3780:
3807:
230:
3383:
2638:
nasal airflow. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:268) state that "This ǃXóõ click is probably unique among the sounds of the world's languages that, even in the middle of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow." Taa is the only language known to contrast voiceless nasal and voiceless nasal
2596:
Traill's account of East ǃXoon leaves for voiceless series of clicks without equivalents with a voiced lead. The DoBeS account of West ǃXoon, which uses voicing for morphological derivation to a greater extent than East ǃXoon does, has four additional series, written nꞰʼʼ, gꞰʼ, gꞰqʼ and nꞰhh in their
727:
Taa has at least 58 consonants, 31 vowels, and four tones (Traill 1985, 1994 on East ǃXoon), or at least 87 consonants, 20 vowels, and two tones (DoBeS 2008 on West ǃXoon), by many counts the most of any known language if vowels other than oral modal vowels are counted as different from corresponding
759:
for the East ǃXoon dialect: high , mid , low , and mid-falling . Patterns for bisyllabic bases include high-high, mid-mid, mid-mid-falling, and low-low. DoBeS describes only two tonemes, high and low, for the West ǃXoon dialect. By analyzing each base as bimoraic, Traill's four tones are mapped onto
763:
In addition to lexical tone, Traill describes East ǃXoon nouns as falling into two tone classes according to the melody induced on concordial morphemes and transitive verbs: either level (Tone Class I) or falling (Tone Class II). Transitive object nouns from Tone Class I trigger mid/mid-rising tone
1633:. Given the intricate clusters posited seen in the non-click consonants, it is not surprising that many of the Taa clicks should be analyzed as clusters. However, there is some debate whether these are actually clusters; all non-Khoisan languages in the world that have clusters allow clusters with
3263:
The expectation, from the morphology of ǃXoon, for voiceless-voiced pairs of click clusters led to the discovery of several series not distinguished by Traill. (This morphology appears to be more pervasive in West ǃXoon than in the East ǃXoon dialect that Traill worked on.) These are voiced click
536:
The various dialects and social groups of the Taa, their many names, the unreliability of transcriptions found in the literature, and the fact that names may be shared between languages and that dialects have been classified, has resulted in a great deal of confusion. Traill (1974), for example,
2533:
Inaudibility achieved "by a complex venting of the pulmonic pressure (Traill 1992). In fast speech the venting may sometimes be accompanied by a brief period of nasalization of the vowel and an intrusive velar nasal preceding the click." Ladefoged characterized them as ingressive voiceless nasal
855:
All plain vowels may be nasalized. No other phonation may be nasalized, but nasalization occurs in combination with other phonations as the second vowel of a sequence ("long vowel" or "diphthong"). These sequences alternate dialectally with vowel plus
638:
The Taa distinguish themselves along at least some of the groups above. Like many San peoples, they also distinguish themselves by the environment they live in (plain people, river people, etc.), and also by direction. Traill reports the following:
458:
836:
Murmured vowels after plain consonants contrast with plain vowels after aspirated consonants, and likewise glottalized vowels with ejective consonants, so these are phonations of the vowels and not assimilation with consonant phonation.
457:
2554:. Work on Taa's sister language Nǁng suggests that all clicks in both languages have a uvular or rear articulation, and that the clicks considered to be uvular here are actually lingual–pulmonic and lingual–glottalic airstream
459:
3243:
In an attempt to keep the phonemic inventory as symmetric as possible, the DoBeS team analyzed as segments two of the click types that Traill analyzed as clusters. These are the pre-glottalized nasal clicks,
552:
is only used at
Aminius Reserve in Namibia, around Lone Tree where Traill primarily worked, and at Dzutshwa (Botswana). It is, however, used by the ǃXoon for all Taa speakers. It has been variously spelled
2541:
The DoBeS project takes Traill's cluster analysis to mean that only the twenty tenuis, voiced, nasal, and voiceless nasal clicks are basic, with the rest being clusters of the tenuis and voiced clicks with
3873:
368:. The people call themselves ǃXoon (pl. ǃXooŋake) or ʼNǀohan (pl. Nǀumde), depending on the dialect they speak. The Tuu languages are one of the three traditional language families that make up the
2647:
West ǃXoon has 164 consonants in a strict unit analysis, including 111 clicks in 23 series, which under a cluster analysis reduce to 87 consonants, including 43 clicks.
2558:. It may be that the 'prevoiced' consonants of Taa, including prevoiced clicks, can also be analyzed as contour consonants, in this case with voicing contours.
3881:
1669:
3319:
largely parallels the DoBeS identification of clusters, apart from the last four rows (Ʞʼʼ, nꞰʼʼ, Ʞhh, nꞰhh), which are considered to be simple clicks.
3272:
It also lead to the rediscovery of two series that Traill had not been able to publish before his death. Thus the DoBeS team distinguishes two series,
1603:
The nasal only occurs between vowels, and only word finally (and then only in some dialects, for what are nasal vowels elsewhere), so these may be
2461:
Preglottalized nasal , "best described as a click superimposed on the sequence ... the release of the click is immediately after a brief period of
1611:
also only occur in medial position, except that the last is an allophone of rare initial . and (not in the table) occur in loans, mostly
English.
460:
4551:
4207:
929:
Taa consonants are complex, and it is not clear how much of the difference between the dialects is real and how much is an artifact of analysis.
764:
in transitive verbs, while Tone Class 2 objects correlate with any tone contour. Naumann finds the same results in the eastern ʼNǀohan dialect.
4767:
4052:
3358:
where C is a consonant, V is a vowel, and N is a nasal stop. There is a very limited number of consonants which can occur in the second (C
402:
used at opposite ends of the Taa-speaking area, but not by Taa speakers in between. Most living Taa speakers are ethnic ǃXoon (plural
3189:
3848:ǃQamtee ǀaa ǂXanya: 'the Book of Traditions' : Histories, Texts and Illustrations from the ǃXoon and 'Nǀohan People of Namibia
3744:
883:, since Traill analyzes stridency as phonemically pharyngealized murmur. (Note that phonetically these are distinct phonations.)
