone
4053:
4052:
3149:
3148:
2887:Store and forward
2882:Data transmission
2796:Network switching
2747:Transmission line
2593:Guglielmo Marconi
2558:Internet pioneers
2423:Mohamed M. Atalla
2392:Whistled language
2057:
2056:
1983:other territories
1756:Equatorial Guinea
1635:
1634:
1595:
1594:
1499:Human trafficking
1451:
1450:
1387:
1386:
1369:Political parties
1337:Foreign relations
1291:
1290:
1047:(2024 ed.).
919:978-2-87614-641-9
585:"Senegal profile"
411:freedom of speech
259:Mobile cellular:
134:BBC World Service
128:: 361,000 (1997).
62:regulatory agency
55:Internet services
41:, Senegal's main
4073:
4045:Papua New Guinea
3329:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3107:
2980:Notable networks
2970:Wireless network
2910:Cellular network
2902:Types of network
2877:Computer network
2764:Network topology
2678:Thomas A. Watson
2533:Oliver Heaviside
2518:Philo Farnsworth
2493:Daniel Davis Jr.
2468:Charles Bourseul
2428:John Logie Baird
2137:Data compression
2132:Computer network
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2044:
2043:(United Kingdom)
2039:Tristan da Cunha
2035:Ascension Island
2027:
2014:
2005:
1981:Dependencies and
1674:Sovereign states
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1615:
1608:
1462:
1461:
1418:
1398:
1397:
1327:
1302:
1301:
1226:
1225:
1175:British invasion
1140:Regional history
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1004:
998:
997:
996:
990:
966:
960:
959:
941:
935:
934:
933:
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463:Media of Senegal
336:Top-level domain
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2598:Robert Metcalfe
2453:Tim Berners-Lee
2401:
2221:Information Age
2093:
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2025:
2012:
2003:
1984:
1982:
1975:
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1950:
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1582:Public holidays
1528:
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1347:Law enforcement
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1180:Mali Federation
1160:French conquest
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523:on 7 June 2010.
520:
509:
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362:Fixed broadband
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168:self-censorship
126:Television sets
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82:
60:An independent
36:
12:
11:
5:
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3854:Czech Republic
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3327:Western Sahara
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3259:
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2831:Space-division
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2668:Camille Tissot
2665:
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2643:Claude Shannon
2640:
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2633:Tivadar Puskás
2630:
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2615:
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2605:
2603:Antonio Meucci
2600:
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2573:Charles K. Kao
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2548:Harold Hopkins
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2448:Emile Berliner
2445:
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2387:Videotelephony
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2169:Internet video
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2048:Western Sahara
2045:
2028:
2015:
2006:
1992:Canary Islands
1988:
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1968:
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1474:Child marriage
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1379:Prime Minister
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1248:Climate change
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1077:External links
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1026:
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832:
805:
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744:Select Formats
736:
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639:World Factbook
612:
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374:Internet hosts
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345:Internet users
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325:Internet cafés
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308:Atlantic Ocean
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92:Radio stations
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47:France Télécom
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32:
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3560:United States
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3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
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3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Guinea-Bissau
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
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3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
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2923:
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2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2856:Code-division
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Time-division
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:and switching
2765:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:optical fiber
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Coaxial cable
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
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2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Radia Perlman
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
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2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Lee de Forest
2511:
2509:
2508:Thomas Edison
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Donald Davies
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Claude Chappe
2481:
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819:(in French),
818:
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799:9781134217885
795:
792:. Routledge.
