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Systems programming requires a great degree of hardware awareness. Its goal is to achieve efficient use of available resources, either because the software itself is performance critical or because even small efficiency improvements directly transform into significant savings of time or money.
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software products had substantial code contributions from customer programming staff. This type of programming is progressively less common, and increasingly done in C rather than
Assembly, but the term
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came out, a general-purpose programming language often used in systems programming. Rust was designed with memory safety in mind and to be as performant as C and C++.
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can make assumptions about the hardware and other properties of the system that the program runs on, and will often exploit those properties, for example by using an
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is still used as the de-facto job title for staff administering IBM mainframes even in cases where they do not regularly engage in systems programming activities.
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Implementing certain parts in operating systems and networking requires systems programming, for example implementing paging (
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is that application programming aims to produce software which provides services to the user directly (e.g.
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In systems programming, often limited programming facilities are available. The use of
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which provide services to other software, are performance constrained, or both (e.g.
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has seen some use, for instance it is used in the I/O Kit drivers of
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to describe a job function which would be more accurately termed
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Programs may use direct and "raw" control over memory access and
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that is known to be efficient when used with specific hardware.
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also has applications as a systems language. In the 1970s,
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The following attributes characterize systems programming:
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The programmer may write parts of the program directly in
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Programs can operate in resource-constrained environments
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For historical reasons, some organizations use the term
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253:in 2007 to address developer productivity in large
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107:or programming language dialect is used so that:
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383:"Panel: Systems Programming in 2014 and Beyond"
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138:Often systems programs cannot be run in a
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406:"I/O Kit Device Driver Design Guidelines"
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117:overhead, possibly having either a small
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199:high level languages
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410:developer.apple.com
277:Alternative meaning
255:distributed systems
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