3986:
4021:
4066:
760:, , , and . Unlike Traill, Naumann does not find a four-way contrast on monomoraic grammatical forms in Eastern ǃXoõ data.
864:, since does not occur word-finally. However, this cannot explain the short nasal vowels, so Taa has at least 31 vowels.
4544:
3164:
3157:
1538:
249:
3456:
groups. Agreement occurs on pronouns, transitive verbs (with the object), adjectives, prepositions, and some particles.
3362:) position and only certain vowel sequences (VV and V…V) occur. The possible consonant clusters (CC) is covered above; C
4760:
3835:
Theory and
Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics.
4234:
4136:
4108:
3996:
320:
289:
2593:⟩ (presumably in that order, as uvular clicks tend to have a delayed release) correspond to the latter pair.
1672:). These are perfectly normal consonants in Taa, and indeed are preferred over non-clicks in word-initial position.
4012:
Miller, Amanda (2011). "The
Representation of Clicks". In van Oostendorp, M.; Ewen, C.; Hume, E.; Rice, K. (eds.).
2624:
All nasal clicks have twin airstreams, since the air passing through the nose bypasses the tongue. Usually this is
3025:
1398:
239:
4989:
4537:
587:
594:), and used this name for the entire language. However, the term is ambiguous between Taa (Western ǂHũa) and
4994:
4753:
1802:
1744:
472:
than a single language. Taa dialects fall into two groups, suggesting a historical spread from west to east:
3032:
2781:
2650:
These are written in the practical orthography (Naumann 2008). Marginal consonants are not marked as such.
1408:
1072:
216:
95:
3740:
3367:
3257:
3249:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1780:
1775:
1608:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1257:
1252:
1230:
1225:
1219:
861:
699:
693:
684:
678:
668:
660:
652:
644:
3833:
See Sands & Gunnink (2019) "Clicks on the fringes of the
Kalahari Basin Area." In Clem et al. (eds),
3414:
2941:
1427:
1296:
360:, with one count finding that 82% of basic vocabulary items started with a click. Most speakers live in
3171:
3043:
2774:
2767:
1547:
1057:
2621:, rather than delayed aspirated, that would leave the DobeS nꞰhh series as voiced delayed aspiration.
4640:
4146:
4118:
4096:
2964:
2728:
2462:
2414:
2366:
2324:
2277:
2107:
2105:
2057:
1927:
1919:
1871:
1823:
1765:
1527:
1417:
1161:
1015:
776:
of these vowels; it's not clear if this reflects a dialectal difference or a difference of analysis.
752:
483:
3779:
4476:
4251:
3394:
3050:
2797:
1873:
1615:
1088:
1065:
736:, though opinions vary as to which of the 130 (Traill) or 164 (DoBeS) consonant sounds are single
4568:
3449:
2790:
2721:
2714:
1767:
1081:
1001:
609:
the name is used ambiguously for a dialect of ǂʼAmkoe. This is a Tswana name, variously rendered
4456:
4984:
4947:
4924:
4699:
4384:
3464:
Taa has only three native numbers. All numbers above three are loans from Tswana or
Kgalagadi.
2934:
2927:
2906:
2818:
2744:
1105:
1023:
922:
in its consonants. These have been analyzed as prevoiced, but also as consonant clusters. When
4709:
4560:
4430:
4403:
4227:
3151:
3078:
3071:
2555:
2368:
1929:
1809:
1788:
1751:
1730:
1449:
1038:
1008:
737:
595:
418:
141:
60:
4776:
4388:
3085:
2957:
2737:
2326:
1825:
1816:
1758:
1466:
1315:
1288:
1031:
20:
4202:
8:
4963:
3019:
2950:
2855:
2848:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2634:
2059:
1921:
1795:
1737:
1589:"There is voice lead followed by an ejected stop followed by an ejected velar affricate.
1456:
1306:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1119:
4481:
4128:
4122:
3312:, then that would require a different assessment of Traill's delayed-aspiration series.
2597:
practical orthography. The first three match the unpaired glottalized series of Traill,
2064:
and a brief uvular stop before the click, which is followed by an aspirated uvular stop"
4806:
4620:
3812:
3727:
has largest oral vowel quality inventory but has far fewer non-oral qualities than Taa.
3453:
3205:
3092:
2920:
2666:
2625:
2464:
2416:
1661:
1649:
1475:
955:
756:
352:, perhaps the largest in the world. It is also notable for having perhaps the heaviest
91:
4919:
4491:
4361:
468:
There is sufficient dialectal variation in Taa that it might be better described as a
208:
4904:
4881:
4851:
4811:
4714:
4671:
4651:
4630:
4461:
4290:
4243:
4168:
4132:
4104:
4046:
4017:
3992:
2686:
2671:
1973:
Voiced lead with delayed aspiration (phonemically voiced lead with simple aspiration)
1665:
1657:
1630:
1442:
994:
975:
960:
807:
741:
469:
369:
4694:
4684:
4352:
4285:
4273:
245:
4866:
4790:
4615:
4605:
4581:
4513:
4505:
4220:
4158:
3232:, there is a delayed onset to the vowel and the amplitude of the glottalization of
2760:
2707:
2681:
2661:
1653:
1170:
1127:
1049:
970:
950:
945:
860:. That is, the name ǃXóõ may be dialectally , and this in turn may be phonemically
840:
Vowels may be long or short, but long vowels may be sequences rather than distinct
703:"person" as the name for the Southern Khoisan language family, which is now called
303:
272:
99:
4689:
4486:
4466:
4379:
4197:
3874:"The Kalahari Basin area as a "Sprachbund" before the Bantu expansion - an update"
3703:
441:
422:
27:
4876:
4856:
4846:
4828:
4816:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4610:
4592:
4369:
4336:
4070:
3978:
3434:
3060:
2676:
1668:. There are nineteen series, differing in phonation, manner, and complexity (see
1626:
965:
729:
357:
353:
127:
87:
4278:
3878:
3327:
The Taa syllable structure, as described by DoBeS, may be one of the following:
3315:
Under the contour analysis of Miller (2009), the distinction between simple and
772:
Taa has five vowel qualities, . The Traill and DoBeS descriptions differ in the
580:, which has been used for other languages in the area. A subgroup was known as
4861:
4838:
4734:
4661:
4600:
4518:
4471:
4331:
4315:
4260:
3724:
3711:
3216:
clicks do not make the following vowel breathy, maintaining a contrast between
3134:
3127:
3120:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2696:
1717:
1702:
1504:
1495:
1488:
818:
796:
487:
426:
229:
221:
4373:
3859:
3767:
4978:
4939:
4929:
4909:
4886:
4724:
4719:
4704:
4679:
4656:
4415:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4268:
4172:
3982:
3438:
3316:
2899:
2890:
2883:
2876:
1722:
1712:
789:
445:
345:
135:
107:
4451:
4192:
4871:
4150:
3229:
2806:
2279:
2276:
Silent release, followed after some delay by the release of a glottal stop
1707:
1095:
192:
4127:. (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung, vol. 9). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp.