791:
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782:
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771:United States
768:
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532:public domain
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294:South America
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175:amateur radio
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63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
29:
25:
20:
18:
3768:Turkmenistan
3728:Saudi Arabia
3374:South Africa
3364:Sierra Leone
3212:Burkina Faso
2823:Multiplexing
2698:Transmission
2663:Nikola Tesla
2653:Henry Sutton
2608:Samuel Morse
2538:Robert Hooke
2503:Amos Dolbear
2438:John Bardeen
2357:
2337:Telautograph
2241:Mobile phone
2196:Edholm's law
2179:social media
2112:Broadcasting
2031:Saint Helena
2002:
1906:South Africa
1896:Sierra Leone
1885:
1701:Burkina Faso
1552:Coat of arms
1514:Prostitution
1479:Demographics
1427:
1342:Human rights
1319:Constitution
1043:
1018:22 September
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
985:– via
974:
964:
956:
953:the original
948:
939:
922:– via
905:
899:
889:21 September
887:. Retrieved
883:
880:"Signatures"
874:
864:21 September
862:. Retrieved
848:
835:
815:
808:
788:
781:
758:
739:
723:
707:
695:
660:
651:
646:
638:
592:
580:
571:
566:
558:
518:the original
440:
429:
408:
401:or Internet
396:
318:
288:, while the
248:Main lines:
233:Calling code
202:
187:www.arrl.org
172:
160:
156:
146:
131:
71:
67:
59:
37:
21:
16:
15:
4040:New Zealand
3999:Switzerland
3944:Netherlands
3738:South Korea
3718:Philippines
3698:North Korea
3593:Afghanistan
3565:Puerto Rico
3490:El Salvador
3282:Ivory Coast
3023:NPL network
2735:Radio waves
2673:Alfred Vail
2583:Hedy Lamarr
2568:Dawon Kahng
2528:Elisha Gray
2488:Yogen Dalal
2413:Nasir Ahmed
2347:Teleprinter
2211:Heliographs
1958:recognition
1911:South Sudan
1801:Ivory Coast
1509:LGBT rights
1405:Agriculture
1326:(judiciary)
1145:Mali Empire
1083:NIC Senegal
845:"(Senegal)"
841:Peter Suber
431:Open access
426:Open access
179:DXpeditions
120:One (1997).
24:cyber cafés
3939:Montenegro
3919:Kazakhstan
3819:Azerbaijan
3778:Uzbekistan
3758:Tajikistan
3673:Kyrgyzstan
3623:East Timor
3603:Bangladesh
3470:Costa Rica
3334:Mozambique
3317:Mauritania
3307:Madagascar
3069:Antarctica
3028:Toasternet
2950:Television
2433:Paul Baran
2365:Television
2349:(teletype)
2342:Telegraphy
2320:transistor
2298:Phryctoria
2268:Photophone
2246:Smartphone
2236:Mass media
2013:(Portugal)
1971:Somaliland
1891:Seychelles
1856:Mozambique
1841:Mauritania
1826:Madagascar
1781:The Gambia
1716:Cape Verde
1567:Literature
1417:(currency)
1364:Parliament
1195:Border War
1185:Senegambia
987:Revues.org
859:1040261573
763:Population
480:References
403:chat rooms
290:Atlantis-2
225:Atlantis-2
197:See also:
193:Telephones
150:(RTS) and
84:See also:
34:Regulation
4030:Australia
3929:Lithuania
3743:Sri Lanka
3733:Singapore
3638:Indonesia
3628:Hong Kong
3577:Venezuela
3530:Nicaragua
3500:Guatemala
3495:Greenland
3425:Argentina
3384:Swaziland
3053:Americas
3042:Locations
3013:Internet2
2774:Bandwidth
2478:Vint Cerf
2375:streaming
2353:Telephone
2293:Semaphore
2184:streaming
1846:Mauritius
1504:Languages
1484:Education
1438:Transport
1374:President
1332:Elections
1243:Casamance
1221:Geography
1008:"Senegal"
983:2263-0856
555:"Senegal"
4060:Category
3984:Slovenia
3979:Slovakia
3959:Portugal
3839:Bulgaria
3763:Thailand
3708:Pakistan
3683:Mongolia
3678:Malaysia
3613:Cambodia
3550:Suriname
3540:Paraguay
3515:Honduras
3465:Colombia
3435:Barbados
3418:Americas
3409:Zimbabwe
3389:Tanzania
3257:Ethiopia
3242:Congo RO
3237:Congo DR
3222:Cameroon
3207:Botswana
3121:Category
3008:Internet
2998:CYCLADES
2915:Ethernet
2865:Concepts
2789:terminal
2740:wireless
2563:Bob Kahn
2406:Pioneers
2231:Internet
2122:Cable TV
2037: /
2033: /
2026:(France)
2020: /
1998: /
1994: /
1946:Zimbabwe
1921:Tanzania
1771:Ethiopia
1766:Eswatini
1746:Djibouti
1711:Cameroon
1696:Botswana
1622:Category
1519:Religion
1469:Abortion
1352:Military
1297:Politics
1278:Wildlife
1124:articles
924:Agritrop
747:Archived
684:Archived
605:Archived
457:See also
315:Internet
304:Intelsat
235:: +221,
205:Millicom
189:(K4YZ).
57:market.