3422:
3418:
857:
566:ǀNuǁen, ǀNuǁe꞉n, Ngǀuǁen, Nguen, Nǀhuǁéi, ŋǀuǁẽin, ŋǀuǁẽi, ŋǀuǁen, ǀuǁen.
4529:
4187:
3382:
4745:
3772:
2509:
Delayed aspiration: inaudible release followed by crescendo aspiration.
1619:
1436:
923:
429:
682:
is an exonym given by other
Bushmen, and that the Taa call themselves
598:(Eastern ǂHũa), and for this reason Traill chose to call the language
4823:
4576:
3442:
3430:
2701:
2585:⟩, respectively, correspond to the former pair, while ⟨
2577:
distinctions he discovered had not yet been published. DoBeS ⟨
1604:
1580:
The final element of all of these varies dialectically between and .
1391:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1177:
987:
919:
849:
845:
773:
733:
444:
in the 1990s, Taa was thought to be the last surviving member of the
201:
185:
4212:
4163:
4037:
Naumann, Christfied (2008), "The
Consonantal System of West ǃXoon",
3944:
4300:
3915:
Yvonne Treis, 1998, "Names of
Khoisan Languages and their Variants"
3673:
give MPO:4PRO two genital:22-P ASS:3 stench:3 DAT:3PRO COM:2 fat:22
3426:
1634:
891:
DoBeS describes the phonations of the West ǃXoon dialect as plain,
784:
Traill describes the phonations of the East ǃXoon dialect as plain
715:
399:
361:
332:
257:
72:
464:
A Namibian girl, speaking in Taa, discusses an initiation ceremony
4896:
983:
841:
380:
is the word for 'human being'; the local name of the language is
365:
349:
253:
103:
76:
4039:
3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics
3964:
William Bennett (forthcoming) 'Click Phonology', in Sands (ed.)
3483:
The phrases from Eastern ǃXóõ were compiled by Anthony Traill:
2152:
Voiced lead which ceases before the release of the click, like
4203:
UCLA Archive for ǃXóõ, includes story and language sound files
3901:
Naumann (2011) "A preliminary classification of Taa dialects".
1614:
Taa is typologically unusual in having mixed-voice ejectives.
528:
project is working with ʼNǀohan (in East Taa) and West ǃXoon.
525:
281:
3208:(in CCVV etc. syllables), as it is a phonetic effect of the
1878:
that is delayed considerably beyond the release of the click
3446:
2010:
Cineradiology shows that the articulation is indeed uvular
728:
oral modal vowels. These include 20 (Traill) or 43 (DoBeS)
627:, is frequently encountered. More specific to the Taa are
312:
4208:
Taa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
256:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4151:"A trilingual !Xóõ dictionary: !Xóõ – English – Setswana"
3747:
for any click, or in this context any click articulation.
2639:
aspirated (i.e. delayed aspirated) clicks (Miller 2011).
16:
Tuu language of southwestern Botswana and eastern Namibia
3264:
types which may not exist in East ǃXoon at all, namely
938:
East ǃXoon dialect: Non-click consonants (Traill 2018)
926:, as in , such clusters are listed in the chart below.
568:
It has also been called by the ambiguous Khoekhoe term
697:"people's language". Westphal (1971) adopted the word
3923:
3921:
833:, for 26 vowels not counting nasalization or length.
321:
309:
290:
844:. The other vowel quality sequences—better known as
417:
Taa shares a number of characteristic features with
372:. In 2011, there were around 2,500 speakers of Taa.
278:
2617:series is the voiced equivalent of plain aspirated
1676:East ǃXoon dialect: Click consonants (Traill 2018)
605:Tsaasi dialect is quite similar to ǂHuan, and like
440:Until the rediscovery of a few elderly speakers of
306:
275:
4016:. Vol. 1. Blackwell Publishing. p. 434.
3977:
3918:
3560:Hare.14 1PRO PST take:S-3 Eland.3 child:34 thither
3437:, and numbers come after the nouns they apply to.
3204:Vowel nasalization is only phonemic on the second
4101:Phonetic and Phonological Studies of ǃXóõ Bushman
3676:"Give them their stinking genitals with the fat!"
3670:ǃqháa̰ kū ǂnûm ǁɢˤûlitê ǀè dtxóʔlu ǀnàe ǂʼá sˤàa̰
2561:* DoBeS only matches 17 series to Traill, as the
524:Traill worked primarily with East ǃXoon, and the
4976:
1687:manner, along with speaker or dialect variation
829:. may be both pharyngealized and glottalized
4761:
4545:
4228:
3871:
1629:, if the more complex clicks are analyzed as
802:. may also be both glottalized and murmured
4193:Large collection of ǃXóõ words on Wiktionary
3837:Language Science Press, Berlin, pp. 703–724.
3723:Otherwise Taa has only five vowel phonemes.
2654:West ǃXoon dialect (DoBeS 2008): Consonants
2323:Released as an unaffricated uvular ejective
425:, which together are considered part of the
3735:
3733:
3563:"As for Hare, she took Eland's child away."
2632:series in Taa is characterized by pulmonic
4768:
4754:
4552:
4538:
4235:
4221:
4051:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3960:
3958:
707:. The East ǃXoon term for the language is
409:
403:
393:
387:
381:
375:
228:
52:
46:
19:"Taa" redirects here. For other uses, see
4559:
4162:
3991:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 63, 80–81.
3872:Güldemann, Tom; Fehn, Anne-Maria (2015).
867:A long, glottalized, murmured, nasalized
570:Nǀusan (Nǀu-san, Nǀūsā, Nǀuusaa, Nǀhusi),
564:Bleek's Nǀuǁʼen dialect has been spelled
4775:
3805:
3730:
2196:Released into or , depending on dialect
2156:. In some dialects, voiced throughout: .
932:
455:
4036:
3955:
3911:
3909:
3907:
2642:
584:. This dialect is apparently extinct.
250:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4977:
4145:
4117:
4095:
4011:
3927:
3794:Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa
848:—disregarding the added complexity of
779:
714:
331:
4749:
4533:
4242:
4216:
3938:
3936:
3806:Rousseau, Bryant (25 November 2016).
3304:(or perhaps vice versa). If Traill's
2056:"Prenasalization with a uvular nasal
886:
4014:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
3904:
3377:
1648:There are five click articulations:
1600:Consonants in parentheses are rare.
3988:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3942:
3252:, and the voiced aspirated clicks,
3228:clicks do make the following vowel
1645:), and this does not occur in Taa.
691:The Taa refer to their language as
13:
4155:Linguistique et Langues Africaines
3933:
3761:
3240:with a phonemically creaky vowel.
899:epiglottalized or pharyngealized,
541:disentangling names and dialects.
531:
14:
5006:
4181:
3945:"High and low tone in Taa (ǃXóõ)"
3188:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3133:
3126:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3024:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2534:airflow with delayed aspiration.
1870:Released as a tenuis uvular stop
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1571:voiced lead, voiceless at release
1546:
1537:
1526:
1503:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1397:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1287:
1195:
1186:
1176:
1169:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1007:
1000:
918:Taa is unusual in allowing mixed
590:studied ǂHuan (ǂhũa) dialect (or
435:
3778:
3381:
2421:throughout the hold of the click
2373:throughout the hold of the click
1830:throughout the hold of the click
348:notable for its large number of
302:
271:
102:districts in Botswana; southern
4088:
4059:
4030:
4005:
3971:
3717:
3692:
3322:
3256:, which Traill had analyzed as
3248:, which Traill had analyzed as
2527:
2112:release, considerably fricative
1926:, with a voiced uvular release
1622:as Taa, has mixed voicing in .
1583:
1574:
1565:
3895:
3865:
3852:
3840:
3827:
3799:
3786:
3557:ǃnˤù.ṵ ì à ǁʼà-be ǃù.m ʘàa sâa
3452:classes and an additional two
3212:clicks on the first mora. The
1:
3680:
913:
875:. A long, strident nasalized
871:with falling tone is written
623:The Tswana term for Bushmen,
611:Tshasi, Tshase, Tʃase, Tsase,
3754:
3308:series is to be analyzed as
1618:, which is part of the same
907:and glottalized or 'tense',
722:
364:, but a few hundred live in
7:
2413:Voiced velar nasal airflow
555:ǃxō, ǃkɔ̃ː, ǃko/ǃkõ, Khong,
451:
10:
5011:
4188:DoBeS Taa language project
3478:
3459:
3373:
2104:Voiceless velar affricate
1625:Taa may have as few as 83
539:Compleat Guide to the Koon
537:spent two chapters of his
25:
18:
4956:
4938:
4895:
4837:
4799:
4783:
4670:
4591:
4567:
4504:
4444:
4423:
4414:
4398:
4385:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
4360:
4351:
4324:
4259:
4250:
4103:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
3198:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3162:
3150:
3143:
3132:
3111:
3099:
3097:
3076:
3059:
3041:
3030:
3018:
2862:
2695:
2680:
2665:
2658:
2236:Voiced lead, or release
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1519:
1486:
1440:
1435:
1390:
1271:
1206:
1102:
1047:
992:
981:
942:
879:with low tone is written
767:
557:and the fully anglicized
236:
227:
215:
199:
183:
178:
157:
124:
114:
82:
68:
45:
40:
35:
3685:
2365:Voiceless nasal airflow
747:
26:Not to be confused with
4370:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
2544:x,kxʼ,q,ɢ,qʰ,ɢqʰ,qʼ,ʔ,h
1643:tree, sleep, quick, cue
716:[ǃ͡χɔ˦ɲa˧ǂãː˧˩]
410:
404:
394:
388:
382:
376:
53:
47:
4948:Namibian Sign Language
3943:Naumann, Christfried.
3222:⟨nǂhhah⟩
502:East ǃXoon (Lone Tree)
465:
238:This article contains
4990:Languages of Botswana
4839:Other Bantu languages
4561:Languages of Botswana
4198:Swadesh list for ǃXóõ
3846:Gertrud Boden, 2007,
3236:is less than that of
3234:⟨gǂʼaʼ⟩
3218:⟨nǂhha⟩
2589:⟩ and ⟨
2581:⟩ and ⟨
463:
408:) or 'Nǀohan (plural
4995:Languages of Namibia
4777:Languages of Namibia
3710:which is related to
3238:⟨gǂaʼ⟩
3214:⟨nꞰhh⟩
3210:⟨nꞰhh⟩
905:aqh eqh iqh oqh uqh;
881:⟨òqhõ⟩
873:⟨ôʼhõ⟩
163:West ǃXoon (Nǀuǁʼen)
21:TAA (disambiguation)
4957:Immigrant languages
4800:Recognized regional
3968:, Brill, p. 102 ff.