4023:Oceania
4009:Ukraine
3964:Romania
3934:Moldova
3909:Ireland
3904:Iceland
3899:Hungary
3889:Georgia
3879:Germany
3869:Finland
3864:Estonia
3859:Denmark
3844:Croatia
3829:Belgium
3824:Belarus
3814:Austria
3809:Armenia
3804:Albania
3783:Vietnam
3688:Myanmar
3598:Bahrain
3572:Uruguay
3520:Jamaica
3485:Ecuador
3445:Bolivia
3430:Bahamas
3399:Tunisia
3369:Somalia
3359:Senegal
3349:Nigeria
3339:Namibia
3322:Morocco
3297:Liberia
3292:Lesotho
3252:Eritrea
3217:Burundi
3197:Algeria
3141:Commons
3131:Outline
3084:Oceania
3003:FidoNet
2988:ARPANET
2801:circuit
2370:digital
2099:History
2022:RĂ©union
2018:Mayotte
2009:Madeira
2004:(Spain)
2000:Melilla
1931:Tunisia
1901:Somalia
1886:Senegal
1871:Nigeria
1861:Namibia
1851:Morocco
1816:Liberia
1811:Lesotho
1761:Eritrea
1731:Comoros
1706:Burundi
1681:Algeria
1606:Outline
1557:Cuisine
1534:Culture
1457:Society
1433:Tourism
1423:Housing
1393:Economy
1263:Islands
1238:Borders
1132:History
1120:Senegal
957:Sist.sn
843:(ed.).
599:to the
213:Sudatel
210:Sudan's
39:Sonatel
4004:Turkey
3994:Sweden
3974:Serbia
3969:Russia
3954:Poland
3924:Latvia
3894:Greece
3874:France
3849:Cyprus
3797:Europe
3753:Taiwan
3668:Kuwait
3663:Jordan
3653:Israel
3608:Bhutan
3535:Panama
3525:Mexico
3505:Guyana
3455:Canada
3450:Brazil
3440:Belize
3404:Zambia
3354:Rwanda
3312:Malawi
3272:Guinea
3262:Gambia
3202:Angola
3190:Africa
3079:Europe
3049:Africa
3033:Usenet
2993:BITNET
2930:Mobile
2806:packet
2315:MOSFET
2310:device
2107:Beacon
2041:
2024:
2011:
1941:Zambia
1936:Uganda
1876:Rwanda
1831:Malawi
1791:Guinea
1686:Angola
1627:Portal
1587:Sports
1547:Cinema
1542:Anthem
1494:Health
1443:Unions
1415:Franc
1410:Energy
1273:Rivers
1258:Cities
1122:
1053:
981:
916:
857:
796:
447:UNESCO
399:e-mail
327:. The
302:: One
282:Europe
106:Radios
3989:Spain
3914:Italy
3788:Yemen
3748:Syria
3723:Qatar
3693:Nepal
3658:Japan
3633:India
3618:China
3510:Haiti
3460:Chile
3379:Sudan
3344:Niger
3302:Libya
3287:Kenya
3267:Ghana
3247:Egypt
3062:South
3057:North
3018:JANET
2955:Telex
2945:Radio
2784:Nodes
2779:Links
2700:media
2278:Radio
2263:Pager
2191:Drums
2157:video
2152:image
2142:audio
1996:Ceuta
1916:Sudan
1866:Niger
1821:Libya
1806:Kenya
1786:Ghana
1776:Gabon
1751:Egypt
1691:Benin
1613:Index
1577:Music
1572:Media
1040:from
910:(PDF)
664:ARTP
521:(PDF)
510:(PDF)
415:press
321:Dakar
164:libel
142:Dakar
28:Dakar
4035:Fiji
3703:Oman
3648:Iraq
3643:Iran
3586:Asia
3545:Peru
3475:Cuba
3394:Togo
3232:Chad
3074:Asia
2960:UUCP
2920:ISDN
1926:Togo
1836:Mali
1726:Chad
1562:Flag
1020:2017
979:ISSN
914:ISBN
891:2017
866:2017
855:OCLC
794:ISBN
441:The
413:and
380:IPv4
286:Asia
284:and
278:SAFE
245:: 00
223:The
152:2sTV
2965:WAN
2935:NGN
2925:LAN
2206:Fax
2147:DCT
1049:CIA
601:ITU
340:.sn
185:at
74:GDP
4062::
1010:.
947:.
882:.
847:.
769:,
765:,
672:^
637:,
615:^
557:,
539:^
512:.
488:^
453:.
438:.
347::
338::
310:).
273::
144:.
114::
94::
76:.
3885:)
3881:(
3330:)
3324:(
3175:e
3168:t
3161:v
3092:)
3088:(
2083:e
2076:t
2069:v
1661:e
1654:t
1647:v
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
1072:.
1051:.
1022:.
989:.
926:.
893:.
868:.
802:.
534:.
306:(
296:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