3415:subject–verb–object
3226:⟨gꞰʼ⟩
2655:
1677:
939:
933:East ǃXoon (Traill)
831:⟨a̰ʼ⟩
827:⟨aqh⟩
823:⟨a̰h⟩
804:⟨aʼh⟩
780:East ǃXoon (Traill)
676:Heinz reports that
572:sometimes rendered
329:ǃXóõ pronunciation:
110:regions in Namibia.
3813:The New York Times
3393:. You can help by
3224:. Likewise, while
2653:
2643:West ǃXoon (DoBeS)
2626:pulmonic egressive
1675:
937:
887:West ǃXoon (DoBeS)
815:⟨aq⟩
811:⟨a̰⟩
800:⟨aʼ⟩
793:⟨ah⟩
742:consonant clusters
732:and several vowel
486:'s West ǃXoon and
466:
383:Taa ǂaan (Tâa ǂâã)
4972:
4971:
4784:Official language
4743:
4742:
4527:
4526:
4500:
4499:
4410:
4409:
4347:
4346:
4244:Khoisan languages
4124:A ǃXóõ Dictionary
4067:"Numbers in ǃXóõ"
4023:978-1-4051-8423-6
3808:"Click languages"
3792:Alan Barnard (…)
3776:(19th ed., 2016)
3445:. There are five
3411:
3410:
3202:
3201:
3123:
3109:
3067:
2977:
2976:voiced 'ejective'
2923:
2872:
2821:
2763:
2710:
2523:
2522:
1670:airstream contour
1561:
1560:
786:⟨a⟩
635:mentioned above.
470:dialect continuum
461:
448:language family.
370:Khoisan languages
333:[ǃ͡χɔ̃ː˦]
296:), also known as
264:
263:
246:rendering support
242:phonetic symbols.
120:2,500 (2011)
106:and northeastern
5002:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4641:Northern Ndebele
4554:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4421:
4420:
4358:
4357:
4257:
4256:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4176:
4166:
4142:
4114:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4069:. Archived from
4063:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3979:Ladefoged, Peter
3975:
3969:
3966:Click Consonants
3962:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3916:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3880:. Archived from
3869:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3765:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3696:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3586:
3582:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3511:
3501:
3441:is used to form
3435:relative clauses
3406:
3403:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3266:nꞰʼʼ, nꞰhh, gꞰʼ,
3259:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3192:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3137:
3130:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3053:
3046:
3035:
3028:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2988:
2975:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2919:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:voiced aspirated
2870:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2759:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2706:
2656:
2652:
2631:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2531:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1678:
1674:
1610:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1550:
1541:
1530:
1522:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1469:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1420:
1411:
1401:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
940:
936:
882:
874:
863:
832:
828:
824:
821:('sphincteric')
816:
812:
805:
801:
794:
787:
730:click consonants
718:
713:
701:
695:
686:
680:
670:
662:
654:
646:
548:(more precisely
462:
413:
407:
397:
391:
385:
379:
358:click consonants
335:
330:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
232:
211:
195:
188:
130:
64:
56:
50:
33:
32:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4952:
4934:
4891:
4833:
4795:
4779:
4774:
4744:
4739:
4666:
4587:
4563:
4558:
4528:
4523:
4496:
4440:
4406:
4404:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
4394:
4343:
4320:
4246:
4241:
4184:
4179:
4164:10.4000/lla.317
4147:Traill, Anthony
4139:
4119:Traill, Anthony
4111:
4097:Traill, Anthony
4091:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3885:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3745:wildcard letter
3738:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3481:
3462:
3421:and inflecting
3407:
3401:
3398:
3391:needs expansion
3376:
3365:
3361:
3347:
3340:
3325:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3183:"Intermittent"
2700:
2645:
2628:. However, the
2539:
2538:
2532:
2528:
1696:
1691:
1684:'sharp' clicks'
1641:(as in English
1598:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1520:
1487:
1441:
1361:
1326:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1245:
1213:
1208:
1160:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1048:
993:
990:
935:
916:
909:aʼ eʼ iʼ oʼ uʼ.
901:aq eq iq oq uq;
897:an en in on un;
889:
880:
872:
830:
826:
822:
814:
810:
803:
799:
792:
785:
782:
770:
755:describes four
750:
725:
711:
664:"in-betweeners"
534:
532:Alternate names
522:
456:
454:
438:
354:functional load
336:; also spelled
328:
322:
305:
301:
291:
274:
270:
244:Without proper
207:
191:
184:
153:
131:
128:Language family
126:
117:
116:Native speakers
58:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5008:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4940:Sign languages
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4182:External links
4180:
4178:
4177:
4157:(6): 137–140.
4143:
4137:
4115:
4109:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4058:
4029:
4022:
4004:
3997:
3983:Maddieson, Ian
3970:
3954:
3932:
3917:
3903:
3894:
3864:
3851:
3839:
3826:
3798:
3785:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3743:⟩ is a
3729:
3725:Jinhui dialect
3716:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3661:
3647:
3633:
3622:
3608:
3597:
3589:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3548:
3540:
3529:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3417:language with
3409:
3408:
3388:
3386:
3375:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3317:contour clicks
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2644:
2641:
2613:. If Traill's
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
982:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
934:
931:
915:
912:
888:
885:
808:pharyngealized
781:
778:
769:
766:
753:Anthony Traill
749:
746:
740:and which are
724:
721:
674:
673:
665:
657:
649:
629:Magon (Magong)
533:
530:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
503:
497:
496:ǃAma (Western)
491:
488:Dorothea Bleek
484:Anthony Traill
474:
453:
450:
437:
436:Classification
434:
427:Kalahari Basin
262:
261:
248:, you may see
234:
233:
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
205:
197:
196:
189:
181:
180:
179:Language codes
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
159:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
134:
132:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
84:
80:
79:
70:
69:Native to
66:
65:
43:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5007:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Tuu languages
4983:
4982:
4980:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4569:Indo-European
4566:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Central ǃKung
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:Korana/Griqua
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4138:3-927620-56-4
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:3-87118-669-4
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4073:on 2020-08-07
4072:
4068:
4062:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:0-631-19815-6
3994:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3898:
3884:on 2015-09-28
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:Reduplication
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3389:This section
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3353:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:for Traill's
3295:
3291:
3288:, as well as
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2622:
2594:
2559:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1918:Prenasalized
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:Voiced velar
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1695:Miller (2011)
1690:DoBeS cluster
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
989:
985:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
941:
930:
927:
925:
921:
911:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
878:
870:
865:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
820:
809:
806:, as well as
798:
791:
777:
775:
765:
761:
758:
754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
720:
717:
710:
706:
702:
696:
689:
688:
681:
672:"pure people"
671:
666:
663:
658:
656:"southerners"
655:
650:
647:
642:
641:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
540:
529:
527:
510:
507:
506:
505:Tsaasi–ǂHuan
504:
501:
500:
498:
495:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
473:
471:
449:
447:
443:
433:
431:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
406:
401:
398:(ǃXóõ) is an
396:
390:
384:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
326:
325:
317:
299:
295:
294:
286:
268:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
235:
231:
226:
223:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
203:
198:
194:
190:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
160:
156:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
133:
129:
123:
119:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
55:
49:
44:
39:
34:
29:
28:Eastern ǂHuan
22:
4914:
4729:
4435:
4431:Lower Nossob
4154:
4123:
4100:
4089:Bibliography
4075:. Retrieved
4071:the original
4061:
4038:
4032:
4013:
4007:
3987:
3973:
3965:
3948:
3897:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3877:
3867:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3819:November 11,
3817:. Retrieved
3811:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3771:
3763:
3719:
3707:
3702:, a form of
3699:
3698:Distinguish
3694:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3651:
3648:
3637:
3634:
3626:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3533:
3530:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3463:
3423:prepositions
3419:serial verbs
3412:
3399:
3395:adding to it
3390:
3357:
3326:
3323:Phonotactics
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:for Trail's
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3203:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2623:
2595:
2560:
2540:
2529:
1764:Weak tenuis
1681:noisy clicks
1647:
1642:
1638:
1627:click sounds
1624:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1567:
928:
917:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
876:
868:
866:
854:
839:
835:
783:
771:
762:
751:
726:
708:
704:
698:
692:
690:
683:
677:
675:
669:tùuʔʘnāhnsā̂
667:
659:
651:
648:"westerners"
643:
637:
632:
628:
624:
622:
617:
613:
610:
606:
604:
599:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
543:
538:
535:
523:
478:Taa dialects
477:
467:
439:
419:West ǂʼAmkoe
416:
392:'language'.
374:
346:Tuu language
341:
337:
297:
266:
265:
237:
200:
172:Tsaasi–ǂHuan
146:
142:Lower Nossob
98:and western
41:ǃKhong, ǃXóõ
4925:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
4905:Nama/Damara
4882:Thimbukushu
4710:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
4467:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
4436:Taa (ǃXoon)
3928:Traill 1994
3602:genital:22-
3152:Approximant
3121:glottalized
2546:and either
1489:glottalized
895:nasalized,
858:velar nasal
797:glottalized
252:instead of
90:, northern
4979:Categories
4964:Portuguese
4920:Kung-Ekoka
4852:Rukwangali
4847:Otjiherero
4648:(official)
4584:(official)
4452:Boshof ǃUi
4389:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
4252:Khoe–Kwadi
4077:2019-08-23
4041:, Riezlern
3888:2016-04-05
3773:Ethnologue
3681:References
3443:causatives
3431:adjectives
2635:ingressive
1639:r, l, w, j
1620:sprachbund
1616:Juǀʼhoansi
1605:allophones
924:homorganic
914:Consonants
903:strident,
893:a e i o u;
846:diphthongs
774:phonations
734:phonations
661:ʘqhōaʘʔâni
592:ǂHũa-ʘwani
499:(Eastern)
490:'s Nǀuǁʼen
482:West Taa:
430:sprachbund
169:East ǃXoon
94:, western
4824:Afrikaans
4807:Oshiwambo
4621:Kgalagadi
4577:Afrikaans
4173:2429-2230
3796:, p.xxii.
3755:Citations
3450:agreement
3427:Genitives
3413:Taa is a
3402:July 2010
3258:/ɡꞰ/+/qʰ/
3108:voiceless
3020:Fricative
2819:aspirated
2702:affricate
1697:analysis
1635:sonorants
1593:is or ."
1392:Fricative
1362:prevoiced
1280:voiceless
1246:prevoiced
1210:velarized
1162:prevoiced
1113:voiceless
1106:aspirated
988:Affricate
850:phonation
723:Phonology
709:ǃxóɲa ǂâã
653:ǂhūãʘʔâni
645:ǃamaʘʔâni
544:The name
493:East Taa
344:;), is a
202:Glottolog
186:ISO 639-3
92:Kgalagadi
86:Southern
4857:Setswana
4812:Kwanyama
4700:Juǀʼhoan
4652:Tswapong
4631:Mbukushu
4616:Ikalanga
4506:Isolates
4291:Khoekhoe
4149:(2018).
4121:(1994).
4099:(1985).
4047:citation
3985:(1996).
3949:Academia
3739:⟨
3599:ǁɢˤûlitê
3545:child:34
3250:/Ʞ/+/ʼn/
2921:ejective
2667:Alveolar
2556:contours
2473:kꞰ+mˀ/nˀ
2016: ?*
1718:alveolar
1703:bilabial
1692:analysis
1662:alveolar
1650:bilabial
1631:clusters
1374:ˬd̥sʼkχʼ
1369:ˬd̪̊ʼkχʼ
1274:ejective
956:Alveolar
852:, are .
842:phonemes
819:strident
790:murmured
738:segments
631:and the
588:Westphal
452:Dialects
405:ǃXooŋake
400:ethnonym
362:Botswana
350:phonemes
258:Help:IPA
209:taaa1242
158:Dialects
96:Southern
73:Botswana
48:Taa ǂaan
4897:Khoisan
4887:Shiyeyi
4867:Gciriku
4791:English
4672:Khoisan
4606:Gciriku
4582:English
4514:Sandawe
4482:ǂUngkue
4399:ǂʼAmkoe
4337:Zorotua
3858:DoBeS,
3700:ǁNg ǃʼe
3627:stench:
3624:dtxóʔlu
3553:thither
3491:Hare.14
3479:Phrases
3460:Numbers
3447:nominal
3374:Grammar
3366:may be
2687:Glottal
2672:Palatal
1772:release
1723:palatal
1713:lateral
1666:palatal
1658:lateral
1327:cluster
984:Plosive
976:Glottal
961:Palatal
920:voicing
862:/kǃxóɲ/
625:Masarwa
596:ǂʼAmkoe
386:, from
366:Namibia
254:Unicode
104:Omaheke
100:Kweneng
77:Namibia
54:Tâa ǂâã
4877:Kuhane
4829:German
4817:Ndonga
4662:Zezuru
4646:Tswana
4636:Nambya
4626:Kuhane
4611:Herero
4492:ǁXegwi
4457:ǃGãǃne
4171:
4135:
4107:
4020:
3995:
3708:ǁŨǁʼe,
3706:, and
3666:fat:22
3569:ǃqháa̰
3534:Eland.
3516:ǁʼà-be
3488:ǃnˤù.ṵ
3310:kꞰ + h
3230:creaky
3066:voiced
2761:tenuis
2708:voiced
2691:Click
2682:Uvular
2662:Labial
2245:ᶢꞰ͜kxʼ
2240:ɡꞰ+kxʼ
2200:kꞰ+kxʼ
2068:ɡꞰ+ɢqʰ
1708:dental
1664:, and
1654:dental
1443:voiced
1344:tsʼkχʼ
1339:t̪ʼkχʼ
1050:tenuis
995:voiced
986:&
971:Uvular
951:Dental
946:Labial
768:Vowels
694:tâaǂâã
633:Tshasi
616:, and
607:ǂHuan,
578:Noosan
508:Tsaasi
411:Nǀumde
338:ǃKhong
108:Hardap
88:Ghanzi
83:Region
57:
4862:Zemba
4735:Tshwa
4685:Gǁana
4601:Birwa
4593:Bantu
4519:Hadza
4477:ǁŨǁʼe
4472:Seroa
4374:Ekoka
4362:ǃKung
4332:Kwadi
4325:Kwadi
4316:Tshwa
4286:ǂHaba
4274:Gǁana
3860:"Taa"
3712:Seroa
3686:Notes
3663:sˤàa̰
3519:take:
3368:,,,,,
3270:gꞰqʼ.
3061:Nasal
2677:Velar
2630:↓ŋ̊Ʞh
2467:]
2463:[
2419:]
2415:[
2371:]
2367:[
2329:]
2325:[
2282:]
2278:[
2232:ɡǂkχʼ
2227:ɡǃkχʼ
2222:ɡǁkχʼ
2217:ɡǀkχʼ
2212:ɡʘkχʼ
2205:Ʞ͜kxʼ
2165:ᶢꞰ͜ɢʁ
2110:]
2106:[
2073:ᶢꞰ͜ɢʱ
2062:]
2058:[
2051:ɴɢǂqʰ
2044:ɴɢǃqʰ
2037:ɴɢǀqʰ
2030:ɴɢǀqʰ
2014:kꞰ+qʰ
1977:ɡꞰ+qʰ
1932:]
1928:[
1924:]
1920:[
1876:]
1872:[
1828:]
1824:[
1770:]
1766:[
1637:like
1521:Other
1437:Nasal
1381:ˬɡ̊xʼ
1333:pʼkχʼ
1258:ˬd̥sχ
1178:ˬd̥sʰ
1171:ˬd̪̊ʰ
966:Velar
795:, or
757:tones
748:Tones
685:ǃxoia
574:Nusan
550:ǃXóõ)
546:ǃXoon
526:DoBeS
511:ǂHuan
395:ǃXoon
342:ǃXoon
4930:Kxoe
4915:ǃXóõ
4910:Naro
4730:Taʼa
4725:Shua
4720:Naro
4715:Nama
4705:Khwe
4695:ǂHõã
4690:Gǀwi
4680:ǁAni
4657:Yeyi
4487:ǀXam
4445:ǃKwi
4353:Kxʼa
4311:Shua
4306:Naro
4296:Khwe
4279:Gǀwi
4269:Eini
4261:Khoe
4169:ISSN
4133:ISBN
4105:ISBN
4053:link
4018:ISBN
3993:ISBN
3821:2022
3704:Nǁng
3643:3PRO
3635:ǀnàe
3591:ǂnûm
3585:4PRO
3572:give
3531:ǃù.m
3500:1PRO
3471:ǂnûm
3468:ǂʔûã
3454:tone
3354:CCVN
3344:CCVC
3334:CCVV
3300:and
3292:and
3284:and
3276:and
3268:and
3220:and
3206:mora
3146:ʼnꞰ
3114:nhꞰ
3014:gꞰʼ
3009:ɢ͡ʁˀ
2986:d͡zˀ
2965:q͡χʼ
2942:t͡sʼ
2914:gꞰh
2891:d͡zʱ
2840:t͡sʰ
2697:Stop
2569:and
2518:ᵑ̊Ʞʰ
2513:kꞰ+h
2505:ɴ̥ǂh
2500:ɴ̥ǃh
2495:ɴ̥ǁh
2490:ɴ̥ǀh
2485:ɴ̥ʘh
2334:Ʞ͜qʼ
2287:kꞰ+ʔ
2192:ǂkχʼ
2187:ǃkχʼ
2182:ǁkχʼ
2177:ǀkχʼ
2172:ʘkχʼ
2160:ɡꞰ+x
2121:Ʞ͜qχ
2116:kꞰ+x
2020:Ʞ͜qʰ
1942:ᶢꞰ͜ɢ
1937:kꞰ+ɢ
1882:kꞰ+q
1253:ˬd̥χ
1197:ˬɢ̥ʰ
1188:ˬɡ̊ʰ
712:IPA:
679:ǃxóõ
618:Sase
614:Sasi
600:ǃXóõ
582:Koon
559:Koon
442:Nǁng
423:Gǀui
421:and
389:ǂaan
340:and
298:ǃXóõ
166:ǃAma
140:Taa–
61:ǃXóõ
4872:Fwe
4462:ǁKā
4424:Taa
4416:Tuu
4159:doi
3770:at
3768:Taa
3653:COM
3649:ǂʼá
3639:DAT
3614:ASS
3594:two
3581:MPO
3550:sâa
3542:ʘàa
3510:PST
3474:ǁâe
3397:.
3351:CVN
3337:CVC
3331:CVV
3306:Ʞkh
3302:Ʞkʼ
3298:Ʞqʼ
3290:Ʞʼʼ
3286:Ʞkh
3282:Ʞqh
3278:Ʞh,
3274:Ʞqh
3254:gꞰh
3246:ʼnꞰ
3102:nꞰ
2970:Ʞʼ
2907:ᶰɢʱ
2865:Ʞh
2782:t͡s
2754:gꞰ
2729:d͡z
2615:ɡꞰh
2611:Ʞqʼ
2607:Ʞkʼ
2605:),
2603:ᵑꞰˀ
2601:(=
2591:Ʞʼʼ
2583:Ʞqh
2575:Ʞqʼ
2571:Ʞkʼ
2567:Ʞqʰ
2563:Ʞkʰ
2550:or
2478:ˀᵑꞰ
2457:ʔnǂ
2452:ʔnǃ
2447:ʔnǁ
2442:ʔnǀ
2437:ʔnʘ
2382:ᵑ̊Ʞ
2377:ŋ̊Ʞ
2361:n̥ǂ
2356:n̥ǃ
2351:n̥ǁ
2346:n̥ǀ
2341:n̥ʘ
2319:ǂqʼ
2314:ǃqʼ
2309:ǁqʼ
2304:ǀqʼ
2299:ʘqʼ
2292:ᵑꞰˀ
2272:kǂˀ
2267:kǃˀ
2262:kǁˀ
2257:kǀˀ
2252:kʘˀ
2154:ɡkx
2148:ɡǂχ
2143:ɡǃχ
2138:ɡǁχ
2133:ɡǀχ
2128:ɡʘχ
2100:kǂχ
2095:kǃχ
2090:kǁχ
2085:kǀχ
2004:ǃqʰ
1999:ǁqʰ
1994:ǀqʰ
1989:ʘqʰ
1982:ᶢꞰʱ
1969:ɡǂh
1964:ɡǃh
1959:ɡǁh
1954:ɡǀh
1949:ɡʘh
1914:ɴǂɢ
1909:ɴǃɢ
1904:ɴǁɢ
1899:ɴǀɢ
1894:ɴʘɢ
1887:Ʞ͜q
1591:kχʼ
1351:kxʼ
1297:tsʼ
1289:t̪ʼ
1231:tsχ
1226:t̪χ
1135:tsʰ
1128:t̪ʰ
817:or
705:Tuu
700:tâa
576:or
446:Tuu
414:).
377:Taa
356:of
323:KOH
292:TAH
267:Taa
240:IPA
222:Taa
217:ELP
193:nmn
147:Taa
136:Tuu
36:Taa
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3425:.
3370:.
3294:Ʞʼ
3260:.
3135:ˀn
3128:ˀm
3002:ɢˀ
2995:ɡˀ
2958:qʼ
2951:kʼ
2935:tʼ
2928:pʼ
2900:ɡʱ
2884:dʱ
2877:bʱ
2856:qʰ
2849:kʰ
2833:tʰ
2826:pʰ
2812:Ʞ
2745:ᶰɢ
2619:Ʞʰ
2609:,
2599:Ʞˀ
2587:Ʞʼ
2579:Ʞh
2552:nˀ
2548:mˀ
2430:ᵑꞰ
2425:ŋꞰ
2409:nǂ
2404:nǃ
2399:nǁ
2394:nǀ
2389:nʘ
2369:ŋ̊
2327:qʼ
2108:kx
2080:ʘx
1866:ǂq
1861:ǃq
1856:ǁq
1851:ǀq
1846:ʘq
1839:ᶢꞰ
1834:ɡꞰ
1817:ɡǂ
1810:ɡǃ
1803:ɡǁ
1796:ɡǀ
1789:ɡʘ
1776:kꞰ
1759:kǂ
1752:kǃ
1745:kǁ
1738:kǀ
1731:kʘ
1660:,
1656:,
1652:,
1609:,,
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1457:n̪
1431:)
1316:qʼ
1307:kʼ
1220:pχ
1200:)
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1144:kʰ
1120:pʰ
1073:ts
1066:t̪
1016:dz
1009:d̪
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744:.
719:.
620:.
602:.
561:.
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327:;
313:oʊ
282:ɑː
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3339:2
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3172:j
3165:l
3158:w
3093:ŋ
3086:ɲ
3079:n
3072:m
3051:ɦ
3044:χ
3033:s
3026:f
2807:ʔ
2798:q
2791:k
2775:t
2768:p
2738:ɡ
2722:d
2715:b
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2573:–
2565:–
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2417:ŋ
2280:ʔ
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2049:(
2046:)
2042:(
2039:)
2035:(
2032:)
2028:(
1930:ɢ
1922:ɴ
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